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Particolarmente interessante \u00e8 quello dell\u2019imenottero Halictidae&amp;nbsp;Halictus scabiosae, specie polilettica che visita soprattutto i fiori di Composite, di Labiate, Dipsacaceae nonch\u00e9 di Cactaceae, alla cui sottofamiglia Opuntiodeae afferisce il genere&amp;nbsp;Opuntia. Su ficodindia, soprattutto le femmine di&amp;nbsp;H. scabiosae, a fine primavera, raccolgono sia il polline che il nettere, spesso insieme alle api mellifere, senza apparente competizione fra le due specie antofile. Lo stigma del fiore dell\u2019opuntiacea, gi\u00e0 alcune ore prima della schiusura, \u00e8 recettivo ed \u00e8 circondato da stami con antere deiescenti in contatto con la sua porzione basale. In effetti le stesse antere possono aprirsi anche 5-6 giorni prima dell\u2019antesi, mentre il polline \u00e8 in grado di germinare con 24-72 ore di anticipo rispetto alla schiusura dei petali. Il ficodindia \u00e8 quindi specie non solo autogama ma anche cleistogama. Tuttavia la visita dei pronubi favorisce il distacco degli stami che, all\u2019apertura del fiore, erano raggruppati intorno alla porzione basale dello stilo. Le api mellifere producono un miele di ficodindia caratterizzato da estrema dolcezza di colore giallo paglierino che una volta cristallizzato tende al beige. Il sapore gradevolmente aromatico ricorda quello dei cladodi. Le femmine di&amp;nbsp;Halictus scabiosae&amp;nbsp;impastano nettare e polline per alimentare le larve; la specie compie una o due generazioni all\u2019anno a seconda delle condizioni ambientali e presenta un peculiare livello di socialit\u00e0.&amp;nbsp;<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.35948\/geo\/geoinfo\/2412_1114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T09:14:51Z","timestamp":1789377291000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Un\u2019interessante ape selvatica: Halictus scabiosae"],"prefix":"10.35948","author":[{"given":"Santi","family":"Longo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"D3A ,Universit\u00e0 di Catania,Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"21583","container-title":["GeoInfo"],"language":"it","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T09:14:52Z","timestamp":1789377292000},"score":38.056664,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.georgofili.it\/DOI\/2412-1114"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,10]]},"references-count":0,"issue-title":["Anno: 2013, numero: 28"],"journal-issue":{"issue":"28","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35948\/geo\/geoinfo\/2412_1114","published":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,10]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,21]],"date-time":"2024-12-21T15:40:22Z","timestamp":1734795622855,"version":"3.32.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Institut de recherche en biologie v\u00e9g\u00e9tale","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Specimen"],"DOI":"10.56222\/28166531.2024.39","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,21]],"date-time":"2024-12-21T15:14:21Z","timestamp":1734794061000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The first record of a gynandromorph Halictus scabiosae (Rossi, 1790) (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)"],"prefix":"10.56222","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1880-8115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aur\u00e8le","family":"Baretje","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"35425","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"container-title":["Specimen"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,21]],"date-time":"2024-12-21T15:14:22Z","timestamp":1734794062000},"score":28.885227,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/specimenpub.org\/publications\/specimen_39\/"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.56222\/28166531.2024.39","ISSN":["2816-6531"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2816-6531","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T15:46:42Z","timestamp":1790869602308,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,19]],"date-time":"2009-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1237420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecular Ecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The very diverse social systems of sweat bees make them interesting models to study social evolution. Here we focus on the dispersal behaviour and social organization of <jats:italic>Halictus scabiosae<\/jats:italic>, a common yet poorly known species of Europe. By combining field observations and genetic data, we show that females have multiple reproductive strategies, which generates a large diversity in the social structure of nests. A detailed microsatellite analysis of 60 nests revealed that 55% of the nests contained the offspring of a single female, whereas the rest had more complex social structures, with three clear cases of multiple females reproducing in the same nest and frequent occurrence of unrelated individuals. Drifting among nests was surprisingly common, as 16% of the 122 nests in the overall sample and 44% of the nests with complex social structure contained females that had genotypes consistent with being full\u2010sisters of females sampled in other nests of the population. Drifters originated from nests with an above\u2010average productivity and were unrelated to their nestmates, suggesting that drifting might be a strategy to avoid competition among related females. The sex\u2010specific comparison of genetic differentiation indicated that dispersal was male\u2010biased, which would reinforce local resource competition among females. The pattern of genetic differentiation among populations was consistent with a dynamic process of patch colonization and extinction, as expected from the unstable, anthropogenic habitat of this species. Overall, our data show that <jats:italic>H. scabiosae<\/jats:italic> varies greatly in dispersal behaviour and social organization. The surprisingly high frequency of drifters echoes recent findings in wasps and bees, calling for further investigation of the adaptive basis of drifting in the social insects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294x.2009.04154.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,19]],"date-time":"2009-03-19T10:43:21Z","timestamp":1237459401000},"page":"1791-1800","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Flexible social organization and high incidence of drifting in the sweat bee, <i>Halictus 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In holometabolous insects, whose size is fixed at adult eclosion, body size can be influenced by environmental factors during development (e.g. nutrition and temperature), or by ecological filtering during adulthood. In bees, larger body size has been linked to advantages in foraging efficiency, thermoregulation, and survival, while excessive variation in body size within populations may indicate developmental instability. Shifts in adult body size have been associated with temperature changes, food resource availability and habitat fragmentation, all of which can be modulated by urbanisation. However, the relationship between urban landscapes and wild bee body size remains poorly understood. In this study we investigated how local floral (food) resources, landscape structure and temperature influence the body size of the great banded furrow bee,\n                    <jats:italic>Halictus scabiosae<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Our findings highlight that food resources, semi-natural cover and edge density are the most significant environmental factors influencing body size shifts. Specifically,\n                    <jats:italic>H. scabiosae<\/jats:italic>\n                    body size increased with the species richness of flowering host plants at the local patch level. Within sampling sites, body size variation was positively associated with semi-natural cover, suggesting that habitat structure or competition may contribute to size heterogeneity, potentially disrupting size uniformity. Conversely, it was negatively associated with edge density, indicating that a higher amount of ecotones may promote greater size uniformity within populations. Our findings reinforce the idea that enhancing floral resources and improving habitat connectivity through green corridors can support wild bee populations in urban areas.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-025-02416-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T04:19:02Z","timestamp":1753935542000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Local floral resources and edge density within the urban ecosystem promote larger and less variable body size in the great banded furrow bee, Halictus scabiosae"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Lucie M.","family":"Baltz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julienne","family":"de Vastey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Gardein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Klaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henri","family":"Greil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Paxton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Theodorou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2416_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1150195","volume":"319","author":"NB Grimm","year":"2008","unstructured":"Grimm NB, Faeth SH, Golubiewski NE, Redman CL, Wu J, Bai X, et al. 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