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The nymphs gorge for 5\u20137 days, the greater number dropping off between the sixth and seventh days.<\/jats:p><jats:p>8. At 18\u00b0 C. and 100% R. H. moulting of the nymph takes place about 32 days after repletion.<\/jats:p><jats:p>9. After metamorphosis the adults rest for 8\u201312 days, and feeding lasts 8\u201316 days.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182000016607","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,5]],"date-time":"2009-06-05T14:00:19Z","timestamp":1244210419000},"page":"82-90","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["The bionomics of <i>Ixodes hexagonus<\/i> Leach in Britain"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"D. R.","family":"Arthur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182000016607_ref001","first-page":"69","volume":"83","author":"Arthur","year":"1947","journal-title":"Ent. Mon. 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Hlth San."},{"key":"S003118200001859X_ref029","volume-title":"Ticks: A Monograph of the Ixodoidea","author":"Nuttall","year":"1911"},{"key":"S003118200001859X_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.1944.tb00379.x"}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S003118200001859X","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]],"date-time":"2024-03-14T09:32:58Z","timestamp":1710408778000},"score":24.999077,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S003118200001859X\/type\/journal_article"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1953,11]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3-4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1953,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S003118200001859X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s003118200001859x","ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[1953,11]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T01:28:50Z","timestamp":1789435730320,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,6]],"date-time":"2009-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1238976000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":21099,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1951,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>1. The external structure of the capitulum of<jats:italic>Ixodes hexagonus<\/jats:italic>is described in detail, and the differences between it and the closely allied<jats:italic>I. cookei<\/jats:italic>are noted.<\/jats:p><jats:p>2. The capitulum is divisible into two portions, an extra-basis and basis regions. The former is divided into the hypostomal groove, the labrohypostomal groove and the labro-hypostomal gutter. Internally the basis is divided into dorsal and ventral chambers by the subcheliceral plate. The dorsal chamber houses the chelicerae while the pharynx and the salivary ducts occupy the ventral portion.<\/jats:p><jats:p>3. The so-called \u2018stylet-like process\u2019 is the anterior prolongation from the basal lobe of the labrum, and forms the mid-rib of a lamella which divides the hypostome into a dorsal salivary channel and a ventral food conduit.<\/jats:p><jats:p>4. There are rows of teeth on the internal faces of the anterior fifth of the pharynx. Two series of pharyngeal muscles are present: (i) those having a dorsal attachment to the floor of the salivary chamber, and (ii) those having similar attachments to the subcheliceral plates.<\/jats:p><jats:p>5. During feeding the first incision is made by the denticulate apices of the digits and into it the hypostome is then forced. Further cutting by the digits enables the hypostome to penetrate to its base. At the same time the palps splay out. The blood is then drawn up the food conduit by the action of the sucking pharynx. The lower surface of the labrum is produced into a tooth-like projection that fits into a groove of the lower wall of the pharynx. Presumably it functions as a valve to prevent regurgitation of blood. The pharyngeal teeth may function as a supplementary valvular apparatus or else serve for the breakdown of erythrocytes.<\/jats:p><jats:p>6. The tissue reaction of a stoat's skin to penetration by the capitulum of<jats:italic>I. hexagonus<\/jats:italic>is described.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182000016590","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,5]],"date-time":"2009-06-05T18:00:19Z","timestamp":1244224819000},"page":"66-81","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The capitulum and feeding mechanism of<i>Ixodes hexagonus<\/i>Leach"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"D. R.","family":"Arthur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182000016590_ref005","first-page":"55","volume":"23","author":"Christophers","year":"1906","journal-title":"Sci. Mem. Med. Sanit. Dep. 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Coll."},{"key":"S0031182000016590_ref008","first-page":"207","volume":"7","author":"Douglas","year":"1943","journal-title":"Univ. Calif. Publ. Ent."},{"key":"S0031182000016590_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1947.tb00502.x"},{"key":"S0031182000016590_ref019","first-page":"105","volume-title":"Ticks, A Monograph of the Ixodoidea","author":"Nuttall","year":"1911"},{"key":"S0031182000016590_ref015","first-page":"27","volume":"2","author":"Nordenski\u00f6ld","year":"1909","journal-title":"Zool. Jb. Abt."},{"key":"S0031182000016590_ref004","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"Bonnett","year":"1907","journal-title":"Ann. Univ. Lyons"},{"key":"S0031182000016590_ref009","first-page":"87","volume-title":"A Manual of External Parasites","author":"Ewing","year":"1929"},{"key":"S0031182000016590_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1949.11685421"},{"key":"S0031182000016590_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/134664a0"},{"key":"S0031182000016590_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.3406\/bsef.1901.22813","volume":"6","author":"Jourdain","year":"1901","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. ent. Fr."},{"key":"S0031182000016590_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00408791"},{"key":"S0031182000016590_ref014","first-page":"25","volume":"2","author":"Nordenski\u00f6ld","year":"1908","journal-title":"Zool. Jb. 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Africa, p. 439."},{"key":"S0031182000016590_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1939.11685070"}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182000016590","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]],"date-time":"2024-03-14T09:33:14Z","timestamp":1710408794000},"score":24.750729,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182000016590\/type\/journal_article"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1951,7]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1951,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182000016590"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182000016590","ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[1951,7]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:01:09Z","timestamp":1790139669330,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,20]],"date-time":"2009-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1250726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11311,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Zoology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1978,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Only two species of tick <jats:italic>(Ixodes hexagonus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Ixodes canisuga)<\/jats:italic> were found to infest suburban foxes. The populations of these two ticks were examined, their distributions within the host population described, and infestation levels of <jats:italic>I hexagonus<\/jats:italic> discussed in relation to the sex, age and behaviour of the host. The most important factor regulating the level of tick infestation is probably the degree of den usage by the host. The tick infestations were found to have minimal effect on the host, and even an abnormally high level of infestation found on one fox was not considered to be lethal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1978.tb03358.