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Gr. adj.leptos<\/jats:italic>thin, narrow, fine; Gr. neut. n.nema<\/jats:italic>a filament or thread; N.L. neut. n.Leptonema<\/jats:italic>a thin filament or thread, describing a bacterium that resembles a thin filament or thread.<\/jats:p>Spirochaetes \/ Spirochaetia \/ Spirochaetales \/ Leptospiraceae \/ Leptonema<\/jats:p>Long, thin, flexible rods, 0<\/jats:bold>.1\u20130<\/jats:bold>.2<\/jats:bold>\u03bcm in diameter and 13\u201321<\/jats:bold>\u03bcm in length<\/jats:bold>, with a regular helical coiling pattern having a wavelength of 0.6\u20130.7 \u00b5m. Unicellular but may be observed as dividing pairs or short chains in actively growing cultures. Resting stages are not known. Gram\u2010stain\u2010negative. Due to small diameter, unstained cells arenot visible by bright\u2010field microscopy<\/jats:bold>. Dark\u2010field or phase\u2010contrast microscopy is required for visualization of unstained cells. Highly motile.Obligate aerobes<\/jats:bold>. Growth temperatures range between 13 and 30\u00b0C, with optimal growth at 28\u201330\u00b0C.Chemoorganotrophic; consume long\u2010chain fatty acids and fatty alcohols as primary carbon and energy sources<\/jats:bold>. Can grow on trypticase media. Uses respiration with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Optimal growth occurs in semi\u2010solid (0.2%) agar media. Growth on 1\u20132% solid agar results in the formation of clear to turbid subsurface colonies. Oxidase\u2010positive. Lipase\u2010positive. Nonpathogenic for cattle, gerbils, guinea pigs, hamsters, and mice.Free\u2010living in aquatic environments and soil<\/jats:bold>. Some strains found in association with animals. Does not share significant levels of sequence similarity with otherLeptospiraceae<\/jats:italic>as determined by DNA hybridization analysis. 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Flint, O.S. Jr. (2008) Studies of Neotropical Caddisflies, LXI: New species of Leptonema<\/em> Gu\u00e9rin (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae). Proceedings of Entomological Society of Washington<\/em>, 110(2), 456-469.<\/p>

Flint, O.S., Jr., McAlpine, J.F. &","DOI":"10.4289\/07-042.1"},{"key":"#cr-split#-32142.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ross, H.H. (1987) A revision of the genus Leptonema<\/em> Gu\u00e9rin (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae: Macronematinae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology<\/em>, 450, 1-193.<\/p>

Mu\u00f1oz-Quesada, F. (1997) Five new species and a new record of Costa Rican Leptonema<\/em> Gu\u00e9rin (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae). Proceedings of Entomological Society of Washington<\/em>, 99(1), 115-132.<\/p>

Nielsen, A. (1970) Trichoptera. In<\/em>: S.L. Tuxen (Ed.), Taxonomist's Glossary of Genitalia Insects<\/em>. Munksgaard, Copenhagen, Denmark, pp. 104-115.<\/p>

Paprocki, H., Holzenthal, R.W. &","DOI":"10.5479\/si.00810282.450"},{"key":"#cr-split#-32142.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blahnik, R.J. (2004) Checklist of the Trichoptera (Insecta) of Brazil I. Biota Neotropica<\/em>, 4(1), 1-22.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1590\/S1676-06032004000100008"}],"container-title":["Zootaxa"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/mapress.com\/zt\/article\/download\/zootaxa.2245.1.6\/29520","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/mapress.com\/zt\/article\/download\/zootaxa.2245.1.6\/29520","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]],"date-time":"2024-03-18T06:16:46Z","timestamp":1710742606000},"score":15.647198,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/mapress.com\/zt\/article\/view\/zootaxa.2245.1.6"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,2]]},"references-count":3,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11646\/zootaxa.2245.1.6","ISSN":["1175-5334","1175-5326"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1175-5334","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1175-5326","type":"print"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,2]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T00:07:32Z","timestamp":1710806852339},"reference-count":1,"publisher":"Magnolia Press","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Zootaxa"],"abstract":"The genus Leptonema is one of the most diverse within the order Trichoptera, being widespread in the Neotropics. Three new species of Leptonema: Leptonema ferelunatum, L. santosi, and L. serratum are described and illustrated from male specimens collected in Rio de Janeiro State, southeastern Brazil.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.2654.1.5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,15]],"date-time":"2019-01-15T02:39:06Z","timestamp":1547519946000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Three new species of Leptonema Gu\u00e9rin (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) from southeastern Brazil"],"prefix":"10.11646","volume":"2654","author":[{"given":"GABRIELA ABRANTES","family":"JARDIM","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"LEANDRO LOUREN\u00c7O","family":"DUMAS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jorge Luiz","family":"Nessimian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4913","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"33667","unstructured":"

