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The fibers exhibited a maximum contraction peak (4.3%) at about 230\u00b0C. The dynamic storage modulus (<jats:italic>E\u2032<\/jats:italic>) exhibited an abrupt drop at 190\u00b0C, while the loss modulus (<jats:italic>E\u2033<\/jats:italic>) curve increased above 185\u00b0C with a sharp slope. The surface of degummed <jats:italic>G. rufobrunnae<\/jats:italic> silk fibers was very smooth. The shape of the cross section was triangular, round, or roundish shaped. Some fibers were very flat, showing a ribbonlike shape. \u00a9 1993 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/app.1993.070480110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,15]],"date-time":"2003-04-15T21:02:48Z","timestamp":1050440568000},"page":"99-106","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Chemical composition and physical properties of <i>Gonometa rufobrunnae<\/i> silk"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"G.","family":"Freddi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Bianchi Svilokos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Ishikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Tsukada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3233(08)60599-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","volume-title":"Conformation in Fibrous Proteins","author":"Fraser R. 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These are the first reported cases of ruminal impaction attributable to G. postica cocoon ingestion in Namibia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v90i0.1995","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,26]],"date-time":"2019-10-26T03:13:21Z","timestamp":1572059601000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Bovine rumen impaction caused by ingestion of Gonometa postica cocoons in eastern-central Namibia"],"prefix":"10.36303","volume":"90","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0646-6250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alaster","family":"Samkange","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3602-6432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magrecia","family":"Hausiku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0424-3002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erick","family":"Kandiwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5549-9772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pricilla","family":"Mbiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2773-9978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erdwin N.","family":"Muradzikwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1062-2201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Borden","family":"Mushonga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"22149","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"ref0001","first-page":"93","volume":"13","author":"Alimi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science World Journal"},{"key":"ref0002","author":"Bafana","year":"2009","journal-title":"New Agriculturalist"},{"key":"ref0003","author":"Bause","year":"2005","journal-title":"Namibian"},{"key":"ref0004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4818203"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref0005","first-page":"188","volume":"6","author":"Edwards","year":"1935","journal-title":"Journal of the South African Veterinary Medical 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Entomology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref0013","first-page":"117","volume":"12","author":"Veldtman","year":"2004","journal-title":"African Entomology"},{"key":"ref0014","first-page":"1","volume":"21","author":"Von Seydlitz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Spotlight on Agriculture"},{"issue":"2013","key":"ref0015","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"Zhai","year":"2013","journal-title":"SpringerPlus"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref0016","first-page":"315","volume":"42","author":"Zumpt","year":"1971","journal-title":"Journal of the South African Veterinary Medical Association"}],"container-title":["Journal of the South African Veterinary Association"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.jsava.aosis.co.za\/index.php\/jsava\/article\/viewFile\/1995\/2451","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.jsava.aosis.co.za\/index.php\/jsava\/article\/viewFile\/1995\/2450","content-type":"application\/epub+zip","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.jsava.aosis.co.za\/index.php\/jsava\/article\/viewFile\/1995\/2452","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.jsava.aosis.co.za\/index.php\/jsava\/article\/viewFile\/1995\/2449","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.jsava.aosis.co.za\/index.php\/jsava\/article\/viewFile\/1995\/2449","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T14:54:17Z","timestamp":1675090457000},"score":12.872919,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.jsava.aosis.co.za\/index.php\/jsava\/article\/view\/1995"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,28]]},"references-count":16,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/jsava.v90i0.1995","ISSN":["2224-9435","1019-9128"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2224-9435","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1019-9128","type":"print"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,28]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T18:59:43Z","timestamp":1774724383367,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Medpharm Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,10]],"date-time":"2019-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570665600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mortality in cattle associated with ingestion of cocoons (matlhoa in Setswana) of both Gonometa postica