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Using environmental tracers measured in springs and nearby boreholes, the origin of groundwater contributing to the springs was evaluated to help assess the impact of proposed groundwater extraction in the Cambrian Limestone Aquifer (CLA) for irrigation agriculture and for hydraulic fracturing in the Beetaloo Sub-basin (an anticipated world-class unconventional gas reserve). Major ions, Sr,\n                    <jats:sup>87<\/jats:sup>\n                    Sr\/\n                    <jats:sup>86<\/jats:sup>\n                    Sr, \u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    O-H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O, \u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    H-H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O,\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    H,\n                    <jats:sup>14<\/jats:sup>\n                    C-DIC were consistent with regional groundwater from the Daly and Georgina basins of the CLA as the sources of water sustaining the major springs (Rainbow and Bitter) and one of the minor springs (Warloch Pond). However,\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    H\u2009=\u20090.34 TU in another minor spring (Fig Tree) indicated an additional contribution from a young (probably local) source. High concentrations of radiogenic\n                    <jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>\n                    He (&gt;\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>\u20137<\/jats:sup>\n                    cm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    STP g\n                    <jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) at Rainbow Spring, Bitter Spring and in nearby groundwater also indicated an input of deeper, older groundwater. The presence of older groundwater within the CLA demonstrates the need for an appropriate baseline characterisation of the vertical exchange of groundwater in Beetaloo Sub-basin ahead of unconventional gas resource development.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-03701-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T06:13:41Z","timestamp":1639980821000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Groundwater sources for the Mataranka Springs (Northern Territory, Australia)"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Lamontagne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Axel","family":"Suckow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Gerber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alec","family":"Deslandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cornelia","family":"Wilske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Tickell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"3701_CR1","unstructured":"Evans, T. 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Australia\u2019s premier shale basin: Five plays, 1 000 000 000 years in the making. APPEA J. 58, 799\u2013804. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/AJ17040 (2018).","journal-title":"APPEA J."},{"key":"3701_CR5","unstructured":"Northern Territory Geological Survey. Kyalla and middle Velkerri resource assessment: Gorrie, Beetaloo, OT Downs and Broadmere Sub-basins. Report No. NTGS Record 2017-003 (2017). https:\/\/geoscience.nt.gov.au\/gemis\/ntgsjspui\/handle\/1\/85135. Accessed 2 June 2021."},{"key":"3701_CR6","unstructured":"Rees, G. N. et al. Characterisation of the stygofauna and microbial assemblages of the Beetaloo Sub-basin, Northern Territory. (2020). https:\/\/gisera.csiro.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/GISERA-Project18-Stygofauna_final-report-20201208.pdf. Accessed 2 June 2021."},{"key":"3701_CR7","unstructured":"Northern Territory Government. Elsey National Park Plan of Management. (2012). https:\/\/dtsc.nt.gov.au\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0009\/249057\/Elsey-PoM.pdf. 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Whilst a regional groundwater contribution to the spring flow is well established, the absence of cover over the CLA in the vicinity of the springs and the prevalence of karst suggest that a component of quick flow during the wet season is possible. A quick flow contribution to the springs was evaluated using a biweekly monitoring programme for several environmental tracers (major ions, stable isotopes of water, and 222Rn) at two large springs (Rainbow Spring and Bitter Spring) and at one minor spring (Fig Tree Spring) over a two-year period that included a relatively dry (2019\u20132020) and a relatively wet (2020\u20132021) rainy season. There were limited variations in all tracers at Rainbow and Bitter springs throughout the monitoring programme, indicating an absence or a minimal contribution from quick flow. In contrast, all tracers responded to large rainfall events at a scale of days to weeks in Fig Tree Spring, consistent with a component of quick flow. However, the tracer response at Fig Tree was complex and possibly involved a combination of quick flow, unsaturated zone processes, and changes in the geochemical environment in the aquifer. 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