{"status":"ok","message-type":"work-list","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"facets":{},"total-results":2,"items":[{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T05:28:09Z","timestamp":1780550889366,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,2]],"date-time":"2024-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ecology Fund, Department of Zoology of the University of Otago"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008247","name":"University of Otago","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008247","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Many animals develop and use exaggerated weapons in contests over access to mating opportunities. Stag beetles (family Lucanidae) show striking sexual dimorphism, where the males have heavily exaggerated mandibles that the females do not possess. In some genera, size and shape can also vary drastically between small and large males resulting in discrete alternative male morphs, described as male dimorphism. The genus Geodorcus is a poorly studied and threatened group of stag beetles that are endemic to New Zealand. Geodorcus helmsi is the most widespread species in this genus and presents an opportunity to test for the presence of both sexual and male dimorphism and investigate the scaling relationships (allometry) of mandibles in this group. We used linear and geometric morphometric analyses on wild populations and museum specimens from Stewart Island, New Zealand, to assess whether G. helmsi exhibits male dimorphism. We found that within a single population, there is no evidence for alternative male morphs, but a gradual shift between smaller and larger individuals. We also found that male mandibles exhibit steep positive allometry in contrast to the negative allometry found in the mandibles of females, as is often found for sexually selected weaponry. Moreover, we found evidence that left and right mandibles of G. helmsi are subtly asymmetric. Our results provide context for the competitive behaviour observed in this species, and give insights into potential trade-offs between smaller and larger individuals of the Helm\u2019s stag beetle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/biolinnean\/blae024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,2]],"date-time":"2024-03-02T21:11:53Z","timestamp":1709413913000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Weapon allometry and shape variation in the Helm\u2019s stag beetle (<i>Geodorcus helmsi)<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"144","author":[{"given":"L","family":"Grey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of Otago , Dunedin ,","place":["New Zealand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6059-6032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G I","family":"Holwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland , Auckland ,","place":["New Zealand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J M","family":"Jandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of Otago , Dunedin ,","place":["New Zealand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8887-6001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of Otago , Dunedin ,","place":["New Zealand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025012909324866600_CIT0001","author":"Adams","year":"2014"},{"key":"2025012909324866600_CIT0002","first-page":"5","article-title":"Geometric morphometrics: Ten years of progress following the \u2018revolution\u2019","volume-title":"Italian Journal of Zoology","author":"Adams","year":"2004"},{"key":"2025012909324866600_CIT0003","first-page":"37","article-title":"Guidelines for the monitoring of Lucanus cervus","volume-title":"Nature Conservation","author":"Bardiani","year":"2017"},{"key":"2025012909324866600_CIT0004","first-page":"361","article-title":"Measuring the inter and intraspecific sexual shape dimorphism and body shape variation in generalist ground beetles in Russia","volume-title":"Insects","author":"Ben\u00edtez","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025012909324866600_CIT0005","first-page":"49","article-title":"How do the molluscivorous beetles Carabus granulatus and Phosphuga atrata (Insecta, Coleoptera) deal with sinistral and dextral prey","volume":"13","author":"Bergamin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vita Malacologica"},{"key":"2025012909324866600_CIT0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2699.2007.01731.x","article-title":"A geometric morphometric approach to the study of ecogeographical and clinal variation in vervet monkeys","volume":"34","author":"Cardini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Biogeography"},{"key":"2025012909324866600_CIT0006","first-page":"81","article-title":"Allometry and fighting behaviour of a dimorphic stag beetle Cyclommatus mniszechi (Coleoptera: Lucanidae)","volume-title":"Insects","author":"Chen","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025012909324866600_CIT0007","first-page":"471","article-title":"Male horn dimorphism and its function in the neotropical dung beetle Sulcophanaeus velutinus","volume-title":"Journal of Insect Behavior","author":"Cummings","year":"2018"},{"key":"2025012909324866600_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.2112","volume-title":"The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex.","author":"Darwin","year":"1872"},{"key":"2025012909324866600_CIT0009","article-title":"What happened on Stack H","author":"Dickison","year":"2019"},{"key":"2025012909324866600_CIT0010","first-page":"496","article-title":"Resource defense mating system in antlered flies, Phytalmia spp. (Diptera: Tephritidae)","volume-title":"Annals of the Entomological Society of America","author":"Dodson","year":"1997"},{"key":"2025012909324866600_CIT0011","first-page":"1727","article-title":"Fluctuating asymmetry and developmental instability in evolutionary biology: past, present and future","volume-title":"Journal of Evolutionary Biology","author":"Dongen","year":"2006"},{"key":"2025012909324866600_CIT0012","first-page":"18","article-title":"Male dimorphisms in beetles and earwigs and the question of developmental constraints","volume-title":"Evolution","author":"Eberhard","year":"1991"},{"key":"2025012909324866600_CIT0013","first-page":"207","article-title":"Sexual selection and static allometry: the importance of function","volume-title":"Quarterly Review of Biology","author":"Eberhard","year":"2018"},{"key":"2025012909324866600_CIT0014","first-page":"821","article-title":"Does size matter for horny beetles? A geometric morphometric analysis of interspecific and intersexual size and shape variation in Colophon haughtoni Barnard, 1929, and C. kawaii Mizukami, 1997 (Coleoptera: Lucanidae)","volume-title":"Organisms Diversity and Evolution","author":"Eldred","year":"2016"},{"key":"2025012909324866600_CIT0015","first-page":"335","article-title":"Alternative reproductive tactics and male-dimorphism in the horned beetle Onthophagus acuminatus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)","volume-title":"Behavior, Ecology and Sociobiology","author":"Emlen","year":"1997"},{"key":"2025012909324866600_CIT0016","first-page":"1534","article-title":"Costs and the diversification of exaggerated animal structures","volume-title":"Science","author":"Emlen","year":"2001"},{"key":"2025012909324866600_CIT0017","first-page":"387","article-title":"The evolution of animal weapons","volume-title":"Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and 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The distribution and density of sensilla can be examined using scanning electron microscopy. Investigating these structures can help elucidate rarely observed behaviours (e.g. mate finding and foraging). The mating behaviour of the\n                    <jats:italic>Geodorcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    stag beetles of New Zealand is not well understood, as most species (eight of ten) are listed as \u2018threatened\u2019, \u2018at risk\u2019 or \u2018data deficient\u2019 under the New Zealand Threat Classification System. We examined the most common species of\n                    <jats:italic>Geodorcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>G. helmsi<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and compared sensilla on the maxillary palps, antennae and legs of males and females. Male antennae were more densely packed with sensilla and had sensilla campaniformia, absent in females. Additionally, male antennae were larger than those of females, scaling proportionally with body size, suggesting that males have greater sensory capacity and are likely attracted to a pheromone the females emit. Our study sheds new insight into the sensory biology, mating behaviour and life history of\n                    <jats:italic>G. helmsi<\/jats:italic>\n                    . More broadly, it contributes to understanding the reproductive ecology of\n                    <jats:italic>Geodorcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Understanding how these beetles interact and locate mates can inform conservation management, for example, by guiding captive breeding programmes and pheromone\u2010based monitoring strategies for threatened\n                    <jats:italic>Geodorcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    species.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/njz2.70027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T13:14:51Z","timestamp":1776172491000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sensory Morphology of\n                    <i>Geodorcus helmsi<\/i>\n                    (Coleoptera: Lucanidae) and its Relevance to the Conservation of New Zealand Stag Beetles"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"L.","family":"Grey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology University of Otago  Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. 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