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Venom from\n Latrodectus katipo<\/jats:italic>\n caused a sudden, transitory increase in MEPP frequency, which peaked and then decreased over the next hour until no MEPPs were recorded. Small, random fluctuations (3\u20135\u00a0mV) in the resting potential of the muscle fibres were also recorded.\n Ixeuticus martius<\/jats:italic>\n venom caused a rapid, logarithmic decrease in MEPP frequency; no MEPPs were recorded 15\u201320\u00a0min after venom application. The resting potential decreased by 30\u201340\u00a0mV 5\u201310\u00a0min after application.\n L. katipo<\/jats:italic>\n venom appears to act presynaptically, causing a massive release of transmitter. Although a presynaptic mechanism for\n I. martius<\/jats:italic>\n venom has not been excluded, it is more likely that the observed effect results from a post\u2010synaptic blockade of transmitter receptor sites.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/03014223.1985.10428277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,30]],"date-time":"2012-01-30T08:45:11Z","timestamp":1327913111000},"page":"175-180","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of venom from\n Latrodectus katipo<\/i>\n and\n Ixeuticus martius<\/i>\n (Arachnida: Araneae) on insect neuromuscular transmission"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"C. E.","family":"Franklin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology University of Canterbury Private Bag Christchurch 1 New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L. 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Here, we present the assembled genomes of two closely related Latrodectus species: the Australian L. hasselti and the New Zealand endemic L. katipo. The genome of L. katipo consists of 13 scaffolds likely corresponding to chromosomes (90% of the total length) and 1267 short scaffolds (10%). It has a total length of 1.5 Gbp and BUSCO of 94.9%. The genome of L. hasselti consists of 379 scaffolds and has a total length of 1.7 Gbp and a BUSCO score of 95.4%. The repeat content is very similar in both genomes with a total proportion of 37.2% for L. katipo and 39.9% for L. hasselti. Genome annotation predicted 12706 and 15111 genes for L. katipo and L. hasselti respectively. An ortholog analysis shows large overlap between orthogroups suggesting either duplication events in L. hasselti or loss of genes in L. katipo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.46471\/gigabyte.181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T10:35:53Z","timestamp":1779705353000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46471\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Closely related, yet phenotypically different - Genome assemblies of two sister species of widow spiders: Latrodectus hasselti and L. katipo, Theridiidae"],"prefix":"10.46471","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5783-950X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladislav","family":"Ivanov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02778hg05","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Trier University","place":["54296 Trier, Germany"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03zdwsf69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Rostock","place":["18059 Rostock, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2491-2133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kardelen \u00d6zg\u00fcn","family":"Uluda\u011f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00g30e956","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Hamburg","place":["D-20146 Hamburg, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8523-7354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jutta M.","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00g30e956","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Hamburg","place":["D-20146 Hamburg, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1113-973X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yannis","family":"Sch\u00f6neberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02778hg05","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Trier University","place":["54296 Trier, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1616-3985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02778hg05","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Trier University","place":["54296 Trier, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9826-902X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander Ben","family":"Hamadou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Senckenberg Research 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Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"23445","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"21","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2014.08.034","volume":"588","author":"KV Bhere,RA Haney,NA Ayoub,","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gene structure, regulatory control, and evolution of black widow venom latrotoxins"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(83)90123-x","volume":"21","author":"Z Mareti\u0107,","year":"1983","journal-title":"Latrodectism: variations in clinical manifestations provoked by Latrodectus species of spiders"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1081\/clt-100103827","volume":"39","author":"RF Clark,","year":"2001","journal-title":"The safety and efficacy of antivenin Latrodectus 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Appendix to Genome assemblies of two sister species of black widow spiders: Latrodectus hasselti and L. katipo, Theridiidae. Zenodo, 2026; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.18744197.","journal-title":"Appendix to Genome assemblies of two sister species of black widow spiders: Latrodectus hasselti and L. katipo, Theridiidae"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.18819665","author":"V Ivanov,","year":"2026","unstructured":"IvanovV. Supplementary material to Genome assemblies of two sister species of black widow spiders: Latrodectus hasselti and L. katipo, Theridiidae. Zenodo, 2026; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.18819665.","journal-title":"Supplementary material to Genome assemblies of two sister species of black widow spiders: Latrodectus hasselti and L. katipo, Theridiidae"}],"container-title":["Gigabyte"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/gigabytejournal.com\/articles\/181","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/gigabytejournal.com\/articles\/181","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T10:35:57Z","timestamp":1779705357000},"score":21.328968,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/gigabytejournal.com\/articles\/181"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"references-count":55,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46471\/gigabyte.181","archive":["CLOCKSS"],"relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.64898\/2026.04.17.719154","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.64898\/2026.04.17.719154","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2709-4715"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2709-4715","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"article-number":"gigabyte181"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T06:27:18Z","timestamp":1764224838563},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Arachnological Society","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Arachnology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]},"DOI":"10.1636\/s04-11.