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Morphometric data were recorded for each. Nematodes were dissected from the intestine of each individual and sorted into morphotaxa. Heth pivari n. sp. (Oxyuridomorpha: Ransomnematoidea: Hethidae) was found in 33 (75%) of dissected N. gordanus and examined with brightfield, differential interference contrast, phase contrast and scanning electron microscopies. LSU rDNA sequences of representative males and females of H. pivari n. sp. were analyzed and compared to sequences of nematodes in the infraorder Rhigonematomorpha. Heth mauriesi, an introduced species, also was sequenced. Females of H. pivari n. sp. differ from those of other Heth spp. in having smooth, button-like somatic and cervical papillae and shallow, shield-like cervical collars. Males have slit-like or narrowed, rather than circular, stomal openings. Heth pivari n. sp. is the first species of this genus found in an indigenous millipede north of Mexico. Keys based on female cervical ornamentation are provided to differentiate the 52 known Heth spp.\u00a0<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.4861.4.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]],"date-time":"2020-10-19T23:32:49Z","timestamp":1603150369000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Heth pivari n. sp. (Nematoda: Ransomnematoidea: Hethidae) from the indigenous North American millipede Narceus gordanus (Spirobolida: Spirobolidae), with keys for worldwide Heth spp."],"prefix":"10.11646","volume":"4861","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1930-1009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"GARY","family":"PHILLIPS","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8760-3274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"JOHN K.","family":"MOULTON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3359-1516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"ERNEST C.","family":"BERNARD","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4913","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"49826","unstructured":"

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Many studies indicate that northern animal populations exhibit low levels of genetic diversity over geographically widespread areas whereas southern populations exhibit relatively high levels. Recently, paleoclimatic data have been combined with niche-based distribution modeling to locate possible refugia during the Last Glacial Maximum. Using phylogeographic, population, and paleoclimatic data, we show that the distribution and mitochondrial data for the millipede genus Narceus<\/jats:italic> are consistent with classical examples of Pleistocene refugia and subsequent post-glacial population expansion seen in other organismal groups.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n The phylogeographic structure of Narceus<\/jats:italic> reveals a complex evolutionary history with signatures of multiple refugia in southeastern North America followed by two major northern expansions. Evidence for refugial populations were found in the southern Appalachian Mountains and in the coastal plain. The northern expansions appear to have radiated from two separate refugia, one from the Gulf Coastal Plain area and the other from the mid-Atlantic coastal region. Distributional models of Narceus<\/jats:italic> during the Last Glacial Maximum show a dramatic reduction from the current distribution, with suitable ecological zones concentrated along the Gulf and Atlantic coastal plain. We found a strong correlation between these zones of ecological suitability inferred from our paleo-model with levels of genetic diversity derived from phylogenetic and population estimates of genetic structuring.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n The signature of climatic change, during and after the Pleistocene, on the distribution of the millipede genus Narceus<\/jats:italic> is evident in the genetic data presented. Niche-based historical distribution modeling strengthens the conclusions drawn from the genetic data and proves useful in identifying probable refugia. Such interdisciplinary biogeographic studies provide a comprehensive approach to understanding these processes that generate and maintain biodiversity as well as the framework necessary to explore questions regarding evolutionary diversification of taxa.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-9-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,30]],"date-time":"2009-01-30T20:04:06Z","timestamp":1233345846000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Pleistocene glacial refugia across the Appalachian Mountains and coastal plain in the millipede genus Narceus: Evidence from population genetic, phylogeographic, and paleoclimatic data"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Matt J","family":"Walker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy K","family":"Stockman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul E","family":"Marek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason E","family":"Bond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"939_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.2307\/3545516","volume":"63","author":"JC Avise","year":"1992","unstructured":"Avise JC: Molecular Population-Structure and the Biogeographic History of a Regional Fauna \u2013 a Case-History with Lessons for Conservation Biology. 