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\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0634\u064a: \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0648\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c (\u062f.\u062a)."},{"key":"4991","unstructured":"\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 (\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0642\u0642: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0637\u0627 - \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 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\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u06f1\u06f4\u06f1\u06f6\u0647\u0640."},{"key":"4993","unstructured":"\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0642\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0642\u0642: \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u060c (\u062f.\u0637)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u060c 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\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0636\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u064e\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0651\u064c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a: \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064c \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0651\u064c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0647\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0644\u0651\u064c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u064d \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.62810\/jis.v1i3.117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T06:13:16Z","timestamp":1743142396000},"page":"157-175","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u062d\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647"],"prefix":"10.62810","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u0636\u0627","family":"\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"49489","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"735","unstructured":"\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u0634\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062a\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0635\u064a\u062f\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u06371\u060c 1426\u0647\u0640."},{"key":"736","unstructured":"\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u06372\u060c 1403\u0647\u0640."},{"key":"737","unstructured":"\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u062c \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 (\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u062f\u060c 1414\u0647\u0640."},{"key":"738","unstructured":"\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0632\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u06371\u060c 1418\u0647\u0640."},{"key":"739","unstructured":"\u0628\u0643\u062f\u0627\u0634\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0645\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u06371\u060c 1436\u0647\u0640 \/ 2015\u0645."},{"key":"740","unstructured":"\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0628\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062e\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062e\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u06371\u060c 1426\u0647\u0640."},{"key":"741","unstructured":"\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0635\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a: \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u06372\u060c 1414\u0647\u0640- 1994\u0645."},{"key":"742","unstructured":"\u062d\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u062d\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062c\u062f\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u06371\u060c 1423\u0647\u0640 \/ 2002\u0645."},{"key":"743","unstructured":"\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u06375\u060c 1420\u0647\u0640 \/ 1999\u0645."},{"key":"744","unstructured":"\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u0633\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0641\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u062c\u064a\u060c \u06372\u060c 1312\u0647\u0640."},{"key":"745","unstructured":"\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0641\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u062f \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u06371\u060c 1430\u0647\u0640."},{"key":"746","unstructured":"\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0634\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0634 \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0643\u0648\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0634\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u06371\u060c 2016\u0645."},{"key":"747","unstructured":"\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0631\u0642\u0646\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u06371\u060c 1418\u0647\u0640."},{"key":"748","unstructured":"\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0634\u064a\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0634\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0634\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u06371\u060c 1402\u0647\u0640."