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The methods used in this study were thin layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS). TLC detection indicated presence of three unknown compounds and one important compound. GCMS analysis had confirmed the compound as lauric acid methyl esther that was obtained from the TLC. 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aphids, Aphis gossypii glover to lauric acid based natural pesticide","volume":"53","author":"Mohamad","year":"2013","journal-title":"In Procedia Engineering"}],"container-title":["IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1755-1315\/269\/1\/012009\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1755-1315\/269\/1\/012009","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1755-1315\/269\/1\/012009","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1755-1315\/269\/1\/012009\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1755-1315\/269\/1\/012009\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1755-1315\/269\/1\/012009\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1755-1315\/269\/1\/012009","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1755-1315\/269\/1\/012009\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]],"date-time":"2021-11-12T20:54:57Z","timestamp":1636750497000},"score":25.061222,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1755-1315\/269\/1\/012009"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1755-1315\/269\/1\/012009","ISSN":["1755-1307","1755-1315"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1755-1307"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1755-1315"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"A study of a termite chemical defense fluid compound of Macrotermes carbonarius","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T15:03:08Z","timestamp":1761058988148},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,1]],"date-time":"2016-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1475280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2526,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The developmental stages and castes of two sympatric subterranean termites, Macro-termes gilvus (Hagen) and Macrotermes carbonarius (Hagen) (Blattodea: Termitidae) were studied and biometric descriptors of each caste were developed for the identification of both species. Biometric descriptors revealed five well-defined groups of larval castes. After sex determination, three larval instars were detected in the development of minor and major worker castes. The first larval instars consist of both males and females which are homogenous in size. Size sexual dimorphism, in which females are smaller than males, occurs in the second larval instars, third larval instars, and worker castes. Minor and major soldiers are female sterile castes. Pictorial evidence of the fourth larval instar of M. carbonarius is presented herein; the individuals closely resemble minor workers but are poorly pigmented and have a distended abdomen, future presoldier-like mandibles, and a meso- and metanotum. In reproductive caste development, nymphs (derived from the first larval instars) undergo five moults from first to fifth instars before becoming winged termites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1603\/008.102.0617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,30]],"date-time":"2009-10-30T10:55:21Z","timestamp":1256900121000},"page":"1091-1098","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Developmental Stages and Castes of Two Sympatric Subterranean Termites <i>Macrotermes gilvus<\/i> and <i>Macrotermes carbonarius<\/i> (Blattodea: Termitidae)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Kok-Boon","family":"Neoh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Urban Entomology Laboratory, Vector Control Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chow-Yang","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urban Entomology Laboratory, Vector Control Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021101111181762000_bibr01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.50.071803.130416","article-title":"The evolution of male traits in social insects.","volume":"50","author":"Boomsma","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"2021101111181762000_bibr02","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485300018150","article-title":"Termite (Isoptera) damage and control in tropical forestry with special reference to Africa and Indo-Malaysia.","volume":"79","author":"Cowie","year":"1989","journal-title":"Bull. Entomol. Res."},{"key":"2021101111181762000_bibr03","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02224596","article-title":"Seasonality in mature nests of the termite Macrotermes michaelseni in Kenya.","volume":"13","author":"Darlington","year":"1986","journal-title":"Insectes Soc."},{"key":"2021101111181762000_bibr04","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arn041","article-title":"Size and heterozygosity influence partner selection in the Formosan subterranean termite.","volume":"19","author":"Husseneder","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol."},{"key":"2021101111181762000_bibr05","first-page":"3","article-title":"Subterranean termite pests and their control in the urban environment in Malaysia.","volume":"40","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sociobiology."