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But how it can survive there, where in terms of geographic origin it came from, and which species in addition to B. pyrrhopygus<\/jats:italic> (Friese 1902) genetically it is most closely related to are insufficiently answered questions that have motivated us to carry out this study. On the basis of a molecular analysis of the cytochrome oxidase I gene of a B. (Alpinobombus) polaris<\/jats:italic> from North Greenland (82\u00b0 48\u2032 N; 42\u00b0 14\u2032 W), we conclude that the female specimen we analysed was most closely related to the Canadian populations of B. polaris<\/jats:italic>. Geographic proximity, occurrence of B. polaris<\/jats:italic> on Ellesmere Island and wind direction are likely factors that have aided B. polaris<\/jats:italic> to establish itself in northern and eastern Greenland. The presence of five haplotypes in the studied sequences from Greenland indicates a moderately high level of genetic diversity of B. polaris<\/jats:italic> in Greenland, reflecting the successful adaptation of B. polaris<\/jats:italic> populations. In the broader context of entomological life in the high Arctic, our results on B. polaris<\/jats:italic> allow us to conclude that the survival of pollinating species in the high Arctic under the changing climate scenario depends not only on the weather but also on an individual\u2019s opportunity to continue to locate suitable food sources, i.e. pollen and nectar in the case of B. polaris<\/jats:italic>. This aspect, briefly touched upon in this study, is of relevance not just to B. polaris<\/jats:italic>, but the Arctic entomofauna generally.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-021-02952-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,16]],"date-time":"2021-10-16T18:22:07Z","timestamp":1634408527000},"page":"2209-2216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Molecular characteristics of Bombus (Alpinobombus) polaris from North Greenland with comments on its general biology and phylogeography"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Saeed Mohamadzade","family":"Namin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tae-Yoon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuleui","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1531-9244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor Benno","family":"Meyer-Rochow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2952_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026036","volume":"16","author":"HJ Bandelt","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bandelt HJ, Forster P, R\u00f6hl A (1999) Median-joining networks for inferring intraspecific phylogenies. 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Apidologie 40:237\u2013262","journal-title":"Apidologie"}],"container-title":["Polar Biology"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00300-021-02952-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00300-021-02952-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00300-021-02952-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]],"date-time":"2021-11-11T04:38:30Z","timestamp":1636605510000},"score":12.859695,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00300-021-02952-y"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,16]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2952"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00300-021-02952-y","ISSN":["0722-4060","1432-2056"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0722-4060"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1432-2056"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 July 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 September 2021","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 September 2021","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 October 2021","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The research has been conducted under permission from the Greenland government, and the permits include consideration and approval (permission no. G16-074, C-17-4). The local ethics committee (Ministry of Industry and Mineral Resources, the Government of Greenland) specifically reviewed and approved the application for survey license on the use of biological resources for commercial and research purposes (in the: \u201cAct on Biological Resources\u201d).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"All four authors agreed to participate.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T00:08:24Z","timestamp":1769731704548,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":7,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,31]],"date-time":"2012-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1338422400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":17378,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Can Entomol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1964,11]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>In southern Alberta the range of Bombus<\/jats:italic> (Alpinobombus<\/jats:italic>) balteatus<\/jats:italic> was limited to mountainous areas with minimum elevations of 7,400 ft. When given equal opportunity to nest in above- or underground hives, queens established in two above, and 12 underground hives. The middle of the nest-establishing period in the hives was about 24 June 1962, and 17 June 1963.<\/jats:p>Construction of the brood cell was begun before that of the honey pot. All eggs of the first brood were deposited in n single cell; not all were deposited on the same day. Second- and third-brood egg cells were built in parallel lines on each side of the incubation groove. At least once, the second brood was also workers. Succeeding broods were probably first males and then queens, as males emerged first.