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However, considering the environmental adaptability of pests and the active international trade, it may invade other regions in the future. As the damage to local communities caused by pests becomes difficult to control after invasion, it is essential to establish measures to minimize losses through pre-emptive monitoring and identification of high-risk areas, which can be achieved through model-based predictions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential distribution of S. marginella by developing multiple species distribution modeling (SDM) algorithms. Specifically, we developed the CLIMEX model and three machine learning-based models (MaxEnt, random forest, and multi-layer perceptron), integrated them to conservatively assess pest occurrence under current and future climates, and overlaid the host distribution with climatically suitable areas of S. marginella to identify high-risk areas vulnerable to the spread and invasion of the pest. The developed model, demonstrating a true skill statistic &gt;0.8, predicted the potential continuous distribution of the species across the southeastern United States, South America, and Central Africa. This distribution currently covers approximately 9.53% of the global land area; however, the model predicted this distribution would decrease to 6.85%. Possible areas of spread were identified in Asia and the southwestern United States, considering the host distribution. This study provides data for the proactive monitoring of pests by identifying areas where S. marginella can spread.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture15030297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T04:01:39Z","timestamp":1738209699000},"page":"297","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Spatial Evaluation of Salurnis marginella Occurrence According to Climate Change Using Multiple Species Distribution Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jae-Woo","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1045-719X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaho","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automotive and Mechatronics Engineering, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8834-1779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wang-Hee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Smart Agriculture Systems, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skend\u017ei\u0107, S., Zovko, M., \u017divkovi\u0107, I.P., Le\u0161i\u0107, V., and Lemi\u0107, D. 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Change"}],"container-title":["Agriculture"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0472\/15\/3\/297\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:38:36Z","timestamp":1759919916000},"score":13.759209,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0472\/15\/3\/297"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["agriculture15030297"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/agriculture15030297","ISSN":["2077-0472"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0472","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T13:39:10Z","timestamp":1791725950798,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science and Technology Development, Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea","award":["PJ01338901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJ01338901"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of two DNA barcode-defined haplotypes of Metcalfa pruinosa and one of Salurnis marginella (Hemiptera: Flatidae) were sequenced and compared to those of other Fulgoroidea species. Furthermore, the mitogenome sequences were used to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships among fulgoroid families. The three mitogenomes, including that of the available species of Flatidae, commonly possessed distinctive structures in the 1702\u20131836 bp A+T-rich region, such as two repeat regions at each end and a large centered nonrepeat region. All members of the superfamily Fulgoroidea, including the Flatidae, consistently possessed a motiflike sequence (TAGTA) at the ND1 and trnS2 junction. The phylogenetic analyses consistently recovered the familial relationships of (((((Ricaniidae + Issidae) + Flatidae) + Fulgoridae) + Achilidae) + Derbidae) in the amino acid-based analysis, with the placement of Cixiidae and Delphacidae as the earliest-derived lineages of fulgoroid families, whereas the monophyly of Delphacidae was not congruent between tree-constructing algorithms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb43030099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T21:47:34Z","timestamp":1633988854000},"page":"1391-1418","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Metcalfa pruinosa and Salurnis marginella (Hemiptera: Flatidae): Genomic Comparison and Phylogenetic Inference in Fulgoroidea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Min Jee","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea"},{"name":"Experiment and Analysis Division, Honam Regional Office, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gunsan 54096, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keon Hee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeong Sun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun Seong","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea"},{"name":"Team of Protected Area Research, National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon 33657, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na Ra","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wonhoon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Medicine and Institute of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0982-4351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iksoo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.13170","article-title":"Global phylogeography and invasion history of the spotted lanternfly revealed by mitochondrial phylogenomics","volume":"14","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evol. 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