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Data for this study were extracted from suction trap catches and weather records obtained from meteorological stations adjacent to the traps.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The duration of the flight period increased with latitude. At 51\u00b0 N 95 % of the trap catch was taken in 24 days and at 55\u00b0 N in 32 days. A flight threshold temperature of 12\u201313\u00b0C was deduced from trap catches taken within the forest crop. Displacements in median flight days at various sites in Britain could be related to values of accumulated day\u2010degrees but not to differences in photoperiod. The median flight day can be predicted empirically by accumulating day\u2010degree values over 8\u00b0C from 1 January up to a total of 115 day\u2010degrees.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The implications of seasonal flight activity on crop reinvasion is discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7348.1977.tb01827.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,26]],"date-time":"2008-02-26T12:40:39Z","timestamp":1204029639000},"page":"137-151","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Flight regulation in the green spruce aphid (<i>Elatobium abietinum<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"C. 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R.","year":"1972"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7348.1914.tb05409.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0418.1962.tb04084.x"}],"container-title":["Annals of Applied Biology"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1744-7348.1977.tb01827.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1744-7348.1977.tb01827.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]],"date-time":"2023-11-07T19:02:15Z","timestamp":1699383735000},"score":25.081762,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1744-7348.1977.tb01827.x"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1977,7]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1977,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1744-7348.1977.tb01827.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1744-7348.1977.tb01827.x","archive":["Portico"],"ISSN":["0003-4746","1744-7348"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-4746","type":"print"},{"value":"1744-7348","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[1977,7]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T10:24:13Z","timestamp":1761128653679},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,26]],"date-time":"2008-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1203984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10436,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of Applied Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1979,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thin layer chromatography separation of 80% ethanol extracts of adult <jats:italic>Elatobium abietinum<\/jats:italic> revealed the presence of the polyhydric alcohol mannitol in aphids overwintering outdoors but not in aphids kept permanently indoors at 15\u00b0C. After 3 days at 15\u00b0C no traces of mannitol were left in overwintering aphids. Mean freezing temperatures of outdoor, unfed instar I nymphs were about 4\u00b0C lower than those of unfed instar I nymphs produced at 15\u00b0C. Mean freezing temperatures of overwintering adults were considerably higher than those of unfed instar I nymphs and showed no changes associated with time at 15\u00b0C following transference indoors. Similarly, mean freezing temperatures of Sitka spruce needles transferred to 15\u00b0C did not change. It was concluded that, although freezing was mainly avoided by supercooling, the presence of mannitol lowered the true freezing temperature of aphid haemolymph and, consequently, the actual freezing temperatures of nymphs produced under cold conditions. However, the considerable increase in freezing point temperatures caused by imbibition of plant sap masked these acclimatisation changes in feeding aphids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7348.1979.tb03877.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,26]],"date-time":"2008-02-26T12:41:54Z","timestamp":1204029714000},"page":"299-306","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Acclimatisation in the green spruce aphid, <i>Elatobium abietinum<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"W. H.","family":"PARRY","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2806(08)60109-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"37","volume-title":"Host plant susceptibility","author":"Bevan D.","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Winter temperatures and survival of the green spruce aphid","author":"Carter C. I.","year":"1972"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60115a058"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pp.20.060169.002223"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01645a047"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2806(08)60277-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7348.1978.tb02606.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00347469"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7348.1974.tb01482.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1910(76)90182-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7348.1976.tb00555.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.06.010161.000415"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0418.1962.tb04084.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z64-009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Effects of glycerol in freeze\u2010tolerant Pytho depressus L. (Col., Pythidae)","volume":"24","author":"Zachariassen K. E.","year":"1977","journal-title":"Norwegian Journal of Entomology"}],"container-title":["Annals of Applied Biology"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1744-7348.1979.tb03877.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1744-7348.1979.tb03877.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]],"date-time":"2023-11-07T21:12:14Z","timestamp":1699391534000},"score":24.926823,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1744-7348.1979.tb03877.x"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1979,8]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1979,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1744-7348.1979.tb03877.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1744-7348.1979.tb03877.x","archive":["Portico"],"ISSN":["0003-4746","1744-7348"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-4746","type":"print"},{"value":"1744-7348","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[1979,8]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T20:44:23Z","timestamp":1648586663125},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arboricultural Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1983,11]]},"DOI":"10.1080\/03071375.1983.9746634","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,23]],"date-time":"2012-04-23T15:12:23Z","timestamp":1335193943000},"page":"283-285","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["TREE PESTS\u20149 Green Spruce Aphid, <i>Elatobium abietinum<\/i> (Walker)"],"prefix":"10.1080","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"M R","family":"Speight","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,27]]},"container-title":["Arboricultural Journal"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/03071375.1983.9746634","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,6]],"date-time":"2017-01-06T08:25:45Z","timestamp":1483691145000},"score":23.27217,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/03071375.1983.9746634"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1983,11]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1983,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1080\/03071375.1983.9746634"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03071375.1983.9746634","ISSN":["0307-1375","2168-1074"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0307-1375","type":"print"},{"value":"2168-1074","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[1983,11]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]],"date-time":"2023-11-07T14:40:36Z","timestamp":1699368036581},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,26]],"date-time":"2008-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1203984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10893,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of Applied Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1978,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>Alate formation and its importance in the population dynamics of Elatobium abietinum is examined. It is concluded that alate formation is related to high soluble nitrogen levels in Sitka spruce needles. In N.E. Scotland the proportion of the population developing as alatae was related to aphid density. The apparently differing status of alatae in S. England may be related to differences in the physiology of the host caused by heat input. In Scotland alate formation may cause a decline in spruce aphid populations when densities are very high but, at the densities normally encountered in Scotland and Germany only small proportions of the populations become alate. In these areas the population collapses in late June or early July occur in response to low soluble nitrogen levels in the spruce needles. The role of alate adults in the formation of new colonies following migration to uncolonised hosts is discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7348.1978.tb02561.