and Gonometa rufobrunnea is rare and has only previously been reported in South Africa, Zimbabwe and Namibia. A case history of gradual weight loss, bloat, dyschezia with dry faeces and laboured gait, resulting in sudden death after drinking water and associated with ingestion of pupal cocoons of Gonometa spp., was reported by keepers at Mmaditau crush in Botswana in 2013. The crush was a shared holding in a communal area with 15 registered animal keepers. The objective of this study was to profile the history, clinical signs, post-mortem findings, morbidity and mortality from the outbreak using the descriptive study method. Altogether, 81 cattle out of a total of 507 died of impaction from August to December 2013. On autopsy, a loosely connected mass of ingesta, intertwined in ropy silky strands, was observed. It was concluded that there is no readily accessible and available form of treatment at crush level, leaving only evasive husbandry practices as the feasible option. To aid evasive husbandry management practices, temporal and spatial monitoring of population dynamics of Gonometa spp. is recommended, particularly during a drought spell when animals are prone to develop pica, as the basis for an early warning system to farmers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v90i0.1989","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,10]],"date-time":"2019-10-10T14:50:44Z","timestamp":1570719044000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Rumen impaction in cattle associated with ingestion of the pupal cocoons of Gonometa spp. in Botswana"],"prefix":"10.36303","volume":"90","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4155-0300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nlingisisi D.","family":"Babayani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0122-6725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John F.","family":"Nyange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"22149","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0001","first-page":"89","volume":"13","author":"Abdullahi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Nigerian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"ref0002","author":"Bafana","year":"2009","journal-title":"New Agriculturist"},{"key":"ref0003","first-page":"188","volume":"6","author":"Edwards","year":"1935","journal-title":"Journal of the South African Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"ref0004","first-page":"123","volume":"24","author":"Hartland-Rowe","year":"1992","journal-title":"Botswana Notes and Records"},{"key":"ref0005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-4488(03)00074-9"},{"key":"ref0006","first-page":"1","volume":"4","author":"Kioko","year":"1999","journal-title":"International Journal of Wild Silkmoth and Silk"},{"key":"ref0007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.113.1.10"},{"key":"ref0008","first-page":"21","volume":"25","author":"McGeoch","year":"2000","journal-title":"Antenna"},{"key":"ref0009","first-page":"138","volume":"6","author":"Vanitha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tamil Nadu Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences"},{"key":"ref0010","author":"Veldtman","year":"2004","journal-title":"The ecology of southern African wild silk moths (Gonometa species, Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae): Consequences for their sustainable use"},{"key":"ref0011","first-page":"315","volume":"42","author":"Zumpt","year":"1971","journal-title":"Journal of the South African Veterinary Medical Association"}],"container-title":["Journal of the South African Veterinary Association"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.jsava.aosis.co.za\/index.php\/jsava\/article\/viewFile\/1989\/2434","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.jsava.aosis.co.za\/index.php\/jsava\/article\/viewFile\/1989\/2433","content-type":"application\/epub+zip","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.jsava.aosis.co.za\/index.php\/jsava\/article\/viewFile\/1989\/2435","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.jsava.aosis.co.za\/index.php\/jsava\/article\/viewFile\/1989\/2432","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.jsava.aosis.co.za\/index.php\/jsava\/article\/viewFile\/1989\/2432","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T14:54:16Z","timestamp":1675090456000},"score":12.811377,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.jsava.aosis.co.za\/index.php\/jsava\/article\/view\/1989"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,10]]},"references-count":11,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/jsava.v90i0.1989","ISSN":["2224-9435","1019-9128"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2224-9435","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1019-9128","type":"print"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,10]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T04:41:27Z","timestamp":1789792887967,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"36","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Insect Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"DOI":"10.1673\/031.014.36","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,19]],"date-time":"2014-08-19T05:25:57Z","timestamp":1408425957000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Structure and Properties of Silk from the African Wild Silkmoth<i>Gonometa postica<\/i>Reared Indoors"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Addis","family":"Teshome","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. 