},{"key":"749","unstructured":"\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c1431\u0647\u0640."},{"key":"750","unstructured":"\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0646\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0633\u0646\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u06371\u060c 1421\u0647\u0640 - 2001\u0645."},{"key":"751","unstructured":"\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u06371\u060c 1315\u0647\u0640."},{"key":"752","unstructured":"\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u060c \u06373\u060c 1414\u0647\u0640."},{"key":"753","unstructured":"\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0646\u062c\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u062d\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u06371\u060c 1419\u0647\u0640."},{"key":"754","unstructured":"\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0646\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0641\u064a -\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u062f\u060c \u06371\u060c 1422\u0647\u0640 \/ 2001\u0645."}],"container-title":["\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 - \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0628\u0644"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jis.edu.af\/jis\/article\/download\/117\/49","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/jis.edu.af\/jis\/article\/download\/117\/49","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T06:14:17Z","timestamp":1743142457000},"score":55.940468,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jis.edu.af\/jis\/article\/view\/117"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.62810\/jis.v1i3.117","ISSN":["3078-6355"],"issn-type":[{"value":"3078-6355","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]],"date-time":"2024-08-31T14:40:18Z","timestamp":1725115218767},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"IIUM Press","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["al-Burhan JQSS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Imam Abu Hanifa, may Allah have mercy on him, is one of the four great Imams followed by a vast number of Muslims around the world, and his followers outnumber the rest in the world. There is no doubt that the Imam adhered to the Holy Qur\u2019an, the authentic Prophetic Sunnah, the consensus of the Companions, and sound analogical reasoning. These are the fundamental sources of Islamic jurisprudence in all schools of thought. Despite this, Imam Abu Hanifa has been opposed and criticized by many, with baseless accusations. Some claim that Abu Hanifa had little knowledge of the Prophetic Hadith. Others say he only knew 17 Hadiths, and some go further to assert that he knew only 130 Hadiths, of which he forgot or confused 120, either by altering the chain of transmission or changing the text unknowingly, leaving him with only 10 Hadiths in possession. Is it conceivable that someone with such limited knowledge of the Hadith of the Prophet, peace be upon him, could be among the greatest Imams of the Muslims, followed by the majority of Muslims across the world?\r\nThe opinions of scholars about him differ. Some were moderately fair, their piety preventing them from attacking him, while others exceeded all bounds, not fearing any punishment from Allah the Almighty, and thus narrated false accounts. We wish if these people had restrained their tongues out of fear of Allah! Did their piety not prevent them from sharing everything they heard or read with the masses about this great Imam, who met his Lord with a pure and sincere heart? Allah granted him blessings in this world, and in the Hereafter. He will be among the close ones to Allah, leaving behind a lasting legacy. Peace be upon Abu Hanifa al-Nu\u02bfman.\r\nThis study addresses the accusations directed at al-Nu\u02bfman\u2014the Greatest Imam\u2014using an inductive, analytical, and critical methodology to establish the truth. Of course, we do not claim that Imam Abu Hanifa was infallible, by Allah! no! No one has the right to make such a claim, not even about the Prophets, except that Allah forgave the Prophets for their past and future sins. This study does not aim to prove that Abu Hanifa, may Allah have mercy on him, was correct and truthful in everything he said, but rather to distinguish truth from falsehood, whether it was said by the Hanafi school, the scholars of Hadith, or other schools of thought. This is what we call upon all esteemed scholars to do, regardless of their affiliations, and without bias.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.31436\/alburhn.v8i2.355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]],"date-time":"2024-08-31T13:39:35Z","timestamp":1725111575000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u062d\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u062d\u062c\u0651\u064a\u062a\u0647"],"prefix":"10.31436","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Noor Mohammad","family":"Osmani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iftekhar Jamil","family":"Fuad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"16374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"5037","unstructured":"Ibn Ab\u012b \u1e24\u0101tim, Ab\u016b Mu\u1e25ammad \u02bfAbd al-Ra\u1e25m\u0101n bin Mu\u1e25ammad bin Idr\u012bs bin al-Mundhir al-Tam\u012bm\u012b al-\u1e24an\u1e93al\u012b al-R\u0101z\u012b. Al-Jar\u1e25 wa-al-Ta\u02bfd\u012bl. (\u1e24aydar \u0100b\u0101d: D\u0101\u02beirat al-Ma\u02bf\u0101rif al-\u02bfUthm\u0101niyyah, 1952)."