},{"key":"2021101111181762000_bibr06","first-page":"213","article-title":"Challenges to subterranean termite management of multi-genera faunas in Southeast Asia and Australia.","volume":"50","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sociobiology"},{"key":"2021101111181762000_bibr07","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s10682-006-9117-9","article-title":"A novel hypothesis for the origin of the sexual division of labor in termites: which sex should be soldiers?","volume":"20","author":"Matsuura","year":"2006","journal-title":"Evol. Ecol."},{"key":"2021101111181762000_bibr08","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1703.2000.00320.x","article-title":"Caste developmental system of the Japanese damp-wood termite Hodotermopsis japonica (Isoptera: Termopsidae).","volume":"15","author":"Miura","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ecol. Res."},{"key":"2021101111181762000_bibr09","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.2108\/zsj.15.843","article-title":"Developmental pathways and polyethism of neuter castes in the processional nasute termite Hospitalitermes medioflavus (Isoptera: Termitidae).","volume":"15","author":"Miura","year":"1998","journal-title":"Zool. Sci."},{"key":"2021101111181762000_bibr10","first-page":"197","article-title":"Foraging populations and control strategies of subterranean termite in the urban environmental, with special reference to baiting.","volume":"15","author":"Ngee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Environ. Entomol. Zool."},{"key":"2021101111181762000_bibr11","first-page":"399","article-title":"Recherches sur le polymorphisme des termites superieurs (Termitidae).","volume":"17","author":"Noirot","year":"1955","journal-title":"Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool."},{"key":"2021101111181762000_bibr12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noirot, C\n          \n          1969. Formation of castes in the higher termites, pp. 311\u2013350. InKKrishna and F MWeesner [eds.], Biology of termites, vol. 1.Academic, New York.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-395529-6.50014-3"},{"key":"2021101111181762000_bibr13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02223626","article-title":"Instars and polymorphism of castes in Macrotermes michaelseni (Isoptera, Macrotermitinae).","volume":"28","author":"Okot-Kotber","year":"1981","journal-title":"Insectes Soc."},{"key":"2021101111181762000_bibr14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01258410","article-title":"Castes in humivorous and litter-dwelling Neotropical nasute termites. (Isoptera, Termitdae).","volume":"43","author":"Roisin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Insectes Soc."},{"key":"2021101111181762000_bibr15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roisin, Y\n          \n          2000. Diversity and evolution of caste patterns, pp. 95\u2013119. InTAbe, D EBignell, and MHigashi [eds.], Termites: evolution, sociality, symbioses, ecology.Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-3223-9_5"},{"key":"2021101111181762000_bibr16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s000400050146","article-title":"Caste developmental pathways in colonies of Coptotermes lacteus(Froggatt) headed by primary reproductives (Isoptera, Rhinotermitidae).","volume":"46","author":"Roisin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Insectes Soc."},{"key":"2021101111181762000_bibr17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1570-7458.1987.tb00556.x","article-title":"Caste developmental potentialities in the termite Nasutitermes novarumhebridarum.","volume":"44","author":"Roisin","year":"1987","journal-title":"Entomol. Exp. Appl."},{"key":"2021101111181762000_bibr18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01314912","article-title":"Polymorphism in the giant cocoa termite, Neotermes papua (Desneux).","volume":"38","author":"Roisin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Insectes Soc."},{"key":"2021101111181762000_bibr19","unstructured":"Roonwal, M L\n          \n          1970. Termites of the Oriental Region, pp. 315\u2013384. InKKrishna and F MWeesner [eds.], Biology of termites, vol. 2.Academic, New York."},{"key":"2021101111181762000_bibr20","first-page":"402","article-title":"Sex ratios and sexual dimorphism in termites.","volume":"34","author":"Roonwal","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Sci. Ind. Res."},{"key":"2021101111181762000_bibr21","first-page":"727","article-title":"Developmental pathways in Microcerotermes turneri (Termitidae: Termitinae): biometric descriptors of worker caste and instar.","volume":"48","author":"Stewart","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sociobiology"},{"key":"2021101111181762000_bibr22","volume-title":"Termites of peninsular Malaysia. Malayan For. Rec. no. 36.","author":"Tho","year":"1992"},{"key":"2021101111181762000_bibr23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00384548","article-title":"Alate production and sex ratio in colonies of the Neotropical termite Nasutitermes corniger (Isoptera: Termitidae).","volume":"58","author":"Thorne","year":"1983","journal-title":"Oecologia (Berl.)"},{"key":"2021101111181762000_bibr24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weesner, F M\n          \n          1969. The reproductive system, pp. 156. InKKrishna and F MWeesner [eds.], Biology of termites, vol. 1.Academic, New York.