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Many insects are associated with mutualistic gut bacteria that contribute to the host's nutrition and can thereby facilitate dietary switching in polyphagous insects. However, how gut microbial communities differ between populations of the same species that feed on different host plants remains poorly understood. Most species of Pyrrhocoridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) are specialist seed\u2010feeders on plants in the family Malvaceae, although populations of one species,<jats:italic>Probergrothius angolensis<\/jats:italic>, have switched to the very distantly related<jats:italic>Welwitschia mirabilis<\/jats:italic>plant in the Namib Desert. We first compared the development and survival of laboratory populations of<jats:italic>Pr.\u00a0angolensis<\/jats:italic>with two other pyrrhocorids on seeds of<jats:italic>Welwitschia<\/jats:italic>and found only<jats:italic>Pr.\u00a0angolensis<\/jats:italic>was capable of successfully completing its development. We then collected<jats:italic>Pr.\u00a0angolensis<\/jats:italic>in Namibia from Malvaceae and<jats:italic>Welwitschia<\/jats:italic>host plants, respectively, to assess their bacterial and fungal community profiles using high\u2010throughput amplicon sequencing. Comparison with long\u2010term laboratory\u2010reared insects indicated stable associations of<jats:italic>Pr.\u00a0angolensis<\/jats:italic>with core bacteria (<jats:italic>Commensalibacter<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>), but not with fungi or yeasts. Phylogenetic analyses of core bacteria revealed relationships to other insect\u2010associated bacteria, but also found new taxa indicating potential host\u2010specialized nutritional roles. Importantly, the microbial community profiles of bugs feeding on<jats:italic>Welwitschia<\/jats:italic>versus Malvaceae revealed stark and consistent differences in the relative abundance of core bacterial taxa that correlate with the host\u2010plant switch; we were able to reproduce this result through feeding experiments. Thus, a dynamic gut microbiota may provide a means for insect adaptation to new host plants in new environments when food plants are extremely divergent.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.15281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,22]],"date-time":"2019-10-22T13:10:11Z","timestamp":1571749811000},"page":"5172-5187","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Angiosperm to Gymnosperm host\u2010plant switch entails shifts in microbiota of the<i>Welwitschia<\/i>bug,<i>Probergrothius angolensis<\/i>(Distant, 1902)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8627-4306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam Javier","family":"Martinez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas 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