},{"key":"5038","unstructured":"Ibn Khald\u016bn, \u02bfAbd al-Ra\u1e25m\u0101n. Al-\u02bfIbar wa-D\u012bw\u0101n al-Mubtada\u02be wa-al-Khabar f\u012b T\u0101r\u012bkh al-\u02bfArab wa-al-Barbar wa-Man \u02bf\u0100\u1e63arahum min Dhaw\u012b al-Sha\u02ben al-Akbar. Ta\u1e25q\u012bq: Dr. Suhayl Zakk\u0101r. (Bayr\u016bt: D\u0101r al-Fikr, 1981)."},{"key":"5039","unstructured":"Ibn al-\u1e62al\u0101\u1e25, Ab\u016b \u02bfAmr \u02bfUthm\u0101n bin \u02bfAbd al-Ra\u1e25m\u0101n. Ma\u02bfrifat Anw\u0101\u02bf \u02bfIlm al-\u1e24ad\u012bth. Ta\u1e25q\u012bq: \u02bfAbd al-La\u1e6d\u012bf al-Humaym - M\u0101hir Y\u0101s\u012bn al-Fa\u1e25l. (Bayr\u016bt: D\u0101r al-Kutub al-\u02bfIlmiyyah, 2002)."},{"key":"5040","unstructured":"Ibn \u02bfAd\u012b, Ab\u016b A\u1e25mad al-Jurj\u0101n\u012b. Al-K\u0101mil f\u012b \u1e0cu\u02bfaf\u0101\u02be al-Rij\u0101l. Ta\u1e25q\u012bq: \u02bfAbd al-Fatt\u0101\u1e25 Ab\u016b Sunnah. (Bayr\u016bt: D\u0101r al-Kutub al-\u02bfIlmiyyah, 1997)."},{"key":"5041","unstructured":"Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah, Ab\u016b \u02bfAbd All\u0101h Mu\u1e25ammad bin Ab\u012b Bakr bin Ayy\u016bb. Raf\u02bf al-Yadayn f\u012b al-\u1e62al\u0101h. Ta\u1e25q\u012bq: \u02bfAl\u012b bin Mu\u1e25ammad al-\u02bfImr\u0101n. (Bayr\u016bt: D\u0101r Ibn \u1e24azm, 2019)."},{"key":"5042","unstructured":"Ab\u016b \u1e24an\u012bfah, al-Nu\u02bfm\u0101n bin al-Th\u0101bit. Al-\u02bfAq\u012bdah wa-\u02bfIlm al-Kal\u0101m. Ta\u1e25q\u012bq: Z\u0101hid al-Kawthar\u012b. (Bayr\u016bt: D\u0101r al-Kutub al-\u02bfIlmiyyah, 2004)."},{"key":"5043","unstructured":"A\u1e25mad bin \u1e24anbal, Ab\u016b \u02bfAbd All\u0101h al-Shayb\u0101n\u012b. Al-\u02bfIlal wa-Ma\u02bfrifat al-Rij\u0101l. Ta\u1e25q\u012bq: Wa\u1e63\u012b All\u0101h bin Mu\u1e25ammad \u02bfAbb\u0101s. (Al-Riy\u0101\u1e0d: D\u0101r al-Kh\u0101n\u012b, 1422)."},{"key":"5044","unstructured":"Al-Alb\u0101n\u012b, Mu\u1e25ammad N\u0101\u1e63ir al-D\u012bn. Silsilat al-A\u1e25\u0101d\u012bth al-\u1e0ca\u02bf\u012bfah wa-al-Maw\u1e0d\u016b\u02bfah wa-Atharuh\u0101 al-Sayyi\u02be f\u012b al-Ummah. (Al-Riy\u0101\u1e0d: Maktabat al-Ma\u02bf\u0101rif, 1992)."},{"key":"5045","unstructured":"Al-Bukh\u0101r\u012b, Ab\u016b \u02bfAbd All\u0101h Mu\u1e25ammad bin Ism\u0101\u02bf\u012bl bin Ibr\u0101h\u012bm bin al-Mugh\u012brah. Al-T\u0101r\u012bkh al-Kab\u012br. Ta\u1e25q\u012bq: Mu\u1e25ammad \u02bfAbd al-Ma\u02bf\u012bd Kh\u0101n. (\u1e24aydar \u0100b\u0101d, al-Hind: D\u0101\u02beirat al-Ma\u02bf\u0101rif al-\u02bfUthm\u0101niyyah, n.d.)."},{"key":"5046","unstructured":"Al-Baghd\u0101d\u012b, Ab\u016b Bakr A\u1e25mad bin \u02bfAl\u012b bin Th\u0101bit bin A\u1e25mad bin Mahd\u012b al-Kha\u1e6d\u012bb. T\u0101r\u012bkh Baghd\u0101d wa-Dhuy\u016bluh. Ta\u1e25q\u012bq: Mu\u1e63\u1e6daf\u0101 \u02bfAbd al-Q\u0101dir \u02bfA\u1e6d\u0101. (Bayr\u016bt: D\u0101r al-Kutub al-\u02bfIlmiyyah, 1417)."},{"key":"5047","unstructured":"Al-Juday\u02bf, \u02bfAbd All\u0101h bin Y\u016bsuf. Ta\u1e25r\u012br \u02bfUl\u016bm al-\u1e24ad\u012bth. (Bayr\u016bt: Mu\u02beassasat al-Rayy\u0101n li-al-\u1e6cib\u0101\u02bfah wa-al-Nashr wa-al-Tawz\u012b\u02bf, 2003)."},{"key":"5048","unstructured":"Al-\u1e24ijj\u016b\u012b, Mu\u1e25ammad bin al-\u1e24asan bin al-\u02bfArab\u012b bin Mu\u1e25ammad al-Tha\u02bf\u0101lib\u012b al-Ja\u02bffar\u012b al-F\u0101s\u012b. Al-Fikr al-S\u0101m\u012b f\u012b T\u0101r\u012bkh al-Fiqh al-Isl\u0101m\u012b. (Bayr\u016bt: D\u0101r al-Kutub al-\u02bfIlmiyyah, 1995)."},{"key":"5049","unstructured":"Al-Dhahab\u012b, Shams al-D\u012bn. Siyar A\u02bfl\u0101m al-Nubal\u0101\u02be. (Al-Q\u0101hirah: D\u0101r al-\u1e24ad\u012bth, 2006)."},{"key":"5050","unstructured":"Al-Dhahab\u012b, Shams al-D\u012bn. Tadhkirat al-\u1e24uff\u0101\u1e93. Ta\u1e25q\u012bq: Zakariyy\u0101 \u02bfUmayr\u0101t. (Bayr\u016bt: D\u0101r al-Kutub al-\u02bfIlmiyyah, 1998)."},{"key":"5051","unstructured":"Al-Sarakhs\u012b, Ab\u016b Bakr Mu\u1e25ammad bin A\u1e25mad bin Ab\u012b Sahl. Tamh\u012bd al-Fu\u1e63\u016bl f\u012b al-U\u1e63\u016bl. Ta\u1e25q\u012bq: Ab\u016b al-Waf\u0101 al-Afgh\u0101n\u012b. (\u1e24aydar \u0100b\u0101d, al-Hind: Lajnat I\u1e25y\u0101\u02be al-Ma\u02bf\u0101rif al-Nu\u02bfm\u0101niyyah, d.t.)."},{"key":"5052","unstructured":"Al-Sib\u0101\u02bf\u012b, Mu\u1e63\u1e6daf\u0101 bin \u1e24asan\u012b. Al-Sunnah wa-Mak\u0101natuh\u0101 f\u012b al-Tashr\u012b\u02bf al-Isl\u0101m\u012b. (Dimashq: al-Maktab al-Isl\u0101m\u012b, 1982)."},{"key":"5053","unstructured":"Al-Shahrast\u0101n\u012b, Ab\u016b al-Fat\u1e25 Mu\u1e25ammad bin \u02bfAbd al-Kar\u012bm bin Ab\u012b Bakr A\u1e25mad. Al-Milal wa-al-Ni\u1e25al. Ta\u1e25q\u012bq: \u02bfAbd al-Am\u012br \u02bfAl\u012b Muhann\u0101 wa-\u02bfAl\u012b \u1e24asan F\u0101\u02bf\u016br. (Bayr\u016bt: D\u0101r al-Ma\u02bfrifah, 1993)."