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,26]],"date-time":"2008-02-26T12:50:22Z","timestamp":1204030222000},"page":"9-14","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A reappraisal of flight regulation in the green spruce aphid, Elatobium abietinum"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"W. H.","family":"PARRY","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"193","article-title":"The green spruce aphid Elatobium (Neomyzaphis) abietinum Walker","volume":"20","author":"Bevan D.","year":"1966","journal-title":"Scottish Forestry"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"Bevan D.(1969).Green spruce aphid Elatobium abietinum.Forestry Commission Report on Forest Research for 1969 pp.112\u2013113."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Bevan D.&Carter C. I.(1975).Host plant susceptibility.Forestry Commission Report on Forest Research for 1975 p.37."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"200","article-title":"An intermediate form of Elatobium abietinum found during the winter in Scotland","volume":"105","author":"Carter C. I.","year":"1969","journal-title":"Entomologist's Monthly Magazine"},{"issue":"116","key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"8","article-title":"Impact of green spruce aphid on growth","author":"Carter C. I.","year":"1977","journal-title":"Forestry Commission Research and Development Paper"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7348.1977.tb01827.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"207","article-title":"Report on spruce\u2010aphis investigation for year ending December 1930","volume":"13","author":"Dumbleton L. J.","year":"1932","journal-title":"New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/b68-119"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/b68-120"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/b68-121"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","first-page":"121","article-title":"A contribution to the bionornics of the green spruce aphid Neomyzaphis abietitia (Walker)","volume":"6","author":"Hussey N. W.","year":"1952","journal-title":"Scottish Forestry"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"47","article-title":"Zur Sitkalauskalamit\u00e4t in Nordwestdeutschland","volume":"2","author":"Kloft W.","year":"1959","journal-title":"Waldhygiene"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","first-page":"73","article-title":"Die Massenvermehrung der Sitkalaus in Nordwestdeutschland","volume":"30","author":"Ohnesorge B.","year":"1959","journal-title":"Forstarchiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/forestry\/42.1.69"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"Parry W. H.(1970).Research on the green spruce aphid Elatobium abietinum.Forestry Commission Report on Forest Research for 1970 pp.182\u2013184."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485300003904"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00345428"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00345959"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00399767"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00347469"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3565068"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7348.1976.tb00555.x"}],"container-title":["Annals of Applied Biology"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1744-7348.1978.tb02561.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1744-7348.1978.tb02561.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]],"date-time":"2023-11-07T14:19:22Z","timestamp":1699366762000},"score":22.894142,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1744-7348.1978.tb02561.x"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1978,5]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1978,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1744-7348.1978.tb02561.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1744-7348.1978.tb02561.x","archive":["Portico"],"ISSN":["0003-4746","1744-7348"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-4746","type":"print"},{"value":"1744-7348","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[1978,5]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T22:57:21Z","timestamp":1790722641100,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,26]],"date-time":"2008-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1203984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11684,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of Applied Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1976,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recorded minimum temperatures of \u2013 7 <jats:sup>o<\/jats:sup>C or lower noticeably reduced overwintering populations of the green spruce aphid, <jats:italic>Elatobium abietinum,<\/jats:italic> in north\u2010east Scotland. It is suggested that, at these temperatures, ice formation in the needles of the host Sitka spruce, caused attached aphids to freeze. Aphid mortality also occurred when maximum temperatures did not rise above + 6 <jats:sup>o<\/jats:sup>C for prolonged periods, possibly as a result of starvation following an extended chill coma.<\/jats:p><jats:p>A diagrammatic representation of the main factors affecting anholocyclic populations of <jats:italic>E. abietinum<\/jats:italic> during the winter is presented to emphasize the governing role played by temperature. The balance between mortality and recruitment determines the size of the population at the end of the winter, and this in turn determines the subsequent summer infestation. It should be possible, therefore, to predict aphid outbreaks either from winter temperatures or from the number of aphids present at the end of the winter.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Temperature records obtained from integrating thermometers indicated that the inside of the lower crown tended to be the warmest part of the tree during the winter, resulting in greater aphid survival in the lower branches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7348.1976.tb00555.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,26]],"date-time":"2008-02-26T12:37:27Z","timestamp":1204029447000},"page":"209-219","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Effects of temperature on overwintering populations of the green spruce aphid Elatobium abietinum"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"W.","family":"POWELL","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. 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A simple model based on relatively few parameters was able to closely characterise interannual population dynamics from completely independent aerial and arboreal samples of aphids. Long\u2010term field population estimates of the green spruce aphid <jats:italic>Elatobium abietinum<\/jats:italic> (Walker) in France have provided the opportunity to select and evaluate the generality of a model, which was developed in the UK to explain the year\u2010to\u2010year variations in peak abundance of the aphid. The objective was to observe the influence of the local climates and disturbing climate factors on the population densities of the insect in two regions of France. The model uses climate variables and aphid population data from regular samples in the two regions that were investigated. A general discrete model was used to predict aphid population densities. 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