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Their insecticidal activity is related to the presence of symbiotic bacteria Xenorhabdus spp. or Photorhabdus spp. in the alimentary tract, which are released into the insect body, leading to its death caused by bacterial toxins and septicemia. Although the antibacterial activities of symbionts of entomopathogenic nematodes have been well described, there is insufficient knowledge of the interactions between these bacteria and microorganisms that naturally inhabit the alimentary tract of insects infested by nematodes. In this study, 900 bacterial strains isolated from midgut samples of Amphimallon solstitiale larvae were tested for their antagonistic activity against the selected five Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus species. Cross-streak tests showed significant antibacterial activity of 20 isolates. These bacteria were identified as Bacillus [Brevibacterium] frigoritolerans, Bacillus toyonensis, Bacillus wiedmannii, Chryseobacterium lathyri, Chryseobacterium sp., Citrobacter murliniae, Enterococcus malodoratus, Paenibacillus sp., Serratia marcescens and Serratia sp. Since some representatives of the intestinal microbiota of A. solstitiale are able to inhibit the growth of Xenorhabdus and Photorhrhabdus bacteria in vitro, it can be assumed that this type of bacterial interaction may occur at certain stages of insect infection by Steinernema or Heterorhabditis nematodes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222112005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]],"date-time":"2021-11-05T10:33:09Z","timestamp":1636108389000},"page":"12005","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Screening and Molecular Identification of Bacteria from the Midgut of Amphimallon solstitiale Larvae Exhibiting Antagonistic Activity against Bacterial Symbionts of Entomopathogenic Nematodes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2069-0347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Skowronek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biocontrol, Production and Application of EPN, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 20-708 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4179-1948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Sajnaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biocontrol, Production and Application of EPN, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 20-708 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8576-4701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waldemar","family":"Kazimierczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biocontrol, Production and Application of EPN, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 20-708 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8566-2406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Lis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biocontrol, Production and Application of EPN, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 20-708 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1433-3634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Wiater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial and Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-033 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brivio, M.F., and Mastore, M. 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Our study provides the first detailed characterization of the bacterial community of the midgut in wild A. solstitiale larvae, based on the nanopore sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. In the whole dataset, we detected 2586 different genera and 11,641 species, with only 83 diverse bacterial genera shared by all studied individuals, which may represent members of the core midgut microbiota of A. solstitiale larvae. Subsequently, we compared the midgut microbiota of EPN-resistant and T0 (prior to EPN exposure) individuals, hypothesizing that resistance to this parasitic infection may be linked to the altered gut community. Compared to the control, the resistant insect microbiota demonstrated lower Shannon and Evenness indices and significant differences in the community structure. Our studies confirmed that the gut microbiota alternation is associated with resistant insects; however, there are many processes involved that can affect the bacterial community. Further research on the role of gut microbiota in insect-parasitic nematode interaction may ultimately lead to the improvement of biological control strategies in insect pest management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19063480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]],"date-time":"2022-03-16T03:34:13Z","timestamp":1647401653000},"page":"3480","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparative Nanopore Sequencing-Based Evaluation of the Midgut Microbiota of the Summer Chafer (Amphimallon solstitiale L.) Associated with Possible Resistance to Entomopathogenic Nematodes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Ewa","family":"Sajnaga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biocontrol, Production, and Application of EPN, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantyn\u00f3w 1J, 20-708 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2069-0347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Skowronek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biocontrol, Production, and Application of EPN, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantyn\u00f3w 1J, 20-708 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2435-567X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Kalwasi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toru\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8576-4701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waldemar","family":"Kazimierczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biocontrol, Production, and Application of EPN, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantyn\u00f3w 1J, 20-708 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8566-2406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Lis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biocontrol, Production, and Application of EPN, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantyn\u00f3w 1J, 20-708 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monika El\u017cbieta","family":"Jach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantyn\u00f3w 1J, 20-708 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1433-3634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Wiater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial and Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Sk\u0142odowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1649\/0010-065X(2006)60[102:SAPACP]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Scarabs as pests: Continuing problem","volume":"60","author":"Jackson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Coleopt. 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