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We address some of the problems in regard to the taxonomy and biogeography of the genus. We inferred phylogenetic relationships for all four species in the current classification of this genus from the ND5 region of mtDNA. From our molecular analyses and morphological evidence, we concluded that this genus contains three species; Z. otis, Z. oxleyi and Z. emelina. The status of the latter species is revised, while Z. labradus and Z. antanossa, which were formerly treated as specifically distinct, are regarded as subspecies of Z. otis. Based on our analyses, we also employ phylogeography to discuss possible speciation events in the genus. Each of the three Zizina species appears to have branched from the common ancestor, with a divergence time estimated to be about 2.5 million years ago. The ancestors of Z. oxleyi and Z. emelina are postulated to have adapted to a temperate climate, diverged in the northern and southern hemispheres, and resulted in the extant species from New Zealand and East Asia, respectively. In contrast, the ancestor of Z. otis adapted mainly to tropical and subtropical zones, and the extant Z. otis dispersed into the Afrotropical, Oriental and Australian regions. Feeding adaptations in the larvae also might have had an effect on speciation within Zizina. In addition, our results indicated that there is a possibility that the distribution of the New Zealand Z. oxleyi was reduced in extent by the introduction of Z. otis, which immigrated recently from Australia or its surroundings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.1746.1.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T04:53:54Z","timestamp":1663044834000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Molecular systematics and biogeography of the genus Zizina (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)"],"prefix":"10.11646","volume":"1746","author":[{"given":"MASAYA","family":"YAGO","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"NORIO","family":"HIRAI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"MARIKO","family":"KONDO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"TETSUO","family":"TANIKAWA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"MINORU","family":"ISHII","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"MIN","family":"WANG","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"MARK","family":"WILLIAMS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"REI","family":"UESHIMA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4913","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"30270","unstructured":"

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The Nature & Insect<\/em>, 37(5), 29\u201331; 37(6), 29\u201334; 37(7), 31\u201335.<\/p>"}],"container-title":["Zootaxa"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mapress.com\/zt\/article\/download\/zootaxa.1746.1.2\/25230","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mapress.com\/zt\/article\/download\/zootaxa.1746.1.2\/25230","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T04:53:58Z","timestamp":1663044838000},"score":15.284359,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mapress.com\/zt\/article\/view\/zootaxa.1746.1.2"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,11]]},"references-count":1,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11646\/zootaxa.1746.1.2","ISSN":["1175-5334","1175-5326"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1175-5334","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1175-5326","type":"print"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,11]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T04:03:57Z","timestamp":1746158637852,"version":"3.40.4"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Biodiversity Heritage Library","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"DOI":"10.5962\/p.419983","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T06:07:08Z","timestamp":1746079628000},"page":"18-26","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["New and overlooked distribution records for Zizina otis labradus (Gobart) in eastern Australia"],"prefix":"10.5962","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Kelvyn L","family":"Dunn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"33859","container-title":["Metamorphosis Australia : magazine of the Butterfly & Other Invertebrates Club"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T06:07:08Z","timestamp":1746079628000},"score":14.60829,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/part\/419983"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5962\/p.419983","ISSN":["1839-9819"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1839-9819","type":"print"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T15:14:13Z","timestamp":1779030853543,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australia Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["DP220102323"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP220102323"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001230","name":"Macquarie University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["20212949"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20212949"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001230","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n Aposematism consists of promptly identifiable signals paired with a secondary defence (e.g. toxins) and is an effective anti-predatory strategy. Visually aposematic signals are typically described as shades of red, yellow or white paired with black that generate conspicuous signals. Blue animals, however, are often overlooked and seldom tested for toxins even when conspicuous. Using Daphnia mortality assays, I show that the common grass blue butterfly, Zizina otis, is toxic (\u223c40% fatality, while controls killed near 0%). Female Z. otis were more toxic than males, and tropical populations were more toxic than subtropical ones, with temperate populations being the least toxic. Population colour saturation and luminance, however, did not predict toxicity. My results demonstrate a literature bias in aposematic research and encourage the exploration of toxins in previously neglected taxa. Discovering more colour patterns associated with toxicity will help clarify how aversive learning works, and how signals that communicate unprofitability evolve.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.250745","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T09:30:51Z","timestamp":1755855051000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Common grass blue butterflies (Zizina otis<\/i>) are toxic throughout their geographic range"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"228","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7703-0900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marilia","family":"Fernandes Erickson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Sciences , Faculty of Science and Engineering , , Sydney, NSW 2109 ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Macquarie University , Faculty of Science and Engineering , , Sydney, NSW 2109 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025082205304766800_JEB250745C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.2307\/2388856","article-title":"Dragonfly predation on butterflies in a tropical dry forest","volume":"26","author":"Alonso-Mej\u00eda","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biotropica"},{"key":"2025082205304766800_JEB250745C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2014.00025","article-title":"Color contrast and stability as key elements for effective warning signals","volume":"2","author":"Arenas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. 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