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Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 1986, 43 (16): 1726-1759. 10.1175\/1520-0469(1986)043<1726:TIOCOP>2.0.CO;2.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"}],"container-title":["BMC Evolutionary Biology"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2148-9-25.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T02:06:24Z","timestamp":1630461984000},"score":10.610041,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2148-9-25"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,30]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]}},"alternative-id":["939"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2148-9-25","ISSN":["1471-2148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2148","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 June 2008","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 January 2009","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 January 2009","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"25"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T17:01:52Z","timestamp":1754154112553,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Magnolia Press","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Zootaxa"],"abstract":"Thelastoma variabile sp. nov. (Nematoda: Oxyuridomorpha: Thelastomatoidea) is described from the intestine of 82 specimens of the Narceus americanus\/annularis complex (Diplopoda: Helminthomorpha: Spirobolidae) collected from April through October 2021 in Hochatown, McCurtain County, Oklahoma, U.S.A. A total of 343 T. variabile sp. nov. consisting of 315 females, 1 male and 27 juveniles were extracted primarily from the hindguts of the millipedes. Examination of the new species was conducted with the aid of brightfield, differential interference contrast (DIC), confocal, and scanning electron microscopies (SEM). The head of the female T. variabile sp. nov. is characterized by having a domelike lip region, large first annule, secretory-excretory pore about level with the base of the basal bulb, and a tail shape ranging from short and conical to long and filiform. The new species represents only the sixth Thelastoma spp. described from a North American diplopod. This new species was used as a template for review and evaluation of the characters used to differentiate the 74 currently known species of the genus. Several new characters are proposed for the separation of Thelastoma spp.\n\u00a0<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.5665.4.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T00:45:17Z","timestamp":1753317917000},"page":"451-508","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Review of Thelastoma Leidy, 1849 (Nematoda: Oxyuridomorpha: Thelastomatidae) and description of T. variabile sp. nov. from the North American indigenous millipede Narceus americanus (Spirobolida: Spirobolidae)"],"prefix":"10.11646","volume":"5665","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1930-1009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"GARY","family":"PHILLIPS","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9205-6818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"CHRIS T.","family":"MCALLISTER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3727-9729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"JACKSON H.","family":"TURNER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1787-3313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"JAYDEEP","family":"KOLAPE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8760-3274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"JOHN K.","family":"MOULTON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3359-1516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"ERNEST C.","family":"BERNARD","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4913","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]},"container-title":["Zootaxa"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/mapress.com\/zt\/article\/download\/zootaxa.5665.4.1\/56855","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/mapress.com\/zt\/article\/download\/zootaxa.5665.4.1\/56855","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T00:45:17Z","timestamp":1753317917000},"score":10.4037075,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/mapress.com\/zt\/article\/view\/zootaxa.5665.4.1"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11646\/zootaxa.5665.4.1","ISSN":["1175-5334","1175-5326"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1175-5334"},{"type":"print","value":"1175-5326"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T08:18:33Z","timestamp":1783671513288,"version":"3.55.