{"status":"ok","message-type":"work-list","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"facets":{},"total-results":3551,"items":[{"institution":[{"name":"Research Square"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T06:55:54Z","timestamp":1747205754398,"version":"3.40.5"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]]},"group-title":"In Review","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]],"date-time":"2021-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636588800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,10]]},"abstract":"<title>Abstract<\/title>\n        <p>The phylogenetic ecology and wing ecomorphology of the Afro-Asian dragonfly genus <italic>Trithemis<\/italic> have been investigated previously. Curiously, results reported for the forewing and hindwing shape variation in the latter were, in some ways, at odds with expectations given the mapping of landscape and water-body preferences over the <italic>Trithemis<\/italic> cladogram. To confirm these results we conducted a wing-shape investigation of 27 <italic>Trithemis<\/italic> species that employed a robust statistical test for phylogenetic covariation, more comprehensive representation of <italic>Trithemis<\/italic> wing morphology and a wider range of morphometric data-analysis procedures. Contrary to results published previously, statistical comparisons of forewing and hindwing mean shapes with the <italic>Trithemis<\/italic> cladogram revealed no statistically significant pattern of phylogenetic covariation. Moreover, landmark-based and image-based geometric morphometric analysis results, as well as embedded image-contrast deep learning analysis results, all demonstrated that both wings exhibit substantial convergent wing-shape similarities among, and differences between, species that inhabit open and forested landscapes and species that hunt over temporary\/standing or running water bodies. Geometric morphometric data and data-analysis methods yielded the worst performance in identifying wing shape distinctions between <italic>Trithemis<\/italic> habitat guilds and the direct analysis of wing images using an embedded, image-contrast, convolution (deep learning) neural network delivered the best performance. Bootstrap and jackknife tests confirmed that our results are not artifacts of overtrained discriminant systems or the \u201ccurse of dimensionality\u201d. In addition to our conclusions pertaining to <italic>Trithemis<\/italic> ecomorphology, the discrepancy between the previous investigation\u2019s results and ours appears to reflect decisions made with regard to the manner in which complex morphological structures are sampled and analyzed. Naturally, results and interpretations of patterns in morphometric data pertain only to the data collected, not necessarily to other aspects of the structures from which those data were collected. For samples of morphologically similar taxa, landmark-based sampling strategies may be effective provided a sufficient number of landmark points distributed across all structures of potential interest exist. However, in a large number of instances analysis of full digital images of the structures under consideration may prove to be a more robust and effective sampling strategy, especially when coupled with analysis via machine learning procedures.<\/p>","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-962784\/v1","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]],"date-time":"2021-11-11T15:32:44Z","timestamp":1636644764000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ecomorphological Variation in Trithemis (Odonata, Libellulidae) Dragonfly Wings Reconsidered"],"prefix":"10.21203","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7169-5036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norman","family":"MacLeod","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural History Museum"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zachary","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiff University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchsquare.com\/article\/rs-962784\/v1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchsquare.com\/article\/rs-962784\/v1.html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]],"date-time":"2021-11-11T15:32:47Z","timestamp":1636644767000},"score":28.200191,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchsquare.com\/article\/rs-962784\/v1"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-962784\/v1","published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T11:26:52Z","timestamp":1791286012965,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]],"date-time":"2022-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649635200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]],"date-time":"2022-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Ecol Evo"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The phylogenetic ecology of the Afro-Asian dragonfly genus<jats:italic>Trithemis<\/jats:italic>has been investigated previously by Damm et al. (in Mol Phylogenet Evol 54:870\u2013882, 2010) and wing ecomorphology by Outomuro et al. (in J Evol Biol 26:1866\u20131874, 2013). However, the latter investigation employed a somewhat coarse sampling of forewing and hindwing outlines and reported results that were at odds in some ways with expectations given the mapping of landscape and water-body preference over the<jats:italic>Trithemis<\/jats:italic>cladogram produced by Damm et al. (in Mol Phylogenet Evol 54:870\u2013882, 2010). To further explore the link between species-specific wing shape variation and habitat we studied a new sample of 27<jats:italic>Trithemis<\/jats:italic>species