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Until recently rediscovered, it was known only from two 46-year-old specimens, both workers. All developmental stages and adult castes are now known. Adults have stridulatory organs placed ventrally, between abdominal sternites III (with plectrum) and IV (with stridulitrum), differing from all other Hymenoptera, where these organs are dorsal. The chromosome number is the highest recorded for Hymenoptera (2\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 92). Virgin queens are brachypterous. Other anatomical and behavioral features are reviewed. Most are primitive for ants, many being shared with\n            <jats:italic>Myrmecia<\/jats:italic>\n            , another primitive Australian genus. 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University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,5,1]],"date-time":"2001-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":988675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,20]],"date-time":"2001-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1008806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":233,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The Australian endemic ant Nothomyrmecia macrops is considered one of the most \u2018primitive\u2019 among living ants. We investigated the genetic structure of colonies to determine queen mating frequencies and nestmate relatedness. An average of 18.8 individuals from each of 32 colonies, and sperm extracted from 34 foraging queens, were genotyped using five highly variable microsatellite markers. Queens were typically singly (65%) or doubly mated (30%), but triple mating (5%) also occurred. The mean effective number of male mates for queens was 1.37. No relationship between colony size and queen mate number was found. Nestmate workers were related by b=0.61\u2003\u00b1\u20030.03, significantly above the threshold under Hamilton\u2019s rule over which, all else being equal, altruistic behaviour persists, but queens and their mates were unrelated. In 25% of the colonies we detected a few workers that could not have been produced by the resident queen, although there was no evidence for worker reproduction. Polyandry is for the first time recorded in a species with very small mature colonies, which is inconsistent with the sperm-limitation hypothesis for the mediation of polyandry levels. Facultative polyandry is therefore not confined to the highly advanced ant genera, but may have arisen at an early stage in ant social evolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1420-9101.2001.00294.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,12]],"date-time":"2003-03-12T04:48:15Z","timestamp":1047444495000},"page":"368-378","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Polyandry and colony genetic structure in the primitive ant <i>Nothomyrmecia macrops<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Sanetra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Queensland, Australia (current address)"},{"name":"Department of Genetics and Evolution, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3083, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. H.","family":"Crozier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Queensland, Australia (current address)"},{"name":"Department of Genetics and Evolution, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3083, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023121405465533100_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3113.1992.tb00553.x","article-title":"The internal phylogeny of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)","volume":"17","author":"Baroni Urbani","year":"1992","journal-title":"Syst. 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Each of the approximately 30 secretory cells is connected to the outside via a duct cell. These open individually via large cuticular pores at the mesoventral side of the anterior part of the tarsomere. The diameter of the duct cells is narrow near the secretory cell, but gradually increases towards their opening site. The rounded secretory cells show a well developed Golgi apparatus and numerous clear vesicles. The function of this gland is not yet known, although its opening site may be indicative of the deposition of marking substances. At the mediodistal side of tarsomeres 2, 3 and 4 in the three pairs of legs, a glandular thickening of the epidermal epithelium occurs; this represents another novel exocrine structure in ants. 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