},{"key":"5054","unstructured":"Al-Sh\u0101\u1e6dib\u012b, Ab\u016b Is\u1e25\u0101q Ibr\u0101h\u012bm bin M\u016bs\u0101 bin Mu\u1e25ammad al-Lakhm\u012b. Al-Muw\u0101faq\u0101t. Ta\u1e25q\u012bq: Ab\u016b \u02bfUbaydah Mashh\u016br bin \u1e24asan \u0100l Salm\u0101n. (Al-Q\u0101hirah: D\u0101r Ibn \u02bfAff\u0101n, 1997)."},{"key":"5055","unstructured":"Ibn \u1e24ajar al-\u02bfAsqal\u0101n\u012b, Taqr\u012bb al-Tahdh\u012bb. Ta\u1e25q\u012bq: Mu\u1e25ammad \u02bfAw\u0101mah. (Dimashq: D\u0101r al-Rash\u012bd, 1986)."},{"key":"5056","unstructured":"Ibn \u1e24ajar al-\u02bfAsqal\u0101n\u012b, Tahdh\u012bb al-Tahdh\u012bb. (Al-Hind: Ma\u1e6dba\u02bfat D\u0101\u02beirat al-Ma\u02bf\u0101rif al-Ni\u1e93\u0101miyyah, 1326)."},{"key":"5057","unstructured":"Al-Q\u0101r\u012b, al-Mull\u0101 \u02bfAl\u012b. Shar\u1e25 Nukhbat al-Fikar f\u012b Mu\u1e63\u1e6dala\u1e25\u0101t Ahl al-Athar. Ta\u1e25q\u012bq: Mu\u1e25ammad Niz\u0101r Tam\u012bm wa-Haytham Niz\u0101r Tam\u012bm. (Bayr\u016bt: D\u0101r al-Arq\u0101m, d.t.)."},{"key":"5058","unstructured":"Al-Q\u0101sim\u012b, Mu\u1e25ammad Jam\u0101l al-D\u012bn bin Mu\u1e25ammad Sa\u02bf\u012bd bin Q\u0101sim al-\u1e24all\u0101q. Qaw\u0101\u02bfid al-Tahd\u012bth min Fun\u016bn Mu\u1e63\u1e6dala\u1e25 al-\u1e24ad\u012bth. (Bayr\u016bt: D\u0101r al-Kutub al-\u02bfIlmiyyah, d.t.)."},{"key":"5059","unstructured":"Al-Kawthar\u012b, Mu\u1e25ammad Z\u0101hid bin al-\u1e24asan. Ta\u02ben\u012bb al-Kha\u1e6d\u012bb \u02bfal\u0101 m\u0101 S\u0101qah f\u012b Tarjamat Ab\u012b \u1e24an\u012bfah min al-Ak\u0101dhib. (Bayr\u016bt: D\u0101r al-Bash\u0101\u02beir al-Isl\u0101miyyah, 1990)."},{"key":"5060","unstructured":"Al-Nu\u02bfm\u0101n\u012b, Mu\u1e25ammad \u02bfAbd al-Rash\u012bd. Mak\u0101nat al-Im\u0101m Ab\u012b \u1e24an\u012bfah f\u012b al-\u1e24ad\u012bth. 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\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631.\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627\u0621.\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642:\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0623\u0628\u0648\u063a\u062f\u0629.\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\/\u062d\u0644\u0628: \u0645\u06a9\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0628\u060c1417\u0642- 1997\u0645."},{"key":"35","unstructured":"\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646\u060c\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631(\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646) \u062c2\u060c\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647: \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0622\u064a\u062a\u064a. \u0627\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646: \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062a \u060c1383 \u0647\u0640.\u0634."},{"key":"36","unstructured":"\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0629. \u0623\u0628\u0648\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0639\u0635\u0631\u0647 \u0640 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0624\u0647 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0647\u0647.\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0647: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u06a9\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c1991\u0645."},{"key":"37","unstructured":"\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0646\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u060c\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0621\u060c\u0645\u0635\u0631:\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c1394 \u0647\u0640.\u0642."},{"key":"38","unstructured":"\u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u06a9 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0645\u0638\u0641\u0631 \u0639\u064a\u0633\u0649 \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0628. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c1417 \u0647\u0640.\u0642."},{"key":"39","unstructured":"\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0639\u0641\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062c2. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c1413\u0647\u0640.\u0642."},{"key":"40","unstructured":"\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0628\u06a9\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646. \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c1408 \u0647\u0640.\u0642 \u2013 1988\u0645."},{"key":"41","unstructured":"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u0630\u064a\u060c\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0634\u0627\u06a9\u0631. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a:\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c1357 \u0647\u0640.\u0642 \u2013 1938\u0645."},{"key":"42","unstructured":"\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0651\u06cc\u060c\u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0628\u064a \u062d\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0629.\u062c\u062f\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c1423\u0647\u0640.\u0642 \u2013 2002\u0645."