{"status":"ok","message-type":"work-list","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"facets":{},"total-results":800356,"items":[{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T09:17:14Z","timestamp":1789463834108,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Stockholm University Press","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.2006.00181.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,8]],"date-time":"2006-06-08T16:05:15Z","timestamp":1149782715000},"page":"196","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Cloud droplet activation of polymerized organic aerosol"],"prefix":"10.16993","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Markus D.","family":"Petters","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia M.","family":"Kreidenweis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jefferson R.","family":"Snider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsten A.","family":"Koehler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony J.","family":"Prenni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul J.","family":"Demott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"6601","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusb.v56i2.16406","volume":"56","author":"Bilde M.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"key":"CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(2000)057<1872:PPCSFH>2.0.CO;2","volume":"57","author":"Brechtel E J.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Atmos. Sci"},{"key":"CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2004.01.009","volume":"38","author":"Brooks S. D.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"key":"CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5109","DOI":"10.1021\/es034272o","volume":"37","author":"Chan M. N.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol"},{"issue":"3","key":"CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1002\/pol.1948.120030306","author":"Couper A.","year":"1948","journal-title":"J. Poly. Sc"},{"key":"CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1002\/app.21314","volume":"95","author":"Eliassi A.","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Poly. Sci"},{"key":"CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1038\/45758","volume":"401","author":"Facchini M. C.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOCH.0000044377.93748.e4","volume":"48","author":"Feng J. S.","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Chem"},{"key":"CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1021\/je00009a040","volume":"38","author":"Gaube J.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Chem. Engin. Data"},{"key":"CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4777","DOI":"10.1021\/es025889t","volume":"36","author":"Herckes P.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol"},{"key":"CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659\u2013","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092185","volume":"303","author":"Kalberer M.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GL017738"},{"key":"CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD004962"},{"key":"CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4243","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(03)00559-4","volume":"37","author":"Prenni A. J.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ"},{"key":"CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-8502(86)90031-5","volume":"17","author":"Rader D. J.","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci"},{"key":"CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3641","DOI":"10.5194\/acpd-5-3641-2005","volume":"5","author":"Raatikainen T.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys. Disc"},{"key":"CIT0032","first-page":"A700\u2013A704","volume":"35","author":"Safronov A. P.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vysokomolekulyarnye Soedineniya"},{"key":"CIT0033","volume-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics","author":"Seinfeld J. H.","year":"1998"},{"key":"CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002692"},{"key":"CIT0035","first-page":"3451","volume":"76","author":"Tondre C.","year":"1972","journal-title":"A curved multi-component aerosol hygroscopicity model framework: Part 2 - Includ-ing organic compounds. Atmos. Chem. Phys"},{"key":"CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1002\/macp.200350002","volume":"204","author":"Wolf B. A","year":"2003","journal-title":"Macromol. Chem. Phys"},{"key":"CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, J., Swietlicki, E., Hansson, H. C. and Artaxo, P. 2002. Submi-crometer aerosol particle size distribution and hygroscopic growth measured in the Amazon rain forest during the wet season. J. Geo-phys. Res. 107, 8055, 10.1029\/2000JD000203.","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD000203"}],"container-title":["Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1600-0889.2006.00181.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]],"date-time":"2022-11-29T14:30:49Z","timestamp":1669732249000},"score":33.75263,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/b.tellusjournals.se\/article\/10.1111\/j.1600-0889.2006.00181.x\/"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,1]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0889.2006.00181.x","ISSN":["1600-0889","0280-6509"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1600-0889","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0280-6509","type":"print"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T01:15:11Z","timestamp":1789434911642,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Stockholm University Press","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tellus B"],"DOI":"10.3402\/tellusb.v58i3.16867","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,17]],"date-time":"2012-12-17T14:14:48Z","timestamp":1355753688000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Cloud droplet activation of polymerized organic aerosol"],"prefix":"10.16993","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Markus D.","family":"Petters","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia M.","family":"Kreidenweis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jefferson R.","family":"Snider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsten A.","family":"Koehler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony J.","family":"Prenni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul J.","family":"Demott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"6601","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,1]]},"container-title":["Tellus B"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3402\/tellusb.v58i3.16867","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]],"date-time":"2022-07-12T12:41:44Z","timestamp":1657629704000},"score":33.67938,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.tellusb.net\/index.php\/tellusb\/article\/view\/16867"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3402\/tellusb.v58i3.16867","ISSN":["1600-0889","0280-6509"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1600-0889","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0280-6509","type":"print"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:57:31Z","timestamp":1791223051227,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"D10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,26]],"date-time":"2007-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1180137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Geophys. Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Measurements of hygroscopicity and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity were conducted on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formed in a smog chamber. SOA precursors included\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010pinene,\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010pinene, \u0394\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2010carene, and toluene, representative of both naturally and anthropogenically emitted organic species. Measured CCN activation was comparable for all of the species studied and occurred at humidity conditions which are readily attained in the atmosphere. Further, there was little variation in hygroscopic growth between compounds. However, measured droplet activation conditions were inconsistent with hygroscopicity measured below water saturation and K\u00f6hler theory expressions based on Raoult\u2019s law for several parameterizations for water activity. In the atmosphere, SOA may compose a large fraction of atmospheric particulate matter and will often exist internally mixed with inorganic species. Using the current results, we compare SOA to insoluble organic species to calculate CCN activation from mixed organic\u2010sulfate particles for a range of atmospheric conditions. We find that droplet activation behavior of mixed particles containing SOA is the same as that of mixed particles for which the organic component is nonhygroscopic, except for cases in which there are low particle concentrations, low updraft velocities, and the aerosol composition is dominated by organics.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2006jd007963","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,25]],"date-time":"2007-05-25T18:50:37Z","timestamp":1180119037000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":218,"title":["Cloud droplet activation of secondary organic aerosol"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Anthony J.","family":"Prenni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Science Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus D.","family":"Petters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Science Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia M.","family":"Kreidenweis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Science Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul J.","family":"DeMott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Science Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul J.","family":"Ziemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Air Pollution Research Center University of California  Riverside USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.245.4923.1227"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.276.5315.1052"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"42","volume-title":"The Biogeochemistry of the Amazon Basin,","author":"Artaxo P.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es048061a"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b417367h"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(2000)057<1854:PPCSFH>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(2000)057<1872:PPCSFH>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GL018203"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2004.11.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es0113293"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp973042r"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(00)00105-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1998)055<3348:ETSAEO>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(98)00310-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(97)00054-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005623"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-2465-2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02786820300930"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es050228s"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es052297c"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/45758"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es049125k"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(02)00115-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/1999GL900476"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL023831"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-8095(01)00099-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL025976"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005754"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.09.076"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092185"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/27179"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOCH.0000012305.94498.28"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-795-2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-1357-2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL024863"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-3-509-2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es051447g"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/416497a"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.276.5309.96"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acpd-6-8435-2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.2006.00181.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","article-title":"On measuring the critical diameter of cloud condensation nuclei using mobility selected aerosol","author":"Petters M. D.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005694"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL027249"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1994)033<0334:DTSOCA>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200501122"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","unstructured":"J. M. Prausnitz R. N. Lichtenthaler E. G. Azevedo 1999 Prentice\u2010Hall Upper Saddle River NJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp012427d"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002159"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/027868290913988"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(03)00364-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00053823"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physchem.54.011002.103756"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/95GL03810"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-4-2107-2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/94JD01345"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/kin.550120404"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es035030r"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1123052"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(74)90004-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005116"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005465"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-2367-2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/1998JD100017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL026899"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_1","first-page":"24\u201085","volume-title":"Visibility: Existing and Historical Conditions: Causes and Effects,","author":"White W.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/macp.200350002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006254930583"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/1999GL900169"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD000203"}],"container-title":["Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1029%2F2006JD007963","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1029%2F2006JD007963","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1029\/2006JD007963","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]],"date-time":"2023-09-25T01:59:21Z","timestamp":1695607161000},"score":33.539837,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1029\/2006JD007963"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,26]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"D10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,27]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1029\/2006JD007963"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2006jd007963","archive":["Portico"],"ISSN":["0148-0227"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-0227","type":"print"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,26]]},"article-number":"2006JD007963"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T16:54:43Z","timestamp":1791305683952,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Phys. Chem. A"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,14]]},"DOI":"10.1021\/jp9055329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,11]],"date-time":"2009-12-11T12:54:17Z","timestamp":1260536057000},"page":"379-386","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Cloud Droplet Activation of Amino Acid Aerosol Particles"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Adam","family":"Kristensson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, Division of Nuclear Physics, Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden, and Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et l\u2019Environnement de Lyon, UMR 5256 CNRS\/Universit\u00e9 Lyon 1, 2 avenue Albert Einstein, F-69629 Villeurbanne Cedex, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Rosen\u00f8rn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, Division of Nuclear Physics, Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden, and Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et l\u2019Environnement de Lyon, UMR 5256 CNRS\/Universit\u00e9 Lyon 1, 2 avenue Albert Einstein, F-69629 Villeurbanne Cedex, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merete","family":"Bilde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, Division of Nuclear Physics, Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden, and Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et l\u2019Environnement de Lyon, UMR 5256 CNRS\/Universit\u00e9 Lyon 1, 2 avenue Albert Einstein, F-69629 Villeurbanne Cedex, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref2\/cit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.05.052","volume":"40","author":"Sun J.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref3\/cit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marchem.2005.03.007","volume":"96","author":"Kuznetsova M.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Marine Chem."},{"key":"ref4\/cit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01032631","volume":"16","author":"Milne P. J.","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Chem."},{"key":"ref5\/cit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1038\/325246a0","volume":"325","author":"Mopper K.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref6\/cit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.302","volume":"15","author":"Sommerville K.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom."},{"issue":"5374","key":"ref7\/cit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1126\/science.281.5374.231","volume":"281","author":"McCarthy M. D.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref8\/cit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2008.04.038","volume":"42","author":"Wedyan M. A.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"issue":"11","key":"ref9\/cit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4338","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD003051","volume":"108","author":"Mace K. A.","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref10\/cit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2004.12.022","volume":"39","author":"Matsumoto K.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref11\/cit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(03)00127-4","volume":"37","author":"Zhang Q.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"issue":"10","key":"ref12\/cit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4320","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002997","volume":"108","author":"Mace K. A.","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"issue":"16","key":"ref13\/cit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4512","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD003557","volume":"108","author":"Mace K. A.","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"ref14\/cit14","first-page":"4112","volume":"107","author":"Zhang Q.","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref15\/cit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D06206","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD004105","volume":"109","author":"Mader B. T.","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref16\/cit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3688","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(01)00101-4","volume":"35","author":"Tarr M. A.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref17\/cit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1029\/GB004i003p00309","volume":"4","author":"Gorzelska K.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Global Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"ref18\/cit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1039\/TF9363201152","volume":"32","author":"K\u00f6hler H.","year":"1936","journal-title":"Trans. Faraday Soc."},{"key":"ref19\/cit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusb.v56i2.16406","volume":"56","author":"Bilde M.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"key":"ref20\/cit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.024","volume":"40","author":"Rosen\u00f8rn T.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref22\/cit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1461829","volume":"31","author":"Wagner W.","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data"},{"key":"ref23\/cit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-575-2005","volume":"5","author":"Henning S.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"15","key":"ref24\/cit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8629","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002692","volume":"108","author":"Snider J. R.","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref25\/cit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0889.2000.00044.x","volume":"52","author":"Snider J. R.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"key":"ref26\/cit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2000)017<0459:COAPCC>2.0.CO;2","volume":"17","author":"Delene J. D.","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean Tech."},{"key":"ref27\/cit27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8927","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD00053","volume":"103","author":"Delene D.","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref28\/cit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1975)032<0646:COSPIT>2.0.CO;2","volume":"32","author":"Katz J. L.","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref29\/cit29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-8-1153-2008","volume":"8","author":"Rose D.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref30\/cit30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1021\/je025503u","volume":"47","author":"Ramasami P.","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"},{"key":"ref31\/cit31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3812(98)00387-2","volume":"152","author":"Pradhan A. A.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Fluid Phase Equilib."},{"key":"ref32\/cit32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2445","DOI":"10.1021\/ie9606395","volume":"36","author":"Khoshkbarchi M. K.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref33\/cit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)75835-3","volume":"103","author":"Dalton J. B.","year":"1933","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref34\/cit34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)75836-5","volume":"103","author":"Dunn M. S.","year":"1933","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref35\/cit35","unstructured":"Houck, R. C. (1930; Communication No. 482 from the Kodak Research Laboratories, Rochester, New York."},{"key":"ref36\/cit36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fluid.2003.08.010","volume":"215","author":"Breil M. P.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fluid Phase Equlib."},{"key":"ref37\/cit37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jct.2006.03.022","volume":"38","author":"Lark B. S.","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Chem. Thermodyn."},{"key":"ref38\/cit38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1021\/je00006a016","volume":"37","author":"Jin X. Z.","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"},{"key":"ref40\/cit40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1107\/S0567740870005186","volume":"26","author":"Khawas B. B.","year":"1970","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr."},{"issue":"24","key":"ref41\/cit41","first-page":"4787","volume":"107","author":"Raymond T. M.","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref42\/cit42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.09.076","volume":"40","author":"Huff-Hartz K. E.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref43\/cit43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2008.03.004","volume":"39","author":"Svenningsson B.","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"key":"ref44\/cit44","unstructured":"J. Geoph. Res.Submitted for publication."},{"key":"ref45\/cit45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(74)90352-X","volume":"161","author":"Bull H. B.","year":"1974","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref46\/cit46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9797(03)00547-2","volume":"267","author":"Matubayasi N.","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref47\/cit47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2107","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-4-2107-2004","volume":"4","author":"Sorjamaa R.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref48\/cit48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1998)055<1859:IOSSPO>2.0.CO;2","volume":"55","author":"Li Z.","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref49\/cit49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.2008.00352.x","volume":"60","author":"Prisle N. L.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"key":"ref50\/cit50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1021\/bp960226z","volume":"12","author":"Kuramochi H.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Prog."},{"key":"ref51\/cit51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5263","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-7-5263-2007","volume":"7","author":"Padro L. T.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref52\/cit52","first-page":"2325","volume":"7","author":"Padro L. T.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss."},{"key":"ref53\/cit53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jct.2008.09.019","volume":"41","author":"Ferreira L. A.","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Chem. Thermodyn."},{"key":"ref54\/cit54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s10874-005-5079-5","volume":"50","author":"Kiss G.","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Chem."},{"key":"ref55\/cit55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1029\/95GL03810","volume":"23","author":"Schulman M. L.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Geoph. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref56\/cit56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D22201","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD006934","volume":"112","author":"Asa-Awuku A.","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."}],"container-title":["The Journal of Physical Chemistry A"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/jp9055329","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T01:51:13Z","timestamp":1678845073000},"score":32.29715,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/jp9055329"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,11]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,14]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1021\/jp9055329"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jp9055329","ISSN":["1089-5639","1520-5215"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1089-5639","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5215","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,11]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T09:54:47Z","timestamp":1789466087874,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,17]],"date-time":"2009-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1239926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Geophysical Research Letters"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Hygroscopicity and cloud condensation nucleus (CCN) activity were measured for three mineral dust samples: one from the Canary Islands, representing North African dust transported across the Atlantic; one from outside Cairo, representing North African dust transported to the eastern Mediterranean; and Arizona Test Dust, representing dust in the southwestern United States. To reaerosolize bulk samples, dust samples were either suspended in high purity water and particles generated by atomization, or samples were resuspended in dry air using a fluidized bed. Only the Canary Island sample generated from aqueous suspension showed appreciable hygroscopic growth at subsaturated conditions; all other samples exhibited diameter growth factors of less than 1.1 for relative humidities \u226490%. Despite their low hygroscopicities at subsaturated conditions, all samples activated as cloud droplets at supersaturations lower than required for insoluble particles. We suggest that the CCN activity of these mineral dusts are well\u2010represented using the hygroscopicity parameter 0.01 \u2264 \u03ba \u2264 0.08.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2009gl037348","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,16]],"date-time":"2009-04-16T20:01:00Z","timestamp":1239912060000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":186,"title":["Hygroscopicity and cloud droplet activation of mineral dust aerosol"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"K. A.","family":"Koehler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Science Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. M.","family":"Kreidenweis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Science Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. J.","family":"DeMott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Science Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. D.","family":"Petters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Science Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. J.","family":"Prenni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Science Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. M.","family":"Carrico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Science Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900366"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(03)00197-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-1963(02)00320-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1986)025<0903:AMFSDT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A model for Saharan dust transport","volume":"25","author":"D'Alemeida G. A.","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1999)056<4100:TIOGCC>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-3415-2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JD008549"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2006.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JD008413"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005674"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GB002402"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD003739"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD006525"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-7-1961-2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-8-6273-2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02786820701557214"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/027868200303588"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/027868290913988"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2000GL011599"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-7-6175-2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0889.1992.t01-1-00005.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.03.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS3713.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/027868290959870"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD000203"}],"container-title":["Geophysical Research Letters"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1029%2F2009GL037348","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1029\/2009GL037348","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T14:23:01Z","timestamp":1698762181000},"score":31.106037,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1029\/2009GL037348"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1029\/2009GL037348"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2009gl037348","archive":["Portico"],"ISSN":["0094-8276","1944-8007"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0094-8276","type":"print"},{"value":"1944-8007","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]},"article-number":"2009GL037348"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T20:01:19Z","timestamp":1790884879269,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,16]],"date-time":"2005-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1121472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Geophysical Research Letters"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In order to predict the current state and future development of the Earth's climate system, detailed knowledge on how atmospheric aerosol particles from various sources interact with clouds is needed. In this article we present, based on continuous aerosol measurements in a remote continental location, direct observational evidence that aerosol particles formed in the atmosphere from gaseous precursors eventually participate into cloud droplet activation. By combining the measurement data with theoretical calculations, we further demonstrate that the albedo of clouds may be significantly influenced by atmospheric aerosol formation, and that this process needs to be taken into account when estimating the indirect climatic effects of aerosols in the global atmosphere.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2005gl023130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,15]],"date-time":"2005-07-15T21:05:14Z","timestamp":1121461514000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":204,"title":["Direct observational evidence linking atmospheric aerosol formation and cloud droplet activation"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Veli\u2010Matti","family":"Kerminen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Meteorological Institute  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heikki","family":"Lihavainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Meteorological Institute  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mika","family":"Komppula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Meteorological Institute  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yrj\u00f6","family":"Viisanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Meteorological Institute  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markku","family":"Kulmala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Sciences University of Helsinki  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(2000)057<2684:EOAOCA>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD001010"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002682"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD000208"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(2002)059<0668:LTTAIR>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1256\/qj.02.73"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","first-page":"365","article-title":"Overview of the atmospheric research activities and results at Pallas GAW station","volume":"8","author":"Hatakka J.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Boreal Environ. Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0889.2002.00299.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01091"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002939"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","first-page":"395","article-title":"Comparison of new particle formation events at two locations in northern Finland","volume":"8","author":"Komppula M.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Boreal Environ. Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005200"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0889.2001.530402.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2003.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(03)00206-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD003887"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-715-2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD002046"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(2002)059<0692:GSOTAI>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD003528"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD000555"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1994)033<0334:DTSOCA>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD003639"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL021922"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-61051-6_9"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-8095(99)00034-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD003359"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD000486"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acpd-5-179-2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-1125-2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1994)051<1298:MOCS>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD000323"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005116"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-2-133-2002"}],"container-title":["Geophysical Research Letters"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1029%2F2005GL023130","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1029\/2005GL023130","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T10:22:35Z","timestamp":1698747755000},"score":28.863596,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1029\/2005GL023130"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,16]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,28]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1029\/2005GL023130"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2005gl023130","archive":["Portico"],"ISSN":["0094-8276","1944-8007"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0094-8276","type":"print"},{"value":"1944-8007","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,16]]},"article-number":"2005GL023130"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:20:52Z","timestamp":1791296452240,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":364,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,5]],"date-time":"2006-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1152057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/2.5\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Atmos. Chem. Phys."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract. The effects of atmospheric aerosol on climate forcing may be very substantial but are quantified poorly at present; in particular, the effects of aerosols on cloud radiative properties, or the \"indirect effects\" are credited with the greatest range of uncertainty amongst the known causes of radiative forcing. This manuscript explores the effects that the composition and properties of atmospheric aerosol can have on the activation of droplets in warm clouds, so potentially influencing the magnitude of the indirect effect. The effects of size, composition, mixing state and various derived properties are assessed and a range of these properties provided by atmospheric measurements in a variety of locations is briefly reviewed. The suitability of a range of process-level descriptions to capture these aerosol effects is investigated by assessment of their sensitivities to uncertainties in aerosol properties and by their performance in closure studies. The treatment of these effects within global models is reviewed and suggestions for future investigations are made.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-2593-2006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,29]],"date-time":"2010-04-29T09:48:25Z","timestamp":1272534505000},"page":"2593-2649","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":671,"title":["The effect of physical and chemical aerosol properties on warm cloud droplet activation"],"prefix":"10.5194","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"G.","family":"McFiggans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Artaxo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"U.","family":"Baltensperger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Coe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. C.","family":"Facchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Feingold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Fuzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Gysel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Laaksonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"U.","family":"Lohmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. F.","family":"Mentel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. M.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. D.","family":"O'Dowd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. R.","family":"Snider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Weingartner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3145","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdul-Razzak, H. and Ghan, S J.: A parameterization of aerosol activation: 2. Multiple aerosol types, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 105, 6837&amp;ndash;6844, 2000.","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD901161"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdul-Razzak, H. and Ghan, S J.: Parameterization of the influence of organic surfactants on aerosol activation, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2003JD004043, 2004.","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD004043"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdul-Razzak, H. and Ghan, S J.: Influence of slightly soluble organics on aerosol activation, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D06206, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2004JD005324, 2005.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005324"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ackerman, A S., Toon, O B., Taylor, J P., Johnson, D W., Hobbs, P V., and Ferek, R J.: Effects of aerosols on cloud albedo: Evaluation of Twomey's parameterization of cloud susceptibility using measurements of ship tracks, J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 2684&amp;ndash;2695, 2000.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(2000)057<2684:EOAOCA>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adams, P J. and Seinfeld, J H.: Predicting global aerosol size distributions in general circulation models, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, 4370, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2001JD001010, 2002.","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD001010"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adams, P J., Seinfeld, J H., Koch, D., Mickley, L., and Jacob, D.: General circulation model assessment of direct radiative forcing by the sulfate-nitrate-ammonium-water inorganic aerosol system, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 1097&amp;ndash;1111, 2001.","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900512"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aklilu, Y A. and Mozurkewich, M.: Determination of external and internal mixing of organic and inorganic aerosol components from hygroscopic properties of submicrometer particles during a field study in the Lower Fraser Valley, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 38, 140&amp;ndash;154, 2004.","DOI":"10.1080\/02786820490251367"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albrecht, B A.: Aerosols, Cloud Microphysics, and Fractional Cloudiness, Science, 245, 1227&amp;ndash;1230, 1989.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.245.4923.1227"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alfarra, M R., Coe, H., Allan, J D., Bower, K N., Boudries, H., Canagaratna, M R., Jimenez, J L., Jayne, J T., Garforth, A A., Li, S M., and Worsnop, D R.: Characterization of urban and rural organic particulate in the lower Fraser valley using two aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometers, Atmos. Environ., 38, 5745&amp;ndash;5758, 2004.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2004.01.054"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allan, J D., Alfarra, M R., Bower, K N., Williams, P I., Gallagher, M W., Jimenez, J L., McDonald, A G., Nemitz, E., Canagaratna, M R., Jayne, J T., Coe, H., and Worsnop, D R.: Quantitative sampling using an Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer: 2. Measurements of fine particulate chemical composition in two UK cities, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4284, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2002JD002359, 2003a.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002359"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allan, J D., Jimenez, J L., Williams, P I., Alfarra, M R., Bower, K N., Jayne, J T., Coe, H., and Worsnop, D R.: Quantitative sampling using an Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer, 1. Techniques of data interpretation and error analysis, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4283, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2002JD002358, 2003b.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002358"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allan, J D., Delia, A E., Coe, H., Bower, K N., Alfarra, M R., Jimenez, J L., Middlebrook, A M., Drewnick, F., Onasch, T B., Canagaratna, M R., Jayne, J T., and Worsnopf, D R.: A generalised method for the extraction of chemically resolved mass spectra from aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer data, J. Aerosol Sci., 35, 909&amp;ndash;922, 2004.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2004.02.007"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alofs, D J., Trueblood, M B., White, D W., and Behr, V L.: Nucleation experiments with monodisperse NaCl aerosols, J. Appl. Meteorol., 18, 1106&amp;ndash;1117, 1979.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1979)018<1106:NEWMNA>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson, T L., Charlson, R J., Schwartz, S E., Knutti, R., Boucher, O., Rodhe, H., and Heintzenberg, J.: Climate forcing by aerosols &amp;ndash; a hazy picture, Science, 300, 1103&amp;ndash;1104, 2003.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1084777"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andreae, M O., Artaxo, P., Fischer, H., Freitas, S R., Gregoire, J M., Hansel, A., Hoor, P., Kormann, R., Krejci, R., Lange, L., Lelieveld, J., Lindinger, W., Longo, K., Peters, W., de~Reus, M., Scheeren, B., Dias, M., Strom, J., van Velthoven, P. F J., and Williams, J.: Transport of biomass burning smoke to the upper troposphere by deep convection in the equatorial region, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 951&amp;ndash;954, 2001.","DOI":"10.1029\/2000GL012391"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andreae, M O., Artaxo, P., Brandao, C., Carswell, F E., Ciccioli, P., da~Costa, A L., Culf, A D., Esteves, J L., Gash, J. H C., Grace, J., Kabat, P., Lelieveld, J., Malhi, Y., Manzi, A O., Meixner, F X., Nobre, A D., Nobre, C., Ruivo, M., Silva-Dias, M A., Stefani, P., Valentini, R., von Jouanne, J., and Waterloo, M J.: Biogeochemical cycling of carbon, water, energy, trace gases, and aerosols in Amazonia: The LBA-EUSTACH experiments, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, 8066, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2001JD000524, 2002.","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD000524"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andreae, M O., Rosenfeld, D., Artaxo, P., Costa, A A., Frank, G P., Longo, K M., and Silva-Dias, M. A F.: Smoking rain clouds over the Amazon, Science, 303, 1337&amp;ndash;1342, 2004.