Bueno-Soria, J., Santiago-Fragoso, S. & Barba-Alvarez, R. (2001) Studies in aquatic insects, XVIII: New species and record of caddisflies (Trichoptera) from Mexico. Entomological News<\/em>, 112(3), 145\u2013158.<\/p>

Dumas, L.L. & Nessimian, J.L. (2009) A new species of Leptonema<\/em> Gu\u00e9rin (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa<\/em>, 2245, 65\u201368.<\/p>

Flint, O.S., Jr. (1991) Studies of Neotropical Caddisflies, XLV: The taxonomy, phenology, and faunistics of the Trichoptera of Antioquia, Colombia. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology<\/em>, 520, viii+113 pp.<\/p>

Flint, O.S., Jr. (2008) Studies of Neotropical Caddisflies, LXI: New species of Leptonema<\/em> Gu\u00e9rin (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae). Proceedings of Entomological Society of Washington<\/em>, 110(2), 456\u2013469.<\/p>

Flint, O.S., Jr., McAlpine, J.F. & Ross, H.H. (1987) A revision of the genus Leptonema<\/em> Gu\u00e9rin (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae: Macronematinae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology<\/em>, 450, 1\u2013193.<\/p>

Holzenthal, R.W., Blahnik, R.J., Prather, A.L. & Kjer, K.M. (2007) Order Trichoptera Kirby, 1813 (Insecta), Caddisflies. In:<\/em> Z.Q. Zhang and Shear W.A. (eds.), Linnaeus Tercentenary: Progress in Invertebrate Taxonomy. Zootaxa<\/em>, 1668, 639\u2013698.<\/p>

Morse, J.C. (Ed.) (2010) Trichoptera World Checklist<\/em>. http:\/\/entweb.clemson.edu\/database\/trichopt\/index.htm (accessed 17 September 2010).<\/p>

Mu\u00f1oz-Quesada, F. (1997) Five new species and a new record of Costa Rican Leptonema<\/em> Gu\u00e9rin (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae). Proceedings of Entomological Society of Washington<\/em>, 99(1), 115\u2013132.<\/p>

Mu\u00f1oz-Quesada, F. (1999) El g\u00e9nero Leptonema<\/em> (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) en Costa Rica, con la descripci\u00f3n de una nueva especie. Revista de Biologia Tropical<\/em>, 47(4), 959\u20131006.<\/p>

Nielsen, A. (1970) Trichoptera. In<\/em>: S.L. Tuxen (Ed.), Taxonomist`s Glossary of Genitalia Insects<\/em>. Munksgaard, Copenhagen, Denmark, pp. 104\u2013115.<\/p>

Paprocki, H., Holzenthal, R.W. & Blahnik, R.J. (2004) Checklist of the Trichoptera (Insecta) of Brazil I. Biota Neotropica<\/em>, 4(1) 1\u201322.<\/p>"}],"container-title":["Zootaxa"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/mapress.com\/zt\/article\/download\/zootaxa.2654.1.5\/18558","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/mapress.com\/zt\/article\/download\/zootaxa.2654.1.5\/18558","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]],"date-time":"2024-03-18T05:36:49Z","timestamp":1710740209000},"score":15.622005,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/mapress.com\/zt\/article\/view\/zootaxa.2654.1.5"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,22]]},"references-count":1,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11646\/zootaxa.2654.1.5","ISSN":["1175-5334","1175-5326"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1175-5334","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1175-5326","type":"print"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,22]]}}],"items-per-page":10,"query":{"start-index":0,"search-terms":null}}}