{"status":"ok","message-type":"work-list","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"facets":{},"total-results":27,"items":[{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:50:29Z","timestamp":1760151029402,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Sciences Foundation of China","award":["31572244, 31872188 and 31772435"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31572244, 31872188 and 31772435"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diversity"],"abstract":"A time scale of phylogenetic relationships contributes to a better understanding of the evolutionary history of organisms. Herein, we investigate the temporal divergence pattern that gave rise to the poor species diversity of the spider genus Solenysa in contrast with the other six major clades within linyphiids. We reconstructed a dated phylogeny of linyphiids based on multi-locus sequence data. We found that Solenysa diverged from other linyphiids early in the Cretaceous (79.29 mya), while its further diversification has been delayed until the middle Oligocene (28.62 mya). Its diversification trend is different from all of the other major lineages of linyphiids but is closely related with the Cenozoic ecosystem transition caused by global climate changes. Our results suggest that Solenysa is a Cretaceous relict group, which survived the mass extinction around the K-T boundary. Its low species diversity, extremely asymmetric with its sister group, is largely an evolutionary legacy of such a relict history, a long-time lag in its early evolutionary history that delayed its diversification. The limited distribution of Solenysa species might be related to their extreme dependence on highly humid environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/d14020120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]],"date-time":"2022-02-09T01:03:40Z","timestamp":1644368620000},"page":"120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Solenysa, a Cretaceous Relict Spider Group in East Asia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8060-4431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiahui","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"},{"name":"School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongjia","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0237-4092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chengmin","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hirotsugu","family":"Ono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba-shi 305-0005, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8932-9413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lihong","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-0031.2009.00249.x","article-title":"Higher-level phylogenetics of linyphiid spiders (Araneae, Linyphiidae) based on morphological and molecular evidence","volume":"25","author":"Arnedo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cladistics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2009.12.020","article-title":"Molecular phylogeny of acariform mites (Acari, Arachnida): Strong conflict between phylogenetic signal and long-branch attraction artifacts","volume":"56","author":"Dabert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. 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The differences of the genitalic structures between both new species and related species are studied.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.1426.1.4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,12]],"date-time":"2017-01-12T03:29:49Z","timestamp":1484191789000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Two new species of Solenysa Simon, 1894 (Araneae: Linyphiidae) from Japan"],"prefix":"10.11646","volume":"1426","author":[{"given":"LIHONG","family":"TU","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"HIROTSUGU","family":"ONO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"SHUQIANG","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4913","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"29123","unstructured":"

Gao, J., Zhu C. & Sha Y. (1993) Two new species of the genus Solenysa <\/em>from China (Araneae: Linyphiidae: Erigoninae). Acta Arachnologica Sinica, <\/em>2, 65\u201368. [In Chinese]<\/p>

Grasshoff, M. (1975) Die Evolution komplizierter Kopulationsorgane \u2014 ein separater Adaptationsverlauf. Aufs\u00e4tze und Reden der senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft<\/em>, 27, 61\u201368.<\/p>

Hormiga, G. (2000) Higher level phylogenetics of erigonine spiders (Araneae, Linyphiidae, Erigoninae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology<\/em>, 609, 1\u2013160.<\/p>

Hormiga, G. (2002) Orsonwelles<\/em>, a new genus of giant linyphiid spiders (Araneae) from the Hawaiian Islands. Invertebrate Systematics, <\/em>16, 1\u201380.<\/p>

Li, S. & Song, D. (1992) On two new species of soil linyphiid spiders from China (Araneae: Linyphiidae: Erigoninae). Acta Arachnologica Sinica, <\/em>1(1), 6\u20139. [In Chinese]<\/p>

Oi, R. (1960) Linyphiid spiders of Japan. Journal of Institute of Polytechnics<\/em>, Osaka City University 11(D): 137\u2013244.<\/p>

Platnick, N. I. (2006) The world spider catalog, version 7.0. American Museum of Natural History, online at http:\/\/ research.amnh.org\/entomology\/spiders\/catalog\/index.html (accessed: 30.IX.2006)<\/p>

Saaristo, M. I. & Tanasevitch, A.V. (1996) Redelimitation of the subfamily Micronetinae Hull, 1920 and the genus Lepthyphantes <\/em>Menge, 1866 with descriptions of some new genera (Aranei, Linyphiidae). Berichte des Naturwissenschaftlich- Medizinischen Vereins in Innsbruck, <\/em>83, 163\u2013186.<\/p>

Seo, B. K. (1996) A new species of genus Solenysa <\/em>(Araneae: Linyphiidae) from Korea. Journal of Institute for Natural Sciences<\/em>, Keimyung University, <\/em>15(2), 157\u2013159.<\/p>

Simon, E. (1894) Histoire Naturelle des Araign\u00e9es<\/em>. Deuxi\u00e8me Edition, volume 1. Paris: Librairie Encyclop\u00e9dique de Roret.<\/p>

Tu, L. & Li, S. (2006a) The first report on female Solenysa wulingensis <\/em>(Araneae, Linyphiidae) and comparion with its sister species Solenysa geumoensis<\/em>. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, <\/em>31, <\/em>324\u2013329.<\/p>