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]]},"group-title":"Biology and Life Sciences","reference-count":0,"publisher":"MDPI AG","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783555200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"abstract":"The Lake Wales Ridge in central Florida, USA, is a biodiversity hotspot characterized by species-rich xeric scrub and sandhill communities with high levels of endemism. The endemic Florida scrub millipede, Floridobolus penneri, and the more cosmopolitan Smokey Oak millipede, Narceus gordanus, are sympatric detritivores inhabiting these sandy upland systems. Previous research identified the mite, Narceolaelaps gordanus, as a host-specific parasite of N. gordanus. In this study, we evaluated mite associations on sympatric millipedes across 20 sites on the Lake Wales Ridge and examined whether these associations were consistent with parasitism, commensalism, or phoresy. We found that Narceolaelaps gordanus occurred on both F. penneri and N. gordanus, thereby contradicting previous observations of host specificity. Mite abundance differed between millipede species, with N. gordanus supporting more mites per individual than F. penneri. Independent of host species, larger millipedes supported greater numbers of mites. Over a three-month observation period, we found no visible evidence of exoskeleton or tissue damage associated with mite presence. In laboratory assays, defensive secretions from F. penneri and N. gordanus neither attracted nor repelled mites, suggesting that short-range host chemical cues may not strongly influence mite location behavior. Collectively, our findings indicate that the association between Narceolaelaps gordanus and sympatric millipedes on the Lake Wales Ridge is structured more by shared habitat use and host size than by strict host specificity or overt parasitism. The observed associations are more consistent with opportunistic commensalism or phoretic dispersal in which millipedes function as transport hosts between patchily distributed detrital habitats. Further research integrating behavioral observations, experimental studies, and molecular approaches will be necessary to resolve the ecological and evolutionary nature of these mite\u2013millipede associations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202607.0646.v1","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T07:50:25Z","timestamp":1783669825000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Florida Scrub Millipedes, <em>Floridobolus penneri<\/em> and <em>Narceus gordanus<\/em>: Shared Mite-Millipede Associations"],"prefix":"10.20944","author":[{"given":"Anne","family":"Sawl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deby","family":"Cassill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T07:51:10Z","timestamp":1783669870000},"score":10.285084,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.preprints.org\/manuscript\/202607.0646\/v1"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20944\/preprints202607.0646.v1","published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T06:58:49Z","timestamp":1777618729780,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]],"date-time":"2016-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451606400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Twenty-four individuals of\n Narceus gordanus<\/jats:italic>\n (Diplopoda: Spirobolidae) were collected in Ocala National Forest, FL, between November 2013 and July 2014. Each specimen was dissected to extract the intestine, which was removed and examined for parasitic nematodes.\n Coronostoma claireae<\/jats:italic>\n n. sp. was collected from the hindgut and midgut of 10 specimens, and its morphology was examined with brightfield, differential interference contrast, phase contrast, and scanning electron microscopy. This species is separated from other\n Coronostoma<\/jats:italic>\n spp. by the following characteristics: body length less than 3 mm; head sense organs pit-like; first annule long, extending past middle of corpus, width similar to that of second annule; basal bulb pyriform; eggs larger than 60 \u00d7 50 \u03bcm. This species is the first North American record for the genus\n Coronostoma<\/jats:italic>\n , which is removed from Thelastomatoidea: Thelastomatidae and reassigned to Coronostomatidae on the basis of presumed apomorphies. A key is provided for known\n Coronostoma<\/jats:italic>\n spp. The superfamily Coronostomatoidea is re-established for Coronostomatidae and Traklosiidae.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.21307\/jofnem-2017-023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,24]],"date-time":"2017-07-24T06:42:47Z","timestamp":1500878567000},"page":"159-169","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Coronostoma claireae<\/i>\n n. sp. (Nematoda: Rhabditida: Oxyuridomorpha: Coronostomatidae) from the Indigenous Milliped\n Narceus gordanus<\/i>\n (Chamberlain, 1943) (Diplopoda: Spirobolida) in Ocala National Forest, Florida"],"prefix":"10.2478","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Gary","family":"Phillips","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ernest C.","family":"Bernard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Pivar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John K.","family":"Moulton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rowland M.","family":"Shelley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026042817324854843_j_jofnem-2017-023_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adamson, M. L. 1989. Evolutionary biology of the Oxyurida (Nematoda): Biofacies of a haplodiploid taxon. Advances in Parasitology 28:175\u2013228.10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60333-4","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60333-4"},{"key":"2026042817324854843_j_jofnem-2017-023_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adamson, M. L. 1994. Evolutionary patterns in life histories of oxyurida. International Journal of Parasitology 24:1167\u20131177.10.1016\/0020-7519(94)90189-9","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(94)90189-9"},{"key":"2026042817324854843_j_jofnem-2017-023_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adamson, M. L., and van Waerebeke, D. 1992. Revision of the Thelastomatoidea, Oxyurida of invertebrate hosts. 