},{"key":"43","unstructured":"\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0628\u06a9\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0628.\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0628\u064a \u0625\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629:\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0649\u060c1423\u0647\u0640.\u0642 \u2013 2003\u0645."},{"key":"44","unstructured":"\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0628\u06a9\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a.\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c(\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645)\u060c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u06cc \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0637\u0627. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a:\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c1425\u0647\u0640.\u0642 \u2013 2004\u0645. \u0637\u0628\u0639\u060c\u062f\u0648\u0645."},{"key":"45","unstructured":"\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0632 \u060c\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642:\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u062f \u0648\u0634\u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0624\u0637.\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a:\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c1405 \u0647\u0640.\u0642."},{"key":"46","unstructured":"\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646.\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0648\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638.\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a:\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c1419 \u0647\u0640.\u0642-1998\u0645."},{"key":"47","unstructured":"\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u060c\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u062d\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0647.\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0632\u0627\u0647\u062f \u06a9\u0648\u062b\u0631\u064a\u060c\u0647\u0646\u062f\u060c\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0622\u0628\u0627\u062f \u062f\u06a9\u0646:\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c1408\u0647\u0640.\u0642."},{"key":"48","unstructured":"\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0633\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0636\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0632\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u062d\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0645. \u0647\u0646\u062f:\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u067e\u0648\u0631\u060c1439 \u0647\u0640.\u0642 \u2013 2018\u0645."},{"key":"49","unstructured":"\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u060c\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0628\u06a9\u0631 \u060c \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u062d\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0629.\u062d\u0644\u0628:\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0645\u06a9\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u060c1431\u0647\u0640.\u0642."},{"key":"50","unstructured":"\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u060c\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0628\u06a9\u0631.\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638.\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c1403\u0647\u0640.\u0642."},{"key":"51","unstructured":"\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u064a\u0639\u060c\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u064a\u0639. \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u062d\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0629 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(1973). \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u064a."},{"key":"2012","unstructured":"\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643. (\u062f.\u062a). \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645\u064a. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629."},{"key":"2013","unstructured":"\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643. (\u062f.\u062a). \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u062f. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645\u064a. \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629."},{"key":"2014","unstructured":"\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a. (1326\u0647\u0640). \u062a\u0647\u0630\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0630\u064a\u0628. \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629."},{"key":"2015","unstructured":"\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a. (1415\u0647\u0640). \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0629. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0648\u0636. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629."},{"key":"2016","unstructured":"\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0632\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f. (\u062f.\u062a). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631."