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092779"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ansari, A S. and Pandis, S N.: Water absorption by secondary organic aerosol and its effect an inorganic aerosol behavior, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 71&amp;ndash;77, 2000.","DOI":"10.1021\/es990717q"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Artaxo, P. and Hansson, H C.: Size Distribution of Biogenic Aerosol-Particles from the Amazon Basin, Atmos. Environ., 29, 393&amp;ndash;402, 1995.","DOI":"10.1016\/1352-2310(94)00178-N"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Artaxo, P., Fernandes, E T., Martins, J V., Yamasoe, M A., Hobbs, P V., Maenhaut, W., Longo, K M., and Castanho, A.: Large-scale aerosol source apportionment in Amazonia, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 103, 31 837&amp;ndash;31 847, 1998.","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD02346"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Artaxo, P., Martins, J V., Yamasoe, M A., Procopio, A S., Pauliquevis, T M., Andreae, M O., Guyon, P., Gatti, L V., and Leal, A. M C.: Physical and chemical properties of aerosols in the wet and dry seasons in Rondonia, Amazonia, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, 2002.","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD000666"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baltensperger, U., Streit, N., Weingartner, E., Nyeki, S., Prevot, A S H., van Dingenen, R., Virkkula, A., Putaud, J.-P., Even, A., ten Brink, H., Blatter, A., Neftel, A., and Gaggeler, H W.: Urban and rural aerosol characterization of summer smog events during the PIPAPO field campaign in Milan, Italy, J. Geophys. Res., 107(1&amp;ndash;13), 8193, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2001JD001292, 2002.","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD001292"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baltensperger, U., Kalberer, M., Dommen, J., Paulsen, D., Alfarra, M R., Coe, H., Fisseha, R., Gascho, A., Gysel, M., Nyeki, S., Sax, M., Steinbacher, M., Prevot, A S H., Sjogren, S., Weingartner, E., and Zenobi, R.: Secondary organic aerosols from anthropogenic and biogenic precursors, Faraday Discuss., 130, 265&amp;ndash;278, 2005.","DOI":"10.1039\/b417367h"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bahreini, R., Jimenez, J L., Wang, J., Flagan, R C., Seinfeld, J H., Jayne, J T., and Worsnop, D R.: Aircraft-based aerosol size and composition measurements during ACE-Asia using an Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8645, 2003.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD003226"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barnes, G T.: The Effects of Monolayers on the evaporation of liquids, Advances in Colloid Interface Science, 25, 89&amp;ndash;200, 1986.","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-8686(86)80004-5"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bates, J R.: A dynamical stabilizer in the climate system: a mechanism suggested by a simple model, Tellus, Series A, 51A, 349&amp;ndash;372, 1999.","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0870.1999.t01-3-00002.x"},{"key":"ref27","unstructured":"Berg, O H., Swietlicki, E., Frank, G., Martinsson, B G., Cederfelt, S I., Laj, P., Ricci, L., Berner, A., Dusek, U., Galambos, Z., Mesfin, N S., Yuskiewicz, B., Wiedensohler, A., Stratmann, F. and Orsini, D.: Comparison of observed and modeled hygroscopic behavior of atmospheric particles, Contr. Atmos. Phys., 71, 47&amp;ndash;64, 1998a."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berg, O H., Swietlicki, E., and Krejci, R.: Hygroscopic growth of aerosol particles in the marine boundary layer over the Pacific and Southern Oceans during the First Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE 1), J. Geophys. Res., 103, 16 535&amp;ndash;16 545, 1998b.","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD02851"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bianco, H. and Marmur, A.: The Dependence of the Surface-Tension of Surfactant Solutions on Drop Size, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 151, 517&amp;ndash;522, 1992.","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9797(92)90499-C"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bigg, E K.: Discrepancy between observation and prediction of concentrations of cloud condensation nuclei, Atmos. Res., 20, 82&amp;ndash;86, 1986.","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-8095(86)90010-4"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bigg, E K. and Leck, C.: Cloud-active particles over the central Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 32 155&amp;ndash;32 166, 2001.","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD901152"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bigg, E K., Gras, J L. and Evans, C.: Origin of Aitken Particles in Remote Regions of the Southern-Hemisphere, J. Atmos. Chem., 1, 203&amp;ndash;214, 1984.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00053841"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bigg, E K., Gras, J L., and Mossop, D. J C.: Wind-Produced Submicron Particles in the Marine Atmosphere, Atmos. Res., 36, 55&amp;ndash;68, 1995.","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-8095(94)00007-Z"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bilde, M. and Svenningsson, B.: CCN activation of slightly soluble organics: the importance of small amounts of inorganic salt and particle phase, Tellus Series B &amp;ndash; Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 56, 128&amp;ndash;134, 2004.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.2004.00090.x"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bilde, M., Svenningsson, B., Monster, J., and Rosenorn, T.: Even-odd alternation of evaporation rates and vapor pressures of C3&amp;ndash;C9 dicarboxylic acid aerosols, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 1371&amp;ndash;1378, 2003.","DOI":"10.1021\/es0201810"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bond, T C., Streets, D G., Yarber, K F., Nelson, S M., Woo, J H., and Klimont, Z.: A technology-based global inventory of black and organic carbon emissions from combustion, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, 14 203, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2003JD003697, 2004.","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD003697"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boucher, O. and Haywood, J.: On summing the components of radiative forcing of climate change, Climate Dynamics, 18, 297&amp;ndash;302, 2001.","DOI":"10.1007\/s003820100185"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boucher, O. and Lohmann, U.: The Sulfate-CCN-Cloud Albedo Effect &amp;ndash; a Sensitivity Study with 2 General-Circulation Models, Tellus Series B &amp;ndash; Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 47, 281&amp;ndash;300, 1995.","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0889.47.issue3.1.x"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boudries, H., Canagaratna, M R., Jayne, J T., Alfarra, M R., Allan, J., Bower, K N., Coe, H., Pryor, S C., Jimenez, J L., Brook, J R., Li, S., and Worsnop, D R.: Chemical and physical processes controlling the distribution of aerosols in the Lower Fraser Valley, Canada, during the Pacific 2001 field campaign, Atmos. Environ., 38, 5759&amp;ndash;5774, 2004.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2004.01.057"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boy, M., Rannik, U., Lehtinen, K E J., Tarvainen, V., Hakola, H., and Kulmala, M.: Nucleation events in the continental boundary layer: Long-term statistical analyses of aerosol relevant characteristics, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D21), 4667, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2003JD003838, 2003","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD003838"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brenguier, J.-L.: Introduction to Special Section: An experimental study of the aerosol indirect effect for validation of climate model parameterizations, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8627, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2003JD003849, 2003.","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD003849"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brimblecombe, P. and Latif, M T.: Rediscovering Atmospheric Surfactants, Environ. Chem., 1, 11&amp;ndash;12, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/EN04044, 2004.","DOI":"10.1071\/EN04044"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Broekhuizen, K., Kumar, P P., and Abbatt, J. P D.: Partially soluble organics as cloud condensation nuclei: Role of trace soluble and surface active species, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L01 107, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2003GL018203, 2004.","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GL018203"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brooks, S. D., DeMott, P. J., and Kreidenweis, S. M.: Water uptake by particles containing humic materials and mixtures of humic materials with ammonium sulfate, Atmos. Environ., 38, 1859&amp;ndash;1868, 2004.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2004.01.009"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burnet, F. and Brenguier, J.-L.: Comparison between Standard and Modified Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probes during the Small Cumulus Microphysics Study, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 19, 1516&amp;ndash;1531, 2002.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2002)019<1516:CBSAMF>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Busch, B., Kandler, K., Schutz, L., and Neususs, C.: Hygroscopic properties and water-soluble volume fraction of atmospheric particles in the diameter range from 50 nm to 3.8 \u03bcm during LACE 98, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D21), 8119, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2000JD000228, 2002.","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD000228"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cabada, J C., Rees, S., Takahama, S., Khlystov, A., Pandis, S N., Davidson, C I., and Robinson, A L.: Mass size distributions and size resolved chemical composition of fine particulate matter at the Pittsburgh supersite, Atmos. Environ., 38, 3127&amp;ndash;3141, 2004.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2004.03.004"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canagaratna, M R., Jayne, J T., Ghertner, D A., Herndon, S., Shi, Q., Jimenez, J L., Silva, P J., Williams, P., Lanni, T., Drewnick, F., Demerjian, K L., Kolb, C E., and Worsnop, D R.: Chase studies of particulate emissions from in-use New York City vehicles, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 38, 555&amp;ndash;573, 2004.","DOI":"10.1080\/02786820490465504"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cantrell, W., Shaw, G., Cass, G R., Chowdhury, Z., Hughes, L S., Prather, K A., Guazzotti, S A., and Coffee, K R.: Closure between aerosol particles and cloud condensation nuclei at Kaashidhoo Climate Observatory, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 28 711&amp;ndash;28 718, 2001.","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900781"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carrico, C M., Kreidenweis, S M., Malm, W C., Day, D E., Lee, T., Carrillo, J., McMeeking, G R., and Collett, J L.: Hygroscopic growth behavior of a carbon-dominated aerosol in Yosemite National Park, Atmos. Environ., 39, 1393&amp;ndash;1404, 2005.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2004.11.029"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carvalho, A., Pio, C., and Santos, C.: Water-soluble hydroxylated organic compounds in German and Finnish aerosols, Atmos. Environ., 37, 1775&amp;ndash;1783, 2003.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(03)00066-9"},{"key":"ref52","unstructured":"Cavalli, F., Facchini, M C., Decesari, S., Emblico, L., Mircea, M., Fuzzi, S., and Mancinelli, V.: Size-segregated chemical composition of aerosol particle at Hyyti\u00e4l\u00e4, Finland, submitted for publication in Report Series Aerosol Science, Finish Association for Aerosol Research, Helsinki, 2004a."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cavalli, F., Facchini, M C., Decesari, S., Mircea, M., Emblico, L., Fuzzi, S., Ceburnis, D., Yoon, Y J., O'Dowd, C D., Putaud, J P., and Dell'Acqua, A.: Advances in characterization of size-resolved organic matter in marine aerosol over the North Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, d24215, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2004JD005137, 2004b.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005137"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chameides, W L., Lou, C., Saylor, R., Streets, D., Huang, Y., Bergin, M., and Giorgi, F.: Correlation between model-calculated anthropogenic aerosols and satellite-derived cloud optical depths: Indication of indirect effect?, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, 4085, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/JD000208, 2002.","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD000208"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, M N. and Chan, C K.: Mass transfer effects in hygroscopic measurements of aerosol particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2703&amp;ndash;2712, 2005.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-2703-2005"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, Y C., Simpson, R W., McTainsh, G H., Vowles, P D., Cohen, D D., and Bailey, G M.: Source apportionment of PM2.5 and PM10 aerosols in Brisbane (Australia) by receptor modelling, Atmos. Environ., 33, 3251&amp;ndash;3268, 1999.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(99)00090-4"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charlson, R J. and Pilat, J H.: Climate: the influence of aerosols, J. Appl. Meteorol., 8, 1001&amp;ndash;1002, 1969.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1969)008<1001:CTIOA>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charlson, R J., Lovelock, J E., Andreae, M O., and Warren, S G.: Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and climate, Nature, 326, 655&amp;ndash;661, 1987.","DOI":"10.1038\/326655a0"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charlson, R J., Seinfeld, J H., Nenes, A., Kulmala, M., Laaksonen, A., and Facchini, M C.: Atmospheric science &amp;ndash; Reshaping the theory of cloud formation, Science, 292, 2025&amp;ndash;2026, 2001.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1060096"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J P.: Theory of Deliquescence and Modified Kohler Curves, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 3505&amp;ndash;3516, 1994.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1994)051<3505:TODAMK>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, L Y., Jeng, F T., Chen, C C., and Hsiao, T C.: Hygroscopic behavior of atmospheric aerosol in Taipei, Atmos. Environ., 37, 2069&amp;ndash;2075, 2003.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(03)00071-2"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chio, C.-P., Cheng, M.-T., and Wang, C.-F.: Source apportionment to PM10 in different air quality conditions for Taichung urban and coastal areas, Taiwan, Atmos. Environ., 38, 6893&amp;ndash;6905, 2004.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2004.08.041"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chodes, N., Warner, J., and Gagin, A.: A determination of the condensation coefficient of water from the growth rate of small cloud droplets, J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 1351&amp;ndash;1357, 1974.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1974)031<1351:ADOTCC>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chuang, P Y.: Measurement of the timescale of hygroscopic growth for atmospheric aerosols, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4282, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2002JD002757, 2003.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002757"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chuang, P Y., Charlson, R J., and Seinfeld, J H.: Kinetic limitations on droplet formation in clouds, Nature, 390, 594&amp;ndash;596, 1997.","DOI":"10.1038\/37576"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chuang, P Y., Nenes, A., Smith, J N., Flagan, R C., and Seinfeld, J H.: Design of a CCN instrument for airborne measurement, J. Atmos. Ocean. Techn., 17, 1005&amp;ndash;1019, 2000.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2000)017<1005:DOACIF>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ch\\\\'ylek, P. and Wong, J. G D.: Erroneous use of the modified K\u00f6hler equation in cloud and aerosol physics application, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 1473&amp;ndash;1477, 1998.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1998)055<1473:EUOTMK>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Claeys, M., Graham, B., Vas, G., Wang, W., Vermeylen, R., Pashynska, V., Cafmeyer, J., Guyon, P., Andreae, M O., Artaxo, P., and Maenhaut, W.: Formation of secondary organic aerosols through photooxidation of isoprene, Science, 303, 1173&amp;ndash;1176, 2004.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092805"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clarke, A., Kapustin, V., Howell, S., Moore, K., Lienert, B., Masonis, S., Anderson, T., and Covert, D.: Sea-salt size distributions from breaking waves: Implications for marine aerosol production and optical extinction measurements during SEAS, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 20, 1362&amp;ndash;1374, 2003.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2003)020<1362:SSDFBW>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clarke, A D., Eisele, F., Kapustin, V N., Moore, K., Tanner, D., Mauldin, L., Litchy, M., Lienert, B., Carroll, M A., and Albercook, G.: Nucleation in the equatorial free troposphere: Favorable environments during PEM-Tropics, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 104, 5735&amp;ndash;5744, 1999.","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD02303"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clegg, S L., Brimblecombe, P., and Wexler, A S.: Thermodynamic model of the system H+-NH$_4$+-SO$_4^2$&amp;ndash;NO$_3$&amp;ndash;H$_2$O at tropospheric temperatures, J. Phys. Chem. A., 102, 2137&amp;ndash;2154, 1998.","DOI":"10.1021\/jp973042r"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clegg, S L., Seinfeld, J H., and Brimblecombe, P.: Thermodynamic modelling of aqueous aerosols containing electrolytes and dissolved organic compounds, J. Aerosol Sci., 32, 713&amp;ndash;738, 2001.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(00)00105-1"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cocker, D R., Whitlock, N E., Flagan, R C., and Seinfeld, J H.: Hygroscopic properties of Pasadena, California aerosol, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 35, 637&amp;ndash;647, 2001.","DOI":"10.1080\/02786820120653"},{"key":"ref74","unstructured":"Coe, H. and Allan, J D.: Analytical Techniques for Atmospheric Measurement, chap 6, Blackwell Publishing Ltd., &quot;Mass spectrometric and other methods for determination of the composition of aerosols&quot;, 2005."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohard, J.-M., Pinty, J P., and Bedos, C.: Extending Twomey's analytical estimate of nucleated cloud droplet concentrations from CCN spectra, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 3348&amp;ndash;3357, 1998.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1998)055<3348:ETSAEO>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conant, W. C., VanReken, T M., Rissman, T A., Varutbangkul, V., Jonsson, H H., Nenes, A., Jimenez, J L., Delia, A E., Bahreini, R., Roberts, G C., Flagan, R C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Aerosol-cloud drop concentration closure in warm cumulus, J. Geophys. Res., 109(D13), 13 204, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2003JD004324, 2004.","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD004324"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collins, D R., Flagan, R C., and Seinfeld, J H.: Improved inversion of scanning DMA data, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 36, 1&amp;ndash;9, 2002.","DOI":"10.1080\/027868202753339032"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Covert, D S. and Heintzenberg, J.: Measurement of the Degree of Internal External Mixing of Hygroscopic Compounds and Soot in Atmospheric Aerosols, Sci. Total Environ., 36, 347&amp;ndash;352, 1984.","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-9697(84)90286-9"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Covert, D S. and Heintzenberg, J.: Size Distributions and Chemical-Properties of Aerosol at Ny Alesund, Svalbard, Atmos. Environ., Part a-General Topics, 27, 2989&amp;ndash;2997, 1993.","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-1686(93)90331-R"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crutzen, P. and Ramanathan, V.: The parasol effect on climate, Science, 203, 1679&amp;ndash;1680, 2003.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.302.5651.1679"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cruz, C N. and Pandis, S N.: The effect of organic coatings on the cloud condensation nuclei activation of inorganic atmospheric aerosol, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 13 111&amp;ndash;13 123, 1998.","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD00979"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cubison, M., Coe, H., and Gysel, M.: A modified hygroscopic tandem DMA and a data retrieval method based on optimal estimation, J. Aeros. Sci., 36, 846&amp;ndash;865, 2005.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2004.11.009"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davidovits, P., Worsnop, D R., Jayne, J T., Kolb, J T., Winkler, P., Vrtala, A., Wagner, P R., Kulmala, M., Lehtinen, K E J., Vesala, T. and Mozurkewich, M.: Mass accommodation coefficient of water vapor on liquid water, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L2 2111, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2004GL020835, 2004.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL020835"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davidson, E A. and Artaxo, P.: Globally significant changes in biological processes of the Amazon Basin: results of the Large-scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment, Global Change Biology, 10, 519&amp;ndash;529, 2004.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8817.2003.00779.x"},{"key":"ref85","unstructured":"De~Bock, L A., Joos, P E., Noone, K J., Pockalny, R A., and Van~Grieken, R E.: Single particle analysis of aerosols, observed in the marine boundary layer during the Monterey Area Ship Tracks Experiment (MAST), with respect to cloud droplet formation, J. Atmos. Chem., 37, 299&amp;ndash;329, 2000."},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Decesari, S., Facchini, M C., Fuzzi, S., and Tagliavini, E.: Characterization of water-soluble organic compounds in atmospheric aerosol: A new approach, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 105, 1481&amp;ndash;1489, 2000.","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD900950"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Decesari, S., Facchini, M C., Matta, E., Lettini, F., Mircea, M., Fuzzi, S., Tagliavini, E., and Putaud, J P.: Chemical features and seasonal variation of fine aerosol water-soluble organic compounds in the Po Valley, Italy, Atmos. Environ., 35, 3691&amp;ndash;3699, 2001.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(00)00509-4"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Decesari, S., Facchini, M C., Mircea, M., Cavalli, F., and Fuzzi, S.: Solubility properties of surfactants in atmospheric aerosol and cloud\/fog water samples, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 2003.","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD003566"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Decesari, S., Facchini, M C., Fuzzi, S., McFiggans, G B., Coe, H., and Bower, K N.: The water-soluble organic component of size-segregated aerosol, cloud water and wet depositions from Jeju Island during ACE-Asia, Atmos. Environ., 39, 211&amp;ndash;222, 2005.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2004.09.049"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Decesari, S., Fuzzi, S., Facchini, M C., Maenhaut, W., Chi, X., Schkolnik, G., Falkovich, A., Rudich, Y., Claeys, M., Pashynska, V., Vas, G., Kourtchev, I., Vermeylen, R., Hoffer, A., Andreae, M O., Tagliavini, E., Moretti, F., and Artaxo, P.: Characterization of the organic composition of aerosols from Rond\u00f4nia, Brazil, during the LBA-SMOCC 2002 experiment and its representation through model compounds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 375&amp;ndash;402, 2006.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-375-2006"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dick, W D., Ziemann, P J., Huang, P F., and McMurry, P H.: Optical shape fraction measurements of submicrometre laboratory and atmospheric aerosols, Measurement Science &amp; Technology, 9, 183&amp;ndash;196, 1998.","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/9\/2\/006"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dick, W D., Saxena, P., and McMurry, P H.: Estimation of water uptake by organic compounds in submicron aerosols measured during the Southeastern Aerosol and Visibility Study, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 105, 1471&amp;ndash;1479, 2000.","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD901001"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drewnick, F., Jayne, J T., Canagaratna, M., Worsnop, D R., and Demerjian, K L.: Measurement of ambient aerosol composition during the PMTACS-NY 2001 using an aerosol mass spectrometer. Part II: Chemically speciated mass distributions, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 38, 104&amp;ndash;117, suppl. 1, 2004.","DOI":"10.1080\/02786820390229534"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drewnick, F., Hings, S S., DeCarlo, P F., Jayne, J T., Gonin, M., Fuhrer, K., Weimer, S., Jimenez, J L., Demerjian, K L., Borrmann, S., and Worsnop, D R.: A new time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (ToF-AMS) &amp;ndash; instrument description and first field deployment, Aerosol Sci Technol., 39, 637&amp;ndash;658, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02786820500182040 2005.","DOI":"10.1080\/02786820500182040"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dusek, U., Covert, D S., Wiedensohler, A., Neususs, C., Weise, D., and Cantrell, W.: Cloud condensation nuclei spectra derived from size distributions and hygroscopic properties of the aerosol in coastal south-west Portugal during ACE-2, Tellus Series B &amp;ndash; Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 55, 35&amp;ndash;53, 2003.","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0889.2003.00041.x"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ellison, G B., Tuck, A F., and Vaida, V.: Atmospheric processing of organic aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 11 633&amp;ndash;11 641, 1999.","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD900073"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ervens, B., Feingold, G., and Kreidenweis, S M.: The influence of water-soluble organic carbon on cloud drop number concentration, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D18211, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2004JD005634, 2005.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005634"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Facchini, M C., Fuzzi, S., Zappoli, S., Andracchio, A., Gelencser, A., Kiss, G., Krivacsy, Z., Meszaros, E., Hansson, H C., Alsberg, T., and Zebuhr, Y.: Partitioning of the organic aerosol component between fog droplets and interstitial air, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 26 821&amp;ndash;26 832, 1999a.","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD900349"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Facchini, M C., Mircea, M., Fuzzi, S., and Charlson, R J.: Cloud albedo enhancement by surface-active organic solutes in growing droplets, Nature, 401, 257&amp;ndash;259, 1999b.","DOI":"10.1038\/45758"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Facchini, M C., Decesari, S., Mircea, M., Fuzzi, S., and Loglio, G.: Surface tension of atmospheric wet aerosol and cloud\/fog droplets in relation to their organic carbon content and chemical composition, Atmos. Environ., 34, 4853&amp;ndash;4857, 2000.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(00)00237-5"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Facchini, M C., Mircea, M., Fuzzi, S., and Charlson, R J.: Comments on &quot;Influence of soluble surfactant properties on the activation of aerosol particles containing inorganic solute&quot;, J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 1465&amp;ndash;1467, 2001.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(2001)058<1465:COIOSS>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Falkovich, A H., Graber, E R., Schkolnik, G., Rudich, Y., Maenhaut, W., and Artaxo, P.: Low molecular weight organic acids in aerosol particles from Rondonia, Brazil, during the biomass-burning, transition and wet periods, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 781&amp;ndash;797, 2005.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-781-2005"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feichter, J., Lohmann, U., and Schult, I.: The atmospheric sulfur cycle in ECHAM-4 and its impact on the shortwave radiation, Climate Dynamics, 13, 235&amp;ndash;246, 1997.","DOI":"10.1007\/s003820050163"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feingold, G.: analysis of smoke impact on clouds in Brazilian biomass burning regions: An extension of Twomey's approach, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 22 907&amp;ndash;22 922, 2001.","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD000732"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feingold, G.: Modeling of the first indirect effect: Analysis of measurement requirements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1997, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2003GL017967, 2003.","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GL017967"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feingold, G. and Chuang, P Y.: Analysis of the influence of film-forming compounds on droplet growth: Implications for cloud microphysical processes and climate, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 2006&amp;ndash;2018, 2002.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(2002)059<2006:AOTIOF>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feingold, G., Jiang, H., and Harrington, J Y.: On smoke suppression of clouds in Amazonia, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, 2006&amp;ndash;2018, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2004GL021369, 2005.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL021369"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferron, G A., Karg, E., Busch, B., and Heyder, J.: Ambient particles at an urban, semi-urban and rural site in Central Europe: hygroscopic properties, Atmos. Environ., 39, 343&amp;ndash;352, 2005.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2004.09.015"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fischer, K. and Grassl, H.: Absorption by airborne and deposited particles in 8-13 micrometer range, Tellus, 27, 522&amp;ndash;528, 1975.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2153-3490.1975.tb01706.x"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flynn, M J., Bower, K N., Choularton, T W., Wobrock, W., Makela, J M., Martinsson, B., Frank, G., Hansson, H C., Karlsson, H. and Laj, P.: Modelling cloud processing of aerosol during the ACE-2 HILLCLOUD experiment, Tellus B, 52, 779&amp;ndash;800, 2000.","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0889.2000.00029.x"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Folkers, M., Mentel, T F., and Wahner, A.: Influence of an organic coating on the reactivity of aqueous aerosols probed by the heterogeneous hydrolysis of N$_2$O$_5$, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1644&amp;ndash;1644, 2003.","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GL017168"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Formenti, P., Andreae, M O., Lange, L., Roberts, G., Cafmeyer, J., Rajta, I., Maenhaut, W., Holben, B N., Artaxo, P., and Lelieveld, J.: Saharan dust in Brazil and Suriname during the Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) &amp;ndash; Cooperative LBA Regional Experiment (CLAIRE) in March 1998, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 14 919&amp;ndash;14 934, 2001.","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900827"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fountoukis, C., and Nenes, A.: Continued development of a cloud droplet formation parameterization for global climate models, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D11212, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2003JD004324, 2005.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005591"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franze, T., Weller, M G., Niessner, R., and Poeschl, U.: Protein nitration by polluted air, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 1673&amp;ndash;1678, 2005.","DOI":"10.1021\/es0488737"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fredenslund, A., R J. and Prausnitz, J.: Group-Contribution Estimation of Activity-Coefficients in Nonideal Liquid-Mixtures, Aiche Journal, 21, 1086&amp;ndash;1099, 1975.","DOI":"10.1002\/aic.690210607"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freud, E., Rosenfeld, D., Andreae, M O., Costa, A., and Artaxo, P.: Robust relations between CCN and vertical evolution of cloud drop size distributions in deep convective clouds, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 5, 10 155&amp;ndash;10 195, 2005.","DOI":"10.5194\/acpd-5-10155-2005"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuzzi, S., Decesari, S., Facchini, M C., Matta, E., Mircea, M., and Tagliavini, E.: A simplified model of the water soluble organic component of atmospheric aerosols, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 4079&amp;ndash;4082, 2001.","DOI":"10.1029\/2001GL013418"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaman, A I., Kulmala, M., Vehkamaki, H., Napari, I., Mircea, M., Facchini, M C., and Laaksonen, A.: Binary homogeneous nucleation in water-succinic acid and water-glutaric acid systems, J. Chem. Phys., 120, 282&amp;ndash;291, 2004.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1630564"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, S., Ng, N L., Keywood, M., Varutbangkul, V., Bahreini, R., Nenes, A., He, J W., Yoo, K Y., Beauchamp, J L., Hodyss, R P., Flagan, R C., and Seinfeld, J H.: Particle phase acidity and oligomer formation in secondary organic aerosol, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 6582&amp;ndash;6589, 2004.","DOI":"10.1021\/es049125k"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerber, H E., Hoppel, W A., and Wojciechowski, T .: Experimental verification of the theoretical relationship between size and critical supersaturation of salt nuclei, J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 1836&amp;ndash;1841, 1977.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1977)034<1836:EVOTTR>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghan, S J., Leung, L R., Easter, R C., and Abdul-Razzak, H.: Prediction of cloud droplet number in a general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 777&amp;ndash;794, 1997.","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD01810"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghan, S J., Guzman, G., and Abdul-Razzak, H.: Competition between sea salt and sulfate particles as cloud condensation nuclei, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 3340&amp;ndash;3347, 1998.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1998)055<3340:CBSSAS>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghan, S J., Easter, R C., Chapman, E., Abdul-Razzak, H., Zhang, Y., Leung, L R., Laulainen, N., Saylor, R., and Zaveri, R.: A physically-based estimate of radiative forcing by anthropogenic sulphate aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 5279&amp;ndash;5293, 2001.","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900503"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giebl, H., Berner, A., Reischl, G., Puxbaum, H., Kasper-Giebl, A., and Hitzenberger, R.: CCN activation of oxalic and malonic acid test aerosols with the University of Vienna cloud condensation nuclei counter, J. Aerosol Sci., 33, 1623&amp;ndash;1634, 2002.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(02)00115-5"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gill, P S., Graedel, T E., and Weschler, C J.: Organic Films on Atmospheric Aerosol-Particles, Fog Droplets, Cloud Droplets, Raindrops, and Snowflakes, Rev. Geophys., 21, 903&amp;ndash;920, 1983.","DOI":"10.1029\/RG021i004p00903"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilman, J B., Eliason, T L., Fast, A., and Vaida, V.: Selectivity and stability of organic films at the air-aqueous interface, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 280, 234&amp;ndash;243, 2004.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2004.07.019"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gong, S L. and Barrie, L A.: Simulating the impact of sea salt on global nss sulphate aerosols, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4516, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2002JD003181, 2003.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD003181"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gong, S L., Barrie, L A., and Blanchet, J P.: Modeling sea-salt aerosols in the atmosphere .1. Model development, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 102, 3805&amp;ndash;3818, 1997.","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD02953"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gorbunov, B. and Hamilton, R.: Water nucleation on aerosol particles containing both soluble and insoluble substances, J. Aeros. Sci., 28, 239&amp;ndash;248, 1997.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(96)00070-5"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gorbunov, B., Hamilton, R., Clegg, N., and Toumi, R.: Water nucleation on aerosol particles containing both organic and soluble inorganic substances, Atmos. Res., 48, 271&amp;ndash;283, 1998.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-8095(98)00035-0"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graedel, T E. and Weschler, C J.: Chemistry within Aqueous Atmospheric Aerosols and Raindrops, Rev. Geophys., 19, 505&amp;ndash;539, 1981.","DOI":"10.1029\/RG019i004p00505"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graham, B., Mayol-Bracero, O L., Guyon, P., Roberts, G C., Decesari, S., Facchini, M C., Artaxo, P., Maenhaut, W., Koll, P., and Andreae, M O.: Water-soluble organic compounds in biomass burning aerosols over Amazonia &amp;ndash; 1. Characterization by NMR and GC-MS, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, 8047, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2001JD000336, 2002.","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD000336"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graham, B., Guyon, P., Maenhaut, W., Taylor, P E., Ebert, M., Matthias-Maser, S., Mayol-Bracero, O L., Godoi, R. H M., Artaxo, P., Meixner, F X., Moura, M. A L., Rocha, C., Van~Grieken, R., Glovsky, M M., Flagan, R C., and Andreae, M O.: Composition and diurnal variability of the natural Amazonian aerosol, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4765&amp;ndash;4782, 2003a.","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD004049"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graham, B., Guyon, P., Taylor, P E., Artaxo, P., Maenhaut, W., Glovsky, M M., Flagan, R C., and Andreae, M O.: Organic compounds present in the natural Amazonian aerosol: Characterization by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4766, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2003JD003990, 2003b.","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD003990"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guibert, S., Snider, J R., and Brenguier, J L.: Aerosol activation in marine stratocumulus clouds: 1. Measurement validation for a closure study, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 8628, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2002JD002678, 2003.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002678"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gysel, M., Weingartner, E., Nyeki, S., Paulsen, D., Baltensperger, U., Galambos, I., and Kiss, G.: Hygroscopic properties of water-soluble matter and humic-like organics in atmospheric fine aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 35&amp;ndash;50, 2004.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-4-35-2004"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hallberg, A., Wobrock, W., Flossmann, A I., Bower, K N., Noone, K J., Wiedensohler, A., Hansson, H C., Wendisch, M., Berner, A., Kruisz, C., Laj, P., Facchini, M C., Fuzzi, S., and Arends, B G.: Microphysics of clouds: Model vs measurements, Atmos. Environ., 31, 2453&amp;ndash;2462, 1997.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(97)00041-1"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H\u00e4meri, K., Vakeva, M., Aalto, P P., Kulmala, M., Swietlicki, E., Zhou, J., Seidl, W., Becker, E., and O'Dowd, C D.: Hygroscopic and CCN properties of aerosol particles in boreal forests, Tellus Series B &amp;ndash; Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 53, 359&amp;ndash;379, 2001.","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0889.2001.530404.x"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamilton, J F., Webb, P J., Lewis, A C., Hopkins, J R., Smith, S., and Davy, P.: Partially oxidised organic components in urban aerosol using GCXGC-TOF\/MS, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 1279&amp;ndash;1290, 2004.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-4-1279-2004"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H\u00e4nel, G.: Academic Press, New York, the Properties of Atmospheric Aerosol Particles as Functions of the Relative Humidity at Themodynamic Equilibrium with the Surrounding Moist Air, Adv. Geophys., 19, 73&amp;ndash;188, 1976.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2687(08)60142-9"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hansen, J., Sato, M., Lacis, A., and Ruedy, R.: The missing climate forcing, Philos. T. Roy. Soc., 352, 231&amp;ndash;240, 1997.","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1997.0018"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haywood, J M. and Boucher, O.: Estimates of the direct and indirect radiative forcing due to tropospheric aerosols: A review, Rev. Geophys., 38, 513&amp;ndash;543, 2000.","DOI":"10.1029\/1999RG000078"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hegg, D A.: Impact of gas-phase HNO3 and NH3 on microphysical processes in atmospheric clouds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 2201&amp;ndash;2204, 2000.","DOI":"10.1029\/1999GL011252"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heintzenberg, J.: Fine particles in the global troposphere, A review, Tellus Series B &amp;ndash; Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 41, 149&amp;ndash;160, 1989.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.1989.tb00132.x"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heintzenberg, J. and Covert, D S.: Chemically resolved submicrometric size distributions and external mixing of the Arctic haze aerosols, Tellus B, 39, 374&amp;ndash;382, 1987.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.1987.tb00200.x"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heintzenberg, J., Covert, D S., and Van Dingenen, R.: Size distribution and chemical composition of marine aerosols: a compilation and review, Tellus B, 52, 1104&amp;ndash;1122, 2000.","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0889.2000.00136.x"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henning, S., Weingartner, E., Schmidt, S., Wendisch, M., Gaggeler, H W., and Baltensperger, U.: Size-dependent aerosol activation at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580 m~a.s.l.), Tellus, 54B, 82&amp;ndash;95, 2002.","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0889.2002.00299.x"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henning, S., Rosenorn, T., D'Anna, B., Gola, A A., Svenningsson, B., and Bilde, M.: Cloud droplet activation and surface tension of mixtures of slightly soluble organics and inorganic salt, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 575&amp;ndash;582, 2005.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-575-2005"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hitzenberger, R., Berner, A., Kasper-Giebl, A., Loflund, M., and Puxbaum, H.: Surface tension of Rax cloud water and its relation to the concentration of organic material, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4752, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2002JD002506, 2002.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002506"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoppel, W A., Frick, G M., and Fitzgerald, J W.: Deducing droplet concentration and supersaturation in marine boundary layer clouds from surface aerosol measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 26 553&amp;ndash;26 565, 1996.","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD02243"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Howell, W E.: The growth of cloud drops in uniformly cooled air, J. Meteorol., 6, 134&amp;ndash;149, 1949.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1949)006<0134:TGOCDI>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hudson, J G.: An instantaneous CCN spectrometer, J. Atmos. Oceanogr. Techn., 6, 1055&amp;ndash;1065, 1989.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1989)006<1055:AICS>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ion, A C., Vermeylen, R., Kourtchev, I., Cafmeyer, J., Chi, X., Gelencs\u00e9r, A., Maenhaut, W., and Claeys, M.: Polar organic compounds in rural PM2.5 aerosols from K-puszta, Hungary, during a 2003 summer field campaign: sources and diurnal variations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1805&amp;ndash;1814, 2005.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-1805-2005"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacobson, M C., Hansson, H C., Noone, K J., and Charlson, R J.: Organic atmospheric aerosols: Review and state of the science, Rev. Geophys., 38, 267&amp;ndash;294, 2000.","DOI":"10.1029\/1998RG000045"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaenicke, R.: Abundance of cellular material and proteins in the atmosphere, Science, 308(5718), 73&amp;ndash;73, 2005.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1106335"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jayne, J T., Leard, D C., Zhang, X F., Davidovits, P., Smith, K A., Kolb, C E., and Worsnop, D R.: Development of an aerosol mass spectrometer for size and composition analysis of submicron particles, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 33, 49&amp;ndash;70, 2000.","DOI":"10.1080\/027868200410840"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji, Q., Shaw, G E., and Cantrell, W.: A new instrument for measuring cloud condensation nuclei: Cloud condensation nucleus &quot;remover&quot;, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 103, 28 013&amp;ndash;28 019, 1998.","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD01884"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jimenez, J L., Jayne, J T., Shi, Q., Kolb, C E., Worsnop, D R., Yourshaw, I., Seinfeld, J H., Flagan, R C., and Zhang, X, Smith, K A., Morris, J, and Davidovits, P.: Ambient Aerosol Sampling with an Aerosol Mass Spectrometer., J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8425, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2001JD001213, 2003.","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD001213"},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, B T., Shine, K P., and Forster, P M.: The semi-direct aerosol effect: Impact of absorbing aerosols on marine stratocumulus, Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 130, 1407&amp;ndash;1422, 2004.","DOI":"10.1256\/qj.03.61"},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, G R., Ristovski, Z D., D'Anna, B., and Morawska, L.: The hygroscopic behavior of partially volatilized coastal marine aerosols using the VH-TDMA technique, J. Geophys. Res.