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Outbreak patterns over a 64-year period (1941\u20132005) were reviewed indicating a very high frequency of outbreak years with regular \u2018plague\u2019 periods being experienced, while a more detailed analysis of the numbers of locust targets controlled during a 22-year period (1983\u20132005) described the intensity and scale of the outbreaks. The operational constraints associated with the traditional ground-based control strategy employed against the thousands of individual roosting brown locust hopper band and swarm targets in the Karoo are discussed. A brief review of laboratory and field trials of alternative methods of controlling the brown locust, such as insecticide baits, barrier treatments and the Green Muscle\u00ae myco-insecticide, as an alternative to broad-spectrum pyrethroid insecticides are described. In addition, alternative control strategies to the current \u2018Commando\u2019 system of ground-based control operations are discussed. The recommendation is for a modernised and technology-equipped integrated brown locust management strategy (IPM), combining ground and aerial tactics that will have the flexibility and the capacity to deal effectively with outbreaks. The integrated management strategy should focus on ground-based control of hopper bands and fledgling swarms in the Upper and eastern Karoo, while outbreaks over most of the Central Karoo and arid Bushmanland areas should be left to fledge and coalesce into large-sized swarms that could then be targeted by spray aircraft as they migrate along their known swarm flight paths. The introduction of electronic reporting and GIS mapping technologies for brown locust campaign management is essential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy11112212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T11:47:38Z","timestamp":1635767258000},"page":"2212","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Alternative Strategies for Controlling the Brown Locust, Locustana pardalina (Walker)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Roger","family":"Price","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Insect Ecology Division, ARC-Plant Health and Protection, Private Bag X134, Queenswood, Pretoria 0121, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Faure, J.C., and Marais, S.J.S. (1936, January 22). 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Insect Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Food crop infestations caused by the insect pest\n                      <jats:italic>Locustana pardalina<\/jats:italic>\n                      threaten global food security, particularly in developing regions. This pest can devastate entire crops, exacerbating malnutrition and economic instability. Traditionally,\n                      <jats:italic>L. pardalina<\/jats:italic>\n                      outbreaks have been managed using synthetic chemical insecticides, which, while effective, pose significant environmental risks by harming nontarget species and contaminating ecosystems. Given these concerns, there is an increasing demand for environmentally friendly alternatives. Medicinal plant extracts, known for their biodegradability, cost-effectiveness, and active metabolites, offer promising solutions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A systematic literature search was conducted across Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and SpringerLink using keywords related to\n                      <jats:italic>Locustana pardalina<\/jats:italic>\n                      , food security, outbreaks, botanical insecticides, metabolites, and pest management. The search (1988\u20132024) conducted used predefined eligibility criteria and identified 120 relevant studies on the biological control of various insects spanning approximately five to eight crop systems.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These plant-based insecticides have demonstrated the ability to repel various insect pests, including\n                      <jats:italic>L. pardalina<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and could provide an effective method for controlling locust swarms while mitigating the harmful effects of chemical pesticides. This review discusses the potential of medicinal plant extracts as sustainable alternatives for managing\n                      <jats:italic>L. pardalina<\/jats:italic>\n                      infestations, highlighting the active compounds that show promise in pest control and their benefits over conventional chemical insecticides.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In conclusion, medicinal plant extracts represent a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to synthetic insecticides for managing\n                      <jats:italic>Locustana pardalina<\/jats:italic>\n                      infestations. Their biodegradability, cost-effectiveness, and bioactive metabolites offer effective pest control while minimising ecological harm, highlighting their potential to support food security and reduce the negative impacts associated with chemical pesticides.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/finsc.2026.1833553","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:27:42Z","timestamp":1785428862000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Botanical defence: medicinal plants as botanical insecticides against Locustana pardalina Walker (Orthoptera: Acrididae)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Afika-Amazizi N.","family":"Mbuyiswa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nature Conservation, Mangosuthu University of Technology","place":["Durban, South 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Data were analyzed both when the target area was assessed as nonvegetated and when treated as vegetated. For the former, using the integral equation model (IEM) and soil surface data combined with the sensitivity of the IEM to changes in surface roughness introduced an error of \u223c\u00b10.06\u2009\u2009cm 3 \u2009cm \u22123   in volumetric soil moisture. Comparison of the IEM modeling results with backscatter responses from the ERS-2\/RadarSat imagery revealed errors as high as \u00b10.14\u2009\u2009cm 3 \u2009cm \u22123  , mostly due to IEM calibration problems and the impact of vegetation. Two modified versions of the water cloud model (WCM) were parameterized, one based on measurements of vegetation moisture and the other on vegetation biomass. A sensitivity analysis of the resulting model revealed a positive relationship between increases in both vegetation biomass and vegetation moisture and the backscatter responses from the ERS-2 and RadarSat sensors. 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