},{"key":"2017","unstructured":"\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0647\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0632\u0648\u064a\u0646\u064a. (\u062f.\u062a). \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0646. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629."},{"key":"2018","unstructured":"\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0644\u062f\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0648. (1980). \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a."},{"key":"2019","unstructured":"\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0644\u062f\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0648. (1980). \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629. \u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0636: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a."},{"key":"2020","unstructured":"\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0645. (1414\u0647\u0640). \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 (\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629). \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631."},{"key":"2021","unstructured":"\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644. (1403\u0647\u0640). \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f. \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629."},{"key":"2022","unstructured":"\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0631.(1429\u0647\u0640). \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631: \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628."},{"key":"2023","unstructured":"\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (1997). \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u064a. \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645."},{"key":"2024","unstructured":"\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0624\u0648\u0637\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0624\u0648\u0637\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f (\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631\u0627\u0646). (1986). \u0634\u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0647\u0628 (\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0628\u0644\u064a). \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631."},{"key":"2025","unstructured":"\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631. (1414\u0647\u0640). \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631."},{"key":"2026","unstructured":"\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644. (1422\u0647\u0640). \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u0646\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0647 (\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a). \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0632\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0629."},{"key":"2027","unstructured":"\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646. (\u062f.\u062a). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0636\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645\u064a. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a."},{"key":"2028","unstructured":"\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0628\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d. (1406 \u0647\u0640 - 1986 \u0645). \u0634\u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0647\u0628. \u062d\u0642\u0642\u0647: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0624\u0648\u0637\u060c \u062e\u0631\u062c \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0647: \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0624\u0648\u0637. \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 \u2013 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1221."},{"key":"2029","unstructured":"\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646. (1992) . \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0634\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0629. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0629."},{"key":"2030","unstructured":"\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646. (1408\u0647\u0640). \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u062d\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0647. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u062b\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629."},{"key":"2031","unstructured":"\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646. (\u062f.\u062a). \u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u0634\u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0624\u0648\u0637 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646. \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629."},{"key":"2032","unstructured":"\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646. (\u062f.\u062a). \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0633\u0631\u0648\u0646. \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0628\u0629."},{"key":"2033","unstructured":"\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2016). \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629."