-A., 110, D20203, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2004JD005657, 2005.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005657"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, A., Roberts, D L., and Slingo, A.: A Climate Model Study of Indirect Radiative Forcing by Anthropogenic Sulfate Aerosols, Nature, 370, 450&amp;ndash;453, 1994.","DOI":"10.1038\/370450a0"},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, A., Roberts, D L., Woodage, M J., and Johnson, C E.: Indirect sulphate aerosol forcing in a climate model with an interactive sulphur cycle, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 20 293&amp;ndash;20 310, 2001.","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD000089"},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalberer, M., Paulsen, D., Sax, M., Steinbacher, M., Dommen, J., Prevot, A. S H., Fisseha, R., Weingartner, E., Frankevich, V., Zenobi, R., and Baltensperger, U.: Identification of polymers as major components of atmospheric organic aerosols, Science, 303, 1659&amp;ndash;1662, 2004.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092185"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanakidou, M., Seinfeld, J H., Pandis, S N., Barnes, I., Dentener, F J., Facchini, M C., Van~Dingenen, R., Ervens, B., Nenes, A., Nielsen, C J., Swietlicki, E., Putaud, J P., Balkanski, Y., Fuzzi, S., Horth, J., Moortgat, G K., Winterhalter, R., Myhre, C. E L., Tsigaridis, K., Vignati, E., Stephanou, E G., and Wilson, J.: Organic aerosol and global climate modelling: a review, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1053&amp;ndash;1123, 2005.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-1053-2005"},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katrib, Y., Martin, S T., Hung, H M., Rudich, Y., Zhang, H Z., Slowik, J G., Davidovits, P., Jayne, J T. and Worsnop, D.R.: Products and mechanisms of ozone reactions with oleic acid for aerosol particles having core-shell morphologies, J. Phys. Chem. A, 108, 6686&amp;ndash;6695, 2004.","DOI":"10.1021\/jp049759d"},{"key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katz, U. and Kocmond, W C.: Investigation of Size-Supersaturation Relationship of Soluble Condensation Nuclei, J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 160&amp;ndash;165, 1973.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1973)030<0160:AIOTSS>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kinne, S., Lohmann, U., Feichter, J., Schulz, M., Timmreck, C., Ghan, S., Easter, R., Chin, M., Ginoux, P., Takemura, T., Tegen, I., Koch, D., Herzog, M., Penner, J., Pitari, G., Holben, B., Eck, T., Smirnov, A., Dubovik, O., Slutsker, I., Tanre, D., Torres, O., Mishchenko, M., Geogdzhayev, I., Chu, D A., and Kaufman, Y.: Monthly averages of aerosol properties: A global comparison among models, satellite data, and AERONET ground data, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4634, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2001JD001253, 2003.","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD001253"},{"key":"ref168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiss, G. and Hansson, H.-C.: Application of osmolality for the determination of water activity and the modelling of cloud formation, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 4, 7667&amp;ndash;7689, 2004.","DOI":"10.5194\/acpd-4-7667-2004"},{"key":"ref169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiss, G., Varga, B., Gelencs\u00e9r, A., Krivacsy, Z., Molnar, A., Alsberg, T., Persson, L., Hansson, H C., and Facchini, M C.: Characterisation of polar organic compounds in fog water, Atmos. Environ., 35, 2193&amp;ndash;2200, 2001.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(00)00473-8"},{"key":"ref170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiss, G., Varga, B., Galambos, I., and Ganszky, I.: Characterization of water-soluble organic matter isolated from atmospheric fine aerosol, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8339, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2001JD000603, 2002.","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD000603"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiss, G., Tomb\u00e1cz, E., and Hansson, H.-C.: Surface tension effects of humic-like substances in the aqueous extract of tropospheric fine aerosol, J. Atmos. Chem., 50, 279&amp;ndash;294, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10874-005-5079-5, 2005.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10874-005-5079-5"},{"key":"ref172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kokkola, H., Romakkaniemi, S., and Laaksonen, A.: Kohler theory for a polydisperse droplet population in the presence of a soluble trace gas, and an application to stratospheric STS droplet growth, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 2139&amp;ndash;2146, 2003.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-3-2139-2003"},{"key":"ref173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Komppula, M., Lihavainen, H., Kerminen, V M., Kulmala, M., and Viisanen, Y.: Measurements of cloud droplet activation of aerosol particles at a clean subarctic background site, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D06 204, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2004JD005200, 2005.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005200"},{"key":"ref174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koren, I., Kaufman, Y J., Remer, L A., and Martins, J V.: Measurement of the effect of Amazon smoke on inhibition of cloud formation, Science, 303, 1342&amp;ndash;1345, 2004.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1089424"},{"key":"ref175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kreidenweis, S M., McInnes, L M., and Brechtel, F J.: Observations of aerosol volatility and elemental composition at Macquarie Island during the First Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE 1), J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 103, 16 511&amp;ndash;16 524, 1998.","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD00800"},{"key":"ref176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kristjansson, J E.: Studies of the aerosol indirect effect from sulfate and black carbon aerosols, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, 4246, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2001JD000887, 2002.","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD000887"},{"key":"ref177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kulmala, M., Laaksonen, A., Korhonen, P., Vesala, T., Ahonen, T., and Barrett, J C.: The Effect of Atmospheric Nitric-Acid Vapor on Cloud Condensation Nucleus Activation, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 98, 22 949&amp;ndash;22 958, 1993.","DOI":"10.1029\/93JD02070"},{"key":"ref178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kulmala, M., Korhonen, P., Vesala, T., Hansson, H C., Noone, K., and Svenningsson, B.: The effect of hygroscopicity on cloud droplet formation, Tellus Series B &amp;ndash; Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 48, 347&amp;ndash;360, 1996.","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0889.1996.t01-2-00002.x"},{"key":"ref179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kulmala, M., Laaksonen, A., Charlson, R J., and Korhonen, P.: Clouds without supersaturation, Nature, 388, 336&amp;ndash;337, 1997.","DOI":"10.1038\/41000"},{"key":"ref180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kulmala, M., Toivonen, A., Mattila, T., and Korhonen, P.: Variations of cloud droplet concentrations and the optical properties of clouds due to changing hygroscopicity: A model study, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 103, 16 183&amp;ndash;16 195, 1998.","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD00880"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuznetsova, M., Lee, C., and Aller, J.: Characterization of the proteinaceous matter in marine aerosols, Marine Chemistry, 96(3&amp;ndash;4), 359&amp;ndash;377, 2005.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marchem.2005.03.007"},{"key":"ref182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laaksonen, A.: The Composition Size Dependence of Aerosols Created by Dispersion of Surfactant Solutions, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 159, 517&amp;ndash;519, 1993.","DOI":"10.1006\/jcis.1993.1358"},{"key":"ref183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laaksonen, A., Hienola, J., Kulmala, M., and Arnold, F.: Supercooled cirrus cloud formation modified by nitric acid pollution of the upper troposphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 3009&amp;ndash;3012, 1997.","DOI":"10.1029\/97GL02996"},{"key":"ref184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laaksonen, A., Korhonen, P., Kulmala, M., and Charlson, R J.: Modification of the K\u00f6hler equation to include soluble trace gases and slightly soluble substances, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 853&amp;ndash;862, 1998.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1998)055<0853:MOTKHE>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laaksonen, A., Vesala, T., Kulmala, M., Winkler, P M., and Wagner, P E.: Commentary on cloud modelling and the mass accommodation coefficient of water, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 461&amp;ndash;464, 2005.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-461-2005"},{"key":"ref186","unstructured":"Laktionov, A G.: A constant-temperature method of determining the concentrations of cloud condensation nuclei, Atmos. Oceanic Phys., 8, 672&amp;ndash;677, 1972."},{"key":"ref187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lala, G G. and Jiusto, J E.: Automatic Light-Scattering Ccn Counter, J. Appl. Meteorol., 16, 413&amp;ndash;418, 1977.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1977)016<0413:AALSCC>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lance, S., Nenes, A., and Rissman, T A.: Chemical and dynamical effects on cloud droplet number: Implications for estimates of the aerosol indirect effect, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D22 208, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2004JD004596, 2004.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD004596"},{"key":"ref189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Langner, J. and Rodhe, H.: A global three-dimensional model of the tropospheric sulphur cycle, J. Atmos. Chem., 13, 225&amp;ndash;263, 1991.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00058134"},{"key":"ref190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leaitch, R. and Megaw, W J.: The Diffusion Tube &amp;ndash; a Cloud Condensation Nucleus Counter for Use Below 0.3-Percent Supersaturation, J. Aerosol Sci., 13, 297&amp;ndash;319, 1982.","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-8502(82)90032-5"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leaitch, W R., Banic, C M., Isaac, G A., Couture, M D., Liu, P. S K., Gultepe, I., and Li, S.-M.: Physical and chemical observations in marine stratus during the 1993 North Atlantic Regional Experiment: Factors controlling cloud droplet number concentrations, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 29 123&amp;ndash;29 135, 1996.","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD01228"},{"key":"ref192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leaitch, W R., Bottenheim, J W., Biesenthal, T A., Li, S.-M., Liu, P., Asalain, K., Dryfhouft-Clark, H., and Hopper, F.: A case for gas-to-particle conversion in an eastern Canadian forest, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 8095&amp;ndash;8111, 1999.","DOI":"10.1029\/1998JD100012"},{"key":"ref193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S H., Murphy, D M., Thomson, D S., and Middlebrook, A M.: Chemical components of single particles measured with Particle Analysis by Laser Mass Spectrometry (PALMS) during the Atlanta SuperSite Project: Focus on organic\/sulfate, lead, soot, and mineral particles Source, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D1), 4003, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2000JD000011, 2002.","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD000011"},{"key":"ref194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z D., Williams, A L., and Rood, M J.: Influence of soluble surfactant properties on the activation of aerosol particles containing inorganic solute, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 1859&amp;ndash;1866, 1998.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1998)055<1859:IOSSPO>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liou, K. N. and Ou, S. C.: The role of cloud microphysical processes in climate &amp;ndash; an assessment from a one-dimensional perspective, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 8599&amp;ndash;8607, 1989.","DOI":"10.1029\/JD094iD06p08599"},{"key":"ref196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liousse, C., Penner, E., Chuang, C., Walton, J., Eddleman, H., and Cachier, H.: A global three-dimensional model study of carbonaceous aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 19 411&amp;ndash;19 432, 1996.","DOI":"10.1029\/95JD03426"},{"key":"ref197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, B. Y H. and Pui, D. Y H.: Submicron Aerosol Standard and Primary, Absolute Calibration of Condensation Nuclei Counter, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 47, 155&amp;ndash;171, 1974.","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9797(74)90090-3"},{"key":"ref198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, B. Y H., Pui, D. Y H., Whitby, K T., Kittelson, D B., Kousaka, Y., and McKenzie, R L.: Aerosol Mobility Chromatograph &amp;ndash; New Detector for Sulfuric-Acid Aerosols, Atmos. Environ., 12, 99&amp;ndash;104, 1978.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-022932-4.50014-8"},{"key":"ref199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Hegg, D A. and Stoelinga, M T.: Numerical simulation of new particle formation over the northwest Atlantic using the MM5 mesoscale model coupled with sulfur chemistry, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 9697-9715, 2001.","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900765"},{"key":"ref200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lohmann, U. and Feichter, J.: Global indirect aerosol effects: a review, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 715&amp;ndash;737, 2005.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-715-2005"},{"key":"ref201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lohmann, U., Feichter, J., Chuang, C C., and Penner, J E.: Prediction of the number of cloud droplets in the ECHAM GCM, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 104, 9169&amp;ndash;9198, 1999.","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD900046"},{"key":"ref202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lohmann, U., Feichter, J., Penner, J., and Leaitch, R.: Indirect effect of sulfate and carbonaceous aerosols: A mechanistic treatment, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 105, 12 193&amp;ndash;12 206, 2000.","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD901199"},{"key":"ref203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lohmann, U., Broekhuizen, K., Leaitch, R., Shantz, N., and Abbatt, J.: How efficient is cloud droplet formation of organic aerosols?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L05 108, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2003GL018999, 2004.","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GL018999"},{"key":"ref204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mace, K A., Duce, R A., and Tindale, N W.: Organic nitrogen in rain and aerosol at Cape Grim, Tasmania, Australia, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D11), 4338, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2002JD003051, 2003a.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD003051"},{"key":"ref205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mace, K A., Kubilay, N., and Duce, R A.: Organic nitrogen in rain and aerosol in the eastern Mediterranean atmosphere: An association with atmospheric dust, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D10), 4320, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2002JD002997, 2003b.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002997"},{"key":"ref206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mace, K. A., Artaxo, P., and Duce, R. A.: Water-soluble organic nitrogen in Amazon Basin aerosols during the dry (biomass burning) and wet seasons, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D16), 4512, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2003JD003557, 2003c.","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD003557"},{"key":"ref207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MacIntyr, F.: Top millimeter of ocean, Scientific American, 230, 5, 62, 1974.","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0574-62"},{"key":"ref208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marcolli, C., Luo, B P., and Peter, T.: Mixing of the organic aerosol fractions: Liquids as the thermodynamically stable phases, J. Phys. Chem.-Atmos., 108, 2216&amp;ndash;2224, 2004.","DOI":"10.1021\/jp036080l"},{"key":"ref209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maria, S F., Russell, L M., Turpin, B J., and Porcja, R J.: FTIR measurements of functional groups and organic mass in aerosol samples over the Caribbean, Atmos. Environ., 36, 5185&amp;ndash;5196, 2002.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(02)00654-4"},{"key":"ref210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maria, S F., Russell, L M., Turpin, B J., Porcja, R J., Campos, T L., Weber, R J., and Huebert, B J.: Source signatures of carbon monoxide and organic functional groups in Asian Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-Asia) submicron aerosol types, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 8637, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2003JD003703, 2003.","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD003703"},{"key":"ref211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maria, S F., Russell, L M., Gilles, M K., and Myneni, S. C B.: Organic aerosol growth mechanisms and their climate-forcing implications, Science, 306, 1921&amp;ndash;1924, 2004.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1103491"},{"key":"ref212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinsson, B G., Frank, G., Cederfelt, S I., Swietlicki, E., Berg, O H., Zhou, J C., Bower, K N., Bradbury, C., Birmili, W., Stratmann, F., Wendisch, M., Wiedensohler, A., and Yuskiewicz, B A.: Source signatures of carbon monoxide and organic functional groups in Asian Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-Asia) submicron aerosol types, Atmos. Res., 50, 289&amp;ndash;315, 1999.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-8095(98)00108-2"},{"key":"ref213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mason, B J.: The role of sea-salt particles as cloud condensation nuclei over the remote oceans, Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 127, 2023&amp;ndash;2032, part B, 2001.","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49712757609"},{"key":"ref214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma\u00dfling, A., Wiedensohler, A., Busch, B., Neususs, C., Quinn, P., Bates, T., and Covert, D.: Hygroscopic properties of different aerosol types over the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 1377&amp;ndash;1397, 2003.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-3-1377-2003"},{"key":"ref215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsumoto, K. and Uematsu, M.: Free amino acids in marine aerosols over the western North Pacific Ocean, Atmos. Environ., 39(11), 2163&amp;ndash;2170, 2005.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2004.12.022"},{"key":"ref216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matta, E., Facchini, M C., Decesari, S., Mircea, M., Cavalli, F., Fuzzi, S., Putaud, J P., and Dell'Acqua, A.: Mass closure on the chemical species in size-segregated atmospheric aerosol collected in an urban area of the Po Valley, Italy, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 623&amp;ndash;637, 2003.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-3-623-2003"},{"key":"ref217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mayol-Bracero, O L., Guyon, P., Graham, B., Roberts, G., Andreae, M O., Decesari, S., Facchini, M C., Fuzzi, S., and Artaxo, P.: Water-soluble organic compounds in biomass burning aerosols over Amazonia, 2.\\\\ Apportionment of the chemical composition and importance of the polyacidic fraction, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, 8091, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2001JD000522, 2002.","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD000522"},{"key":"ref218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCormick, R. and Ludwig, J H.: Climate Modification by Atmospheric Aerosols, Science, 156, 1358&amp;ndash;1359, 1967.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.156.3780.1358"},{"key":"ref219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McFiggans, G., Alfarra, M R., Allan, J D., Bower, K N., Coe, H., Cubison, M., Topping, D O., Williams, P I., Decesari, S., Facchini, M C., and Fuzzi, S.: Simplification of the representation of the organic component of atmospheric particulates, Faraday Discuss., 130, 1&amp;ndash;22, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/b419435g, 2005.","DOI":"10.1039\/b419435g"},{"key":"ref220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McMurry, P H. and Stolzenburg, M R.: On the Sensitivity of Particle-Size to Relative-Humidity for Los-Angeles Aerosols, Atmos. Environ., 23, 497&amp;ndash;507, 1989.","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(89)90593-3"},{"key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Medina, J. and Nenes, A.: Effects of film-forming compounds on the growth of giant cloud condensation nuclei: Implications for cloud microphysics and the aerosol indirect effect, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D20 207, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2004JD004666, 2004.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD004666"},{"key":"ref222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menon, S., Del~Genio, A D., Koch, D., and Tselioudis, G.: GCM Simulations of the aerosol indirect effect: Sensitivity to cloud parameterization and aerosol burden, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 692&amp;ndash;713, 2002.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(2002)059<0692:GSOTAI>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meskhidze, N., Nenes, A., Conant, W C. and Seinfeld, J H.: Evaluation of a new cloud droplet activation parameterization with in situ data from CRYSTAL-FACE and CSTRIPE, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D16 202, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2004JD00573, 2005.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005703"},{"key":"ref224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Middlebrook, A M., Thomson, D S., and Murphy, D M.: On the purity of laboratory generated sulfuric acid droplets and ambient particles studied by laser mass spectrometry, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 27, 293&amp;ndash;307, 1997.","DOI":"10.1080\/02786829708965475"},{"key":"ref225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Middlebrook, A M., Murphy, D M., and Thomson, D S.: Observations of organic material in individual marine particles at Cape Grim during the First Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE 1), J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 103, 16 475&amp;ndash;16 483, 1998.","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD03719"},{"key":"ref226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miguel, A G., Cass, G R., Glovsky, M M., and Weiss, J.: Allergens in paved road dust and airborne particles, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33(23), 4159&amp;ndash;4168, 1999.","DOI":"10.1021\/es9904890"},{"key":"ref227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mikhailov, E., Vlasenko, S., Niessner, R., and Poschl, U.: Interaction of aerosol particles composed of protein and salts with water vapor: hygroscopic growth and microstructural rearrangement, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 323&amp;ndash;350, 2004.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-4-323-2004"},{"key":"ref228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ming, Y. and Russell, L M.: Thermodynamic equilibrium of organic-electrolyte mixtures in aerosol particles, Aiche Journal, 48, 1331&amp;ndash;1348, 2002.","DOI":"10.1002\/aic.690480619"},{"key":"ref229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ming, Y. and Russell, L M.: Organic aerosol effects on fog droplet spectra, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D10 206, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2003JD004427, 2004.","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD004427"},{"key":"ref230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mircea, M., Facchini, M C., Decesari, S., Fuzzi, S., and Charlson, R J.: The influence of the organic aerosol component on CCN supersaturation spectra for different aerosol types, Tellus Series B &amp;ndash; Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 54, 74&amp;ndash;81, 2002.","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0889.2002.00256.x"},{"key":"ref231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mochida, M., Kitamori, Y., Kawamura, K., Nojiri, Y., and Suzuki, K.: Fatty acids in the marine atmosphere: Factors governing their concentrations and evaluation of organic films on sea-salt particles, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, 4325, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2001JD001278, 2002.","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD001278"},{"key":"ref232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moise, T. and Rudich, Y.: Reactive uptake of ozone by aerosol-associated unsaturated fatty acids: Kinetics, mechanism, and products, J. Phys. Chem. A, 106(27), 6469&amp;ndash;6476, 2002.","DOI":"10.1021\/jp025597e"},{"key":"ref233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mordy, W A.: Computations of the growth by condensation of a population of cloud droplets, Tellus, 11, 16&amp;ndash;44, 1959.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2153-3490.1959.tb00003.x"},{"key":"ref234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mozurkewich, M.: Aerosol growth and the condensation coefficient for water &amp;ndash; a review, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 5, 223&amp;ndash;236, 1986.","DOI":"10.1080\/02786828608959089"},{"key":"ref235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murphy, D M.: Something in the air, Science, 307, 1888&amp;ndash;1890, 2005.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1108160"},{"key":"ref236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murphy, D M., Anderson, J R., Quinn, P K., McInnes, L M., Brechtel, F J., Kreidenweis, S M., Middlebrook, A M., Posfai, M., Thomson, D S., and Buseck, P R.: Influence of sea-salt on aerosol radiative properties in the Southern Ocean marine boundary layer, Nature, 392, 62&amp;ndash;65, 1998.","DOI":"10.1038\/32138"},{"key":"ref237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nenes, A., Chuang, P Y., Flagan, R C., and Seinfeld, J H.: A theoretical analysis of cloud condensation nucleus (CCN) instruments, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 3449&amp;ndash;3474, 2001a.","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900614"},{"key":"ref238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nenes, A., Ghan, S., Abdul-Razzak, H., Chuang, P Y., and Seinfeld, J H.: Kinetic limitations on cloud droplet formation and impact on cloud albedo, Tellus Series B &amp;ndash; Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 53, 133&amp;ndash;149, 2001b.","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0889.2001.d01-12.x"},{"key":"ref239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nenes, A., Charlson, R J., Facchini, M C., Kulmala, M., Laaksonen, A., and Seinfeld, J H.: Can chemical effects on cloud droplet number rival the first indirect effect?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1848, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2002GL015295, 2002.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002GL015295"},{"key":"ref240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nenes, A. and Seinfeld, J H.: Parameterization of cloud droplet formation in global climate models, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4415, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2002JD002911, 2003.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002911"},{"key":"ref241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nessler, R., Bukowiecki, N., Henning, S., Weingartner, E., Calpini, B., and Baltensperger, U.: Simultaneous dry and ambient measurements of aerosol size distributions at the Jungfraujoch, Tellus, 55B, 808&amp;ndash;819, 2003.","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0889.2003.00067.x"},{"key":"ref242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noble, C A. and Prather, K A.: Real-time single particle mass spectrometry: A historical review of a quarter century of the chemical analysis of aerosols, Mass Spectrometry Reviews, 19, 248&amp;ndash;274, 2000.","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2787(200007)19:4<248::AID-MAS3>3.3.CO;2-9"},{"key":"ref243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O'Dowd, C D., Smith, M H., Consterdine, I E., and Lowe, J A.: Marine aerosol, sea-salt, and the marine sulphur cycle: A short review, Atmos. Environ., 31, 73&amp;ndash;80, 1997.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(96)00106-9"},{"key":"ref244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O'Dowd, C D., Lowe, J A., Smith, M H., and Kaye, A D.: The relative importance of non-sea-salt sulphate and sea-salt aerosol to the marine cloud condensation nuclei population: An improved multi-component aerosol-cloud droplet parametrization, Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., part B, 125, 1295&amp;ndash;1313, 1999.","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.1999.49712555610"},{"key":"ref245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O'Dowd, C D., Facchini, M C., Cavalli, F., Ceburnis, D., Mircea, M., Decesari, S., Fuzzi, S., Yoon, Y J., and Putaud, J P.: Biogenically driven organic contribution to marine aerosol, Nature, 431, 676&amp;ndash;680, 2004.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02959"},{"key":"ref246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira, D J. and Vali, G.: Calibration of a photoelectric cloud condensation nucleus counter, Atmos. Res., 38, 237&amp;ndash;248, 1995.","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-8095(94)00095-U"},{"key":"ref247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Otto, P., Georgii, H W., and Bingemer, H.: A new three-stage continuous flow CCN-counter, Atmos. Res., 61, 299&amp;ndash;310, 2002.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-8095(01)00141-7"},{"key":"ref248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pagels, J., Strand, M., Rissler, J., Szpila, A., Gudmundsson, A., Bohgard, M., Lillieblad, L., Sanati, M., and Swietlicki, E.: Characteristics of aerosol particles formed during grate combustion of moist forest residue, J. Aerosol Sci., 34, 1043&amp;ndash;1059, 2003","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(03)00077-6"},{"key":"ref249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pakkanen, T A., Loukkola, K., Korhonen, C H., Aurela, M., Makela, T., Hillamo, R E., Aarnio, P., Koskentalo, T., Kousa, A., and Maenhaut, W.: Sources and chemical composition of atmospheric fine and coarse particles in the Helsinki area, Atmos. Environ., 35, 5381&amp;ndash;5391, 2001.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(01)00307-7"},{"key":"ref250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pashynska, V., Vermeylen, R., Vas, G., Maenhaut, W., and Claeys, M.: Development of a gas chromatographic\/ion trap mass spectrometric method for the determination of levoglucosan and saccharidic compounds in atmospheric aerosols. Application to urban aerosols, J. Mass Spectr., 37, 1249&amp;ndash;1257, 2002.","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.391"},{"key":"ref251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patris, N., Mihalopoulos, N., Baboukas, E D., and Jouzel, J.: Isotopic composition of sulfur in size-resolved marine aerosols above the Atlantic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 14 449&amp;ndash;14 457, 2000.","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD901101"},{"key":"ref252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, C., Chan, M N., and Chan, C.: The hygroscopic properties of dicarboxylic and multifunctional acids: Measurements and UNIFAC predictions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 4495&amp;ndash;4501, 2001.","DOI":"10.1021\/es0107531"},{"key":"ref253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, Y., Lohmann, U., and Leaitch, R.: Importance of vertical velocity variations in the cloud droplet nucleation process of marine stratus clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D21 213, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2004JD004922, 2005.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD004922"},{"key":"ref254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petzold, A., Gysel, M., Vancassel, X., Hitzenberger, R., Puxbaum, H., Vrochticky, S., Weingartner, E., Baltensperger, U., and Mirabel, P.: On the effects of organic matter and sulphur-containing compounds on the CCN activation of combustion particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 3187&amp;ndash;3203, 2005.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-3187-2005"},{"key":"ref255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phinney, L A., Lohmann, U., and Leaitch, W R.: Limitations of using an equilibrium approximation in an aerosol activation parameterization, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4371, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2002JD002391, 2003.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002391"},{"key":"ref256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pitchford, M L. and McMurry, P H.: Relationship between Measured Water-Vapor Growth and Chemistry of Atmospheric Aerosol for Grand-Canyon, Arizona, in Winter 1990, Atmos. Environ., 28, 827&amp;ndash;839, 1994.","DOI":"10.1016\/1352-2310(94)90242-9"},{"key":"ref257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poeschl, U.: Atmospheric aerosols: composition, transformation, climate and health effects, Angewandte Chemie International Edition, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ange.200501122, 2005.","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200501122"},{"key":"ref258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Procopio, A S., Remer, L A., Artaxo, P., Kaufman, Y J., and Holben, B N.: Modeled spectral optical properties for smoke aerosols in Amazonia, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 2265, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2003GL018063, 2003.","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GL018063"},{"key":"ref259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Procopio, A S., Artaxo, P., Kaufman, Y J., Remer, L A., Schafer, J S., and Holben, B N.: Multiyear analysis of amazonian biomass burning smoke radiative forcing of climate, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L03 108, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2003GL018646, 2004.","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GL018646"},{"key":"ref260","unstructured":"Pruppacher, H. and Klett, J.: Microphysics of clouds and precipitation, Atmospheric and oceanographic sciences library; v. 18, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht; London, includes bibliographical references and index Previous ed.: 1978 &quot;With an introduction to cloud chemistry and cloud electricity.&quot;, 1997."},{"key":"ref261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Putaud, J P., Van~Dingenen, R., Mangoni, M., Virkkula, A., Raes, F., Maring, H., Prospero, J M., Swietlicki, E., Berg, O H., Hillamo, R., and Makela, T.: Chemical mass closure and assessment of the origin of the submicron aerosol in the marine boundary layer and the free troposphere at Tenerife during ACE-2, Tellus Series B &amp;ndash; Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 52, 141&amp;ndash;168, 2000.","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0889.2000.00056.x"},{"key":"ref262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Putaud, J P., Van~Dingenen, R., Dell'Acqua, A., Raes, F., Matta, E., Decesari, S., Facchini, M C., and Fuzzi, S.: Size-segregated aerosol mass closure and chemical composition in Monte Cimone (I) during MINATROC, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 889&amp;ndash;902, 2004.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-4-889-2004"},{"key":"ref263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quaas, J., Boucher, O., and Br\u00e9on, F.-M.: Aerosol indirect effects in POLDER satellite data and the Laboratoire de M\u00e9t\u00e9orologie Dynamique-Zoom (LMDZ) general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D08205, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2003JD004317, 2004.","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD004317"},{"key":"ref264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quinn, P K., Bates, T S., Miller, T L., Coffman, D J., Johnson, J E., Harris, J M., Ogren, J A., Forbes, G., Anderson, T L., Covert, D S., and Rood, M J.: Surface submicron aerosol chemical composition: What fraction is not sulfate?, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 105, 6785&amp;ndash;6805, 2000.","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD901034"},{"key":"ref265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rader, D J. and McMurry, P H.: Application of the Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer to Studies of Droplet Growth or Evaporation, J. Aerosol Sci., 17, 771&amp;ndash;787, 1986.","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-8502(86)90031-5"},{"key":"ref266","unstructured":"Ramanathan, V.: Indian Ocean Experiment: An integrated analysis of the climate forcing and effects of the great Indo-Asian haze, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 28 371&amp;ndash;28 398, 2001."},{"key":"ref267","unstructured":"Ramaswamy, V., Boucher, O., Haigh, J., Hauglustaine, D., Haywood, J., Myhre, G., Nakajima, T., Shi, G Y., and Solomon, S.: Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of working group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2001."},{"key":"ref268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Randles, C A., Russell, L M., and Ramaswamy, V.: Hygroscopic and optical properties of organic sea salt aerosol and consequences for climate forcing, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L16 108, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2004GL020628, 2004.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL020628"},{"key":"ref269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raymond, T M. and Pandis, S N.: Cloud activation of single-component organic aerosol particles, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, 4787, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2002JD002159, 2002.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002159"},{"key":"ref270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raymond, T M. and Pandis, S N.: Formation of cloud droplets by multicomponent organic particles, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4469, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2003JD003503, 2003.","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD003503"},{"key":"ref271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rissler, J., Swietlicki, E., Zhou, J., Roberts, G., Andreae, M O., Gatti, L V., and Artaxo, P.: Physical properties of the sub-micrometer aerosol over the Amazon rain forest during the wet-to-dry season transition &amp;ndash; comparison of modeled and measured CCN concentrations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 2119&amp;ndash;2143, 2004.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-4-2119-2004"},{"key":"ref272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rissman, T A., Nenes, A., and Seinfeld, J H.: Chemical amplification (or dampening) of the Twomey effect: Conditions derived from droplet activation theory, J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 919&amp;ndash;930, 2004.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(2004)061<0919:CAODOT>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberts, G C. and Nenes, A.: A continuous-flow streamwise thermal-gradient CCN chamber for atmospheric measurements, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 39, 206&amp;ndash;221, 2005.","DOI":"10.1080\/027868290913988"},{"key":"ref274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberts, G C., Artaxo, P., and Andreae, M O.: The chemistry and role of cloud condensation nuclei in the Amazon Basin, J. Aerosol Sci., 31, S62&amp;ndash;S63, 2000.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(00)90069-7"},{"key":"ref275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberts, G C., Andreae, M O., Zhou, J., and Artaxo, P.: Cloud condensation nuclei in the Amazon basin: &quot;marine conditions over a continent?&quot;, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2807&amp;ndash;2810, 2001.","DOI":"10.1029\/2000GL012585"},{"key":"ref276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberts, G C., Artaxo, P., Zhou, J C., Swietlicki, E., and Andreae, M O.: Sensitivity of CCN spectra on chemical and physical properties of aerosol: A case study from the Amazon Basin, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, 8070&amp;ndash;8088, 2002.","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD000583"},{"key":"ref277","unstructured":"Rogers, R R. and Yau, M K.: A short course in cloud physics, vol. 113, International Series in Natural Philosophy, Butterworth-Heinemann, third edn., 1989."},{"key":"ref278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romakkaniemi, S., Kokkola, H., and Laaksonen, A.: Parameterization of the nitric acid effect on CCN activation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 879&amp;ndash;885, 2005.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-879-2005"},{"key":"ref279","unstructured":"Rood, M J. and Williams, A L.: Comments on &quot;Influence of soluble surfactant properties on the activation of aerosol particles containing inorganic solute&quot; &amp;ndash; Reply, J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 1468&amp;ndash;1473, 2001."},{"key":"ref280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rotstayn, L D. and Penner, J E.: Indirect aerosol forcing, quasi forcing, and climate response, J. Climate, 14, 2960&amp;ndash;2975, 2001.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2001)014<2960:IAFQFA>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rupakheti, M. W., Leaitch, R., Lohmann, U., Hayden, K., Brickell, P., Lu, G., Li, S. M., Toom-Sauntry, D., Bottenheim, J. W., Brook, J. R., Vet, R., Jayne, J. T. and Worsnop, D. R.: An intensive study of the size and composition of submicron atmospheric aerosols at a rural site in Ontario, Canada, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 39, 722&amp;ndash;736, 2005.","DOI":"10.1080\/02786820500182420"},{"key":"ref282","unstructured":"Russell, L M.: Aerosol organic-mass-to-organic-carbon ratio measurements, Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society, 225, U817&amp;ndash;U818, part 1, 2003."},{"key":"ref283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saathoff, H., Naumann, K H., Schnaiter, M., Schock, W., Mohler, O., Schurath, U., Weingartner, E., Gysel, M., and Baltensperger, U.: Coating of soot and (NH4)(2)SO4 particles by ozonolysis products of alpha-pinene, J. Aerosol Sci., 34, 1297&amp;ndash;1321, 2003.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(03)00364-1"},{"key":"ref284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santarpia, J L., Li, R J., and Collins, D R.: Direct measurement of the hydration state of ambient aerosol populations, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D18209, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2004JD004653. 2004","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD004653"},{"key":"ref285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sardar, S B., Fine, P M., and Sioutas, C.: Seasonal and spatial variability of the size-resolved chemical composition of particulate matter (PM10) in the Los Angeles Basin, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D07S08, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2004JD004627, 2005.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD004627"},{"key":"ref286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saxena, P. and Hildemann, L M.: Water-soluble organics in atmospheric particles: A critical review of the literature and application of thermodynamics to identify candidate compounds, J. Atmos. Chem., 24, 57&amp;ndash;109, 1996.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00053823"},{"key":"ref287","unstructured":"Saxena, P., Hildemann, L M., McMurry, P H., and Seinfeld, J H.: Organics Alter Hygroscopic Behavior of Atmospheric Particles, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 100, 18 755&amp;ndash;18 770, 1995."},{"key":"ref288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schkolnik, G., Falkovich, A H., Rudich, Y., Maenhaut, W., and Artaxo, P.: New analytical method for the determination of levoglucosan, polyhydroxy compounds, and 2-methylerythritol and its application to smoke and rainwater samples, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 2744&amp;ndash;2752, 2005.","DOI":"10.1021\/es048363c"},{"key":"ref289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schneider, J., Borrmann, S., Wollny, A G., Blasner, M., Mihalopoulos, N., Oikonomou, K., Sciare, J., Teller, A., Levin, Z., and Worsnop, D R.: Online mass spectrometric aerosol measurements during the MINOS campaign (Crete, August 2001), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 65&amp;ndash;80, 2004.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-4-65-2004"},{"key":"ref290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schulz, M., Balkanski, Y J., Guelle, W., and Dulac, F.: Role of aerosol size distribution and source location in a three-dimensional simulation of a Saharan dust episode tested against satellite-derived optical thickness, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 103, 10 579&amp;ndash;10 592, 1998.","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD02779"},{"key":"ref291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwartz, S E.: Uncertainty requirements in radiative forcing of climate change, J. Air &amp; Waste Manage. Assoc., 54, 1351&amp;ndash;1359, 2004.","DOI":"10.1080\/10473289.2004.10471006"},{"key":"ref292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seidl, W.: Model for a surface film of fatty acids on rain water and aerosol particles, Atmos. Environ., 34, 4917&amp;ndash;4932, 2000.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(00)00198-9"},{"key":"ref293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seidl, W. and H\u00e4nel, G.: Surface-active substances on rainwater and atmospheric particles, Pure Appl. Geophys., 121, 1077&amp;ndash;1093, 1983.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02590198"},{"key":"ref294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seinfeld, J H. and Pandis, S N.: Atmospheric chemistry and physics: from air pollution to climate change, John Wiley &amp; Sons, New York; Chichester, air pollution to climate, 1998.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.882420"},{"key":"ref295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sellegri, K., Laj, P., Peron, F., Dupuy, R., Legrand, M., Preunkert, S., Putaud, J P., Cachier, H., and Ghermandi, G.: Mass balance of free tropospheric aerosol at the Puy de D(o)over-capme (France) in winter, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4333, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2002JD002747, 2003.