Tu, L. & Li, S. (2006b) A review of the linyphiid spider genus Solenysa <\/em>(Araneae, Linyphiidae). The Journal of Arachnology, <\/em>34(1), 87\u201397.<\/p>"}],"container-title":["Zootaxa"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/mapress.com\/zt\/article\/download\/zootaxa.1426.1.4\/26546","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/mapress.com\/zt\/article\/download\/zootaxa.1426.1.4\/26546","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]],"date-time":"2024-03-18T21:31:51Z","timestamp":1710797511000},"score":15.0028,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/mapress.com\/zt\/article\/view\/zootaxa.1426.1.4"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,15]]},"references-count":1,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11646\/zootaxa.1426.1.4","ISSN":["1175-5334","1175-5326"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1175-5334","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1175-5326","type":"print"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,15]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T12:07:45Z","timestamp":1742386065502},"reference-count":1,"publisher":"Magnolia Press","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Zootaxa"],"abstract":"The genus Solenysa Simon, 1894 belongs to Linyphiidae Blackwall, 1859, which is a species-rich group, including 608 genera and 4,571 species (World Spider Catalog 2018). Solenysa currently includes 14 species from China, Japan and the Korean Peninsula (Simon 1894; Namkung 1986; Li & Song 1992; Gao, Zhu & Sha 1993; Tu, Ono & Li 2007; Ono 2011; Tu & Hormiga 2011; Wang, Ono & Tu 2015). The linyphiid phylogeny based on molecular data shows that Solenysa species forms one of the seven main clades within Linyphiidae (Wang et al. 2015). According to the phylogenetic analysis based on morphological data, Tu and Hormiga (2011) divided the genus Solenysa into four species groups, each having a unique genital type comprised by series genital characters. As an old branch with a long evolutionary history, Solenysa spiders have accumulated a long list of synapomorphies (Tu & Hormiga 2011), not only having a unique somatic appearance, but also specific genitalic characters that distinguish them from all other linyphiids.\u00a0<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.4531.1.10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,11]],"date-time":"2018-12-11T01:12:38Z","timestamp":1544490758000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A new species of the spider genus Solenysa from China (Araneae, Linyphiidae)"],"prefix":"10.11646","volume":"4531","author":[{"given":"JIAHUI","family":"TIAN","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"LIHONG","family":"TU","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4913","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"44182","unstructured":"

Gao, J.C., Zhu, C.D. & Sha, Y.H. (1993) Two new species of the genus Solenysa<\/em> from China (Araneae: Linyphiidae: Erigoninae). Acta Arachnologica Sinica<\/em>, 2, 65\u201368.<\/p>

Li, S.Q. & Song, D.X. (1992) On two new species of soil linyphiid spiders from China (Araneae: Linyphiidae: Erigoninae). Acta Arachnologica Sinica<\/em>, 1 (1), 6\u20139.<\/p>

Millidge, A.F. (1984) The taxonomy of the Linyphiidae, based chiefly on the epigynal and tracheal characters (Araneae: Linyphiidae). Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society<\/em>, 6 (6), 229\u2013267.<\/p>

Millidge, A.F. (1993) Further remarks on the taxonomy and relationships of the Linyphiidae, based on the epigynal duct conformations and other characters (Ararneae). Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society<\/em>, 9 (5), 145\u2013156.<\/p>

Namkung, J. (1986) Two unrecorded species of linyphiid spiders from Korea. Korean Arachnology<\/em>, 2 (2), 11\u201318.<\/p>

Ono, H. (2011) Notes on Japanese spiders of the genera Paikiniana<\/em> and Solenysa<\/em> (Araneae, Linyphiidae). Bulletin of the National Museum of Nature and Science Tokyo<\/em> (A)<\/em>, 37, 121\u2013129.<\/p>

Saaristo, M.I. (2007) A new subfamily of linyphiid spiders based on a new genus created for the keyserlingi<\/em>-group of the genus Lepthyphantes<\/em> (Aranei: Linyphiidae). Arthropoda Selecta<\/em>, 16 (1), 33\u201342.<\/p>

Saaristo, M.I. & Tanasevitch, A.V. (1996) Redelimitation of the Subfamily Micronetinae Hull, 1920 and the Genus Lepthyphantes<\/em> Menge, 1866 with Descriptions of Some New Genera (Aranei, Linyphiidae). Berichte des Naturwissenschaftlich-Medizinischen Vereins in Innsbruck<\/em>, 83, 163\u2013186.<\/p>

Simon, E. (1894) Histoire naturelle des araign\u00e9es<\/em>. Vol. 1. <\/em>Roret, Paris, 272 pp. [pp. 489\u2013760]<\/p>

Tu, L., Ono, H. & Li, S. (2007) Two new species of Solenysa<\/em> Simon, 1894 (Araneae: Linyphiidae) from Japan. Zootaxa<\/em>, 1426 (1), 57\u201362.<\/p>

https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11646\/zootaxa.1426.1.4<\/p>

Tu, L.H. & Hormiga, G. (2011) Phylogenetic analysis and revision of the linyphiid spider genus Solenysa<\/em> (Araneae: Linyphiidae: Erigoninae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society<\/em>, 161, 484\u2013530.<\/p>

https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1096-3642.2010.00640.x<\/p>

Wang, F., Ballesteros, J.A., Hormiga, G., Chesters, D., Zhang, Y.J., Sun, N., Zhu, C.D., Chen, W. & Tu, L.H. (2015) Resolving the phylogeny of a speciose spider group, the family Linyphiidae (Araneae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution<\/em>, 91,135\u2013149, appendices.<\/p>

https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ympev.2015.05.005<\/p>

Wang, F., Ono, H. & Tu, L. (2015) A review of Solenysa<\/em> spiders from Japan (Araneae, Linyphiidae), with a comment on the type species S. mellotteei<\/em> Simon, 1894. ZooKeys<\/em>, 481, 39\u201356.<\/p>

http:\/\/doi.org\/10.3897\/zookeys.481.8545<\/p>

World Spider Catalog (2018) World Spider Catalog. Version 19.5<\/em>. Natural History Museum Bern. Available from: http:\/\/wsc.nmbe.ch (accessed 27 July 2018)<\/p>

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