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Temporal and spatial distribution of African wild silk moth,\n                      Gonometa postica\n                      , eruptions in southern Africa. Chapter 2. In: Population genetic inference of demographic processes in the African wild silk moth,\n                      Gonometa postica\n                      (Lasiocampidae). Ph.D. thesis, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-8286.2005.01089.x"},{"key":"CIT0018","unstructured":"GOUDET, J., DE MEE\u00dcS, T., DAY, A.J. & GLIDDON, C.J. 1994. The different levels of population structuring of the dogwhelk,\n                      Nucella lapillus\n                      , along the South Devon coast. In:\n                      Genetics and Evolution of Aquatic Organisms\n                      , (ed.) A.R. Beaumont, pp. 81\u201395. Chapman and Hall, London."},{"key":"CIT0028","unstructured":"MATTHEWS, P. 1992 (ed.).\n                      The Guinness Book of Records: 1993\n                      . New York."},{"key":"CIT0029","unstructured":"McGEOCH, M.A., VELDTMAN, R. & SCHOLTZ, C.H. 2004. Feasibility of annual cocoon yield requirements.\n                      Report to Wild Silk Africa\n                      . University of Stellenbosch, South Africa."},{"key":"CIT0048","unstructured":"VELDTMAN, R. 2004 The ecology of southern African wild silk moths\n                      (Gonometa\n                      species, Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae): consequences for their sustainable use. Ph.D. thesis, University of Pretoria, Pretoria."},{"key":"CIT0057","unstructured":"WRIGHT, S. 1969.\n                      Evolution and the Genetics of Populations\n                      . Vol. 2.\n                      The Theory of Gene Frequencies\n                      . University of Chicago Press, Chicago."},{"key":"CIT0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WRIGHT, S. 1943. Isolation by distance.\n                      Genetics\n                      28\n                      : 114\u2013138.","DOI":"10.1093\/nq\/184.4.114g"}],"container-title":["African Zoology"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,17]],"date-time":"2019-09-17T21:21:07Z","timestamp":1568755267000},"score":12.501692,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/15627020.2014.11407622"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"references-count":7,"aliases":["10.3377\/004.049.0104"],"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1080\/15627020.2014.11407622"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15627020.2014.11407622","ISSN":["1562-7020","2224-073X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1562-7020","type":"print"},{"value":"2224-073X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"The publishing and review policy for this title is described in its Aims & Scope.","order":1,"name":"peerreview_statement","label":"Peer Review Statement"},{"value":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=tafz20","URL":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=tafz20","order":2,"name":"aims_and_scope_url","label":"Aim & Scope"}]},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T06:11:28Z","timestamp":1696918288432},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,9]],"date-time":"2008-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1223510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Applied Entomology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p> <jats:italic>Gonometa postica<\/jats:italic> Walker produces silk of high quality, but it is affected by parasitoids attack. A study on the parasitism of <jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>postica<\/jats:italic> larvae and pupae on host and non\u2010host plants were undertaken for the first and second generations, corresponding to the long (March\u2013May) and short (October\u2013December) rainy seasons in 2006 at six field sites, three each in the Imba and Mumoni forests of Mwingi, eastern Kenya. All freshly spun cocoons of <jats:italic>G. postica<\/jats:italic> were sampled at each site from a total of 100 trees of host plants and other non\u2010host plants where they have migrated before pupation. The cocoons were kept individually in fine net\u2010sealed plastic vials to determine percentage parasitism. Two dipterans and four hymenopteran larval\u2013pupal parasitoids were identified from the two forests. The most common parasitoids were <jats:italic>Palexorista<\/jats:italic> sp. (Diptera: Tachinidae) and <jats:italic>Goryphus<\/jats:italic> sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) with parasitism ranging from 1.8 to 32.7% and 2.2 to 7.5%, respectively. Parasitism varied significantly according to host or non\u2010host plants, seasons and sites. This study indicates that, of the six parasitoid species recovered, only two had a significant impact in reducing the quality of the cocoons.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0418.2008.01337.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,8]],"date-time":"2009-06-08T08:18:55Z","timestamp":1244449135000},"page":"411-415","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Parasitoids of the African wild silkmoth, <i>Gonometa postica<\/i> (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) in the Mwingi forests, Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"133","author":[{"given":"K. O.","family":"Fening","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E. N.","family":"Kioko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. K.","family":"Raina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. M.","family":"Mueke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"189","article-title":"Annotated keys to the genera of Tachinidae (Diptera) found in tropical and southern Africa","volume":"26","author":"Crosskey RW","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ann. Natl. Mus."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"88","article-title":"Some records of tachinid parasites and their insect hosts in southern Africa","volume":"38","author":"Cuthbertson A","year":"1941","journal-title":"Trans. Rhod. Sci. 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