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002747"},{"key":"ref296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shantz, N C., Leaitch, W R., and Caffrey, P F.: Effect of organics of low solubility on the growth rate of cloud droplets, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4168, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2002JD002540, 2003.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002540"},{"key":"ref297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaw, R A. and Lamb, D.: Experimental determination of the thermal accommodation and condensation coefficients of water, J. Chem. Phys., 111, 10 659&amp;ndash;10 663, 1999.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.480419"},{"key":"ref298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shulman, M L., Jacobson, M C., Carlson, R J., Synovec, R E., and Young, T E.: Dissolution behavior and surface tension effects of organic compounds in nucleating cloud droplets, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 277&amp;ndash;280, 1996.","DOI":"10.1029\/95GL03810"},{"key":"ref299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva~Dias, M. A F., Rutledge, S., Kabat, P., Silva~Dias, P L., Nobre, C., Fisch, G., Dolman, A J., Zipser, E., Garstang, M., Manzi, A., Fuentes, J D., Rocha, H., Marengo, J., Plana-Fattori, A., Alval\u00e1, L. S R., Andreae, M O., Artaxo, P., Gielow, R., and Gatti, L V.: Clouds and rain processes in a biosphere atmosphere interaction context in the Amazon Region, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, 8072&amp;ndash;8092, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2001JD000335, 2002.","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD000335"},{"key":"ref300","unstructured":"Silva~Dias, M. A F., Artaxo, P., and Andreae, M O.: Aerosols impact clouds in the Amazon Basin, GEWEX Newsletter, 14, 4&amp;ndash;6, 2004."},{"key":"ref301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sinnarwalla, A M. and Alofs, D J.: A cloud nucleus counter with long available growth time, J. Appl. Meteorol., 12, 831&amp;ndash;835, 1972.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1973)012<0831:ACNCWL>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slauenwhite, D E. and Johnson, B D.: Bubble shattering: Differences in bubble formation in fresh water and seawater, J. Geophys. Res.-O, 104, 3265&amp;ndash;3275, 1999.","DOI":"10.1029\/1998JC900064"},{"key":"ref303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Snider, J. R. and Brenguier, J. L.: Cloud condensation nuclei and cloud droplet measurements during ACE-2, Tellus B, 52, 828&amp;ndash;842, 2000.","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0889.2000.00044.x"},{"key":"ref304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Snider, J R., Guibert, S., Brenguier, J L., and Putaud, J P.: Aerosol activation in marine stratocumulus clouds: 2. K\u00f6hler and parcel theory closure studies, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 8629, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2002JD002 692, 2003.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002692"},{"key":"ref305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sorjamaa, R., Svenningsson, B., Raatikainen, T., Henning, S., Bilde, M., and Laaksonen, A.: The role of surfactants in Kohler theory reconsidered, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 2107&amp;ndash;2117, 2004.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-4-2107-2004"},{"key":"ref306","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spracklen, D V., Pringle, K J., Carslaw, K S., Chipperfield, M P., and Mann, G W.: A global off-line model of size-resolved aerosol microphysics: I. Model development and prediction of aerosol properties, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2227&amp;ndash;2252, 2005.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-2227-2005"},{"key":"ref307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Squires, P. and Twomey, S.: A Comparison of Cloud Nucleus Measurements over Central North America and Caribbean Sea, J. Atmos. Sci., 23, 401&amp;ndash;404, 1966.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1966)023<0401:ACOCNM>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stier, P., Feichter, J., Kinne, S., Kloster, S., Vignati, E., Wilson, J., Ganzeveld, L., Tegen, I., Werner, M., Balkanski, Y., Schulz, M., and Boucher, O.: The aerosol-climate model ECHAM5-HAM, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1125&amp;ndash;1156, 2005.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-1125-2005"},{"key":"ref309","unstructured":"Stolzenburg, M R. and McMurry, P H.: TDMAFIT user's manual, Tech. rep., University of Minnesota, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Particle Technology Laboratory, Minneapolis, 1988."},{"key":"ref310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stratmann, F., Orsini, D., and Kauffeldt, T.: Inversion algorithm for TDMA measurements, J. Aeros. Sci., 28, S701&amp;ndash;S702, 1997.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(97)85349-9"},{"key":"ref311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stratmann, F., Kiselev, A., Wurzler, S., Wendisch, M., Heintzenberg, J., Charlson, R J., Diehl, K., Wex, H., and Schmidt, S.: Laboratory studies and numerical simulations of cloud droplet formation under realistic supersaturation conditions, J. Atmos. Ocean. Techn., 21, 876&amp;ndash;887, 2004.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2004)021<0876:LSANSO>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sullivan, A P., Weber, R J., Clements, A L., Turner, J R., Bae, M S., and Schauer, J J.: A method for on-line measurement of water-soluble organic carbon in ambient aerosol particles: Results from an urban site, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L13 105, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2004GL019681, 2004.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL019681"},{"key":"ref313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Svenningson, B., Hansson, H.-C., Wiedensohler, A., Ogren, J., Noone, K. and Hallberg, A.: Hygroscopic growth of aerosol particles in the Po Valley, Tellus B, 44, 556&amp;ndash;569, 1992.","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0889.1992.t01-1-00009.x"},{"key":"ref314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Svenningsson, B., Hansson, H C., Wiedensohler, A., Noone, K., Ogren, J., Hallberg, A., and Colvile, R.: Hygroscopic growth of aerosol-particles and its influence on nucleation scavenging in-cloud &amp;ndash; experimental results from Kleiner-Feldberg, J. Atmos. Chem., 19, 129&amp;ndash;152, 1994.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00696586"},{"key":"ref315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Svenningsson, B., Hansson, H C., Martinsson, B., Wiedensohler, A., Swietlicki, E., Cederfelt, S I., Wendisch, M., Bower, K N., Choularton, T W., and Colvile, R N.: Cloud droplet nucleation scavenging in relation to the size and hygroscopic behaviour of aerosol particles, Atmos. Environ., 31, 2463&amp;ndash;2475, 1997.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(96)00179-3"},{"key":"ref316","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swietlicki, E., Zhou, J C., Berg, O H., Martinsson, B G., Frank, G., Cederfelt, S I., Dusek, U., Berner, A., Birmili, W., Wiedensohler, A., Yuskiewicz, B., and Bower, K N.: A closure study of sub-micrometer aerosol particle hygroscopic behaviour, Atmos. Res., 50, 205&amp;ndash;240, 1999.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-8095(98)00105-7"},{"key":"ref317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swietlicki, E., Zhou, J. C., Covert, D S., Hameri, K., Busch, B., Vakeva, M., Dusek, U., Berg, O H., Wiedensohler, A., Aalto, P., Makela, J., Martinsson, B G., Papaspiropoulos, G., Mentes, B., Frank, G., and Stratmann, F.: Hygroscopic properties of aerosol particles in the northeastern Atlantic during ACE-2, Tellus B, 52, 201&amp;ndash;227, 2000.","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0889.2000.00036.x"},{"key":"ref318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takemura, T., Nozawa, T., Emori, S., Nakajima, T Y., and Nakajima, T.: Simulation of climate response to aerosol direct and indirect effects with aerosol transport-radiation model, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D02202, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2004JD00502, 2005.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005029"},{"key":"ref319","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tegen, I. and Fung, I.: Modeling of Mineral Dust in the Atmosphere &amp;ndash; Sources, Transport, and Optical-Thickness, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 99, 22 897&amp;ndash;22 914, 1994.","DOI":"10.1029\/94JD01928"},{"key":"ref320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Temesi, D., Molnar, A., Meszaros, E., Feczko, T., Gelencser, A., Kiss, G., and Krivacsy, Z.: Size resolved chemical mass balance of aerosol particles over rural Hungary, Atmos. Environ., 35, 4347&amp;ndash;4355, 2001.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(01)00233-3"},{"key":"ref321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tervahattu, H., Juhanoja, J., Vaida, V., Tuck, A F., Niemi, J V., Kupiainen, K., Kulmala, M., and Vehkamaki, H.: Fatty acids on continental sulfate aerosol particles, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D06 207, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2004JD005400, 2005.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005400"},{"key":"ref322","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tolocka, M P., Jang, M., Ginter, J M., Cox, F J., Kamens, R M., and Johnston, M V.: Formation of oligomers in secondary organic aerosol, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 1428&amp;ndash;1434, 2004.","DOI":"10.1021\/es035030r"},{"key":"ref323","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Topping, D., Coe, H., McFiggans, G., Burgess, R., Allan, J., Alfarra, M R., Bower, K., Choularton, T W., Decesari, S., and Facchini, M C.: Aerosol chemical characteristics from sampling conducted on the Island of Jeju, Korea during ACE Asia, Atmos. Environ., 38, 2111&amp;ndash;2123, 2004.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2004.01.022"},{"key":"ref324","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Topping, D O., McFiggans, G B., and Coe, H.: A curved multi-component aerosol hygroscopicity model framework: Part 1 &amp;ndash; Inorganic compounds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1205&amp;ndash;1222, 2005a.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-1205-2005"},{"key":"ref325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Topping, D O., McFiggans, G B., and Coe, H.: A curved multi-component aerosol hygroscopicity model framework: Part 2 &amp;ndash; Including organic compounds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1223&amp;ndash;1242, 2005b.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-1223-2005"},{"key":"ref326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turpin, B J. and Lim, H J.: Species contributions to PM2.5 mass concentrations: Revisiting common assumptions for estimating organic mass, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 35, 602&amp;ndash;610, 2001.","DOI":"10.1080\/02786820152051454"},{"key":"ref327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Twomey, S.: The nuclei of natural cloud formation, Part II: The supersaturation in natural clouds and the variation of cloud droplet concentration, Geofis. Pura Appl., 43, 243&amp;ndash;249, 1959.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01993560"},{"key":"ref328","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Twomey, S.: Pollution and Planetary Albedo, Atmos. Environ., 8, 1251&amp;ndash;1256, 1974.","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(74)90004-3"},{"key":"ref329","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van~Dingenen, R., Raes, F., Putaud, J P., Baltensperger, U., Charron, A., Facchini, M C., Decesari, S., Fuzzi, S., Gehrig, R., Hansson, H C., Harrison, R M., Huglin, C., Jones, A M., Laj, P., Lorbeer, G., Maenhaut, W., Palmgren, F., Querol, X., Rodriguez, S., Schneider, J., ten Brink, H., Tunved, P., Torseth, K., Wehner, B., Weingartner, E., Wiedensohler, A., and Wahlin, P.: A European aerosol phenomenology-1: physical characteristics of particulate matter at kerbside, urban, rural and background sites in Europe, Atmos. Environ., 38, 2561&amp;ndash;2577, 2004.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2004.01.040"},{"key":"ref330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Dingenen, R., Raes, F., Putaud, J P., Virkkula, A., and Mangoni, M.: Processes determining the relationship between aerosol number and non-sea-salt sulfate mass concentrations in the clean and perturbed marine boundary layer, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 8027&amp;ndash;8038, 1999.","DOI":"10.1029\/1998JD100059"},{"key":"ref331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"VanReken, T M., Rissman, T A., Roberts, G C., Varutbangkul, V., Jonsson, H H., Flagan, R C., and Seinfeld, J H.: Toward aerosol\/cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) closure during CRYSTAL-FACE, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4633, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2003JD003582, 2003.","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD003582"},{"key":"ref332","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varga, B., Kiss, G., Ganszky, I., Gelencser, A., and Krivacsy, Z.: Isolation of water-soluble organic matter from atmospheric aerosol, Talanta, 55, 561&amp;ndash;572, 2001.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-9140(01)00446-5"},{"key":"ref333","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Virkkula, A., Van Dingenen, R., Raes, F., and Hjorth, J.: Hygroscopic properties of aerosol formed by oxidation of limonene, alpha -pinene, and beta -pinene, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 3569&amp;ndash;3579, 1999.","DOI":"10.1029\/1998JD100017"},{"key":"ref334","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vlasenko, A., Sjogren, S., Weingartner, E., Gaggeler, H W., and Ammann, M.: Generation of submicron Arizona test dust aerosol: Chemical and hygroscopic properties, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 39, 452&amp;ndash;460, 2005.","DOI":"10.1080\/027868290959870"},{"key":"ref335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voutilainen, A., Stratmann, F., and Kaipio, J P.: A non-homogeneous regularization method for the estimation of narrow aerosol size distributions, J. Aeros. Sci., 31, 1433&amp;ndash;1445, 2000.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(00)00044-6"},{"key":"ref336","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Warner, J.: A reduction of rain associated with smoke from sugar-cane fires-An inadvertent weather modification, J. Appl. Meteorol., 7, 247&amp;ndash;251, 1968.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1968)007<0247:ARIRAW>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref337","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weingartner, E., Baltensperger, U., and Burtscher, H.: Growth and structural change of combustion aerosols at high relative humidity, Environ. Sci. Technol., 29, 12, 2982&amp;ndash;2986, 1995.","DOI":"10.1021\/es00012a014"},{"key":"ref338","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weingartner, E., Burtscher, H., Baltensperger, U.: Hygroscopic properties of carbon and diesel soot particles, Atmos. Environ., 31, 15, 2311&amp;ndash;2327, 1997.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(97)00023-X"},{"key":"ref339","unstructured":"Weingartner, E., Nyeki, S., and Baltensperger, U.: Seasonal and diurnal variation of aerosol size distributions (10$"},{"key":"ref340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weingartner, E., Henning, S., Gysel, M., Bukowiecki, N., and Baltensperger, U.: Hygroscopicity of aerosol particles at low temperatures, J. Aerosol. Sci., 32, S977&amp;ndash;S978, 2001.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(21)00438-9"},{"key":"ref341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weingartner, E., Gysel, M., and Baltensperger, U.: Hygroscopicity of aerosol particles at low temperatures. 1. New low-temperature H-TDMA instrument: Setup and first applications, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 55&amp;ndash;62, 2002.","DOI":"10.1021\/es010054o"},{"key":"ref342","unstructured":"Weingartner, E., Sj\u00f6gren, S., Cozic, J., Verheggen, B., Baltensperger, U., Alfarra, M R., Bower, K N., Flynn, M J., Gysel, M., and Coe, H.: Hygroscopic properties and chemical composition of aerosol particles at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch, J. Aerosol Sci., 35, S135&amp;ndash;S136, 2004."},{"key":"ref343","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wieland, W.: Die Wasserdampfkondensation an nat\u00fcrlichem Aerosol bei geringen \u00fcbers\u00e4ttigungen, Z. Angew. Math. Phys., 7, 428&amp;ndash;460, 1956.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01606329"},{"key":"ref344","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whitby, K T.: The physical characteristics of sulphur aerosols, Atmos. Environ., 12, 135-159, 1978.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-022932-4.50018-5"},{"key":"ref345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams, K D., Jones, A., Roberts, D L., Senior, C A., and Woodage, M J.: The response of the climate system to the indirect effects of anthropogenic sulfate aerosol, Climate Dynamics, 17, 845&amp;ndash;856, 2001.","DOI":"10.1007\/s003820100150"},{"key":"ref346","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson, J., Cuvelier, C., and Raes, F.: The response of the climate system to the indirect effects of anthropogenic sulfate aerosol, A modelling study of global mixed aerosol fields, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D24), 34 081&amp;ndash;34 108, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2000JD000198, 2001.","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD000198"},{"key":"ref347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winkler, P M., Vrtala, A., Wagner, P., Kulmala, M., Lehtinen, K. E J., and Vesala, T.: Mass and thermal accommodation during gas-liquid condensation of water, Phys. Rev. Lett., 93, 075701, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRevLett.93.075701, 2004.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.93.075701"},{"key":"ref348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wise, M E, Surratt, J D, Curtis, D B, Shilling, J E, and Tolbert, M A.: Hygroscopic growth of ammonium sulfate\/dicarboxylic acids, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D20), 4638, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2003JD003775, 2003.","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD003775"},{"key":"ref349","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, H Y. and Liu, C Q.: Chemical characteristics of water-soluble components in TSP over Guiyang, SW China, 2003, Atmos. Environ., 38, 6297&amp;ndash;6306, 2004.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2004.08.033"},{"key":"ref350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong, J Q., Zhong, M H., Fang, C P., Chen, L C., and Lippmann, M.: Influence of organic films on the hygroscopicity of ultrafine sulfuric acid aerosol, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 3536&amp;ndash;3541, 1998.","DOI":"10.1021\/es980019q"},{"key":"ref351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xue, H W. and Feingold, G.: A modeling study of the effect of nitric acid on cloud properties, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D18 204, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2004JD004750, 2004.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD004750"},{"key":"ref352","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, J Z., Yang, H., Zhang, H Y., and Lau, A. K H.: Size distributions of water-soluble organic carbon in ambient aerosols and its size-resolved thermal characteristics, Atmos. Environ., 38, 1061&amp;ndash;1071, 2004.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2003.10.049"},{"key":"ref353","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yum, S S., Hudson, J G., and Xie, Y H.: Comparisons of cloud microphysics with cloud condensation nuclei spectra over the summertime Southern Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 16 625&amp;ndash;16 636, 1998.","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD01513"},{"key":"ref354","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zappoli, S., Andracchio, A., Fuzzi, S., Facchini, M C., Gelencser, A., Kiss, G., Krivacsy, Z., Molnar, A., Meszaros, E., Hansson, H C., Rosman, K., and Zebuhr, Y.: Inorganic, organic and macromolecular components of fine aerosol in different areas of Europe in relation to their water solubility, Atmos. Environ., 33, 2733&amp;ndash;2743, 1999.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(98)00362-8"},{"key":"ref355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Q. and Anastasio, C.: Chemistry of fog waters in California's Central Valley &amp;ndash; Part 3: concentrations and speciation of organic and inorganic nitrogen, Atmos. Environ., 35(32), 5629&amp;ndash;5643, 2001.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(01)00337-5"},{"key":"ref356","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Q. and Anastasio, C.: Free and combined amino compounds in atmospheric fine particles (PM2.5) and fog waters from Northern California, Atmos. Environ., 37(16), 2247&amp;ndash;2258, 2003.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(03)00127-4"},{"key":"ref357","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X Q., McMurry, P H., Hering, S V., and Casuccio, G S.: Mixing Characteristics and Water-Content of Submicron Aerosols Measured in Los-Angeles and at the Grand-Canyon, Atmos. Environ. Part a &amp;ndash; General Topics, 27, 1593&amp;ndash;1607, 1993.","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-1686(93)90159-V"},{"key":"ref358","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, J C., Swietlicki, E., Berg, O H., Aalto, P P., Hameri, K., Nilsson, E D., and Leck, C.: Hygroscopic properties of aerosol particles over the central Arctic Ocean during summer, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 32 111&amp;ndash;32 123, 2001.","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900426"},{"key":"ref359","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Q., Anastasio, C., and Jimemez-Cruz, M.: Water-soluble organic nitrogen in atmospheric fine particles (PM2.5) from northern California, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107(D11), https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2001JD000870, 2002a.","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD000870"},{"key":"ref360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Easter, R C., Ghan, S J., and Abdul-Razzak, H.: Impact of aerosol size representation on modeling aerosol-cloud interactions, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, 4558, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2001JD001549, 2002b.","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD001549"},{"key":"ref361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Q., Stanier, C O., Canagaratna, M R., Jayne, J T., Pandis, S N., Worsnop, D R., and Jimenez, J L.: Insights into the Chemistry of Nucleation Bursts and New Particle Growth Events in Pittsburgh Based on Aerosol Mass Spectrometry, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 4797&amp;ndash;4809, 2004.","DOI":"10.1021\/es035417u"},{"key":"ref362","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Q., Alfarra, M R., Worsnop, D R., Allan, J D., Coe, H., Canagaratna, M R., and Jimenez, J L.: Deconvolution and quantification of hydrocarbon-like and oxygenated organic aerosols based on aerosol mass spectrometry, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 4938&amp;ndash;4952, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es048568l, 2005.","DOI":"10.1021\/es048568l"},{"key":"ref363","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Q., Worsnop, D R., Canagaratna, M R., Jayne, J T., and Jimenez, J L.: Hydrocarbon-like and Oxygenated Organic Aerosols in Pittsburgh: Insights into Sources and Processes of Organic Aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 3289&amp;ndash;3311, 2005.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-3289-2005"},{"key":"ref364","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, J., Swietlicki, E., Hansson, H C., and Artaxo P.: Submicrometer aerosol particle size distribution and hygroscopic growth measured in the Amazon rain forest during the wet season, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D20), 8055, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2000JD000203, 2002.","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD000203"}],"container-title":["Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/acp.copernicus.org\/articles\/6\/2593\/2006\/acp-6-2593-2006.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,16]],"date-time":"2025-02-16T04:21:18Z","timestamp":1739679678000},"score":26.930885,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/acp.copernicus.org\/articles\/6\/2593\/2006\/"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,5]]},"references-count":364,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-6-2593-2006","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acpd-5-8507-2005","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acpd-5-8507-2005","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1680-7324"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1680-7324","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,5]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T04:57:07Z","timestamp":1790485027830,"version":"4.1.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,12]]},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,12]],"date-time":"2005-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1126483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/2.5\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract. The effects of atmospheric aerosol on climate forcing may be very substantial but are quantified poorly at present; in particular, the effects of aerosols on cloud radiative properties, or the \"indirect effects\" are credited with the greatest range of uncertainty amongst the known causes of radiative forcing. This manuscript explores the effects that the composition and properties of atmospheric aerosol can have on the activation of droplets in warm clouds, so potentially influencing the magnitude of the indirect effect. The effects of size, composition, mixing state and various derived properties are assessed and a range of these properties provided by atmospheric measurements in a variety of locations is briefly reviewed. The suitability of a range of process-level descriptions to capture these aerosol effects is investigated by assessment of their sensitivities to uncertainties in aerosol properties and by their performance in closure studies. The treatment of these effects within global models is reviewed and suggestions for future investigations are made.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/acpd-5-8507-2005","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,29]],"date-time":"2010-04-29T08:15:28Z","timestamp":1272528928000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The effect of physical and chemical aerosol properties on warm cloud droplet activation"],"prefix":"10.5194","author":[{"given":"G.","family":"McFiggans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Artaxo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"U.","family":"Baltensperger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Coe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. C.","family":"Facchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Feingold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Fuzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Gysel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Laaksonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"U.","family":"Lohmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. F.","family":"Mentel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. M.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. D.","family":"O\u2019Dowd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. R.","family":"Snider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Weingartner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3145","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/acp.copernicus.org\/preprints\/5\/8507\/2005\/acpd-5-8507-2005.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,16]],"date-time":"2025-02-16T04:18:44Z","timestamp":1739679524000},"score":26.883999,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/acp.copernicus.org\/articles\/6\/2593\/2006\/acp-6-2593-2006-discussion.html"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,12]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acpd-5-8507-2005","relation":{"is-preprint-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-6-2593-2006","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-6-2593-2006","asserted-by":"object"}]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,12]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T11:13:24Z","timestamp":1778843604350,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"D9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":1578,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Geophys. Res."],"DOI":"10.1029\/2010jd015274","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,6]],"date-time":"2011-05-06T20:00:59Z","timestamp":1304712059000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Global distribution of cloud droplet number concentration, autoconversion rate, and aerosol indirect effect under diabatic droplet activation"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"116","author":[{"given":"Donifan","family":"Barahona","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafaella","family":"Sotiropoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Athanasios","family":"Nenes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:abdu00","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6837","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD901161","article-title":"A parameterization of aerosol activation: 2. Multiple aerosol types","volume":"105","author":"Abdul-Razzak","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:abdu05","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D06206","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005324","article-title":"Influence of slightly soluble organics on aerosol activation","volume":"110","author":"Abdul-Razzak","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:albr95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1995)076<0889:TASTE>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Atlantic stratocumulus transition experiment ASTEX","volume":"76","author":"Albrecht","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:asah07","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D22201","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD006934","article-title":"Effect of solute dissolution kinetics on cloud droplet formation: Extended K\u00f6hler theory","volume":"112","author":"Asa-Awuku","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:bara07","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D16206","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JD008473","article-title":"Parameterization of cloud droplet formation in large scale models: Including effects of entrainment","volume":"112","author":"Barahona","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:bara10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2467","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-2467-2010","article-title":"Comprehensively accounting for the effect of giant CCN in cloud droplet activation parameterizations","volume":"10","author":"Barahona","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:benn07","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D02201","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JD007547","article-title":"Global assessment of marine boundary layer cloud droplet number","volume":"112","author":"Bennartz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:bloo05","article-title":"Documentation and validation of the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) data assimilation system: Version 4","volume":"26","author":"Bloom","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:bren01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(2001)058<0628:DSBICC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Droplet spectra broadening in cumulus clouds. Part I: Broadening in adiabatic cores","volume":"58","author":"Brenguier","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:bret95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2707","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1995)052<2707:CAMBLD>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Cloudiness and marine boundary layer dynamics in the ASTEX Lagrangian experiments. Part I: Synoptic setting and vertical structure","volume":"52","author":"Bretherton","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:bret04","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-85-7-967","article-title":"The epic 2001 stratocumulus study","volume":"85","author":"Bretherton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:carp98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3417","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1998)055<3417:EADINS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Entrainment and detrainment in numerically simulated cumulus congestus clouds. Part I: General results","volume":"55","author":"Carpenter","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"issue":"D15","key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:chan02","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4257","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD000766","article-title":"Estimating the vertical variation of cloud droplet effective radius using multispectral near-infrared satellite measurements","volume":"107","author":"Chang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:chen10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D12207","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JD011619","article-title":"Global climate response to anthropogenic aerosol indirect effects: Present day and year 2100","volume":"115","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:chos07","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2670","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS3975.1","article-title":"Entrainment-mixing and radiative transfer simulation in boundary layer clouds","volume":"64","author":"Chosson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:chou98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1998)011<0202:PFCOAS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Parameterizations for cloud overlapping and shortwave single-scattering properties for use in general circulation and cloud ensemble models","volume":"11","author":"Chou","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:cohe00","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(2000)057<1657:AQIOEA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A quantitative investigation of entrainment and detrainment in numerically simulated cumulonimbus clouds","volume":"57","author":"Cohen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:cona04","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D13204","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD004324","article-title":"Aerosol-cloud drop concentration closure in warm clouds","volume":"109","author":"Conant","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:delg96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1996)009<0270:APCWPF>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A prognostic cloud water parameterization for global climate models","volume":"9","author":"Del Genio","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:dong97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23829","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD02119","article-title":"Microphysical and radiative properties of boundary layer stratiform clouds deduced from ground-based measurements","volume":"102","author":"Dong","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:donn01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3444","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2001)014<3444:ACPIMF>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A cumulus parameterization including mass fluxes, convective vertical velocities, and mesoscale effects: Thermodynamic and hydrological aspects in a general circulation model","volume":"14","author":"Donner","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:fein10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09314","article-title":"Precipitation-generated oscillations in open cellular cloud fields","volume":"466","author":"Feingold","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:feng04","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D04310","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD004040","article-title":"Effects of cloud overlap in photochemical models","volume":"109","author":"Feng","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:foun05","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D11212","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005591","article-title":"Continued development of a cloud droplet formation parameterization for global climate models","volume":"110","author":"Fountoukis","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:foun07","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D10S30","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JD007272","article-title":"Aerosol-cloud drop concentration closure for clouds sampled during the International Consortium for Atmospheric Reseach on Transport and Transformation 2004 campaign","volume":"112","author":"Fountoukis","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:gerb05","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS-3399.1","article-title":"Holes and entrainment in stratocumulus","volume":"62","author":"Gerber","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:ghan97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21777","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD01810","article-title":"Prediction of cloud droplet number in a general circulation model","volume":"102","author":"Ghan","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:grab93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1993)032<1767:EAMICT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Entrainment and mixing in clouds: The Paluch diagram revisited","volume":"32","author":"Grabowski","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:greg01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49712757104","article-title":"Estimation of entrainment rate in simple models of convective clouds","volume":"127","author":"Gregory","year":"2001","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"issue":"D15","key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:guib03","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8628","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002678","article-title":"Aerosol activation in marine stratocumulus clouds: 1. Measurement validation for a closure study","volume":"108","author":"Guibert","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:hack98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1998)011<1497:SOTSCT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Sensitivity of the simulated climate to a diagnostic formulation for cloud liquid water","volume":"11","author":"Hack","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:hsie09a","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D07201","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JD010502","article-title":"On the representation of droplet coalescence and autoconversion: Evaluation using ambient cloud droplet size distributions","volume":"114","author":"Hsieh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:hsie09b","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D11205","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JD011387","article-title":"Parameterization of cloud drop size distribution in regional and large scale models","volume":"114","author":"Hsieh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:jian06","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L14806","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL026024","article-title":"Aerosol effects on the lifetime of shallow cumulus","volume":"33","author":"Jiang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:kain90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2784","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1990)047<2784:AODEPM>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A one-dimensional entraining\/detraining plume model and its application in convective parameterization","volume":"47","author":"Kain","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:khai00","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(2000)128<0229:ANCPPI>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A new cloud physics parameterization in a large-eddy simulation model of marine stratocumulus","volume":"128","author":"Khairoutdinov","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:kieh94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23107","DOI":"10.1029\/94JD01117","article-title":"Sensitivity of a GCM climate simulation to differences in continental versus maritime cloud drop size","volume":"99","author":"Kiehl","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:kim08","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D05210","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JD008961","article-title":"The role of adiabaticity in the aerosol first indirect effect","volume":"113","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:king06","article-title":"Collection 005 change summary for the MODIS cloud optical property (06-OD) algorithm","author":"King","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:koro95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3620","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1995)052<3620:TIOSFO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The influence of supersaturation fluctuations on droplet size spectra formation","volume":"52","author":"Korolev","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:kuma09","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2517","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-2517-2009","article-title":"Parameterization of cloud droplet formation for global and regional models: Including adsorption activation from insoluble CCN","volume":"9","author":"Kumar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:lanc04","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D22208","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD004596","article-title":"Chemical and dynamical effects on cloud droplet number: Implication for estimates of the aerosol indirect effect","volume":"109","author":"Lance","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:lin97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1997)054<1027:TMEPOS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The macroscopic entrainment processes of simulated cumulus ensemble. Part I: Entrainment sources","volume":"54","author":"Lin","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:liu05","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D18206","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005674","article-title":"Global modeling of aerosol dynamics: Model description, evaluation, and interactions between sulfate and nonsulfate aerosols","volume":"110","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:liu07","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D11212","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JD008216","article-title":"Uncertainties in global aerosol simulations: Assessment using three meteorological data sets","volume":"112","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:lohm97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13685","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD00631","article-title":"Impact of sulfate aerosols on albedo and lifetime of clouds: A sensitivity study with the ECHAM4 GCM","volume":"102","author":"Lohmann","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:lu08","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D15201","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JD009354","article-title":"Aerosol-cloud relationships in continental shallow cumulus","volume":"113","author":"Lu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:mcca74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1974)031<1028:FVOTRB>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Field verification of the relationship between entrainment rate and cumulus cloud diameter","volume":"31","author":"McCarthy","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:mcfi05","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8507","DOI":"10.5194\/acpd-5-8507-2005","article-title":"The effect of physical and chemical aerosol properties on warm cloud droplet activation","volume":"5","author":"McFiggans","year":"2005","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:medi07","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D10S31","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JD007588","article-title":"Cloud condensation nuclei closure during the International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation 2004 campaign: Effects of size resolved composition","volume":"112","author":"Medina","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:mesk05","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D16202","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005703","article-title":"Evaluation of a new cloud droplet activation parameterization with in situ data from CRYSTAL-FACE and CSTRIPE","volume":"110","author":"Meskhidze","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:mesk07","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14295","DOI":"10.5194\/acpd-7-14295-2007","article-title":"Aerosol-cloud interactions in the NASA GMI: Model development and indirect forcing assessments","volume":"7","author":"Meskhidze","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:ming06","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS3686.1","article-title":"A new parameterization of cloud droplet activation applicable to general circulation models","volume":"63","author":"Ming","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:mora10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D18220","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JD013233","article-title":"Characteristic updrafts for computing distribution-averaged cloud droplet number, and stratocumulus cloud properties","volume":"115","author":"Morales","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:morr08a","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3642","DOI":"10.1175\/2008JCLI2105.1","article-title":"A new two-moment bulk stratiform cloud microphysics scheme in the Community Atmosphere Model, version 3 (CAM3). Part I: Description and numerical tests","volume":"21","author":"Morrison","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:morr08b","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JAS2374.1","article-title":"Modeling supersaturation and subgrid-scale mixing with two-moment bulk warm microphysics","volume":"65","author":"Morrison","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:mort56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.1956.0011","article-title":"Turbulent gravitational convection from maintained and instantaneous sources","volume":"234","author":"Morton","year":"1956","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A"},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:negg03","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2671","DOI":"10.1256\/qj.02.93","article-title":"Shallow cumulus convection: A validation of large-eddy simulation against aircraft and Landsat observations","volume":"129","author":"Neggers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"issue":"D14","key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:nene03","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4415","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002911","article-title":"Parameterization of cloud droplet formation in global climate models","volume":"108","author":"Nenes","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:nene02","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.1029\/2002GL015295","article-title":"Can chemical effects on cloud droplet number rival the first indirect effect?","volume":"29","author":"Nenes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:palu79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2467","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1979)036<2467:TEMICC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The entrainment mechanism in Colorado cumuli","volume":"36","author":"Paluch","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:peng05","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D21213","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD004922","article-title":"Importance of vertical velocity variations in the cloud droplet nucleation process of marine stratocumulus","volume":"110","author":"Peng","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:prup97","volume-title":"Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation","author":"Pruppacher","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:prup76","first-page":"523","article-title":"A comparative study of the growth of cloud drops by condensation using an air parcel model with and without entrainment","volume":"115","author":"Pruppacher","year":"1976","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:quaa09","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8697","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-8697-2009","article-title":"Aerosol indirect effects: General circulation model intercomparison and evaluation with satellite data","volume":"9","author":"Quaas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:raga93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49711951410","article-title":"On the link between cloud-top radiative properties and sub-cloud aerosol concentrations","volume":"119","author":"Raga","year":"1993","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:raga90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1990)047<0338:COCBCO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Characteristics of cumulus band clouds off the coast of Hawaii","volume":"47","author":"Raga","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:rand03","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-84-11-1547","article-title":"Breaking the parameterization deadlock","volume":"84","author":"Randall","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:roge85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1985)042<1846:EATTDO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Entrainment and the temporal development of the microphysics of convective clouds","volume":"42","author":"Rogers","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:rotm01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900463","article-title":"Global modeling initiative assessment model: Model description, integration, and testing of the transport shell","volume":"106","author":"Rotman","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:sega06","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D15204","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD006561","article-title":"Dependence of droplet concentration of aerosol conditions in different cloud types: Application to droplet concentration parameterization of aerosol conditions","volume":"111","author":"Segal","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:sein98","volume-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics","author":"Seinfeld","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:sieb95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1995)052<0650:EOPAFS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Evaluation of parametric assumptions for shallow cumulus convection","volume":"52","author":"Siebesma","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"issue":"D15","key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:snid03","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8629","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002692","article-title":"Aerosol activation in marine stratocumulus clouds: 2. Kohler and parcel theory closure studies","volume":"108","author":"Snider","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:stev05","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.earth.33.092203.122658","article-title":"Atmospheric moist convection","volume":"33","author":"Stevens","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:stev09","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08281","article-title":"Untangling aerosol effects on clouds and precipitation in a buffered system","volume":"461","author":"Stevens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:stom47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1947)004<0091:EOAIAC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Entrainment of air into a cumulus cloud","volume":"4","author":"Stommel","year":"1947","journal-title":"J. Meteorol."