<\/jats:p>Pollen was fed collectively to worker larvae of all instars, except the last, by stuffing it beneath them. All instars of male and queen larvae, except the last, were fed collectively mixtures of honey and pollen. Last-instar larvae of all broods separated from each other by spinning flimsy, incomplete cocoons, and were fed individually mixtures of honey and pollen. Hence, B<\/jats:italic>. balteatus<\/jats:italic> is a pocket-maker when rearing worker larvae to the last instar and a pollen-storer when rearing last-instar worker, male, and queen larvae.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4039\/ent961465-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,15]],"date-time":"2009-12-15T20:39:36Z","timestamp":1260909576000},"page":"1465-1470","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Ecology of Species of Bombus<\/i> Latr. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Southern Alberta. I. Subgenus Alpinobombus<\/i> Skor."],"prefix":"10.4039","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"G. A.","family":"Hobbs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0008347X0005402X_ref007","first-page":"21","article-title":"Notes on the distributions of some bumblebees of Western North America","volume":"38","author":"Thorp","year":"1962","journal-title":"Pan-Pacif. Ent."},{"key":"S0008347X0005402X_ref001","first-page":"1247","volume-title":"U.S. Dep. Agric. Monogr.","author":"Burks","year":"1951"},{"key":"S0008347X0005402X_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4039\/Ent92868-11"},{"key":"S0008347X0005402X_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4039\/Ent941121-11"},{"key":"S0008347X0005402X_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4039\/Ent94538-5"},{"key":"S0008347X0005402X_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4039\/Ent96115-1"},{"key":"S0008347X0005402X_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4039\/Ent93409-6"}],"container-title":["The Canadian Entomologist"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0008347X0005402X","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,22]],"date-time":"2020-04-22T08:51:17Z","timestamp":1587545477000},"score":12.182627,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0008347X0005402X\/type\/journal_article"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1964,11]]},"references-count":7,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1964,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0008347X0005402X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4039\/ent961465-11","ISSN":["0008-347X","1918-3240"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0008-347X","type":"print"},{"value":"1918-3240","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[1964,11]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]],"date-time":"2022-03-30T18:29:43Z","timestamp":1648664983990},"reference-count":6,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"86","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals and Magazine of Natural History"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1955,2]]},"DOI":"10.1080\/00222935508651840","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,6]],"date-time":"2011-10-06T11:57:31Z","timestamp":1317902251000},"page":"151-152","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["XX.\u2014Bombus<\/i> (Alpinobombus<\/i>) Hyperboreus Clydensis<\/i>, n. ssp., from Baffin Island, North-West Territories, Canada"],"prefix":"10.1080","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"I.H.H.","family":"Yarrow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"a Department of Entomology , British Museum (Natural History)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"CIT0001","first-page":"83","volume":"2","author":"Cresson E. T.","year":"1863","journal-title":"Proc. ent. Soc. Philadelphia"},{"key":"CIT0002","first-page":"177","volume":"38","author":"Franklin H. T.","year":"1912","journal-title":"Trans. Amer. ent. Soc."},{"key":"CIT0003","first-page":"214","volume":"33","author":"Frison T. H.","year":"1922","journal-title":"Ent. News"},{"issue":"1927","key":"CIT0004","first-page":"3","volume":"50","author":"Richards O. W.","year":"1931","journal-title":"Tromse Museums Arshefter"},{"key":"CIT0005","first-page":"37","volume":"20","author":"Skorikov A. S.","year":"1937","journal-title":"Ent. Med."},{"key":"CIT0006","unstructured":"1919. Report on the Canadian Arctic Expedition 1913\u201318. III. Insects. Pt. G.\u2014Hymenoptera and Plant Galls 25\u201335."}],"container-title":["Annals and Magazine of Natural History"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/00222935508651840","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,9]],"date-time":"2018-03-09T05:05:17Z","timestamp":1520571917000},"score":11.820532,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/00222935508651840"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1955,2]]},"references-count":6,"journal-issue":{"issue":"86","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1955,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1080\/00222935508651840"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00222935508651840","ISSN":["0374-5481"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0374-5481","type":"print"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[1955,2]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:14:34Z","timestamp":1779927274781,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":1,"publisher":"Magnolia Press","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Zootaxa"],"abstract":"The bumblebees of the subgenus Alpinobombus of the genus Bombus are unusual among bees for specialising in many of the most northerly vegetated arctic habitats on Earth. Most named taxa in this group (37 available names from a total of 67 names) were described originally from differences in the colour patterns of the hair. Previous revisions have shown unusually little agreement, recognising a range of 6\u20129 species, in part because of pronounced intraspecific variation in both skeletal morphology and in the colour patterns of the hair. Here we examine variation among 4622 specimens from throughout the group\u2019s global range. Bayesian inference of the gene tree for the fast evolving mitochondrial COI gene combined with Poisson-tree-process analysis of this tree shows support for 10 gene lineages as candidates for being putative species lineages. Integrative assessment shows that the interpretation of these results is not straightforward. Evidence from the fast evolving mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA gene supports two of the COI gene alleles (from the samples B. kluanensis s. str. and \u2018unnamed2\u2019) as being associated with just one 16S allele. Double COI bands on the PCR gels for these individuals and double peaks on sequence traces (in one case with both COI alleles sequenced from one individual) identifies this as a likely case of COI paralogy that has resulted in mitochondrial heteroplasmy. Evidence from morphology also supports only the remaining nine lineages as separate. Evidence from extracts of cephalic labial gland secretions (CLGS, with components believed to function as sex pheromones) reported by others shows small diagnostic differences between all of the candidate species examined (although B. kluanensis s. l. was not examined) and shows larger differences between all of the species pairs that we find are likely to have co-occurred at least in the past, revealing a likely limitation to the CLGS approach in cases of recent and continuously allopatric species. Consequently we infer nine species in the subgenus Alpinobombus (so that B. kluanensis s. str. and \u2018unnamed2\u2019 are interpreted as conspecific, as B. kluanensis s. l.). We provide distribution maps and identification keys for the nine species. The morphology of the male of B. kluanensis is described for the first time, including a unique, unusually dense pad of short hair on the mandible that may have a function involving CLGS in mate-searching behaviour. In seeking to identify the valid names for these species, seven new lectotypes are designated and support is provided for synonymizing 10 names as proposed in a recent summary table of names. The prevailing usage of Bombus balteatus Dahlbom is maintained as valid by proposing Bombus nivalis Dahlbom and Bombus tricolor Dahlbom as nomina oblita and by proposing Bombus balteatus Dahlbom as a nomen protectum. The prevailing usage of Bombus hyperboreus Sch\u00f6nherr is maintained as valid by supporting Apis arctica Quensel as a nomen oblitum and by supporting Bombus hyperboreus Sch\u00f6nherr as a nomen protectum. We then use sequence data from COI and 16S together with nuclear PEPCK and opsin genes to estimate dated phylogenetic relationships among the nine species, allowing for incongruent gene trees with *BEAST. If crown-group divergence within the subgenus Alpinobombus coincided with the global climate cooling and with the growth of the northern ice sheets at the end of the Miocene at ca 7.2 Ma, then divergences between each of the three pairs of sister species are likely to have coincided with fluctuations in vegetated land connections across the Bering Strait after ca 2.5 Ma.\u00a0\u00a0<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.4625.1.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,3]],"date-time":"2019-07-03T01:19:43Z","timestamp":1562116783000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["The arctic and alpine bumblebees of the subgenus Alpinobombus revised from integrative assessment of species\u2019 gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)"],"prefix":"10.11646","volume":"4625","author":[{"given":"PAUL H.","family":"WILLIAMS","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MIKHAIL V.","family":"BEREZIN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"SYDNEY G.","family":"CANNINGS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"BJ\u00d6RN","family":"CEDERBERG","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"FRODE","family":"\u00d8DEGAARD","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"CLAUS","family":"RASMUSSEN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"LEIF L.","family":"RICHARDSON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JESSICA","family":"RYKKEN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"CORY S.","family":"SHEFFIELD","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"CHAWATAT","family":"THANOOSING","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ALEXANDR M.","family":"BYVALTSEV","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4913","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"46240","unstructured":"

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In bumblebees, social parasitism appeared in at least 3 subgenera independently: in the subgenus Psithyrus<\/jats:italic> consisting entirely of parasitic species, in the subgenus Alpinobombus<\/jats:italic> with Bombus hyperboreus<\/jats:italic>, and in the subgenus Thoracobombus<\/jats:italic> with B. inexspectatus<\/jats:italic>. Cuckoo bumblebee males utilize species\u2010specific cephalic labial gland secretions for mating purposes that can impact their inquiline strategy. We performed cephalic labial gland secretions in B. hyperboreus<\/jats:italic>, B. inexspectatus<\/jats:italic> and their hosts. Males of both parasitic species exhibited high species specific levels of cephalic gland secretions, including different main compounds. 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