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-395529-6.50009-X"}],"container-title":["Annals of the Entomological Society of America"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aesa\/article-pdf\/102\/6\/1091\/40369191\/aesame1091.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aesa\/article-pdf\/102\/6\/1091\/40369191\/aesame1091.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T02:38:00Z","timestamp":1634179080000},"score":23.982792,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aesa\/article\/102\/6\/1091\/33382"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,1]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1603\/008.102.0617","ISSN":["1938-2901","0013-8746"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1938-2901","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0013-8746","type":"print"}],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:12:54Z","timestamp":1771373574454,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":47,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Industry Research","award":["R504-LR-GAL007-0000001527-E147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R504-LR-GAL007-0000001527-E147"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Macrotermes carbonarius is a fungus-growing termite widely distributed in Southeast Asia and is ecologically important in both natural and urban environments. In Malaysia, this species may act as a secondary pests following the suppression of primary termite infestations, making an understanding of colony structure and spatial connectivity particularly relevant. Microsatellite markers are widely used for such population-level studies; however, the performance and informativeness of loci developed for related taxa remain uncertain for M. carbonarius. In this study, genome-derived microsatellite markers were developed using Illumina-based next-generation sequencing. Seven loci showing strong amplification and high polymorphism were validated across 60 individuals from 6 locations in Penang, Malaysia. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 9 to 13, with expected heterozygosity (HE) values ranging from 0.751 to 0.888. All loci exhibited high polymorphic information content (PIC\u2009=\u20090.707 to 0.869), indicating their suitability for genetic studies. Population genetic analyses revealed high population differentiation (FST = 0.282 to 0.424), suggesting limited gene flow and substantial genetic structuring among colonies. The consistently high inbreeding coefficient (FIS = 1) reflects the species\u2019 eusocial reproductive system, where colony members are closely related. These developed markers provide valuable molecular tools for examining genetic diversity, colony organization, and population connectivity in M. carbonarius.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jisesa\/ieag008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T12:36:17Z","timestamp":1768566977000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite markers for\n                    <i>Macrotermes carbonarius<\/i>\n                    (Blattodea: Termitidae)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Li","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kok Yean","family":"Von","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5297-8981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul Hafiz","family":"Ab Majid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Household & Structural Urban Entomology Laboratory , Pulau Pinang"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026021718563361900_ieag008-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3090","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.1566","article-title":"Spatial structuring of the population genetics of a European subterranean termite species","volume":"5","author":"Bankhead-Dronnet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol"},{"key":"2026021718563361900_ieag008-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1007\/s12033-009-9230-4","article-title":"Mutational dynamics of microsatellites","volume":"44","author":"Bhargava","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Biotechnol"},{"key":"2026021718563361900_ieag008-B3","first-page":"314","article-title":"Construction of a genetic linkage map in man using restriction fragment length polymorphisms","volume":"32","author":"Botstein","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet"},{"key":"2026021718563361900_ieag008-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-437X","article-title":"Microsatellites and their application to population genetic studies","volume":"3","author":"Bruford","year":"1993","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev"},{"key":"2026021718563361900_ieag008-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.20470","article-title":"The rise, fall and renaissance of microsatellites in eukaryotic genomes","volume":"28","author":"Buschiazzo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"2026021718563361900_ieag008-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2006.3622","article-title":"Inbreeding and disease resistance in a social insect: effects of heterozygosity on immunocompetence in the termite Zootermopsis