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:take05","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D02202","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005029","article-title":"Simulation of climate response to aerosol direct and indirect effects with aerosol transport-radiation model","volume":"110","author":"Takemura","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:twom77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1977)034<1149:TIOPOT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The influence of pollution on the shortwave cloud albedo of clouds","volume":"34","author":"Twomey","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:twom91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-1686(91)90159-5","article-title":"Aerosols, clouds and radiation","volume":"25","author":"Twomey","year":"1991","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ., Part A"},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:wang94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1994)051<1530:OOCTEI>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Observations of cloud-top entrainment in marine stratocumulus clouds","volume":"51","author":"Wang","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:wood07","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2657","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS3942.1","article-title":"Cancellation of aerosol indirect effects in marine stratocumulus through cloud thinning","volume":"64","author":"Wood","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"10.1029\/2010JD015274:xu91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1991)119<0342:EOCPUA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Evaluation of cloudiness parameterizations using a cumulus ensemble model","volume":"119","author":"Xu","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."}],"container-title":["Journal of Geophysical Research"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1029%2F2010JD015274","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.agu.org\/journals\/jd\/jd1109\/2010JD015274\/2010JD015274.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]],"date-time":"2021-07-21T22:13:00Z","timestamp":1626905580000},"score":26.787918,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1029\/2010JD015274"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,7]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"D9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2010jd015274","ISSN":["0148-0227"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-0227","type":"print"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,7]]},"article-number":"D09203"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]],"date-time":"2023-04-26T13:32:27Z","timestamp":1682515947767},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,16]]},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,16]],"date-time":"2007-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1171584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/2.5\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract. Soluble compounds present in atmospheric aerosol facilitate their transformation into cloud droplets by depressing the equilibrium vapor pressure required for activation. Their impact depends on the amount of dissolved substance in the aerosol aqueous phase, which in turn is controlled by its solubility. This study explores the impact of particle curvature on solubility, expressed in terms of a Kelvin enhancement. The augmented solubility, termed \"Curvature Enhanced Solubility\" (CES), is then introduced into K\u00f6hler theory for assessment of its impact on CCN activity for several organic compounds with a wide range of aqueous solubility. The interfacial energy between solute and aqueous phase required for quantification of CES is determined from existing correlations based on bulk solubility, and concurrent measurements of contact angle and surface tension. A number of important findings arise from this study: i) CES can substantially increase solubility and impact CCN activity but only if the aerosol is initially wet, ii) CES can stabilize highly supersaturated solutions, and provide a mechanism for retention of an aerosol aqueous phase even at very low relative humidity (RH), and, iii) trace amounts of surfactant impurities can magnify the impact of CES.\n                        <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/acpd-7-2325-2007","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,29]],"date-time":"2010-04-29T12:23:40Z","timestamp":1272543820000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Cloud droplet activation: solubility revisited"],"prefix":"10.5194","author":[{"given":"L. T.","family":"Padr\u00f3","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Nenes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3145","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asa-Awuku, A. and Nenes, A.: The effect of solute dissolution kinetics on cloud droplet formation, J. Geoph. Res.-A., in press, 2007.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD006934"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bilde, M. and Svenningsson, B.: CCN activation of slightly soluble organics: the importance of small amounts of inorganic salt and particle phase, Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 56(2), 128&amp;ndash;134, 2004.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.2004.00090.x"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Broekhuizen, K., Kumar, P. P., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Partially soluble organics as cloud condensation nuclei: Role of trace soluble and surface active species, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31(1), L001107, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2003GL018203, 2004.","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GL018203"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corrigan, C. E. and Novakov, T.: Cloud condensation nucleus activity of organic compounds: a laboratory study, Atmos. Environ., 33(17), 2661&amp;ndash;2668, 1999.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(98)00310-0"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cruz, C. N. and Pandis, S. N.: A study of the ability of pure secondary organic aerosol to act as cloud condensation nuclei, Atmos. Environ., 31(15), 2205&amp;ndash;2214, 1997.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(97)00054-X"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hartz, K. E. H., Tischuk, J. E., Chan, M. N., Chan, C. K., Donahue, N. M., and Pandis, S. N.: Cloud condensation nuclei activation of limited solubility organic aerosol, Atmos. Environ., 40(4), 605&amp;ndash;617, 2006.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.09.076"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henning, S., Rosernorn, T., D'Anna, B., Gola, A. A., Svenningsson, B., and Bilde, M.: Cloud droplet activation and surface tension of mixtures of slightly soluble organics and inorganic salt, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 575&amp;ndash;582, 2005.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-575-2005"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holmberg, K., J\u00f6nsson, B., Kronberg, B., and Lindman, B.: Surfactants and Polymers in Aqueous Solution, John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd., 2003","DOI":"10.1002\/0470856424"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hori, M., Ohta, S., Murao, N., and Yamagata, S.: Activation capability of water soluble organic substances as CCN, J. Aerosol Sci., 34(4), 419&amp;ndash;448, 2003.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(02)00190-8"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kohler, H.: The nucleus in and the growth of hygroscopic droplets, Transactions of the Faraday Society, 32(2), 1152&amp;ndash;1161, 1936.","DOI":"10.1039\/TF9363201152"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, P. P., Broekhuizen, K., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Organic acids as cloud condensation nuclei: Laboratory studies of highly soluble and insoluble species, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 509&amp;ndash;520,2003.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-3-509-2003"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lance, S., Medina, J., Smith, J. N., and Nenes, A.: Mapping the operation of the DMT continuous flow CCN counter, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 40, 242&amp;ndash;254, 2006.","DOI":"10.1080\/02786820500543290"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marcolli, C., Luo, B. P., and Peter, T.: Mixing of the organic aerosol fractions: liquids as the thermodynamically stable phases, J. Phys. Chem. A, 180(12), 2216&amp;ndash;2224, 2004.","DOI":"10.1021\/jp036080l"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"Miller, C. A. and Neogi, P.: Interfacial Phenomena: Equilibrium and Dynamic Effects, MARCEL DEKKER, INC. New York, 1985."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nenes, A., Charlson, R. J., Facchini, M. C., Kulmala, M., Laaksonen, A., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Can chemical effects on cloud droplet number rival the first indirect effect?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(17), 1848, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2002GL015295, 2002.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002GL015295"},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"Nielsen, A. E.: Kinetics of Precipitation, Macmillan. New York, 1964."},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"Novakov, T. and Penner, J. E.: Large Contribution of Organic Aerosols to Cloud-Condensation-Nuclei Concentrations, Nature, 365(6449), 823&amp;ndash;826, 1993."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prenni, A. J., DeMott, P. J., Kreidenweis, S. M., Sherman, D. E., Russell, L. M., and Ming, Y.: The effects of low molecular weight dicarboxylic acids on cloud formation, J. Phys. Chem. A, 105(50), 11 240&amp;ndash;11 248, 2001.","DOI":"10.1021\/jp012427d"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raymond, T. M. and Pandis, S. N.: Cloud activation of single-component organic aerosol particles, J. Geophys. Res.-A., 107(D24), 4787, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2002JD002159, 2002.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002159"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberts, G. C. and Nenes, A.: A continuous-flow streamwise thermal-gradient CCN chamber for atmospheric measurements, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 39(3), 206&amp;ndash;211, 2005.","DOI":"10.1080\/027868290913988"},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S.: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, John Wiley, New York, 1997."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shulman, M. L., Jacobson, M. C., Carlson, R. J., Synovec, R. E., and Young, T. E.: Dissolution behavior and surface tension effects of organic compounds in nucleating cloud droplets, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23(3), 277&amp;ndash;280, 1996.","DOI":"10.1029\/95GL03810"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sohnel, O.: Electrolyte Crystal Aqueous-Solution Interfacial-Tensions from Crystallization Data, Journal of Crystal Growth, 57(1), 101&amp;ndash;108, 1982.","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0248(82)90254-8"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spelt, J. K. and Li, D.: Applied Surface Thermodynamics, MARCEL DEKKER, INC. New York, 1996.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780585157719"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wexler, A. S. and Seinfeld, J. H.: 2nd-Generation Inorganic Aerosol Model, Atmospheric Environment Part a-General Topics, 25(12), 2731&amp;ndash;2748, 1991.","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-1686(91)90203-J"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, W. J. and Nancollas, G. H.: The dissolution and growth of sparingly soluble inorganic salts: A kinetics and surface energy approach, Pure and Applied Chemistry, 70(10), 1867&amp;ndash;1872, 1998.","DOI":"10.1351\/pac199870101867"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, W. J. and Nancollas, G. H.: Determination of interfacial tension from crystallization and dissolution data: a comparison with other methods, Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 79(2&amp;ndash;3), 229&amp;ndash;279, 1999.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-8686(98)00072-4"}],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/acp.copernicus.org\/preprints\/7\/2325\/2007\/acpd-7-2325-2007.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]],"date-time":"2021-01-21T23:54:48Z","timestamp":1611273288000},"score":26.76834,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/acp.copernicus.org\/preprints\/7\/2325\/2007\/"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,16]]},"references-count":27,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acpd-7-2325-2007","published":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,16]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T18:11:13Z","timestamp":1767895873543,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,18]],"date-time":"2019-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015\u201005318"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015\u201005318"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Geophysical Research Letters"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Climate models generally simulate a unidirectional, positive liquid water path (LWP) response to increasing aerosol number concentration. However, satellite observations and large\u2010eddy simulations show that the LWP may either increase or decrease with increasing aerosol concentration, influencing the overall magnitude of the aerosol indirect effect (AIE). We use large\u2010eddy simulation to investigate the LWP response of a marine stratocumulus cloud and its dependence on different parameterizations for obtaining cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC). The simulations confirm that the LWP response is not always positive\u2014regardless of CDNC treatment. However, the AIE simulated with the model version with prescribed CDNC is almost 3 times larger compared to the version with prognostic CDNC. The reason is that the CDNC in the prognostic scheme varies in time due to supersaturation fluctuations, collection, and other microphysical processes. A substantial spread in simulated AIE may thus arise simply due to the CDNC treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2018gl081746","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,26]],"date-time":"2019-02-26T02:00:02Z","timestamp":1551146402000},"page":"3473-3481","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Aerosol Indirect Effects in Marine Stratocumulus: The Importance of Explicitly Predicting Cloud Droplet Activation"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5424-6274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I.","family":"Bulatovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Meteorology Stockholm University  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Bolin Centre for Climate Research  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5940-2114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. M. L.","family":"Ekman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Meteorology Stockholm University  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Bolin Centre for Climate Research  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Savre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meteorological institute, Fakult\u00e4t f\u00fcr Physik Ludwig\u2010Maximilians\u2010Universit\u00e4t  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9085-2319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I.","family":"Riipinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bolin Centre for Climate Research  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Science and Analytical chemistry Stockholm University  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Aerosol Physics, Faculty of Science Tampere University of Technology  Tampere Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Leck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Meteorology Stockholm University  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Bolin Centre for Climate Research  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03174"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/2008MWR2582.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.245.4923.1227"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2214"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(2002)059<0668:LTTAIR>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-6412-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD020511"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1993)050<2008:POTRPO>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","first-page":"49","volume-title":"The atmospheric boundary layer","author":"Garratt J. R.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2011GL048611"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD006532"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1993)006<1587:TSCOLS>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JD025886"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.858280"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-13-00376.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(2001)129<1148:TNROEI>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS3584.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD006097"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JAS2374.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005694"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","first-page":"51","volume-title":"Microphysics of clouds and precipitation","author":"Pruppacher H. R.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-013-1945-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-8697-2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1980)037<0125:CIOTFK>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1995)008<1795:AOSODV>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2013MS000292"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1976)033<0436:EWLCTM>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-8095(01)00126-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","first-page":"370","volume-title":"Urban Aerosols. Atmospheric chemistry and physics: From air pollution to climate change","author":"Seinfeld J. H.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-84-5-579"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL075280"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1977)034<1149:TIOPOT>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JAS3120.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2012GL052204"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GL063301"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/2010MWR3601.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-11-00121.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2002GL015371"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-21-2017"}],"container-title":["Geophysical Research Letters"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1029%2F2018GL081746","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1029\/2018GL081746","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1029\/2018GL081746","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1029\/2018GL081746","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]],"date-time":"2023-09-09T13:40:47Z","timestamp":1694266847000},"score":26.070353,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1029\/2018GL081746"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,18]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,28]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1029\/2018GL081746"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2018gl081746","archive":["Portico"],"ISSN":["0094-8276","1944-8007"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0094-8276","type":"print"},{"value":"1944-8007","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-07-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-02-20","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-03-18","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T05:04:51Z","timestamp":1791349491025,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"D6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,22]],"date-time":"2005-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1111449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Geophys. Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Two years of continuous aerosol particle size distribution measurements provided the basis for this cloud droplet activation study. The cloud droplet activation of aerosol particles was studied in Pallas, a clean background site in northern Finland. A slightly different approach compared with traditional methods is presented by measuring simultaneously the cloud interstitial particle size spectrum and a nearby out\u2010of\u2010cloud particle size spectrum. The main advantage of this approach is that one can determine the activated fraction of different\u2010size particles over the whole submicron\u2010size range and that a large number of cloud activation events can be analyzed. The number of cloud droplet activation days peaked in late autumn and was lowest in summer. The annual variation of \u201ccloud droplet activation\u201d events followed the annual pattern of low clouds (those below 1000 m). A relation was found between the total particle number concentration outside the cloud and the number of activated particles. A larger particle concentration led to a higher number of activated particles, a lower activation percent, and a larger activation diameter (D<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>). D<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> was on average 80 nm and varied from 50 to 128 nm. The average fraction of activated particles during the cloud events was 47% and varied from 9 to 86%. The cleaner and colder air masses from the northern Atlantic or the Arctic Ocean had, on average, 15 nm lower D<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> than the more polluted air masses from south and east containing more particles. The annual variation of the number of the activated particles and other variables were also closely related to the annual variation of particle concentration (high in summer and low in winter). On average 87 and 30% of accumulation and Aitken mode particles, respectively, were activated. Aitken mode particles were observed to cover up to 55% of the total number of activated particles (i.e., number of formed droplets), which demonstrates that they have a significant effect on cloud droplet activation and must be taken into account when estimating the aerosol indirect climate effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2004jd005200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,21]],"date-time":"2005-03-21T21:31:28Z","timestamp":1111440688000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":101,"title":["Measurements of cloud droplet activation of aerosol particles at a clean subarctic background site"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Mika","family":"Komppula","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Finnish Meteorological Institute  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heikki","family":"Lihavainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Finnish Meteorological Institute  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veli\u2010Matti","family":"Kerminen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Finnish Meteorological Institute  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markku","family":"Kulmala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Sciences University of Helsinki  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yrj\u00f6","family":"Viisanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Finnish Meteorological Institute  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD000483"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/93JD03522"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-3-131-2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","unstructured":"P. A. Baron K. Willeke 2001 John Wiley Hoboken N. J."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0889.2000.00027.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1060096"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49712454902"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/37576"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(2002)059<2006:AOTIOF>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0889.2000.00029.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/95JD01170"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1256\/qj.02.73"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00696585"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(2002)059<0714:AIOCME>2.0.CO;2"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","first-page":"365","article-title":"Overview of the atmospheric research activities and results at Pallas GAW station","volume":"8","author":"Hatakka J.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Boreal Environ. Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0889.2002.00299.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(96)00457-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1256\/qj.02.52"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD900204"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002939"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD901061"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2001GL014081"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/93JD02070"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0889.1996.t01-2-00002.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2003.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD003887"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/1999GL011011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD002046"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(2000)057<0295:CDSDIL>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002911"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2001GL013547"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD900915"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5459.1793"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-8095(99)00034-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002692"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900779"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","unstructured":"S. Twomey 1977 Elsevier New York"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(05)80007-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD003864"}],"container-title":["Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1029%2F2004JD005200","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1029\/2004JD005200","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]],"date-time":"2023-10-12T09:35:11Z","timestamp":1697103311000},"score":26.053268,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1029\/2004JD005200"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,22]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"D6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,27]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1029\/2004JD005200"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2004jd005200","archive":["Portico"],"ISSN":["0148-0227"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-0227","type":"print"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,22]]},"article-number":"2004JD005200"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T06:48:06Z","timestamp":1772261286603,"version":"3.50.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,19]]},"group-title":"Atmospheric sciences","reference-count":52,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,19]],"date-time":"2010-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1282176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract. The process of formation of cloud droplets on an ensemble of aerosol particles is modelled by numerous investigators using the method of lines (MOL). The method involves discretization of the aerosol size spectrum into bins whose position and width evolve with time. One of the drawbacks of the method is its poor representation of the aerosol spectrum shape in the region between the unactivated aerosol mode and the activated cloud-droplet mode. An adaptive spectrum refinement procedure that improves the performance of the method is introduced and tested. A model of drop formation on multi-component aerosol is formulated for the purpose of the study. Model formulation includes explicit treatment of the drop temperature evolution. Several examples of the model set-up are used to demonstrate model capabilities. Model results are compared to those without adaptivity, and are compared to the Twomey's formul\\\\ae. A C++ implementation of the model is available as an electronic supplement of the paper.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/gmdd-3-1271-2010","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,19]],"date-time":"2010-08-19T10:24:50Z","timestamp":1282213490000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Adaptive method of lines for multi-component aerosol condensational growth and cloud droplet activation"],"prefix":"10.5194","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"Arabas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Pawlowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3145","reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"Aitken, J.: On boiling, condensing, freezing, and melting, T. Roy. Scott. Soc. Arts, 9, 7\u201317, (reprinted in: The Collected Scientific Papers of John Aitken, LLD, FRS, edited by: Knott, C. G., Cambridge Univ. Press, 1923), 1875."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anttila, T., Kerminen, V.-M., Kulmala, M., Laaksonen, A., and O'Dowd, C. D.: Modelling the formation of organic particles in the atmosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 1071\u20131083, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-4-1071-2004, 2004.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-4-1071-2004"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bower, K., Choularton, T., Latham, J., Sahraei, J., and Salter, S.: Computational assessment of a proposed technique for global warming mitigation via albedo-enhancement of marine stratocumulus clouds, Atmos. Res., 82, 328\u2013336, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosres.2005.11.013, 2006.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2005.11.013"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"Brenguier, J.-L., Pawlowska, H., Sch\u00fcller, L., Preusker, R., Fischer, J., and Fouquart, Y.: Radiative properties of boundary layer clouds: droplet effective radius versus number concentration, J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 803\u2013821, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/1520-0469(2000)0572.0.CO;2}, 2000."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen, S. and Hindmarsh, A.: CVODE, A stiff\/nonstiff ODE solver in C, Comput. Phys., 10, 138\u2013143, (also available as LLNL technical report UCRL-JC-121014), 1996.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4822377"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Debry, E., Fahey, K., Sartelet, K., Sportisse, B., and Tombette, M.: Technical Note: A new SIze REsolved Aerosol Model (SIREAM), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1537\u20131547, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-7-1537-2007, 2007.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-7-1537-2007"},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"Feingold, G. and Heymsfield, A.: Parameterizations of condensational growth of droplets for use in general circulation models, J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 2325\u20132342, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/1520-0469(1992)0492.0.CO;2, 1992."},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"Fitzgerald, J.: Effect of aerosol composition on cloud droplet size distribution: a numerical study, J. Atmos. Sci., 31, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/1520-0469(1974)0312.0.CO;2, 1974."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuchs, N. and Sutugin, A.: Highly Dispersed Aerosols, Ann Arbor Science Publ., Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1970.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-016674-2.50006-6"},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"Galassi, M., Davies, J., Theiler, J., Gough, B., Jungman, G., Alken, P., Booth, M., and Rossi, F.: GNU Scientific Library Reference Manual, 3rd edn., Network Theory Ltd., Bristol, 2009."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gelbard, F.: Modelling multicomponent aerosol particle growth by vapor condensation, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 12, 399\u2013411, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02786829008959355, 1990.","DOI":"10.1080\/02786829008959355"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"Ghan, S., Guzman, G., and Abdul-Razzak, H.: Competition between sea salt and sulfate particles as cloud condensation nuclei, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 3340\u20133347, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/1520-0469(1998)0552.0.CO;2, 1998."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grabowski, W. W. and Wang, L.-P.: Diffusional and accretional growth of water drops in a rising adiabatic parcel: effects of the turbulent collision kernel, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2335\u20132353, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-9-2335-2009, 2009.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-2335-2009"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grabowski, W., Andrejczuk, M., and Wang, L.-P.: Droplet growth in a bin warm-rain scheme with Twomey CCN activation, Atmos. Res., submitted, 2010.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.10.020"},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"H\u00e4nel, G.: The role of aerosol properties during the condensational stage of cloud: a reinvestigation of numerics and microphysics, Beitr. Phys. Atmos., 60, 321\u2013339, 1987."},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"Hindmarsh, A., Brown, P., Grant, K., Lee, S., Serban, R., Shumaker, D., and Woodward, C.: {SUNDIALS}: suite of nonlinear and differential\/algebraic equation solvers, ACM T. Math. Software, 31, 363\u2013396, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1089014.1089020, (also available as LLNL technical report UCRL-JP-200037), 2005."},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"Howell, W.: The growth of cloud drops in uniformly cooled air, J. Meteorol., 6, 134\u2013149, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/1520-0469(1949)0062.0.CO;2, 1949."},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"Jacobson, M.: Fundamentals of Atmospheric Modeling, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1st edn., (2nd edn.: 2005), 1999."},{"key":"ref19","unstructured":"Johnson, D.: Analytical solutions for cloud-drop concentration, J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 215\u2013218, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/1520-0469(1981)0382.0.CO;2, 1981."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khvorostyanov, V. and Curry, J.: Parameterization of cloud drop activation based on analytical asymptotic solutions to the supersaturation equation, J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 1905\u20131925, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/2009JAS2811.1, 2009.","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JAS2811.1"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00f6hler, H.: The nucleus in and the growth of hygroscopic droplets, T. Faraday Soc., 32, 1152\u20131161, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/TF9363201152, 1936.","DOI":"10.1039\/TF9363201152"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korhonen, H., Kerminen, V.-M., Lehtinen, K. E. J., and Kulmala, M.: CCN activation and cloud processing in sectional aerosol models with low size resolution, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2561\u20132570, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-5-2561-2005, 2005.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-2561-2005"},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"Kornfeld, P.: Numerical solution for condensation of atmospheric vapor on soluble and insoluble nuclei, J. Atmos. Sci., 27, 256\u2013264, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/1520-0469(1970)027{\\\\break2.0.CO;2}, 1970."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kraus, E. and Smith, B.: Theoretical aspects of cloud drop distributions, Aust. J. Sci. Res., 2, 376\u2013388, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/CH9490376, 1949.","DOI":"10.1071\/CH9490376"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kreidenweis, S., Walcek, C., Feingold, G., Gong, W., Jacobson, M., Kim, C.-H., Liu, X., Penner, J., Nenes, A., and Seinfeld, J.: Modification of aerosol mass and size distribution due to aqueous phase SO2 oxidation in clouds: comparisons of several models, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4213, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2002JD002697, 2003.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002697"},{"key":"ref26","unstructured":"Kulmala, M., Asmi, A., Lappalainen, H K., Carslaw, K S., P\u00f6schl, U., Baltensperger, U., Hov, \u00d8., Brenquier, J.-L., Pandis, S N., Facchini, M C., Hansson, H.-C., Wiedensohler, A., and O'Dowd, C D.: Introduction: European Integrated Project on Aerosol Cloud Climate and Air Quality interactions (EUCAARI) \u2013 integrating aerosol research from nano to global scales, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2825\u20132841, \\\\doi10.5194\/acp-9-2825-2009, 2009."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laaksonen, A., Vesala, T., Kulmala, M., Winkler, P. M., and Wagner, P. E.: Commentary on cloud modelling and the mass accommodation coefficient of water, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 461\u2013464, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-5-461-2005, 2005.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-461-2005"},{"key":"ref28","unstructured":"Langmuir, I.: Super-cooled water droplets in rising currents of cold saturated air, Tech. Rep. RL-223, General Electric Company, (reprinted in The Collected Works of Irving Langmuir, edited by: Suits, C. G. and Way, H. E., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1961), 1944."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lawson, R. and Blyth, A.: A comparison of optical measurements of liquid water content and drop size distribution in adiabatic regions of Florida cumuli, Atmos. Res., 47\u201348, 671\u2013690, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0169-8095(98)00063-5, 1998.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-8095(98)00063-5"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, I.-Y. and Pruppacher, H.: A comparative study on the growth of cloud drops by condensation using an air parcel model with and without entrainment, Pure Appl. Geophys., 115, 523\u2013545, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00876119, 1977.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00876119"},{"key":"ref31","unstructured":"Mason, B.: The Physics of Clouds, 1st edn., Oxford Univ. Press, London, (2nd edn.: Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1971), 1957."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maxwell, J.: Diffusion, in: Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica, (reprinted in The Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell, edited by: Niven, W. D., Dover Publications, New York, 1965), 625\u2013646, 1878.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511710377.064"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McFiggans, G., Artaxo, P., Baltensperger, U., Coe, H., Facchini, M. C., Feingold, G., Fuzzi, S., Gysel, M., Laaksonen, A., Lohmann, U., Mentel, T. F., Murphy, D. M., O'Dowd, C. D., Snider, J. R., and Weingartner, E.: The effect of physical and chemical aerosol properties on warm cloud droplet activation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2593\u20132649, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-6-2593-2006, 2006.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-2593-2006"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mordy, W.: Computations of the growth by condensation of a population of cloud droplets, Tellus, 11, 16\u201344, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2153-3490.1959.tb00003.x, 1959.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2153-3490.1959.tb00003.x"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neiburger, M. and Chien, C.: Computations of the growth of cloud drops by condensation using an electronic digital computer, in: Physics of Precipitation, edited by: Weickmann, H., 191\u2013210, AGU, Washington, 1960.","DOI":"10.1029\/GM005p0191"},{"key":"ref36","unstructured":"Nenes, A., Chuang, P., Flagan, R., and Seinfeld, J.: A theoretical analysis of cloud condensation nucleus ({CCN}) instruments, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 3449\u20133474, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/{\\\\break2000JD900614}, 2001a."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nenes, A., Ghan, S., Abdul-Razzak, H., Chuang, P., and Seinfeld, J.: Kinetic limitations on cloud droplet formation and impact on cloud albedo, Tellus B, 53, 133\u2013149, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1034\/j.1600-0889.2001.d01-12.x, 2001b.","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0889.2001.d01-12.x"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O'Dowd, C., Smith, M., Consterdine, I., and Lowe, J.: Marine aerosol, sea-salt, and the marine sulphur cycle: a short review, Atmos. Environ., 31, 73\u201380, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1352-2310(96)00106-9, 1997.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(96)00106-9"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petters, M. D. and Kreidenweis, S. M.: A single parameter representation of hygroscopic growth and cloud condensation nucleus activity, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1961\u20131971, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-7-1961-2007, 2007.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-7-1961-2007"},{"key":"ref40","unstructured":"Rogers, R. and Yau, M.: A Short Course in Cloud Physics, Butterworth-Heinemann, Woburn, Massachusetts, 1989."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romakkaniemi, S., Kokkola, H., Lehtinen, K. E. J., and Laaksonen, A.: The influence of nitric acid on the cloud processing of aerosol particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1627\u20131634, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-6-1627-2006, 2006.