employing a more robust statistical test for phylogenetic covariation, more comprehensive representations of<jats:italic>Trithemis<\/jats:italic>wing morphology and a wider range of morphometric data-analysis procedures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Contrary to the Outomuro et al. (in J Evol Biol 26:1866\u20131874, 2013) report, our results indicate that no statistically significant pattern of phylogenetic covariation exists in our<jats:italic>Trithemis<\/jats:italic>forewing and hindwing data and that both male and female wing datasets exhibit substantial shape differences between species that inhabit open and forested landscapes and species that hunt over temporary\/standing or running water bodies. Among the morphometric analyses performed, landmark data and geometric morphometric data-analysis methods yielded the worst performance in identifying ecomorphometric shape distinctions between<jats:italic>Trithemis<\/jats:italic>habitat guilds. Direct analysis of wing images using an embedded convolution (deep learning) neural network delivered the best performance. Bootstrap and jackknife tests of group separations and discriminant-function stability confirm that our results are not artifacts of overtrained discriminant systems or the \u201ccurse of dimensionality\u201d despite the modest size of our sample.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results suggest that<jats:italic>Trithemis<\/jats:italic>wing morphology reflects the environment\u2019s \u201cpush\u201d to a much greater extent than phylogeny\u2019s \u201cpull\u201d. In addition, they indicate that close attention should be paid to the manner in which morphologies are sampled for morphometric analysis and, if no prior information is available to guide sampling strategy, the sample that most comprehensively represents the morphologies of interest should be obtained. In many cases this will be digital images (2D) or scans (3D) of the entire morphology or morphological feature rather than sparse sets of landmark\/semilandmark point locations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-022-01978-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]],"date-time":"2022-04-11T06:03:43Z","timestamp":1649657023000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["What you sample is what you get: ecomorphological variation in Trithemis (Odonata, Libellulidae) dragonfly wings reconsidered"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7169-5036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norman","family":"MacLeod","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zackary","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"1978_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1979.0086","volume":"205","author":"SJ Gould","year":"1979","unstructured":"Gould SJ, Lewontin RC. 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For studies to determine population structures, assess species viability and monitor environmental changes, a panel of 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci was developed. The number of alleles per locus ranged from four to 12, with an observed heterozygosity ranging from 0.149 to 0.843.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-8286.2006.01405.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,6]],"date-time":"2006-06-06T09:31:04Z","timestamp":1149586264000},"page":"933-935","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Polymorphic microsatellite loci to study population dynamics in a dragonfly, the libellulid <i>Trithemis arteriosa<\/i> (Burmeister, 1839)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"SANDRA","family":"GIERE","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"HEIKE","family":"HADRYS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2144\/96205bm04"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00812.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.2144\/98245st03","article-title":"Microsatellite enrichment in organisms with large genomes (Allium cepa L.)","volume":"24","author":"Fischer D","year":"1998","journal-title":"BioTechniques"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.1992.tb00155.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10592-005-4971-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-8286.2005.01063.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_8_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Monographic study of the genus Trithemis Brauer (Odonata: Libellulidae)","volume":"11","author":"Pinhey E","year":"1970","journal-title":"Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111573"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_10_1","volume-title":"Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual","author":"Sambrook J","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2004.02300.x"}],"container-title":["Molecular Ecology Notes"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1471-8286.2006.01405.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1471-8286.2006.01405.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T21:54:41Z","timestamp":1697061281000},"score":20.603638,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1471-8286.2006.01405.x"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,14]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1471-8286.2006.01405.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1471-8286.2006.01405.x","archive":["Portico"],"ISSN":["1471-8278","1471-8286"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-8278","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-8286","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,14]]}}],"items-per-page":8,"query":{"start-index":0,"search-terms":null}}}