angusticollis","volume":"273","author":"Calleri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci"},{"key":"2026021718563361900_ieag008-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1703.2001.00444.x","article-title":"Feeding groups, lifetypes and the global ecology of termites","volume":"16","author":"Eggleton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ecol. Res"},{"key":"2026021718563361900_ieag008-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s10340-016-0778-z","article-title":"Bait station preferences in two Macrotermes species","volume":"90","author":"Iqbal","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pest Sci"},{"key":"2026021718563361900_ieag008-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejsobi.2011.05.005","article-title":"Influence of termites on ecosystem functioning. Ecosystem services provided by termites","volume":"47","author":"Jouquet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Soil Biol"},{"key":"2026021718563361900_ieag008-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1603\/EN13059","article-title":"Characterization of microsatellites for population geneticanalyses of the fungus-growing termite Odontotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Termitidae)","volume":"42","author":"Husseneder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Entomol"},{"key":"2026021718563361900_ieag008-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2007.03089.x","article-title":"Revising how the computer program CERVUS accommodates genotyping error increases success in paternity assignment","volume":"16","author":"Kalinowski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol"},{"key":"2026021718563361900_ieag008-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toaf081","article-title":"Termite baiting\u2014how it changed the landscape of the pest management industry and termite research in Southeast Asia","volume":"118","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2026021718563361900_ieag008-B12","first-page":"213","article-title":"Challenges to subterranean termite management of multi-genera faunas in Southeast Asia and Australia","volume":"50","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sociobiology"},{"key":"2026021718563361900_ieag008-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3390\/data6040040","article-title":"Isolation of microsatellite markers from de novo whole genome sequences of Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann) (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae)","volume":"6","author":"Lim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Data. (Basel)"},{"key":"2026021718563361900_ieag008-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1176934319843130","DOI":"10.1177\/1176934319843130","article-title":"OSTRFPD: multifunctional tool for genome-wide short tandem repeat analysis for DNA, transcripts, and amino acid sequences with integrated primer designer","volume":"15","author":"Mathema","year":"2019","journal-title":"Evol. Bioinform. Online"},{"key":"2026021718563361900_ieag008-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-8286.2007.01931.x","article-title":"Genepop007: a complete re-implementation of the Genepop software for Windows and Linux","volume":"8","author":"Rousset","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol. Resour"},{"key":"2026021718563361900_ieag008-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511721953.005","volume-title":"The evolution of social behavior in insects and Arachnids","author":"Shellman-Reeve","year":"1997"},{"key":"2026021718563361900_ieag008-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1603\/EN11228","article-title":"Polymorphic microsatellite loci from an indigenous Asian fungusgrowing termite, Macrotermes gilvus (Blattodea: Termitidae) and cross amplification in related taxa","volume":"41","author":"Singham","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. 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This study reports a novel perspective on the application of insect-based compounds to repel and eradicate other insects in a controlled environment. In this work, defense fluid was shown to be a repellent and insecticide against termites and cockroaches and was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC\u2013MS).<jats:italic>Globitermes sulphureus<\/jats:italic>extract at 20\u00a0mg\/ml showed the highest repellency for seven days against<jats:italic>Macrotermes gilvus<\/jats:italic>and for thirty days against<jats:italic>Periplaneta americana<\/jats:italic>. In terms of toxicity,<jats:italic>G. sulphureus<\/jats:italic>extract had a low LC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>compared to<jats:italic>M. carbonarius<\/jats:italic>extract against<jats:italic>M. gilvus<\/jats:italic>. Gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry analysis of the<jats:italic>M. carbonarius<\/jats:italic>extract indicated the presence of six insecticidal and two repellent compounds in the extract, whereas the<jats:italic>G. sulphureus<\/jats:italic>extract contained five insecticidal and three repellent compounds. The most obvious finding was that<jats:italic>G. sulphureus<\/jats:italic>defense fluid had higher potential as a natural repellent and termiticide than the<jats:italic>M. carbonarius<\/jats:italic>extract. Both defense fluids can play a role as alternatives in the search for new, sustainable, natural repellents and termiticides. 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