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-1627-2006"},{"key":"ref42","unstructured":"Schabel, M. and Watanabe, S.: Boost.Units: zero-overhead dimensional analysis and unit\/quantity manipulation and conversion, in: Boost Library Documentation, available at: http:\/\/www.boost.org\/doc\/libs\/ (last access: July 2010), 2008."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Snider, J., Guibert, S., Brenguier, J.-L., and Putaud, J.-P.: Aerosol activation in marine stratocumulus clouds: 2. {K}\u00f6hler and parcel theory closure studies, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8629, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2002JD002692, 2003.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002692"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Squires, P.: The growth of cloud drops by condensation. I. General characteristics, Aust. J. Sci. Res., A5, 59\u201386, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/CH9520059, 1952.","DOI":"10.1071\/CH9520059"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stevens, B. and Feingold, G.: Untangling aerosol effects on clouds and precipitation in a buffered system, Nature, 461, 607\u2013613, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature08281, 2009.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08281"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takeda, T. and Kuba, N.: Numerical study of the effect of CCN on the size distribution of cloud droplets. Part} {I. {C}loud droplets in the stage of condensationa growth, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 60, 978\u2013993, 1982.","DOI":"10.2151\/jmsj1965.60.4_978"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsuji, M.: On the growth of cloud particles and the degree of supersaturation in convective clouds, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 28, 122\u2013130, 1950.","DOI":"10.2151\/jmsj1923.28.4_122"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Twomey, S.: The nuclei of natural cloud formation. Part {II}: The supersaturation in natural clouds and the variation of cloud droplet concentration, Pure Appl. Geophys., 43, 243\u2013249, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01993560, 1959.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01993560"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vesala, T., Kulmala, M., Rudolf, R., Vrtala, A., and Wagner, P.: Models for condensational growth and evaporation of binary aerosol particles, J. Aerosol Sci., 28, 565\u2013598, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0021-8502(96)00461-2, 1997.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(96)00461-2"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whitby, K.: The physical characteristics of sulfur aerosols, Atmos. Environ., 12, 135\u2013159, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0004-6981(78)90196-8, (reprinted in: Haagen-Smit Prize Special Supplement, Atmos. Environ., 41, S25\u2013S49, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2007.10.057, 2007), 1978.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2007.10.057"},{"key":"ref51","unstructured":"Williams, M. and Loyalka, S.: Aerosol Science: Theory and Practice, Pergamon Press, New York, 1991."},{"key":"ref52","unstructured":"Wouwer, A., Saucez, P., and Schiesser, W. (Eds.): Adaptive Method of Lines, Chapman and Hall\/CRC, Boca Raton, Florida, 2001."}],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/gmd.copernicus.org\/preprints\/3\/1271\/2010\/gmdd-3-1271-2010.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]],"date-time":"2025-02-15T15:59:02Z","timestamp":1739635142000},"score":26.029327,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/gmd.copernicus.org\/articles\/4\/15\/2011\/gmd-4-15-2011-discussion.html"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,19]]},"references-count":52,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/gmdd-3-1271-2010","relation":{"is-supplemented-by":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/gmdd-3-1271-2010-supplement","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/gmdd-3-1271-2010-supplement","asserted-by":"object"}],"is-preprint-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/gmd-4-15-2011","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/gmd-4-15-2011","asserted-by":"object"}]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,19]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T21:18:54Z","timestamp":1787001534726,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"D8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,22]],"date-time":"2008-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1208822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Geophys. Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    In this laboratory closure study, we compare sub\u2010 and supersaturated water uptake properties for aerosol particles possessing a range of hygroscopicity. Measurements for water sub\u2010saturated conditions used a hygroscopic tandem differential mobility analyzer (HTDMA). Simultaneously, measurements of particle critical supersaturation were conducted on the same sample stream with a continuous flow cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) counter. For these experiments, we used filter\u2010collected samples of biomass smoke generated in the combustion of two common wildland fire fuels, western sagebrush and Alaskan duff core. Extractions of separate sections of the filter were performed using two solvents, ultrapure water and methanol. The extracts were subsequently atomized, producing aerosols having a range of hygroscopic responses. HTDMA and CCN measurements were fit to a single\u2010parameter model of water uptake, in which the fit parameter is denoted\n                    <jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the hygroscopicity parameter. Here, for the four extracts we observed mean values of the hygroscopicity parameter of 0.06 &lt;\n                    <jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.30, similar to the range found previously for numerous pure organic compounds. Particles generated from the aqueous extracts of the filters had consistently larger\n                    <jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>\n                    than methanol extracts, while western sagebrush extract aerosols\n                    <jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>\n                    exceeded those from Alaskan duff core. HTDMA\u2010 and CCN\u2010derived values of\n                    <jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>\n                    for each experiment agreed within approximately 20%. Applicability of the\n                    <jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010parameterization to other multicomponent aerosols relevant to the atmosphere remains to be tested.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2007jd009274","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,21]],"date-time":"2008-04-21T23:15:41Z","timestamp":1208819741000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Aerosol hygroscopicity and cloud droplet activation of extracts of filters from biomass burning experiments"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Christian M.","family":"Carrico","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Science Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus D.","family":"Petters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Science Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia M.","family":"Kreidenweis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Science Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Jeffrey L.","family":"Collett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Science Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guenter","family":"Engling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Environmental Changes Academia Sinica  Taipei Taiwan, ROC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William C.","family":"Malm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. National Park Service, Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.04.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02786820490251367"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-755-2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(2000)057<1854:PPCSFH>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(2000)057<1872:PPCSFH>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2004.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(03)00197-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2004.11.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD006659"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD003704"},{"issue":"15","key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","first-page":"2205","article-title":"A study of the ability of pure secondary organic aerosol to act as cloud condensation nuclei","volume":"31","author":"Cruz C. N.","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Chem."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD00979"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es9907109"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JD007221"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-2465-2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.12.069"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD006092"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-4-35-2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006174514022"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JD007705"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD02293"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ie000790l"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-575-2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD004398"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-1053-2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GB002300"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02786828208958587"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-1357-2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02786820500543290"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD006464"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD003739"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5394.1664"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2486.2003.00600.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-7-1961-2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL027249"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(03)00559-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JD007963"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-8502(86)90031-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002159"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-471-2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-7-2949-2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/027868290913988"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00053823"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","unstructured":"M. R. Stolzenburg P. H. McMurry 1988 University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0889.1992.t01-1-00009.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-1937-2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-8095(98)00105-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","first-page":"153","volume-title":"Generation of Aerosols","author":"Tang I. N.","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/94JD01345"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005465"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/1998JD100017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(97)00023-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL028260"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD000203"}],"container-title":["Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1029%2F2007JD009274","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1029\/2007JD009274","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]],"date-time":"2023-10-13T00:06:03Z","timestamp":1697155563000},"score":26.029327,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1029\/2007JD009274"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,22]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"D8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,27]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1029\/2007JD009274"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2007jd009274","archive":["Portico"],"ISSN":["0148-0227"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-0227","type":"print"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,22]]},"article-number":"2007JD009274"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T23:18:56Z","timestamp":1791415136124,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Stockholm University Press","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"DOI":"10.3402\/tellusb.v65i0.20476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,29]],"date-time":"2013-07-29T11:38:30Z","timestamp":1375097910000},"page":"20476","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Cloud droplet activation mechanisms of amino acid aerosol particles:\n                        insight from molecular dynamics simulations"],"prefix":"10.16993","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Xin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Hede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaoquan","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Leck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"\u00c5gren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"6601","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.469505"},{"key":"CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/j100308a038"},{"key":"CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL025199"},{"key":"CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1971)028<0811:TOPOVC>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/JC093iC04p03649"},{"key":"CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(74)90352-X"},{"key":"CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2745718"},{"key":"CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.464397"},{"key":"CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.470117"},{"key":"CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/45758"},{"key":"CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD000200"},{"key":"CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp909661q"},{"key":"CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-6549-2011"},{"key":"CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ct700200b"},{"key":"CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-987X(199709)18:12<1463::AID-JCC4>3.0.CO;2-H"},{"key":"CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ct700301q"},{"key":"CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.31.1695"},{"key":"CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2209240"},{"key":"CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja9621760"},{"key":"CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp068767m"},{"key":"CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/tf9363201152"},{"key":"CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp9055329"},{"key":"CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marchem.2005.03.007"},{"key":"CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja02254a006"},{"key":"CIT0025","first-page":"3577","volume":"26","author":"Leck C","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusb.v57i4.16546"},{"key":"CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL023651"},{"key":"CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.2007.00315.x"},{"key":"CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD001463"},{"key":"CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jz9004784"},{"key":"CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-519-2011"},{"key":"CIT0032","volume-title":"CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics","author":"Lide D. R. (ed.)","year":"2005","edition":"86"},{"key":"CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD003557"},{"key":"CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD003051"},{"key":"CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002997"},{"key":"CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"06206","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JA010409","volume":"109","author":"Malder B. T","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/325246a0"},{"key":"CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00268978400101201"},{"key":"CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02959"},{"key":"CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.1999.49712555610"},{"key":"CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01301a006"},{"key":"CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/45701"},{"key":"CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3376612"},{"key":"CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/j100244a029"},{"key":"CIT0045","volume-title":"Climate Change 2007 The Physical Science Basis Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","author":"Solomon S","year":"2007"},{"key":"CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-73978-1_24"},{"key":"CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.447358"},{"key":"CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(74)90004-3"},{"key":"CIT0049","unstructured":"Van der Spoel D\n, \nLindahl E\n, \nHess B\n, \nVan Buuren A. R\n, \nApol E\n, co-authors\n.\nGromacs User Manual version 4.0. 2005. Online at: http:\/\/www.gromacs.org ."},{"key":"CIT0050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3253685"},{"key":"CIT0051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2008.04.038"},{"key":"CIT0052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jz1006252"},{"key":"CIT0053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.479595"},{"key":"CIT0054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp1067022"},{"key":"CIT0055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.474184"},{"key":"CIT0056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(03)00127-4"},{"key":"CIT0057","volume-title":"Hygroscopic Properties of Atmospheric Aerosol Particles in Various Environments","author":"Zhou J","year":"2001"}],"container-title":["Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3402\/tellusb.v65i0.20476","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]],"date-time":"2022-11-29T14:35:33Z","timestamp":1669732533000},"score":26.000168,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/b.tellusjournals.se\/article\/10.3402\/tellusb.v65i0.20476\/"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3402\/tellusb.v65i0.20476","ISSN":["1600-0889","0280-6509"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1600-0889","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0280-6509","type":"print"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T22:22:25Z","timestamp":1790893345627,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"D19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,10,1]],"date-time":"2000-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":970358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Geophys. Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,10,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper we explore phase space for cloud processing of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) via heterogeneous chemistry. A range of input CCN size spectra, parameterized as lognormal distributions, are used as input to a parcel model driven along trajectories derived from a large\u2010eddy simulation of the stratocumulus\u2010capped marine boundary layer. A simple sulfate chemistry model is coupled to the microphysical model. Gas phase concentrations of SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>, H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, and NH<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> are varied so as to generate one case for which SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> processing is dominated by oxidation via O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> and another case for which processing is dominated by oxidation via H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>. The processed aerosol spectra are then used as input to an adiabatic parcel model that predicts the drop concentration for a given updraft velocity. Comparisons are made between predictions of drop concentration based on input of aerosol spectra that have experienced processing and an equivalent set that has not experienced processing. It is shown that for both of the chemical processing scenarios, heterogeneous processing can either enhance or suppress the number of drops activated in the subsequent cloud cycle, depending on the input CCN distribution and the magnitude of the updraft. Enhancement of drop concentration occurs in cases where the subsequent cloud cycle has low vertical velocity. A reduction in drop number occurs when updraft velocities in the subsequent cloud cycle are high. The size of the smallest CCN size category activated in the subsequent cloud cycle, relative to that experienced in the original cloud cycle, is important in determining the change in number of activated drops. By applying probability distribution functions of the vertical velocity, we calculate that, on average, drop concentrations are likely to be enhanced by between 10% and 20% for the cases examined. Nevertheless, the potential for both positive and negative changes in drop concentration due to cloud processing may complicate predictions of the indirect effect of aerosols on climate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2000jd900369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,4]],"date-time":"2004-02-04T01:19:19Z","timestamp":1075857559000},"page":"24351-24361","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Does cloud processing of aerosol enhance droplet concentrations?"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Graham","family":"Feingold","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Kreidenweis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.245.4923.1227"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49711951204"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.255.5043.423"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1992)049<2325:POCGOD>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD00963"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD01750"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1999)056<4100:TIOGCC>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD900482"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1995)052<2800:DRMOTI>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/96GL02419"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/JD095iD04p03659"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation","author":"Pruppacher H. R.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1996)053<0980:EOTMSO>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(74)90004-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD900206"}],"container-title":["Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1029%2F2000JD900369","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1029\/2000JD900369","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]],"date-time":"2023-09-22T21:34:39Z","timestamp":1695418479000},"score":25.72567,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1029\/2000JD900369"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,10]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"D19","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,10,16]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1029\/2000JD900369"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2000jd900369","archive":["Portico"],"ISSN":["0148-0227"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-0227","type":"print"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,10]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T20:43:25Z","timestamp":1791146605704,"version":"4.1.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,19]]},"group-title":"Aerosols\/Field Measurements\/Troposphere\/Chemistry (chemical composition and reactions)","reference-count":72,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,19]],"date-time":"2014-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1408406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract. Concentrations of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) were measured throughout an expedition by icebreaker around the central Arctic Ocean, including a 3 week ice drift operation at 87\u00b0 N, from 3 August to 9 September 2008. In agreement with previous observations in the area and season median daily CCN concentrations at 0.2% water vapor supersaturation were typically in the range of 15 to 30 cm\u22123, but concentrations varied by two to three orders of magnitude over the expedition and were occasionally below 1 cm\u22123. The CCN concentrations were highest near the ice edge and fell by a factor of three in the first 48 h of transport from the open sea into the pack ice region. For longer transport times they increased again indicating a local source over the pack ice, suggested to be polymer gels, via drops injected into the air by bubbles bursting on open leads. By assuming K\u00f6hler theory and simulating the cloud nucleation process using a Lagrangian adiabatic air parcel model that solves the kinetic formulation for condensation of water on size resolved aerosol particles we inferred the properties of the unexplained non-water soluble aerosol fraction that is necessary for reproducing the observed concentrations of CCN. We propose that the portion of the internally\/externally mixed water insoluble particles was larger in the corresponding smaller aerosol sizes ranges. These particles were physically and chemically behaving as polymer gels: the interaction of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic entities on the structures of polymer gels during cloud droplet activation would at first only show a partial wetting character and only weak hygroscopic growth. Given time, a high CCN activation efficiency is achieved, which is promoted by the hydrophilicity or surface-active properties of the gels. Thus the result in this study argues for that the behavior of the high Arctic aerosol in CCN-counters operating at water vapor supersaturations &gt; 0.4% (high relative humidities) may not be properly explained by conventional K\u00f6hler theory.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/acpd-14-21223-2014","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,20]],"date-time":"2014-08-20T03:34:41Z","timestamp":1408505681000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Importance of aerosol composition and mixing state for cloud droplet activation in the high Arctic"],"prefix":"10.5194","author":[{"given":"C.","family":"Leck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Svensson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3145","reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"Abbatt, J. P. D., Broekhuizen, K., and Pradeep Kumar, P.: Cloud condensation nucleus activity of internally mixed ammonium sulfate\/organic acid aerosol particles, Atmos. Environ.,"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"Bigg, E. K. and Leck, C.: Cloud-active particles over the central Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res.,"},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"Bigg, E. K. and Leck, C.: Properties of the aerosol over the central Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res.,"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"Bigg, E. K. and Leck, C.: The composition of fragments of bubbles bursting at the ocean surface, J. Geophys. Res.,"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"Bigg, E. K., Leck, C., and Nilsson, E. D.: Sudden changes in arctic atmospheric aerosol concentrations during summer andautumn, Tellus B,"},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"Bigg, E. K., Leck, C., and Nilsson, E. D.: Sudden changes in aerosol and gas concentrations in the central Arctic marine boundary layer: causes and consequences, J. Geophys. Res.,"},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"Bigg, E. K., Leck, C., and Tranvik, T.: Particulates of the surface microlayer of open water in the central Arctic Ocean in summer, Mar. Chem.,"},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"Birmili, W., Stratmann, F., and, Wiedensohler, A.: Design of a DMA-based size spectrometer for a large particle size range and stable operation, J. Aerosol Sci.,"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, R. Y.-W., Leck, C., Graus, M., M\u00fcller, M., Paatero, J., Burkhart, J. F., Stohl, A., Orr, L. H., Hayden, K., Li, S.-M., Hansel, A., Tjernstr\u00f6m, M., Leaitch, W. R., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Aerosol composition and sources in the central Arctic Ocean during ASCOS, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 10619\u201310636, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-11-10619-2011, 2011.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-10619-2011"},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"Chuang, P.: Measurement of the timescale of hygroscopic growth for atmospheric aerosols, J. Geophys. Res.,"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davis, E. J.: A history and state-of-the-art of accommodation coefficients, Atmos. Res., 82, 561\u2013578, 2006.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2006.02.013"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"Draxler, R. R. and Rolph, G. D.: HYSPLIT (HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) Model access via NOAA ARL READY Website, available at: http:\/\/ready.arl.noaa.gov\/HYSPLIT.php (last access: 7 April 2010), NOAA Air Resources Laboratory, Silver Spring, MD, 2011."},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"EANET (Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia): Report of the Inter-Laboratory Comparison Project 2007, available at: http:\/\/www.eanet.asia\/product\/, 2008."},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"Fu, P., Kawamura, K., Chen, J., and Barrie, L. A.: Isoprene, monoterpene, and sesquiterpene oxidation products in the high Arctic aerosols during late winter to early summer, Environ. Sci. Technol.,"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller, M. A. and Yuter, S. E.: Detection and characterization of heavy drizzle cells within subtropical marine stratocumulus using AMSR-E 89-GHz passive microwave measurements, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 1\u201313, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/amt-6-1-2013, 2013.","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-6-1-2013"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hede, T., Li, X., Leck, C., Tu, Y., and \u00c5gren, H.: Model HULIS compounds in nanoaerosol clusters \u2013 investigations of surface tension and aggregate formation using molecular dynamics simulations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 6549\u20136557, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-11-6549-2011, 2011.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-6549-2011"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heintzenberg, J. and Leck, C.: The summer aerosol in the central Arctic 1991\u20132008: did it change or not?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 3969\u20133983, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-12-3969-2012, 2012.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-3969-2012"},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"Heintzenberg, J., Birmili, W., Wiedensohler, A., Nowak, A., and Tuch, T.: Structure, variability and persistence of the submicrometer marine aerosol, Tellus B,"},{"key":"ref19","unstructured":"Heintzenberg, J., Leck, C., Birmili, W., Wehner, B., Tjernstr\u00f6m, M., and Wiedensohler, A.: Aerosol number-size distributions during clear and fog periods in the summer high Arctic: 1991, 1996 and 2001, Tellus B,"},{"key":"ref20","unstructured":"Herman, G. and Goody, R.: Formation and persistence of summertime Arctic stratus clouds, J. Atmos. Sci.,"},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"Hinds, W. C.: Aerosol Technology: Properties, Behavior, and Measurement of Airborne Particles, Wiley-Interscience, 504 pp., ISBN: 978-0-471-19410-1, 1999."},{"key":"ref22","unstructured":"Hoppel, W. A., Frick, G. M., and Larson, R. E.: Effect of nonprecipitating clouds on the aerosol size distribution in the marine boundary layer, Geophys. Res. Lett.,"},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"Hoppel, W. A., Frick, G. M., Fitzgerald, J. W., and Larson, R. E.: Marine boundary layer measurements of new particle formation and the effects non precipitating clouds have on aerosol size distribution, J. Geophys. Res.,"},{"key":"ref24","unstructured":"Intrieri, J. M., Fairall, C. W., Shupe, M. D., Persson, P. O. G., Andreas, E. L., Guest, P. S., and Moritz, R. E.: An annual cycle of Arctic surface cloud forcing at SHEBA, J. Geophys. Res.,"},{"key":"ref25","unstructured":"Karl, M., Leck, C., Coz, E., and Heintzenberg, J.; Marine nanogels as a source of atmospheric nanoparticles in the high Arctic, Geophys. Res. Lett.,"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kay, J. E. and Gettelman, A.: Cloud influence on and response to seasonal Arctic sea ice loss, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D18204, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2009JD011773, 2009.","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JD011773"},{"key":"ref27","unstructured":"Kerminen, V.-M. and Leck, C.: Sulfur chemistry over the central Arctic Ocean during the summer: gas-to-particle transformation, J. Geophys. Res.,"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00f6hler, H.: The nucleus in and the growth of hygroscopic droplets, T. Faraday Soc., 32, 1152\u20131161, 1936.","DOI":"10.1039\/TF9363201152"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kupiszewski, P., Leck, C., Tjernstr\u00f6m, M., Sjogren, S., Sedlar, J., Graus, M., M\u00fcller, M., Brooks, B., Swietlicki, E., Norris, S., and Hansel, A.: Vertical profiling of aerosol particles and trace gases over the central Arctic Ocean during summer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 12405\u201312431, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-13-12405-2013, 2013.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-12405-2013"},{"key":"ref30","unstructured":"Lannefors, H., Heintzenberg, J., and Hansson, H.-C.: A comprehensive study of physical and chemical parameters of the Arctic summer aerosol; results from the Swedish expedition Ymer-80, Tellus B,"},{"key":"ref31","unstructured":"Leaitch, W. R., Strapp, J. W., and Isaac, G. A.: Cloud droplet nucleation and cloud scavenging of aerosol sulfate in polluted atmospheres, Tellus B,"},{"key":"ref32","unstructured":"Leck, C. and Bigg, E. K.: Aerosol production over remote marine areas \u2013 a new route, Geophys. Res. Lett.,"},{"key":"ref33","unstructured":"Leck, C. and Bigg, E. K.: Biogenic particles in the surface microlayer and overlaying atmosphere in the central Arctic Ocean during summer, Tellus B,"},{"key":"ref34","unstructured":"Leck, C. and Bigg, E. K.: Evolution of the marine aerosol \u2013 a new perspective, Geophys. Res. Lett.,"},{"key":"ref35","unstructured":"Leck, C. and Bigg, E. K.: New particle formation of marine biological origin, Aerosol Sci. Tech.,"},{"key":"ref36","unstructured":"Leck, C. and Persson, C.: Seasonal andshort-term variability in dimethyl sulfide, sulfur dioxide and biogenic sulfurand sea salt aerosol particles in the arctic marine boundary layer, during summer and autumn, Tellus B,"},{"key":"ref37","unstructured":"Leck, C., Bigg, E. K., Covert, D. S., Heintzenberg, J., Maenhaut, W., Nilsson, E. D., and Wiedensohler, A.: Overview of the atmospheric research program during the International Arctic Ocean Expedition of 1991 (IAOE-91) and its scientific results, Tellus B,"},{"key":"ref38","unstructured":"Leck, C., Nilsson, E. D., Bigg, E. K., and B\u00e4cklin, L.: Atmospheric program on the Arctic Ocean Expedition 1996 (AOE-96): an overview of scientific goals, experimental approaches, and instruments, J. Geophys. Res.,"},{"key":"ref39","unstructured":"Leck, C., Norman, M., Bigg, E. K., and Hillamo, R.: Chemical composition and sources of the high Arctic aerosol relevant for cloud formation, J. Geophys. Res.,"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leck, C., Tjernstr\u00f6m, M., Matrai, P., Swietlicki, E., and Bigg, K.: Can marine micro-organisms influence melting of the Arctic pack ice?, EOS T. Am. Geophys. Un., 85, 25\u201332, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2004EO030001, 2004","DOI":"10.1029\/2004EO030001"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leck, C., Gao, Q., Mashayekhy Rad, F., and Nilsson, U.: Size-resolved atmospheric particulate polysaccharides in the high summer Arctic, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 12573\u201312588, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-13-12573-2013, 2013.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-12573-2013"},{"key":"ref42","unstructured":"Lohmann, U. and Leck, C.: Importance of submicron surface-active organic aerosols for pristine Arctic clouds, Tellus B,"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin, M., Chang, R. Y.-W., Sierau, B., Sjogren, S., Swietlicki, E., Abbatt, J. P. D., Leck, C., and Lohmann, U.: Cloud condensation nuclei closure study on summer arctic aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 11335\u201311350, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-11-11335-2011, 2011.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-11335-2011"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mauritsen, T., Sedlar, J., Tjernstr\u00f6m, M., Leck, C., Martin, M., Shupe, M., Sjogren, S., Sierau, B., Persson, P. O. G., Brooks, I. M., and Swietlicki, E.: An Arctic CCN-limited cloud-aerosol regime, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 165\u2013173, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-11-165-2011, 2011.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-165-2011"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morita, A., Sugiyama, M., Kameda, H., Koda, S., and Hanson, D. R.: Mass accommodation coefficient of water: molecular dynamics simulation and revised analysis of droplet train\/flow reactor experiment, J. Phys. Chem. B, 108, 9111\u20139120, 2004.","DOI":"10.1021\/jp030479s"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Narukawa, M., Kawamura, K., Li, S.-M., and Bottenheim, J. W.: Dicarboxylic acids in the Arctic aerosols and snowpacks collected during ALERT 2000, Atmos. Environ., 36, 2491\u20132499, 2002.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(02)00126-7"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nilsson, E. D., Rannik, \u00dc., Swietlicki, E., Leck, C., Aalto, P. P., Norman, M., and Zhou, J.: Turbulent aerosol number fluxes during theArctic Ocean Expedition 1996, Part II: A wind driven source of sub micrometeraerosol particles from the sea, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 32139\u201332154, 2001.","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900747"},{"key":"ref48","unstructured":"Ovadnevaite, J., Ceburnis, D., Martucci, G., Bialek, J., Monahan, C., Rinaldi, M., Facchini, M. C., Berresheim, H.,Worsnop, D. R., and O'Dowd, C.: Primary marine organic aerosol: a dichotomy of low hygroscopicity and high CCN activity, Geophys. Res. Lett.,"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orellana, M. V., Matrai, P. A., Leck, C., Rauschenberg, C. D., Lee, A. M., and Coz, E.: Marine microgels as a source of cloud condensation nuclei in the high Arctic, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 108, 13612\u201313617, 2011.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1102457108"},{"key":"ref50","unstructured":"Paatero, J., Vaattovaara, P., Vestenius, M., Meinander, O., Makkonen, U., Kivi, R., Hyv\u00e4rinen, A., Asmi, E., Tjernstr\u00f6m, M., and Leck, C.: Finnish contribution to the Arctic Summer Cloud Ocean Study (ASCOS) expedition, Arctic Ocean 2008, Geophysica, 45, 119\u2013146, 2009."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petters, M. D. and Kreidenweis, S. M.: A single parameter representation of hygroscopic growth and cloud condensation nucleus activity, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1961\u20131971, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-7-1961-2007, 2007.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-7-1961-2007"},{"key":"ref52","unstructured":"Pruppacher, H. R. and Klett, J. D.: Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1997."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberts, G. C. and Nenes, A.: A continuous-flow stream wise thermal-gradient CCN chamber for atmospheric measurements, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 39, 206\u2013221, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/027868290913988, 2005.","DOI":"10.1080\/027868290913988"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruehl, C. R., Chuang, P. Y., and Nenes, A.: How quickly do cloud droplets form on atmospheric particles?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1043\u20131055, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-8-1043-2008, 2008.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-8-1043-2008"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sedlar, J., Tjernstr\u00f6m, M., Mauritsen, T., Shupe, M. D., Brooks, I. M., Persson, P. O. G., Birch, C. E., Leck, C., Sirevaag, A., and Nicolaus, M.: A transitioning Arctic surface energy budget: the impacts of solar zenith angle, surface albedo and cloud radiative forcing, Clim. Dynam., 37, 1643\u20131660, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00382-010-0937-5, 2011.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-010-0937-5"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shantz, N. C., Chang, R. Y.-W., Slowik, J. G., Vlasenko, A., Abbatt, J. P. D., and Leaitch, W. R.: Slower CCN growth kinetics of anthropogenic aerosol compared to biogenic aerosol observed at a rural site, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 299\u2013312, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-10-299-2010, 2010.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-299-2010"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shupe, M. D., Persson, P. O. G., Brooks, I. M., Tjernstr\u00f6m, M., Sedlar, J., Mauritsen, T., Sjogren, S., and Leck, C.: Cloud and boundary layer interactions over the Arctic sea ice in late summer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 9379\u20139399, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-13-9379-2013, 2013.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-9379-2013"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sierau, B., Chang, R. Y.-W., Leck, C., Paatero, J., and Lohmann, U.: Single-particle characterization of the high-Arctic summertime aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 7409\u20137430, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-14-7409-2014, 2014.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-7409-2014"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Svenningsson, B., Rissler, J., Swietlicki, E., Mircea, M., Bilde, M., Facchini, M. C., Decesari, S., Fuzzi, S., Zhou, J., M\u00f8nster, J., and Rosen\u00f8rn, T.: Hygroscopic growth and critical supersaturations for mixed aerosol particles of inorganic and organic compounds of atmospheric relevance, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1937\u20131952, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-6-1937-2006, 2006.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-1937-2006"},{"key":"ref60","unstructured":"Takahama, S. and Russell, L. M.: A molecular dynamics study of water mass accommodation on condensed phase water coated by fatty acid monolayers, J. Geophys. Res.,"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tjernstr\u00f6m, M., Leck, C., Persson, P. O., Jensen, M., Oncley, S., and Targino, A.: The summertime arctic atmosphere: meteorological measurements during the Arctic Ocean Experiment 2001 (AOE-2001), B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 85, 1305\u20131321, 2004.","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-85-9-Tjernstrom"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tjernstr\u00f6m, M., Sedlar, J., and Shupe, M. D.: How well do regional climate models reproduce radiation and clouds in the Arctic?, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 47, 2405\u20132422, 2008.","DOI":"10.1175\/2008JAMC1845.1"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tjernstr\u00f6m, M., Birch, C. E., Brooks, I. M., Shupe, M. D., Persson, P. O. G., Sedlar, J., Mauritsen, T., Leck, C., Paatero, J., Szczodrak, M., and Wheeler, C. R.: Meteorological conditions in the central Arctic summer during the Arctic Summer Cloud Ocean Study (ASCOS), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 6863\u20136889, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-12-6863-2012, 2012.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-6863-2012"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tjernstr\u00f6m, M., Leck, C., Birch, C. E., Bottenheim, J. W., Brooks, B. J., Brooks, I. M., B\u00e4cklin, L., Chang, R. Y.-W., de Leeuw, G., Di Liberto, L., de la Rosa, S., Granath, E., Graus, M., Hansel, A., Heintzenberg, J., Held, A., Hind, A., Johnston, P., Knulst, J., Martin, M., Matrai, P. A., Mauritsen, T., M\u00fcller, M., Norris, S. J., Orellana, M. V., Orsini, D. A., Paatero, J., Persson, P. O. G., Gao, Q., Rauschenberg, C., Ristovski, Z., Sedlar, J., Shupe, M. D., Sierau, B., Sirevaag, A., Sjogren, S., Stetzer, O., Swietlicki, E., Szczodrak, M., Vaattovaara, P., Wahlberg, N., Westberg, M., and Wheeler, C. R.: The Arctic Summer Cloud Ocean Study (ASCOS): overview and experimental design, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 2823\u20132869, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-14-2823-2014, 2014.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-2823-2014"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tuckermann, R.: Surface tension of aqueous solutions of water-soluble organic and inorganic compounds, Atmos. Environ., 41, 6265\u20136275, 2007.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2007.03.051"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Twomey, S.: Pollution and the planetary albedo, Atmos. Environ., 8, 1251\u20131256, 1974.","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(74)90004-3"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verdugo, P.: Marine microgels, Ann. Rev. Marine Sci., 4, 375\u2013400, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-marine-120709-142759, 2011.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-marine-120709-142759"},{"key":"ref68","unstructured":"Walsh, J., Kattsov, V., Chapman, W., Govorkova, V., and Pavlova, T.: Comparison of Arctic climate simulations by uncoupled and coupled global models, J. Climate,"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winkler, P. M., Vrtala A., Wagner, P. E., Kulmala, M., Lehtinen, K. E. J., and Vesala, T.: Mass and thermal accommodation during gas-liquid condensation of water, Phys. Rev. Lett., 93, 075701-1\u2013075701-4, 2004.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.93.075701"},{"key":"ref70","unstructured":"Winkler, P. M., Vrtala, A., Rudolf, R., Wagner, P. E., Riipinen, I., Vesala, T, Lehtinen, K. E. J., Viisanen, Y., and Kulmala, M.: Condensation of water vapor: Experimental determination of mass and thermal accommodation coefficients, J. Geophys. Res.,"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xin, L., Leck, C., Sun, L., Hede, T., Tu, Y., and \u00c5gren, H.: Cross-linked polysaccharide assemblies in marine gels: an atomistic simulation, J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 4, 2637\u20132642, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jz401276r, 2013.","DOI":"10.1021\/jz401276r"},{"key":"ref72","unstructured":"Zhou, J., Swietlicki, E., Berg, O. H., Aalto, P. P., H\u00e4meri, K., Nilsson E. D., and Leck, C.: Hygroscopic properties of aerosol particles over the central Arctic Ocean during summer, J. Geophys. Res.,"}],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/acp.copernicus.org\/preprints\/14\/21223\/2014\/acpd-14-21223-2014.