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,21]],"date-time":"2009-08-21T00:12:34Z","timestamp":1250813554000},"page":"83-93","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Populations of the ticks Ixodes (Pholeoixodes) hexagonus and Ixodes (Pholeoixodes) canisuga infesting suburban foxes, Vulpes vulpes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"186","author":[{"given":"Stephen","family":"Harris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gordon B.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"69","article-title":"Observations on Ixodes hexagonus Leach, 1815 (Acarina: Ixodidae)","volume":"83","author":"Arthur D. 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A.","year":"1975","journal-title":"Acarologia"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"383","article-title":"Penetration of Ixodes ricinus (L.) under the skin of the host","volume":"6","author":"Dr\u00f3zdz J.","year":"1958","journal-title":"Acta parasit. pol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Some methods for the statistical analysis of samples of benthic invertebrates","volume":"25","author":"Elliott J. M.","year":"1977","journal-title":"Scient. Pubis Freshwat. biol. Ass."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485300027760"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","first-page":"121","article-title":"Some additional records of Arachnida from Gloucestershire, including four species of mites new to Great Britain","volume":"91","author":"George R. S.","year":"1955","journal-title":"Entomologist's mon. 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Acarology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000016139"}],"container-title":["Journal of Zoology"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1469-7998.1978.tb03358.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1978.tb03358.x","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1978.tb03358.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,6]],"date-time":"2023-11-06T08:09:40Z","timestamp":1699258180000},"score":24.733843,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1978.tb03358.x"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1978,9]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1978,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1978.tb03358.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1978.tb03358.x","archive":["Portico"],"ISSN":["0952-8369","1469-7998"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0952-8369","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-7998","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[1978,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2009-08-20","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,24]],"date-time":"2023-09-24T10:16:28Z","timestamp":1695550588794},"reference-count":7,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,6]],"date-time":"2009-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1238976000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":20549,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1953,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>1. The action of the mouthparts of<jats:italic>Ixodes hexagonus<\/jats:italic>during the penetration of artificial membranes is described.<\/jats:p><jats:p>2. Above the hypostomal groove, the chelicerae are closely apposed in the mid-line, but on the inner lower surface each inner cheliceral sheath is drawn into a ventral, toothed lobe, which overlies the hypostomal groove. This lobe disappears in front of the labro-hypostomal groove.<\/jats:p><jats:p>3. A lamellate mass of homogeneous material surrounds the rostrum in the skin and at the tip of the hypostome there is marked cytolysis of the dermal cells. There are some pyknotic nuclei visible in this region, and the endothelial walls of the capillaries are swollen, and some contain many polymorphs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182000084444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,5]],"date-time":"2009-06-05T17:58:34Z","timestamp":1244224714000},"page":"187-191","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The capitulum and feeding mechanism of<i>Ixodes hexagonus<\/i>Leach. II"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"D. 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This tick species seems to be incapable of feeding on any rodent commonly encountered in the study region, or on reptiles or birds. Virtually all of these ticks detach during the scotophase, becoming replete mainly during the late evening and early morning hours, regardless of the kind of host or of the time of attachment. These nocturnally detaching ticks, paradoxically, focus their feeding on nocturnally active hedgehogs and foxes, in spite of the possibility that such behaviour might cause them to disperse from the nests of the host. Dispersion is prevented, however, by the tendency of these ticks to detach while their host naps.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The tick\u2013host association of\n                    <jats:italic>I. hexagonus<\/jats:italic>\n                    with hedgehogs may serve to perpetuate such zoonotic,\n                    <jats:italic>Ixodes\u2010bome<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections as Lyme disease.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1990.tb00459.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,7]],"date-time":"2008-03-07T06:12:33Z","timestamp":1204870353000},"page":"415-420","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Nocturnal detachment of the tick Ixodes hexagonus from nocturnally active hosts"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"FRANZ\u2010RAINER","family":"MATUSCHKA","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"DANIA","family":"RICHTER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"PETER","family":"FISCHER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ANDREW","family":"SPIELMAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.27.1.13-20.1989","article-title":"Antigenically variable Borrelia burgdorferi isolated from cottontail rabbits and Ixodes dentatus in rural and urban areas","volume":"27","author":"Anderson J.F.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118200001859X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-024937-7.50018-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"327","article-title":"Ecologie et ethologie d'lxodes ricinus L. en Suisse (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae) sixieme note: Les rythmes de detachement chez Ixodes ricinus et leurs implications ecologiques","volume":"20","author":"Graf J.F.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Acarologia"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.11.010166.001401"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","first-page":"447","article-title":"Untersuchungen von Zecken bei Haus\u2010 und Wildtieren in Dcutsch\u2010land: Zum Vorkommen und zur Biologic der Igelzeckc (Ixodes hexagonus) und der Fuchszeckc (Ixodes camsuga)","volume":"93","author":"Liebisch A.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Deutsche Tierdrziliche Wochen-schrift"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1986.35.182"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/27.3.385"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00931062"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01193900"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Der Igel.","author":"Schicht\u2010Tinbergen M.","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"147","volume-title":"The Biology of Parasitism","author":"Spielman A","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/26.2.118"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1989.41.482","article-title":"Enzootic transmission of the agent of Lyme disease in rabbits","volume":"4","author":"Telford S.R.","year":"1989","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","first-page":"449","article-title":"Untersuchungen zur Biologic und Verbreitung von Zecken (Ixodoidea. 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