1. Thelastomatidae. Systematic Parasitology 21:21\u201363.10.1007\/BF00009911","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00009911"},{"key":"2026042817324854843_j_jofnem-2017-023_ref_004","unstructured":"Altun, Z. F., and Hall, D. H. 2009. Epithelial system, interfacial cells. 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First United States records of the rhigonematid genera Heth and Ruizia (Nematoda: Rhigonematida) from the introduced millipede, Anadenobolus monilicornis (Diplopoda: Rhinocricidae) in Key Largo, Florida, U.S.A. Comparative Parasitology 80(2):225\u2013232.10.1654\/4614.1","DOI":"10.1654\/4614.1"},{"key":"2026042817324854843_j_jofnem-2017-023_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carreno, R. A. 2014. The systematics and evolution of pinworms (Nematoda: oxyurida: Thelastmatoidea) from invertebrates. Journal of Parasitology 100(5):553\u2013560.10.1645\/14-529.124842083","DOI":"10.1645\/14-529.1"},{"key":"2026042817324854843_j_jofnem-2017-023_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chitwood, B. G., and Chitwood, M. B. 1933. The histological anatomy of Cephalobellus papilliger Cobb, 1920. Zeitschrift fur Zellforschung und Mikroskopische Anatomie 19(2):309\u2013355.10.1007\/BF02462875","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02462875"},{"key":"2026042817324854843_j_jofnem-2017-023_ref_010","unstructured":"Chitwood, B. G., and Chitwood, M. B. 1950. An introduction to nematology. Section I, Anatomy. Baltimore: Monumental Printing."},{"key":"2026042817324854843_j_jofnem-2017-023_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crawford, C. S., Minion, G. P., and Boyers, M. D. 1983. Intima morphology, bacterial morphotyes, and effects of annual molt on microflora in the midgut of the desert millipede, Orthoporus ornatus (Girard) (Diplopoda: Spirostreptidae). International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology 12(5\/6):301\u2013312.","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7322(83)90025-9"},{"key":"2026042817324854843_j_jofnem-2017-023_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Ley, P., Van de Velde, M. C., Mounport, D., Baujard, P., and Coomans, A. 1995. Ultrastructure of the stoma in Cephalobidae, Panagrolaimidae and Rhabditidae, with a proposal for a revised stoma terminology in Rhabditina (Nematoda). Nematologica 41:153\u2013182.10.1163\/003925995X00143","DOI":"10.1163\/003925995X00143"},{"key":"2026042817324854843_j_jofnem-2017-023_ref_013","unstructured":"Dollfus, R. P. 1964. N\u00e9matodes de Myriapodes du Congo Belge. M\u00e9moires du Museum National d\u2019histoire Naturelle, S\u00e9rie A 32:109\u2013169."},{"key":"2026042817324854843_j_jofnem-2017-023_ref_014","unstructured":"Hunt, D. J. 1998. Rhigonema pilosum sp. n. (Rhigonematida: Rhigonematidae) parasitizing a member of the Xystodesmidae (Diplopoda: Polydesmida) from the Ryuku Islands, Japan. Journal of Nematode Morphology and Systematics 1(1):23\u201328."},{"key":"2026042817324854843_j_jofnem-2017-023_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hunt, D. J., Sutherland, J., and Machon,J. E. 1989. Triumphalisnema bialulaundatum n. sp. (Oxyurida: Robertiidae) from a passalid beetle from Papua New Guinea. Systematic Parasitology 14(3):203\u2013207.10.1007\/BF02187054","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02187054"},{"key":"2026042817324854843_j_jofnem-2017-023_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jex, A. R., Schneider, M. A., Rose, H. A., and Cribb, T. H. 2005. The Thelastomatoidea (Nematoda: Oxyurida) of two sympatric Panesthiinae (Insecta: Blattodea) from southeastern Queensland, Australia: Taxonomy, species richness and host distribution and host specificity. Nematology 7:543\u2013575.10.1163\/156854105774384741","DOI":"10.1163\/156854105774384741"},{"key":"2026042817324854843_j_jofnem-2017-023_ref_017","unstructured":"Kloss, G. R. 1961. Parasitos intestinalis do Diplopoda Scaphiostreptus buffalus Schubart. Conselho Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Zoologia 35:1\u201313."},{"key":"2026042817324854843_j_jofnem-2017-023_ref_018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kloss, G. R. 1962. Alguns parasitos do intestine de coleopteros da familia Passalidae. Papeis Avulsos de Departamento de Zoologia, Sao Paulo 15:163\u2013171.","DOI":"10.11606\/0031-1049.1962.15.p163-171"},{"key":"2026042817324854843_j_jofnem-2017-023_ref_019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nadler, S. A., Carreno, R. A., Mejia-Madrid, H., Ullberg, J., Pagan, C., Houston, R., and Hugot, J. P. 2007. Molecular phylogeny of clade III nematodes reveals multiple origins of tissue parasitism. Parasitology 134:1421\u20131442.10.1017\/S003118200700288017506928","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182007002880"},{"key":"2026042817324854843_j_jofnem-2017-023_ref_020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peregrine, P. C. 1973. Observations on arcade cells and pseudocoelomocytes in some oxyroid nematodes parasitic in cockroaches. 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