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T14:43:58Z","timestamp":1739544238000},"score":25.306429,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/acp.copernicus.org\/articles\/15\/2545\/2015\/acp-15-2545-2015-discussion.html"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,19]]},"references-count":72,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acpd-14-21223-2014","relation":{"is-supplemented-by":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acpd-14-21223-2014-supplement","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acpd-14-21223-2014-supplement","asserted-by":"object"}],"is-preprint-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-15-2545-2015","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-15-2545-2015","asserted-by":"object"}]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,19]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T01:12:58Z","timestamp":1780535578329,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"D15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,14]],"date-time":"2008-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1218672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Geophys. Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The number\u2010to\u2010volume concentration ratio, <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>, defined as the number concentration of particles larger than a certain cut\u2010off diameter divided by the total particle volume concentration, can be used for expressing aerosol number size distributions in a simplified way. Earlier studies have shown that <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic> shows less variability than random size distributions would produce. In this article the parameter <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic> was used to develop a new parameterization for estimating the cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC). The parameterization is a function of four input parameters: the total submicron volume concentration (<jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>tot<\/jats:sub>), number\u2010to\u2010volume concentration ratio with a 0.1\u2010<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>m cut\u2010off diameter (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>(0.1 <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>m)), soluble fraction of the particle volume (\u025b) and air updraft velocity (<jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>up<\/jats:sub>). The parameterization was derived by finding the best fit to a series of simulations made with an adiabatic air parcel model simulating cloud droplet activation, and the model input parameters were varied over a range typical for northern European background air. Results from the parameterization were compared with cloud droplet concentrations measured in Northern Finland, and a good agreement was found. The new parameterization demonstrates that if the value of <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>(0.1 <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>m) can be estimated or parameterized without knowing the whole particle number size distribution, cloud droplet number concentrations can be estimated relatively accurately by using only the four parameters mentioned above. This would reduce significantly the computer resources needed for calculating CDNC in large\u2010scale atmospheric models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2007jd009485","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,13]],"date-time":"2008-08-13T22:41:58Z","timestamp":1218667318000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Parameterization of cloud droplet activation using a simplified treatment of the aerosol number size distribution"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Niku","family":"Kivek\u00e4s","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development, Finnish Meteorological Institute  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veli\u2010Matti","family":"Kerminen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development, Finnish Meteorological Institute  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatu","family":"Anttila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development, Finnish Meteorological Institute  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannele","family":"Korhonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development, Finnish Meteorological Institute  Helsinki Finland"},{"name":"School of Environment University of Leeds  Leeds UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heikki","family":"Lihavainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development, Finnish Meteorological Institute  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mika","family":"Komppula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development, Finnish Meteorological Institute  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markku","family":"Kulmala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Sciences University of Helsinki  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD901161"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005324"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD001482"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusb.v47i3.16048","article-title":"The sulfate\u2010CCN\u2010cloud albedo effect: A sensitivity study using two general circulation models","volume":"47","author":"Boucher O.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1060096"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-2935-2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD006529"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD03087"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.2004.00119.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1125261"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2006.03.059"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005634"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/45758"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005591"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","first-page":"365","article-title":"Overview of the atmospheric research activities and results at Pallas GAW station","volume":"8","author":"Hatakka J.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Boreal Environ. Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900181"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0889.2002.00299.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JD007102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002939"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005200"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-2561-2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/93JD02070"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0889.1996.t01-2-00002.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1998)055<0853:MOTKHE>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-715-2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-88-2-243","article-title":"Different approaches for constraining global climate models of the anthropogenic indirect aerosol effect","volume":"88","author":"Lohmann U.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(2002)059<0692:GSOTAI>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005703"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS3686.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002911"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0889.2001.d01-12.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/1999GL900231"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD004922"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-3391-2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-879-2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD006561"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2006.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-8095(98)00105-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-3-2183-2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0889.2000.00091.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JD008714"}],"container-title":["Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1029%2F2007JD009485","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1029\/2007JD009485","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]],"date-time":"2023-10-12T17:12:39Z","timestamp":1697130759000},"score":25.284515,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1029\/2007JD009485"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,14]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"D15","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,16]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1029\/2007JD009485"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2007jd009485","archive":["Portico"],"ISSN":["0148-0227"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-0227","type":"print"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,14]]},"article-number":"2007JD009485"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T16:14:59Z","timestamp":1789402499513,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,27]],"date-time":"2018-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517011200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":357,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#am"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,4]],"date-time":"2017-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1486166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AGS\u20100846255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGS\u20100846255"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AGS\u20101446286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGS\u20101446286"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Geophysical Research Letters"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chemical aging of organic aerosol (OA) through multiphase oxidation reactions can alter their cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity and hygroscopicity. However, the oxidation kinetics and OA reactivity depend strongly on the particle phase state, potentially influencing the hydrophobic\u2010to\u2010hydrophilic conversion rate of carbonaceous aerosol. Here, amorphous Suwannee River fulvic acid (SRFA) aerosol particles, a surrogate humic\u2010like substance (HULIS) that contributes substantially to global OA mass, are oxidized by OH radicals at different temperatures and phase states. When oxidized at low temperature in a glassy solid state, the hygroscopicity of SRFA particles increased by almost a factor of two, whereas oxidation of liquid\u2010like SRFA particles at higher temperatures did not affect CCN activity. Low\u2010temperature oxidation appears to promote the formation of highly\u2010oxygenated particle\u2010bound fragmentation products with lower molar mass and greater CCN activity, underscoring the importance of chemical aging in the free troposphere and its influence on the CCN activity of OA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/2016gl072424","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,27]],"date-time":"2017-01-27T21:47:18Z","timestamp":1485553638000},"page":"1583-1591","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Cloud droplet activation through oxidation of organic aerosol influenced by temperature and particle phase state"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Jonathan H.","family":"Slade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stony Brook University Institute for Terrestrial and Planetary Atmospheres, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences  Stony Brook NY USA"},{"name":"Now at Purdue University Department of Chemistry  West Lafayette IN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2532-5373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manabu","family":"Shiraiwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Chemistry Multiphase Chemistry Department  Mainz Germany"},{"name":"University of California, Irvine Department of Chemistry  Irvine CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Arangio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Chemistry Multiphase Chemistry Department  Mainz Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4889-1669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hang","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Chemistry Multiphase Chemistry Department  Mainz Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Environmental and Climate Research Jinan University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"P\u00f6schl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Chemistry Multiphase Chemistry Department  Mainz Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brookhaven National Laboratory Environmental and Climate Sciences Department  Upton NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7732-3922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel A.","family":"Knopf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stony Brook University Institute for Terrestrial and Planetary Atmospheres, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences  Stony Brook NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092779"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp510489z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JD014874"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12674"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es034272o"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es049584l"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-6943-2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-5213-2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/128_2012_355"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cr5006292"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2009.06.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-7551-2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cp50347j"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-7917-2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-1427-2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp212131m"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c1cp22617g"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpca.5b06946"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-8879-2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-717-2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-7-1961-2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cr500487s"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-3817-2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-5241-2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b816799k"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-7067-2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad4889"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1103045108"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-2777-2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cp44695f"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL060582"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-10183-2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-9067-2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","volume-title":"Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group 1 to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","author":"Stocker T. F.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es502147y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo1809"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-5143-2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.5b00089"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JD014964"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2012JD018063"}],"container-title":["Geophysical Research Letters"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2F2016GL072424","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/2016GL072424","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/2016GL072424","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/am-pdf\/10.1002\/2016GL072424","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/2016GL072424","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]],"date-time":"2023-09-09T17:33:46Z","timestamp":1694280826000},"score":25.242365,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/2016GL072424"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,4]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,16]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/2016GL072424"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2016gl072424","archive":["Portico"],"ISSN":["0094-8276","1944-8007"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0094-8276","type":"print"},{"value":"1944-8007","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,4]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,28]],"date-time":"2024-04-28T08:59:42Z","timestamp":1714294782343},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780080420301","type":"print"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/b978-008042030-1\/50187-6","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,1]],"date-time":"2007-08-01T11:36:10Z","timestamp":1185968170000},"page":"770-779","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Cloud droplet nucleation and its connection to aerosol properties"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"given":"Stephen","family":"E. Schwartz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/B978-008042030-1\/50187-6_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1126\/science.245.4923.1227","article-title":"Aerosols, cloud microphysics, and fractional cloudiness","volume":"245","author":"Albrecht","year":"1989","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-008042030-1\/50187-6_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1995)076<0889:TASTE>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Atlantic Stratoumulus Transition Experiment--ASTEX","volume":"76","author":"Albrecht","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bull. Amer. Meterol. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-008042030-1\/50187-6_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00115250","article-title":"Trace elements in aerosol particles from Bermuda and Barbados: Concentrations, Sources and Relationships to Aerosol Sulfate","volume":"14","author":"Arimoto","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-008042030-1\/50187-6_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20725","DOI":"10.1029\/94JD01634","article-title":"Sulfate over the North Atlantic and adjacent continental regions: Evaluation for October and November 1986 using a three-dimensional model driven by observati","volume":"99","author":"Benkovitz","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-008042030-1\/50187-6_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1119\/1.15109","article-title":"Multiple scattering of light and some of its observable consequences","volume":"55","author":"Bohren","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-008042030-1\/50187-6_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1038\/326655a0","article-title":"Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and climate","volume":"326","author":"Charlson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-008042030-1\/50187-6_bib7","first-page":"152","article-title":"Perturbation of the Northern Hemisphere radiative balance by backscattering from anthropogenic aerosols","volume":"43AB","author":"Charlson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-008042030-1\/50187-6_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1126\/science.255.5043.423","article-title":"Climate forcing by anthropogenic aerosols","volume":"255","author":"Charlson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-008042030-1\/50187-6_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4443","DOI":"10.1029\/95JD03140","article-title":"Vertical profiles, aerosol microphysics, and optical closure during the Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment: Measured and modeled column optical prop","volume":"101","author":"Clarke","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-008042030-1\/50187-6_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18687","DOI":"10.1029\/95JD01170","article-title":"Field observations in continental stratiform clouds: Partitioning of cloud particles between droplets and unactivated interstitial aerosols","volume":"100","author":"Gillani","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-008042030-1\/50187-6_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/1352-2310(95)00228-Q","article-title":"Measurements of airborne particulate and gaseous sulphur and nitrogen species in the area of the Azores, Atlantic Ocean","volume":"30","author":"Harrison","year":"1996","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-008042030-1\/50187-6_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14887","DOI":"10.1029\/93JD01615","article-title":"Light scattering and cloud condensation nucleus activity of sulfate aerosol measured over the Northeast Atlantic Ocean","volume":"98","author":"Hegg","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-008042030-1\/50187-6_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3659","DOI":"10.1029\/JD095iD04p03659","article-title":"Aerosol size distributions and optical properties found in the marine boundary layer over the Atlantic Ocea","volume":"95","author":"Hoppel","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Geophys Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-008042030-1\/50187-6_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4319","DOI":"10.1029\/95JD01531","article-title":"The ASTEX\/MAGE Experiment","volume":"101","author":"Huebert","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-008042030-1\/50187-6_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4413","DOI":"10.1029\/95JD02044","article-title":"Sulfate, nitrate, methanesulfonate, chloride, ammonium, and sodium measurements from ship, island and aircraft during the Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Ex","volume":"101","author":"Huebert","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-008042030-1\/50187-6_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4435","DOI":"10.1029\/95JD00192","article-title":"Volatility and size of cloud condensation nuclei","volume":"101","author":"Hudson","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-008042030-1\/50187-6_bib17","series-title":"Second Assessment Synthesis of Scientific-Technical Information Relevant to Interpreting Article 2 of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change","author":"Ipcc","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-008042030-1\/50187-6_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4455","DOI":"10.1029\/95JD00506","article-title":"Aerosol distributions in the North Atlantic marine boundary layer during the Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment\/Marine Aerosol Gas Exchange","volume":"101","author":"Jensen","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-008042030-1\/50187-6_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/370450a0","article-title":"A climate model study of indirect radiative forcing by anthropogenic sulphate aerosols","volume":"370","author":"Jones","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-008042030-1\/50187-6_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1971)028<0382:ROCNST>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Relationship of cloud nuclei spectra to aerosol size distribution and composition","volume":"28","author":"Junge","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-008042030-1\/50187-6_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/369045a0","article-title":"Effect of variations in supersaturation on the formation of cloud condensation nuclei","volume":"369","author":"Kaufman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-008042030-1\/50187-6_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1991)004<0578:FFABBE>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Fossil fuel and biomass burning effect on climate-heating or cooling?","volume":"4","author":"Kaufman","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Climate"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-008042030-1\/50187-6_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD01228","article-title":"Physical and chemical observations in marine stratus during the 1993 NARE: Factors controlling cloud droplet number concentrations","author":"Leaitch","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-008042030-1\/50187-6_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1038\/365823a0","article-title":"Large contribution of organic aerosols to cloud-condensation nuclei concentrations","volume":"365","author":"Novakov","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-008042030-1\/50187-6_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1994)075<0375:QAMUOC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Quantifying and minimizing uncertainty of climate forcing by anthropogenic aerosols","volume":"75","author":"Penner","year":"1994","journal-title":"Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-008042030-1\/50187-6_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1994)033<0334:DTSOCA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Determining the susceptibility of cloud albedo to changes in droplet concentration with the advanced very high resolution radiometer","volume":"33","author":"Platnick","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-008042030-1\/50187-6_bib27","series-title":"Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation","author":"Pruppacher","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-008042030-1\/50187-6_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7837","DOI":"10.1021\/j100019a074","article-title":"The Kelvin relation: Stability, fluctuation, and factors involved in measurement","volume":"99","author":"Reiss","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-008042030-1\/50187-6_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49711649607","article-title":"The effect on the evolution of the drop spectrum in clouds of the preconditioning of air by successive convective elements","volume":"116","author":"Roesner","year":"1990","journal-title":"Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-008042030-1\/50187-6_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4469","DOI":"10.1029\/95JD01372","article-title":"Characterization of submicron aerosol size distribution from time resolved measurements in the Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment\/Marine Aerosol Gas","volume":"101","author":"Russell","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-008042030-1\/50187-6_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1038\/336441a0","article-title":"Are global cloud albedo and climate controlled by marine phytoplankton?","volume":"336","author":"Schwartz","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-008042030-1\/50187-6_bib32","series-title":"Clouds, Chemistry and Climate-Proceedings of NATO Advanced Research Workshop","first-page":"191","article-title":"Enhanced shortwave cloud radiative forcing due to anthropogenic aerosols","author":"Schwartz","year":"1996-1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-008042030-1\/50187-6_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-8502(95)00533-1","article-title":"The Whitehouse Effect-Shortwave radiative forcing of climate by anthropogenic aerosols: An overview","author":"Schwartz","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Aerosol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-008042030-1\/50187-6_bib34","series-title":"Inadvertent Climate Modification. Report of the Study of Man's Impact on Climate","first-page":"229","author":"Twomey","year":"1971"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-008042030-1\/50187-6_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1971)028<0377:TCOCN>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The composition of cloud nuclei","volume":"28","author":"Twomey","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-008042030-1\/50187-6_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(74)90004-3","article-title":"Pollution and the planetary albedo","volume":"8","author":"Twomey","year":"1974","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-008042030-1\/50187-6_bib37","series-title":"Atmospheric Aerosols","author":"Twomey","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-008042030-1\/50187-6_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1977)034<1149:TIOPOT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The influence of pollution on the short-wave albedo of clouds","volume":"34","author":"Twomey","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-008042030-1\/50187-6_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.1984.tb00254.x","article-title":"An assessment of the impact of pollution on global cloud albedo","volume":"36B","author":"Twomey","year":"1984","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-008042030-1\/50187-6_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21057","DOI":"10.1029\/95JD02141","article-title":"Evidence for anthropogenic impact on number concentration and sulfate content of cloud-processed aerosol particles over the North Atlantic","volume":"100","author":"Van","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."}],"container-title":["Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols 1996"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,5]],"date-time":"2019-01-05T17:22:39Z","timestamp":1546708959000},"score":24.731087,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/B9780080420301501876"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1996]]},"ISBN":["9780080420301"],"references-count":40,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/b978-008042030-1\/50187-6","published":{"date-parts":[[1996]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T05:33:22Z","timestamp":1772256802810,"version":"3.50.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,18]]},"group-title":"Aerosols\/Field Measurements\/Troposphere\/Physics (physical properties and processes)","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,18]],"date-time":"2016-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1479427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Research Council of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["272041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["272041"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Research Council of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["277664"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["277664"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Research Council of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["285068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["285068"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Research Council of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["283031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["283031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract. Long-term in situ measurements of aerosol-cloud interactions are usually performed in measurement stations residing on hills, mountains, or high towers. In such conditions, the surface topography of the surrounding area can affect the measured cloud droplet distributions by increasing turbulence or causing orographic flows and thus the observations might not be representative for a larger scale. The objective of this work is to analyse, how the local topography affects the observations at Puijo measurement station, which is located in the 75\u2009m high Puijo tower, which itself stands on a 150\u2009m high hill. The analysis of the measurement data shows that the observed cloud droplet number concentration mainly depends on the CCN concentration. However, when the wind direction aligns with the direction of the steepest slope of the hill, a clear topography effect is observed. This finding was further analysed by simulating 3D flow fields around the station and by performing trajectory ensemble modelling of aerosol- and wind-dependent cloud droplet formation. The results showed that in typical conditions, with geostrophic winds of about 10\u2009m\u2009s\u22121, the hill can cause updrafts of up to 1\u2009m\u2009s\u22121 in the air parcels arriving at the station. This is enough to produce in-cloud supersaturations higher than typically found at the cloud base (SS of ~\u20090.2\u2009%), and thus additional cloud droplets may form inside the cloud. In the observations, this is seen in the form of a bi-modal cloud droplet size distribution. The effect is strongest with high winds across the steepest slope of the hill and with low liquid water contents, and its relative importance quickly decreases as these conditions are relaxed. We therefore conclude that, after careful screening for wind speed and liquid water content, the observations at Puijo measurement station can be considered representative for clouds in a boreal environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-2016-1015","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,18]],"date-time":"2016-11-18T05:31:19Z","timestamp":1479447079000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Aerosol-landscape-cloud interaction: Signatures of topography effect on cloud droplet formation"],"prefix":"10.5194","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9414-3093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sami","family":"Romakkaniemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zubair","family":"Maalick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antti","family":"Hellsten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antti","family":"Ruuskanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5674-7013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olli","family":"V\u00e4is\u00e4nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irshad","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6033-1862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juha","family":"Tonttila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0595-0657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santtu","family":"Mikkonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mika","family":"Komppula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5978-0601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"K\u00fchn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3145","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net\/acp-2016-1015\/acp-2016-1015.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T20:29:09Z","timestamp":1738960149000},"score":24.661201,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/acp.copernicus.org\/articles\/17\/7955\/2017\/acp-17-7955-2017-discussion.html"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,18]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-2016-1015","relation":{"has-comment":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2016-1015-AC1","asserted-by":"subject"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2016-1015-RC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2016-1015-RC2","asserted-by":"subject"}],"is-preprint-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-17-7955-2017","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-17-7955-2017","asserted-by":"object"}]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,18]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T08:08:00Z","timestamp":1791274080736,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"5556","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Aerosol concentration and cloud droplet radii derived from space-borne measurements are used to explore the effect of aerosols on cloud microphysics. Cloud droplet size is found to be largest (14 micrometers) over remote tropical oceans and smallest (6 micrometers) over highly polluted continental areas. Small droplets are also present in clouds downwind of continents. By using estimates of droplet radii coupled with aerosol load, a statistical mean relationship is derived. The cloud droplet size appears to be better correlated with an aerosol index that is representative of the aerosol column number under some assumptions than with the aerosol optical thickness. This study reveals that the effect of aerosols on cloud microphysics is significant and occurs on a global scale.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1066434","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T09:35:18Z","timestamp":1027762518000},"page":"834-838","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":366,"title":["Aerosol Effect on Cloud Droplet Size Monitored from Satellite"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"295","author":[{"given":"Francois-Marie","family":"Bre\u0301on","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Commissariat a\u0300 l'Energie Atomique, Gif sur Yvette, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Didier","family":"Tanre\u0301","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d'Optique Atmosphe\u0301rique, CNRS, Universite\u0301 des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvia","family":"Generoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Commissariat a\u0300 l'Energie Atomique, Gif sur Yvette, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1994)075<0375:QAMUOC>2.0.CO;2","volume":"75","author":"Penner J. E.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Penner J. E., et al., Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 75, 375 (1994).","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.255.5043.423"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.283.5406.1299"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/1999GL010963"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1977)034<1149:TIOPOT>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5332.1636","volume":"277","author":"Kaufman Y. J.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kaufman Y. J., Fraser R. S., Science 277, 1636 (1997).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.237.4818.1020"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1990)047<1878:DOTOTA>2.0.CO;2","volume":"47","author":"Nakajima T.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Nakajima T., King M. D., J. Atmos. Sci. 47, 1878 (1990).","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1994)007<0465:NGSOED>2.0.CO;2","volume":"7","author":"Han Q.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Han Q., Rossow W. B., Lacis A. A., J. Clim. 7, 465 (1994).","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31287","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD900922","volume":"104","author":"Wetzel M. A.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wetzel M. A., Stowe L. L., J. Geophys. Res. 104, 31287 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5459.1793"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3105","DOI":"10.1029\/1999GL006066","volume":"26","author":"___","year":"1999","unstructured":"___, Geophys. Res. Lett. 26, 3105 (1999).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2180","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1998)055<2180:SOOAAC>2.0.CO;2","volume":"55","author":"Vong R. J.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Vong R. J., Covert D. S., J. Atmos. Sci. 55, 2180 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1993)074<2195:AMOASD>2.0.CO;2","volume":"74","author":"Frick G. M.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Frick G. M., Hoppel W. A., Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 74, 2195 (1993).","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0889.2000.00044.x","volume":"52","author":"Snider J. R.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Snider J. R., Brenguier J.-L., Tellus 52, 828 (2000).","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1109\/36.297978","volume":"32","author":"Deschamps P.-Y.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Deschamps P.-Y., et al., IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 32, 598 (1994).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F.-M. Br\u00e9on Ph. Goloub Geophys. Res. Lett. 25 1879 (1998).","DOI":"10.1029\/98GL01221"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17039","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD02109","volume":"102","author":"Herman M.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Herman M., et al., J. Geophys. Res. 102, 17039 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","unstructured":"Over land surfaces the aerosol index is inferred from the polarized radiance that is not fully related to the aerosol optical thickness. Because large particles yield negligible polarization the index quantifies the load of the accumulation mode with an effective radius of 0.18 \u03bcm. Over the oceans the aerosol index is defined as the product of the aerosol optical thickness and the \u00c5ngstr\u00f6m coefficient \u03b1. \u03b1 is close to zero for large particles such as dust and on the order of 1 to 1.5 for smaller particles such as those generated by biomass burning or industrial activity. The consistency of the index over land and oceans is demonstrated by the observed continuity at the coastal boundaries."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1029\/2000GL012186","volume":"28","author":"Nakajima T.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nakajima T., et al., Geophys Res. Lett. 28, 1171 (2001);","journal-title":"Geophys Res. Lett."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_3","unstructured":". For a given optical thickness the number of particles is much larger for a sub-micronic aerosol (typical for biomass burning smoke and pollution) than for larger sized particles such as dust. On the other hand the \u00c5ngstr\u00f6m coefficient decreases as the particle size increases. Thus the aerosol index (optical thickness \u00d7 angstr\u00f6m coefficient) partly compensates the size effects and is better related than the optical thickness to the number of particles."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4913","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900364","volume":"106","author":"Deuz\u00e9 J.-L.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Deuz\u00e9 J.-L., et al., J. Geophys. Res. 106, 4913 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4065","DOI":"10.1029\/2000GL011691","volume":"27","author":"Br\u00e9on F.-M.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Br\u00e9on F.-M., Colzy S., Geophys. Res. Lett. 27, 4065 (2000).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","unstructured":"No ground truth validation has been performed but the agreement between the measured and modeled polarized radiances suggests an RMS accuracy better than 0.5 \u03bcm on individual estimates. The noise in the monthly averages also results from the natural variability when few measurements are available."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1984)023<0005:OATSOS>2.0.CO;2","volume":"23","author":"Herman G. F.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Herman G. F., Curry J., J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol. 23, 5 (1984).","journal-title":"J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4555","DOI":"10.1029\/2001GL013036","volume":"28","author":"Tanr\u00e9 D.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tanr\u00e9 D., et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 4555 (2001).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","unstructured":"Each point in Fig. 3 shows the average of individual CDR measurements that correspond to a given bin of aerosol load estimates. Because there is a significant uncertainty on the aerosol load this average is derived from cases with actual loads that may be higher or lower than the bin value. For the lowest load bin only higher loads (smaller CDR) contaminate the estimate. This tends to decrease the average CDR all the more that the uncertainty on the aerosol load is larger."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22907","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD000732","volume":"106","author":"Feingold G.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Feingold G., et al., J. Geophys. Res. 106, 22907 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","unstructured":"Because the curve as a function of optical thickness (green) is significantly above that as a function of aerosol index (blue) one may get the false impression that they have been obtained from different sets of CDR and aerosol retrievals. In fact more than half of aerosol index estimates fall into the lowest load bin when the corresponding optical thicknesses are distributed over a wider range of values. The blue and green curves have been derived from the same sample and have the same overall mean CDR."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","unstructured":"S. Twomey in Atmospheric Aerosols (Elsevier Science New York 1977); see in particular equations 4 to 15."}],"container-title":["Science"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.1066434","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T23:03:39Z","timestamp":1704841419000},"score":24.660494,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.1066434"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,2]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5556","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.1066434"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1066434","ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,2]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T04:08:09Z","timestamp":1790827689009,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010700","name":"National Institute of Environmental Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002701","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003562","name":"Ministry of Environment","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIER-2020-01-01-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIER-2020-01-01-004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003562","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2019R1I1A1A01063751"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2019R1I1A1A01063751"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Atmospheric Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]],"date-time":"2020-11-18T23:46:58Z","timestamp":1605743218000},"page":"105367","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Variability of aerosol-cloud interactions induced by different cloud droplet nucleation schemes"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"250","author":[{"given":"D.Y.","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Lelieveld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Steil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.S.","family":"Yum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.-H.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6837","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD901161","article-title":"A parameterization of aerosol activation 2. Multiple aerosol types","volume":"105","author":"Abdul-Razzak","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6123","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD03735","article-title":"A parameterization of aerosol activation: 1. Single aerosol type","volume":"103","author":"Abdul-Razzak","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1175\/1525-7541(2003)004<1147:TVGPCP>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The version-2 global precipitation climatology project (GPCP) monthly precipitation analysis (1979-present)","volume":"4","author":"Adler","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1126\/science.245.4923.1227","article-title":"Aerosols, cloud microphysics, and fractional cloudiness","volume":"245","author":"Albrecht","year":"1989","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0025","series-title":"Climate and Weather of the Sun-Earth System (CAWSES), Highlights from a Priority Program","first-page":"301","article-title":"Simulation of particle precipitation effects on the atmosphere with the MESSy model system","author":"Baumgaertner","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0030","series-title":"Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","first-page":"571","article-title":"Clouds and aerosols. In Climate Change 2013: The physical science basis","author":"Boucher","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2017.03.036","article-title":"Aerosol physicochemical effect on CCN activation simulated with the chemistry-climate model EMAC","volume":"162","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Envrion."