},{"key":"2034","unstructured":"\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062e\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646. (\u062f.\u062a). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a."},{"key":"2035","unstructured":"\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062e\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f. (\u062f.\u062a). \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062e\u0633\u064a. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629."},{"key":"2036","unstructured":"\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f. (\u062f.\u062a). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u062d\u0645\u062f\u064a. \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0636."},{"key":"2037","unstructured":"\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (\u062f.\u062a). \u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629."},{"key":"2038","unstructured":"\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646. (\u062f.\u062a). \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0629."},{"key":"2039","unstructured":"\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (1985). \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0645\u0633\u0646\u062f \u0623\u0628\u064a \u062d\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0629. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0633. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629."},{"key":"2040","unstructured":"\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u064a\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u062c. (\u062f.\u062a). \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a."},{"key":"2041","unstructured":"\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u062f\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (1321\u0647\u0640). \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u062d\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0629. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0643\u0646- \u062d\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0622\u0628\u0627\u062f-\u0647\u0646\u062f."},{"key":"2042","unstructured":"\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u0647. (2004). \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0630\u064a \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0633\u0646\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u0630\u064a. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a."},{"key":"2043","unstructured":"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646. (1980). \u062a\u0647\u0630\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u0628\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641. \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629."},{"key":"2044","unstructured":"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647. (1412\u0647\u0640). \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631\u064a. \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u062f\u064a\u0629."},{"key":"2045","unstructured":"\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u060c \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0628\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0641. (1392\u0647\u0640). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062c \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u062c. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a."},{"key":"2046","unstructured":"\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0628\u0643\u0631. (\u062f.\u062a). \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u064a\u0624\u062e\u0630 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u064a\u0631\u062f."},{"key":"2047","unstructured":"https:\/\/islamonline.net\/7019"},{"key":"2048","unstructured":"\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647. (\u062f.\u062a). \u0646\u0639\u0645 .. \u0647\u0645 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646..."},{"key":"2049","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.islamweb.net\/ar\/article\/44541"},{"key":"2050","unstructured":"\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641. (\u062f.\u062a). \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062d\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646."},{"key":"2051","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.islamweb.net\/ar\/article\/238750"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Islamic Sciences"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ijis.keu-journals.com\/index.php\/ijis\/article\/download\/103\/35","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ijis.keu-journals.com\/index.php\/ijis\/article\/download\/103\/35","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T06:08:57Z","timestamp":1791094137000},"score":48.068413,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ijis.keu-journals.com\/index.php\/ijis\/article\/view\/103"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.64394\/ijis.v2i2.78","ISSN":["3079-7225","3079-7217"],"issn-type":[{"value":"3079-7225","type":"electronic"},{"value":"3079-7217","type":"print"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]]}}],"items-per-page":5,"query":{"start-index":0,"search-terms":null}}}