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,28]],"date-time":"2006-08-28T17:01:52Z","timestamp":1156784512000},"page":"776-784","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["MOLECULAR INSIGHTS INTO THE BIOGEOGRAPHY AND SPECIES STATUS OF NEW ZEALAND'S ENDEMIC LATRODECTUS SPIDER SPECIES; L. 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Invasive species frequently exhibit high levels of boldness and exploratory behaviour, enhancing their ability to establish and spread in new environments. Our study compared the locomotor performance and exploration behaviour of adult male endemic katip\u014d (\n \n Latrodectus katipo<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n ) and adult male invasive false katip\u014d (\n \n Steatoda capensis<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n ) spiders collected from a sympatric population. We compared the locomotory and exploration behaviour of these two spider species within the context of differences in their distribution patterns and conservation classification. We conducted three laboratory assays (maze, pole and track) to compare exploration, climbing and running behaviours, respectively. We found that male false katip\u014d are more exploratory than katip\u014d. This aligns with the false katip\u014d's broader habitat range. Male katip\u014d and false katip\u014d had similar pole climbing behaviours, which may reflect the similar use of vertical space within refuges of the two species. False katip\u014d completed the running track faster and more often without stopping when compared to katip\u014d. In contrast, katip\u014d would occasionally freeze while being followed down the track with a paintbrush. Our study provides insight into the comparative locomotor performance of katip\u014d and false katip\u014d, highlighting the potential impacts of physical and behavioural traits on invasive species success and native species decline.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.72232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T05:40:44Z","timestamp":1759988444000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Movement Ecology of Adult Male Threatened Katip\u014d (\n \n Latrodectus katipo<\/i>\n <\/scp>\n ) and Invasive False Katip\u014d (\n \n Steatoda capensis<\/i>\n <\/scp>\n )"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2426-7430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James J.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand"},{"name":"Ecology New Zealand Limited Auckland New Zealand"},{"name":"School of Natural Sciences, College of Science Massey University Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Wignall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dianne H.","family":"Brunton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294359"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1937-2817.2010.tb01236.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265\u2010021\u201003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102435.2007.01243.x"},{"volume-title":"Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: A Practical Information\u2010Theoretic Approach","year":"2002","author":"Burnham K. 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Here, we present the assembled genomes of two closely related\n Latrodectus<\/jats:italic>\n species: the Australian\n L. hasselti<\/jats:italic>\n and the New Zealand endemic\n L. katipo<\/jats:italic>\n . The genome of\n L. katipo<\/jats:italic>\n consists of 13 scaffolds likely corresponding to chromosomes (90% of the total length) and 1267 short scaffolds (10%). It has a total length of 1.5 Gbp and BUSCO of 94.9%. The genome of\n L. hasselti<\/jats:italic>\n consists of 379 scaffolds and has a total length of 1.7 Gbp and a BUSCO score of 95.4%. The repeat content is very similar in both genomes with a total proportion of 37.2% for\n L. katipo<\/jats:italic>\n and 39.9% for\n L. hasselti<\/jats:italic>\n . Genome annotation predicted 12706 and 15111 genes for\n L. katipo<\/jats:italic>\n and\n L. hasselti<\/jats:italic>\n respectively. An ortholog analysis shows large overlap between orthogroups suggesting either duplication events in\n L. hasselti<\/jats:italic>\n or loss of genes in\n L. katipo<\/jats:italic>\n .\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.04.17.719154","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T20:10:19Z","timestamp":1776802219000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Closely related, yet phenotypically different - Genome assemblies of two sister species of widow spiders:\n Latrodectus hasselti<\/i>\n and\n L. katipo<\/i>\n , Theridiidae"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5783-950X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladislav","family":"Ivanov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Trier University, Department of Biogeography, Universit\u00e4tsring 15,54296 Trier, Germany"},{"name":"University of Rostock, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakult\u00e4t, Institut f\u00fcr Biowissenschaften, Albert-Einstein-Stra\u00dfe 3, 18059 Rostock"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2491-2133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kardelen \u00d6zg\u00fcn","family":"Uluda\u011f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Hamburg, Department of Biology, Martin-Luther-King Platz 3, D-20146 Hamburg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8523-7354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jutta M","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Hamburg, Department of Biology, Martin-Luther-King Platz 3, D-20146 Hamburg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1113-973X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yannis","family":"Sch\u00f6neberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trier University, Department of Biogeography, Universit\u00e4tsring 15,54296 Trier, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1616-3985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trier University, Department of Biogeography, Universit\u00e4tsring 15,54296 Trier, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9826-902X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander Ben","family":"Hamadou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Senckenberg Research Institute, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4237-0117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cor J","family":"Vink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departmant of Pest-Management and Conservation, Lincoln University, PO Box 85084, 7647, Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5069-8601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrik","family":"Krehenwinkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trier University, Department of Biogeography, Universit\u00e4tsring 15,54296 Trier, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026042404200983000_2026.04.17.719154v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2014.08.034"},{"key":"2026042404200983000_2026.04.17.719154v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(83)90123-X"},{"key":"2026042404200983000_2026.04.17.719154v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/CLT-100103827"},{"key":"2026042404200983000_2026.04.17.719154v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/ZO9920001"},{"key":"2026042404200983000_2026.04.17.719154v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.271.5245.70"},{"key":"2026042404200983000_2026.04.17.719154v1.6","unstructured":"Jindrich Kavale . 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