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2010GL042886","article-title":"Will black carbon mitigation dampen aerosol indirect forcing?","volume":"37","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2012MS000161","article-title":"Sensitivity of aerosol indirect effects to cloud nucleation and autoconversion parameterizations in shortrange weather forecasts during the May 2003 aerosol IOP","volume":"4","author":"Chuang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3835","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-3835-2011","article-title":"Size resolved and bulk activation properties of aerosols in the North China Plain","volume":"11","author":"Deng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4321","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-4321-2006","article-title":"Emissions of primary aerosol and precursor cursor gases in the years 2000 and 1750 prescribed datasets for AeroCom","volume":"6","author":"Dentener","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0060","first-page":"D05205","article-title":"Dust and pollution aerosols over the Negev desert, Israel: Properties, transport, and radiative effect","volume":"111","author":"Derimian","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb2000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-9-2209-2016","article-title":"A new radiation infrastructure for the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy, based on version 2.51)","volume":"9","author":"Dietm\u00fcller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1125261","article-title":"Size matters more than chemistry for cloud-nucleating ability of aerosol particles","volume":"312","author":"Dusek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"D4","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3425","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900555","article-title":"Characterization of the optical properties biomass burning aerosols in Zambia during the 1997 ZIBBEE field campaign","volume":"106","author":"Eck","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0889.2000.00029.x","article-title":"Modelling cloud processing of aerosol during the ACE-2 HILLCLOUD experiment","volume":"52","author":"Flynn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Tellus B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7485","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-7485-2014","article-title":"Incorporation of advanced aerosol activation treatments into CESM\/CAM5: model evaluation and impacts on aerosol indirect effects","volume":"14","author":"Gantt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JCLI3517.1","article-title":"Critical evaluation of the ISCCP simulator using ground-based remote sensing data","volume":"24","author":"Gerald","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12397","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-12397-2015","article-title":"Putting the clouds back in aerosol-cloud interactions","volume":"15","author":"Gettelman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0100","article-title":"Climate impacts of ice nucleation","volume":"117","author":"Gettelman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-14-00103.1","article-title":"Advanced two-moment bulk microphysics for global models. Part II: Global model solutions and aerosol-cloud interactions","volume":"28","author":"Gettelman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0115","first-page":"507","article-title":"Application of cloud microphysics to NCAR community climate model","volume":"102","author":"Ghan","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6461","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-11-00650.1","article-title":"Toward a minimal representation of aerosols in climate models: Comparative decomposition of aerosol direct, semidirect, and indirect radiative forcing","volume":"25","author":"Ghan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4899","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1617765114","article-title":"Constraining the Instantaneous Aerosol Influence on Cloud Albedo","volume":"114","author":"Gryspeerdt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7551","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-7551-2009","article-title":"Cloud condensation nuclei in pristine tropical rainforest air of Amazonia: size-resolved measurements and modeling of atmospheric aerosol composition and CCN activity","volume":"9","author":"Gunthe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0135","series-title":"Report 336","article-title":"An improved land surface parameter dataset for global and regional climate models","author":"Hagemann","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3810","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI3831.1","article-title":"Evaluation of the Hydrological Cycle in the ECHAM5 Model","volume":"19","author":"Hagemann","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1994)007<0465:NGSOED>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Near-Global survey of Effective Droplet Radii in Liquid Water Clouds using ISCCP Data","volume":"7","author":"Han","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1998)011<1516:GSOTRO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Global survey of the relationships of cloud albedo and liquid water path with droplet size using ISCCP","volume":"11","author":"Han","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0155","first-page":"D18104","article-title":"Efficacy of climate forcings","volume":"110","author":"Hansen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0160","series-title":"Clouds in the Perturbed Climate System","first-page":"451","article-title":"Global indirect radiative forcing caused by aerosols: IPCC (2007) and beyond","volume":"805J","author":"Haywood","year":"2009"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb9000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1998)079<0831:OPOAAC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Optical Properties of Aerosols and Clouds: The Software Package OPAC","volume":"79","author":"Hess","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bull. of the Amer. Met. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0165","first-page":"L12807","article-title":"Constraining cloud droplet number concentration in GCMs suppresses the aerosol indirect effect","volume":"36","author":"Hoose","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26553","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD02243","article-title":"Deducing droplet concentration and supersaturation in marine boundary layer clouds from surface aerosol measurements","volume":"101","author":"Hoppel","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5145","DOI":"10.1175\/2008JCLI2292.1","article-title":"A new sea surface temperature and sea ice boundary dataset for the community atmosphere model","volume":"21","author":"Hurrell","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0190","first-page":"D14105","article-title":"Evaluation of cloud and water vapor simulations in CMIP5 climate models using NASA \u201cA-Train\u201d satellite observations","volume":"117","author":"Jiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4409","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-18-0789.1","article-title":"The key role of warm rain parameterization in determining the aerosol indirect effect in a global climate model","volume":"32","author":"Jing","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb1000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-8-1677-2008","article-title":"Technical Note: Coupling of chemical processes with the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy) submodel TRACER","volume":"8","author":"J\u00f6ckel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-433-2005","article-title":"Technical note: the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy) - a new approach towards Earth System Modeling","volume":"5","author":"J\u00f6ckel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5067","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-5067-2006","article-title":"The atmospheric chemistry general circulation model ECHAM5\/MESSy1: consistent simulation of ozone from the surface to the mesosphere","volume":"6","author":"J\u00f6ckel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-3-717-2010","article-title":"Development cycle 2 of the modular earth submodel system (MESSy2)","volume":"3","author":"J\u00f6ckel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-9-1153-2016","article-title":"Earth System Chemistry integrated Modelling (ESCiMo) with the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy) version 2.51","volume":"9","author":"J\u00f6ckel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4617","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-4617-2006","article-title":"Technical note: an implementation of the DRY removal processes DRY DEPosition and SEDImentation in the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy)","volume":"6","author":"Kerkweg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3603","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-3603-2006","article-title":"Technical note: implementation of prescribed (OFFLEM), calculated (ONLEM), and pseudoemissions (TNUDGE) of chemical species in the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy)","volume":"6","author":"Kerkweg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb7000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1039\/TF9363201152","article-title":"The nucleus in the growth of hygroscopic droplets","volume":"32","author":"Kohler","year":"1936","journal-title":"Trans. Faraday Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0240","article-title":"Measurements of cloud droplet activation of aerosol particles at a clean subarctic background site","volume":"110","author":"Komppula","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0245","series-title":"Clouds in the Perturbed Climate System: Their Relationship to Energy Balance, Atmospheric Dynamics, and Precipitation, Str\u00fcngmann Forum Report","article-title":"Cloud particle precursors","volume":"13","author":"Kreidenweis","year":"2009"},{"issue":"D22","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0250","first-page":"123","article-title":"Physical and chemical observations in marine stratus during the 1993 North Atlantic Regional Experiment: Factors controlling cloud droplet number concentrations","volume":"101","author":"Leaitch","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12499","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-12499-2014","article-title":"Variations of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and aerosol activity during fog-haze episode: a case study from Shanghai","volume":"14","author":"Leng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-471-2014","article-title":"Estimation of cloud condensation nuclei concentration from aerosol optical quantities: influential factors and uncertainties","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1175\/2008JCLI2637.1","article-title":"Toward optimal closure of the Earth\u2019s top-of-atmosphere radiation budget","volume":"22","author":"Loeb","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb6000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9169","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD900046","article-title":"Prediction of the number of cloud droplets in the ECHAM GCM","volume":"104","author":"Lohmann","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11373","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-11373-2010","article-title":"Impact of parametric uncertainties on the present-day climate and on the anthropogenic aerosol effect","volume":"10","author":"Lohmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8807","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-8807-2018","article-title":"The importance of mixed-phase and ice clouds for climate sensitivity in the global aerosol-climate model ECHAM6-HAM2","volume":"18","author":"Lohmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3425","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-7-3425-2007","article-title":"Cloud microphysics and aerosol indirect effects in the global climate model ECHAM5-HAM","volume":"7","author":"Lohmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3235","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-3235-2010","article-title":"Total aerosol effect: radiative forcing or radiative flux perturbation?","volume":"10","author":"Lohmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4679","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-4679-2014","article-title":"Intercomparison and evaluation of global aerosol microphysical properties among AeroCom models of a range of complexity","volume":"14","author":"Mann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M00A01","DOI":"10.1029\/2012MS000154","article-title":"Tuning the climate of a global model","volume":"4","author":"Mauritsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0300","first-page":"D17206","article-title":"Columnar aerosol optical properties in the Po Valley, Italy, from MFRSR data","volume":"115","author":"Mazzola","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2593","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-2593-2006","article-title":"The effect of physical and chemical aerosol properties on warm cloud droplet activation","volume":"6","author":"McFiggans","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9570","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JD023818","article-title":"Evaluation of autoconversion schemes in a single model framework with satellite observations","volume":"120","author":"Michibata","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1029\/2018MS001596","article-title":"Prognostic precipitation in the MIROC6-SPRINTARS GCM: description and evaluation against satellite observations","volume":"11","author":"Michibata","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3642","DOI":"10.1175\/2008JCLI2105.1","article-title":"A new two-moment bulk stratiform cloud microphysics scheme in the Community Atmosphere Model, version 3 (CAM3). Part I: description and numerical tests","volume":"21","author":"Morrison","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2786","DOI":"10.1029\/2018MS001464","article-title":"Improved aerosol processes and effective radiative forcing in HadGEM3 and UKESM1","volume":"10","author":"Mulcahy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst."},{"issue":"1853\u20131877","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0330","first-page":"2013","article-title":"Radiative forcing of the direct aerosol effect from AeroCom phase II simulations","volume":"13","author":"Myhre","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0335","first-page":"4415","article-title":"Parameterization of cloud droplet formation in global climate models","volume":"108","author":"Nenes","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33913405","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-3391-2006","article-title":"Model intercomparison of indirect aerosol effects","volume":"6","author":"Penner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-7-1961-2007","article-title":"A single parameter representation of hygroscopic growth and cloud condensation nucleus activity","volume":"7","author":"Petters","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0350","series-title":"Clouds in the Perturbed Climate System, edited by Heintzenberg","first-page":"58","article-title":"Climatologies of cloud related aerosols - part 2: Particle Hygroscopicity and Cloud Condensation Nuclei Activity","author":"P\u00f6schl","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2527","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-7-2527-2007","article-title":"Simulating organic species with the global atmospheric chemistry general circulation model ECHAM5\/MESSy1: a comparison of model results with observations","volume":"7","author":"Pozzer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-961-2012","article-title":"Distributions and regional budgets of aerosols and their precursors simulated with the EMAC chemistry-climate model","volume":"12","author":"Pozzer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5521","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-5521-2015","article-title":"AOD trends during 2001\u20132010 from observations and model simulations","volume":"15","author":"Pozzer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-3-391-2010","article-title":"Description and evaluation of GMXe: a new aerosol submodel for global simulations (v1)","volume":"3","author":"Pringle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5241","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-5241-2010","article-title":"Global distribution of the effective aerosol hygroscopicity parameter for CCN activation","volume":"10","author":"Pringle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb1100","series-title":"Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation","article-title":"Microstructure of Atmospheric Clouds and Precipitation","author":"Pruppacher","year":"1978"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb4000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s40641-015-0028-0","article-title":"Approaches to observe anthropogenic aerosol-cloud interactions","volume":"1","author":"Quaas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Current Climate Change Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8697","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-8697-2009","article-title":"Aerosol indirect effects general circulation model intercomparison and evaluation with satellite data","volume":"9","author":"Quaas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6129","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-6129-2010","article-title":"Interpreting the cloud cover-aerosol optical depth relationship found in satellite data using a general circulation model","volume":"10","author":"Quaas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"102","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5326","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0500656102","article-title":"Atmospheric brown clouds: Impacts on south Asian climate and hydrological cycle","volume":"15","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb5000","series-title":"Cilmate Models and Their Evaluation. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","first-page":"2007","author":"Randall","year":"2007"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7575","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-7575-2010","article-title":"Chemical and aerosol characterization of the troposphere over West Africa during the monsoon period as part of AMMA","volume":"10","author":"Reeves","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0400","article-title":"The atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM 5. PART I: model description","volume":"349","author":"Roeckner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Max Planck Inst. Meteorol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3771","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI3824.1","article-title":"Sensitivity of simulated climate to horizontal and vertical resolution in the ECHAM5 atmosphere model","volume":"19","author":"Roeckner","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-8-1153-2008","article-title":"Calibration and measurement uncertainties of a continuous flow cloud condensation nuclei counter (DMT-CCNC): CCN activation of ammonium sulfate and sodium chloride aerosol particles in theory and experiment","volume":"8","author":"Rose","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3365","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-3365-2010","article-title":"Cloud condensation nuclei in polluted air and biomass burning smoke near the megacity Guangzhou, China Part 1: Size-resolved measurements and implications for the modeling of aerosol particle hygroscopicity and CCN activity","volume":"10","author":"Rose","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7961","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-7961-2018","article-title":"On the representation of aerosol activation and its influence on model-derived estimates of the aerosol indirect effect","volume":"18","author":"Rothenberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL021922","article-title":"A smaller global estimate of the second indirect aerosol effect","volume":"32","author":"Rotstayn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8037","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-8037-2010","article-title":"Two moment bulk stratiform cloud microphysics in the GFDLAM3 GCM: Description, evaluation, and sensitivity tests","volume":"10","author":"Salzmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-4-373-2011","article-title":"The atmospheric chemistry box model CAABA\/MECCA-3.0","volume":"4","author":"Sander","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2653","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-7-2653-2014","article-title":"The photolysis module JVAL-14, compatible with the MESSy standard, and the JVal PreProcessor (JVPP)","volume":"7","author":"Sander","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6643","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrd.50523","article-title":"A satellite perspective on cloud water to rain water conversion rates and relationships with environmental conditions","volume":"118","author":"Sorooshian","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4794","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-14-00656.1","article-title":"Rethinking the lower bound on aerosol radiative forcing","volume":"28","author":"Stevens","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-012-9184-0","article-title":"Observing and modeling Earth\u2019s energy flows","volume":"33","author":"Stevens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Surv. Geophys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-1125-2005","article-title":"The aerosol-climate model ECHAM5-HAM","volume":"5","author":"Stier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0465","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Wegener-Bergeron-Findeisen process its discovery and vital importance for weather and climate","author":"Storelvmo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Meteorol. Z. PrePub."},{"issue":"2060","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3214","DOI":"10.1175\/2008JAS2430.1","article-title":"Aerosol influence on mixed-phase clouds in CAM-Oslo","volume":"65","author":"Storelvmo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1989)117<1641:CACPSW>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Condensation and cloud parameterization studies with a mesoscale numerical weather prediction model","volume":"117","author":"Sundqvist","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7183","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900719","article-title":"Summarizing multiple aspects of model performance in a single diagram","volume":"106","author":"Taylor","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0485","series-title":"ECMWF Moist Processes Lecture Note Series","article-title":"The parametrization of cloud cover","author":"Tompkins","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-565-2006","article-title":"Technical note: a new comprehensive SCAVenging submodel for global atmospheric chemistry modelling","volume":"6","author":"Tost","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4553","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-7-4553-2007","article-title":"Lightning and convection parameterizations uncertainties in global modelling","volume":"7","author":"Tost","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-1931-2010","article-title":"The GABRIEL team, and the SCOUT-O3-DARWIN\/ACTIVE team: uncertainties in atmospheric chemistry modelling due to convection parameterizations and subsequent scavenging","volume":"10","author":"Tost","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1977)034<1149:TIOPOT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The influence of pollution on the shortwave albedo of clouds","volume":"34","author":"Twomey","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0515","first-page":"840","article-title":"Improvement of cloud microphysics in the aerosol-climate model BCC-AGCM2.0.1-CUACE\/Aero, evaluation against observations, and updated aerosol indirect effect","volume":"119","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb8000","series-title":"Thermodynamik der Atmosph\u00e4re. \u2013 Leipzig, 506 Germany: Barth","author":"Wegener","year":"1911"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb3000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1996)077<0853:CATERE>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Clouds and the Earth\u2019s Radiant Energy System (CERES): An earth observing system experiment","volume":"77","author":"Wielicki","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-11-00074.1","article-title":"Enlightening global dimming and brightening","volume":"93","author":"Wild","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10465","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-10465-2014","article-title":"Model-simulated trend of surface carbon monoxide for the 2001\u20132010 decade","volume":"14","author":"Yoon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3736","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-11-00249.1","article-title":"Computing and partitioning cloud feedbacks using cloud property histograms. Part II: attribution to changes in cloud amount, altitude, and optical depth","volume":"25","author":"Zelinka","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367_bb0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13423","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-13423-2014","article-title":"Aerosol hygroscopicity and cloud condensation nuclei activity during the AC3Exp campaign: implications for cloud condensation nuclei parameterization","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."}],"container-title":["Atmospheric Research"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0169809520313041?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0169809520313041?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T15:42:17Z","timestamp":1759246937000},"score":24.613686,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0169809520313041"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"references-count":110,"alternative-id":["S0169809520313041"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367","ISSN":["0169-8095"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0169-8095","type":"print"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Variability of aerosol-cloud interactions induced by different cloud droplet nucleation schemes","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Atmospheric Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105367","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105367"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T04:16:47Z","timestamp":1789445807637,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Stockholm University Press","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"DOI":"10.3402\/tellusb.v38i5.15141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,17]],"date-time":"2012-12-17T14:14:48Z","timestamp":1355753688000},"page":"328","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Cloud droplet nucleation and cloud scavenging of aerosol sulphate in\n                        polluted atmospheres"],"prefix":"10.16993","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"W. R.","family":"Leaitch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. G.","family":"Hudson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"6601","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1986,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2772","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1981)038<2772:AMOCIT>2.0.CO;2","volume":"38","author":"Alofs D. J.","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci"},{"key":"CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49710644914","volume":"106","author":"Baker M.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc"},{"key":"CIT0003","first-page":"136","volume":"32","author":"Barrett E. W.","year":"1979","journal-title":"Meteorol. Rdsch"},{"key":"CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(81)90347-4","volume":"15","author":"Barrie L. A.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ"},{"key":"CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1985)002<0626:EOTFSS>2.0.CO;2","volume":"2","author":"Baumgardner D.","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol"},{"key":"CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1974)031<1358:EOACOC>2.0.CO;2","volume":"31","author":"Fitzgerald J. W","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci"},{"key":"CIT0008","first-page":"79","volume":"1","author":"Hegg D. A.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Precipitation scavenging, dry deposition and resuspension"},{"key":"CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2365","DOI":"10.1029\/JD090iD01p02365","volume":"90","author":"Hoppel W. A.","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1980)037<1854:RBFCNA>2.0.CO;2","volume":"37","author":"Hudson J. G","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci"},{"key":"CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1982)021<1427:CBSACB>2.0.CO;2","volume":"21","author":"Hudson J. G","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol"},{"key":"CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1976)015<0776:AICFDC>2.0.CO;2","volume":"15","author":"Hudson J. G.","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol"},{"key":"CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(86)90217-9","volume":"20","author":"Isaac G. A.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ"},{"key":"CIT0014","first-page":"367","volume":"36","author":"Jensen J. B.","year":"1984","journal-title":"On the efficiency of nucleation scavenging, Tellus"},{"key":"CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leaitch, W. R., Strapp, J. W., Weibe, H. A., Anlauf, K. C. and Isaac, G. A. 1986. Chemical and microphysical studies of non-precipitating summer cloud in Ontario, Canada. J. Geophys. Res. in press.","DOI":"10.1029\/JD091iD11p11821"},{"issue":"37","key":"CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1980)037<1839:ANDOTE>2.0.CO;2","author":"Lee I. Y.","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci"},{"key":"CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1977)016<0081:TCOSCC>2.0.CO;2","volume":"16","author":"MacPherson J. I.","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol"},{"key":"CIT0019","unstructured":"Mason, B.J. 1957. The physics of clouds. Oxford University Press, London, England, 481 pp."},{"key":"CIT0020","first-page":"20","volume":"12","author":"Mohnen V. A","year":"1980","journal-title":"Atmos. Technol"},{"key":"CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02786828608959089"},{"key":"CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1980.tb17118.x","volume":"338","author":"Pierson W. R.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-8502(79)90136-8","volume":"10","author":"Pinnick R. G.","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci"},{"key":"CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pruppacher, H. R. and Klett, J. D. 1978. Microphysics of cloud and precipitation. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel, 714 pp.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-9905-3"},{"key":"CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1982)021<0098:COJWLW>2.0.CO;2","volume":"21","author":"Strapp, J. W.","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"CIT0026","volume-title":"Concentration of sulfate in broken cloud layers","author":"tenBrink H. M.","year":"1984"},{"key":"CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1986)025<0652:ATDCCM>2.0.CO;2","volume":"25","author":"Tremblay A.","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. aim. Appl. Meteorol"},{"key":"CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01993560","volume":"43","author":"Twomey S","year":"1959","journal-title":"Pura. Appl"},{"key":"CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1967)024<0702:COMOCD>2.0.CO;2","volume":"24","author":"Twomey S.","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci"},{"key":"CIT0030","unstructured":"Twomey, S. 1977. Atmospheric aerosols. Amsterdam, Holland: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, 302 pp."},{"key":"CIT0031","first-page":"356","volume":"36","author":"Twomey S. A.","year":"1984","journal-title":"An assessment of the impact of pollution on global cloud albedo, Tellus"},{"key":"CIT0032","first-page":"129","volume-title":"Aerosol growth by condensation","author":"Wagner P","year":"1982"},{"key":"CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(78)90196-8","volume":"12","author":"Whitby K. T","year":"1978","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ"}],"container-title":["Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3402\/tellusb.v38i5.15141","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]],"date-time":"2022-11-29T13:59:10Z","timestamp":1669730350000},"score":24.563648,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/b.tellusjournals.se\/article\/10.3402\/tellusb.v38i5.15141\/"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1986,1,1]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3402\/tellusb.v38i5.15141","ISSN":["1600-0889","0280-6509"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1600-0889","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0280-6509","type":"print"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[1986,1,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T23:32:31Z","timestamp":1785540751379,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,30]],"date-time":"2017-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1498780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Research Council of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["272041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["272041"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Research Council of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["277664"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["277664"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Research Council of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["285068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["285068"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Research Council of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["283031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["283031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Atmos. Chem. Phys."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract. Long-term in situ measurements of aerosol\u2013cloud interactions are usually performed in measurement stations residing on hills, mountains, or high towers. In such conditions, the surface topography of the surrounding area can affect the measured cloud droplet distributions by increasing turbulence or causing orographic flows and thus the observations might not be representative for a larger scale. The objective of this work is to analyse, how the local topography affects the observations at Puijo measurement station, which is located in the 75\u202fm high Puijo tower, which itself stands on a 150\u202fm high hill. The analysis of the measurement data shows that the observed cloud droplet number concentration mainly depends on the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentration. However, when the wind direction aligns with the direction of the steepest slope of the hill, a clear topography effect is observed. This finding was further analysed by simulating 3-D flow fields around the station and by performing trajectory ensemble modelling of aerosol- and wind-dependent cloud droplet formation. The results showed that in typical conditions, with geostrophic winds of about 10\u202fm\u202fs\u22121, the hill can cause updrafts of up to 1\u202fm\u202fs\u22121 in the air parcels arriving at the station. This is enough to produce in-cloud supersaturations (SSs) higher than typically found at the cloud base of \u2009\u223c\u2009\u202f0.2\u202f%), and thus additional cloud droplets may form inside the cloud. In the observations, this is seen in the form of a bimodal cloud droplet size distribution. The effect is strongest with high winds across the steepest slope of the hill and with low liquid water contents, and its relative importance quickly decreases as these conditions are relaxed. We therefore conclude that, after careful screening for wind speed and liquid water content, the observations at Puijo measurement station can be considered representative for clouds in a boreal environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-7955-2017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,30]],"date-time":"2017-06-30T08:22:33Z","timestamp":1498810953000},"page":"7955-7964","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Aerosol\u2013landscape\u2013cloud interaction: signatures of topography effect on cloud droplet formation"],"prefix":"10.5194","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9414-3093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sami","family":"Romakkaniemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zubair","family":"Maalick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antti","family":"Hellsten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antti","family":"Ruuskanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5674-7013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olli","family":"V\u00e4is\u00e4nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irshad","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6033-1862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juha","family":"Tonttila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0595-0657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santtu","family":"Mikkonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mika","family":"Komppula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5978-0601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"K\u00fchn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3145","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, I., Mielonen, T., Grosvenor, D. P., Portin, H., Arola, A., Mikkonen, S., K\u00fchn, T., Leskinen, A., Joutsensaari, J., Komppula, M., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Laaksonen, A., and Romakkaniemi, S.: Long-term measurements of cloud droplet concentrations and aerosol-cloud interactions in continental boundary layer clouds, Tellus B, 65, 20138, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3402\/tellusb.v65i0.20138, 2013.","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusb.v65i0.20138"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asmi, E., Freney, E., Hervo, M., Picard, D., Rose, C., Colomb, A., and Sellegri, K.: Aerosol cloud activation in summer and winter at puy-de-D\u00f4me high altitude site in France, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 11589\u201311607, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-12-11589-2012, 2012.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-11589-2012"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baltensperger, U., Schwikowski, M., Jost, D. T., Nyeki, S., Gaggeler, H. W., and Poulida, O.: Scavenging of atmospheric constituents in mixed phase clouds at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch part I: Basic concept and aerosol scavenging by clouds, Atmos. Environ., 32, 3975\u20133983, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1352-2310(98)00051-X, 1998.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(98)00051-X"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boucher, O., Randall, D., Artaxo, P., Bretherton, C., Feingold, G., Forster, P., Kerminen, V.-M., Kondo, Y., Liao, H., Lohmann, U., Rasch, P., Satheesh, S. K., Sherwood, S., Stevens, B., and Zhang, X.-Y.: Clouds and Aerosols, in: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P. M., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 571\u2013657, 2013.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781107415324.016"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bower, K. N., Choularton, T. W., Gallagher, M. W., Colvile, R. N., Beswick, K. M., Inglis, D. W. F., Bradbury, C., Martinsson, B. G., Swietlicki, E., Berg, O. H., Cederfelt, S. I., Frank, G., Zhou, J., Cape, J. N., Sutton, M. A., McFadyen, G. G., Milford, C., Birmili, W., Yuskiewicz, B. A., Wiedensohler, A., Stratmann, F., Wendisch, M., Berner, A., Ctyroky, P., Galambos, Z., Mesfin, S. H., Dusek, U., Dore, C. J., Lee, D. S., Pepler, S. A., Bizjak, M., and Divjak, B.: The Great Dun Fell experiment 1995: an overview, Atmos. Res., 50, 151\u2013184, 1999.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-8095(98)00103-3"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brenguier, J.-L. and Bourrianne, T.: Improvements of Droplet Size Distribution Measurements with the Fast-FSSP (Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe), J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 15, 1077\u20131090, 1998.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1998)015<1077:IODSDM>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dore, A. J., Choularton, T. W., Fowler, D., and Storton-West, R.: Field measurements of wet deposition in an extended region of complex topography. Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 116, 1193\u20131212, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/qj.49711649510, 1990.","DOI":"10.1256\/smsqj.49509"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drewnick, F., Schneider, J., Hings, S. S., Hock, N., Noone, K., Targino, A., Weimer, S., and Borrmann, S.: Measurement of ambient, interstitial, and residual aerosol particles on a mountaintop site in central Sweden using an aerosol mass spectrometer and a CVI, J. Atmos. Chem., 56, 1\u201320, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10874-006-9036-8, 2007.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10874-006-9036-8"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gillani, N. V., Schwartz, S. E., Leaitch, W. R., Strapp, J. W., and Isaac, G. A.: Field observations in continental stratiform clouds: Partitioning of cloud particles between droplets and unactivated interstitial aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 18687\u201318706, 1995.","DOI":"10.1029\/95JD01170"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hammer, E., Bukowiecki, N., Gysel, M., Jur\u00e1nyi, Z., Hoyle, C. R., Vogt, R., Baltensperger, U., and Weingartner, E.: Investigation of the effective peak supersaturation for liquid-phase clouds at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch, Switzerland (3580\u202fm\u202fa.s.l.), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 1123\u20131139, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-14-1123-2014, 2014.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-1123-2014"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hammer, E., Bukowiecki, N., Luo, B. P., Lohmann, U., Marcolli, C., Weingartner, E., Baltensperger, U., and Hoyle, C. R.: Sensitivity estimations for cloud droplet formation in the vicinity of the high-alpine research station Jungfraujoch (3580\u202fm\u202fa.s.l.), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 10309\u201310323, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-15-10309-2015, 2015.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-10309-2015"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hao, L. Q., Romakkaniemi, S., Kortelainen, A., Jaatinen, A., Portin, H., Miettinen, P., Komppula, M., Leskinen, A., Virtanen, A., Smith, J. N., Worsnop, D. R., Lehtinen, K. E. J., and Laaksonen, A.: Aerosol Chemical Composition in Cloud Events by High Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometry, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 2645\u20132653, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es302889w, 2013.","DOI":"10.1021\/es302889w"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henning, S., Dieckmann, K., Ignatius, K., Sch\u00e4fer, M., Zedler, P., Harris, E., Sinha, B., van Pinxteren, D., Mertes, S., Birmili, W., Merkel, M., Wu, Z., Wiedensohler, A., Wex, H., Herrmann, H., and Stratmann, F.: Influence of cloud processing on CCN activation behaviour in the Thuringian Forest, Germany during HCCT-2010, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 7859\u20137868, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-14-7859-2014, 2014.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-7859-2014"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herrmann, H., Wolke, R., Muller, K., Bruggemann, E., Gnauk, T., Barzaghi, P., Mertes, S., Lehmann, K., Massling, A., Birmili, W., Wiedensohler, A., Wierprecht, W., Acker, K., Jaeschke, W., Kramberger, H., Svrcina, B., Bachmann, K., Collett, J. L., Galgon, D., Schwirn, K., Nowak, A., van Pinxteren, D., Plewka, A., Chemnitzer, R., Rud, C., Hofmann, D., Tilgner, A., Diehl, K., Heinold, B., Hinneburg, D., Knoth, O., Sehili, A. M., Simmel, M., Wurzler, S., Majdik, Z., Mauersberger, G., and Muller, F.: FEBUKO and MODMEP: field measurements and modelling of aerosol and cloud multiphase processes, Atmos. Environ., 39, 4169\u20134183, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.02.004, 2005.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.02.004"},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"Jarvis, P. G., James, G. B., and Landsberg, J. J.: Coniferous forest, in: Vegetation and the Atmosphere, Vol. 2, edited by: Monteight, J. L., New York, Academic Press, 171\u2013240, 1976."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jokinen, V. and M\u00e4kel\u00e4, J. M.: Closed loop arrangement with critical orifice for DMA sheath\/excess flow system, J. Aerosol Sci., 28, 643\u2013648, 1997.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(96)00457-0"},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"Kokkola, H., Romakkaniemi, S., Kulmala, M., and Laaksonen A.: A cloud microphysics model including trace gas condensation and sulfate chemistry, Boreal Environ. Res., 8, 413\u2013424, 2003."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Komppula, M., Lihavainen, H., Kerminen, V.-M., Kulmala, M., and Viisanen, Y.: Measurements of cloud droplet activation of aerosol particles at a clean subarctic background site, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D06204, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2004JD005200, 2005.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005200"},{"key":"ref19","unstructured":"Leskinen, A., Portin, H., Komppula, M., Miettinen, P., Arola, A., Lihavainen, H., Hatakka, J., Laaksonen, A., and Lehtinen, K. E. J: Overview of the research activities and results at Puijo semi-urban measurement station, Boreal Environ. Res., 14, 576\u2013590, 2009."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maronga, B., Gryschka, M., Heinze, R., Hoffmann, F., Kanani-S\u00fchring, F., Keck, M., Ketelsen, K., Letzel, M. O., S\u00fchring, M., and Raasch, S.: The Parallelized Large-Eddy Simulation Model (PALM) version 4.0 for atmospheric and oceanic flows: model formulation, recent developments, and future perspectives, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 2515\u20132551, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/gmd-8-2515-2015, 2015.","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-8-2515-2015"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pitk\u00e4nen, M. R. A., Mikkonen, S., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Lipponen, A., and Arola, A.: Artificial bias typically neglected in comparisons of uncertain atmospheric data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 10003\u201310011, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2016GL070852, 2016.","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL070852"},{"key":"ref22","unstructured":"Portin, H. J., Komppula, M., Leskinen, A. P., Romakkaniemi, S., Laaksonen, A., and Lehtinen, K. E. J.: Observations of cloud-particle interactions at Puijo semi-urban measurement station, Boreal Environ. Res., 14, 641\u2013653, 2009."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Portin, H., Leskinen, A., Hao, L., Kortelainen, A., Miettinen, P., Jaatinen, A., Laaksonen, A., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Romakkaniemi, S., and Komppula, M.: The effect of local sources on particle size and chemical composition and their role in aerosol-cloud interactions at Puijo measurement station, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 6021\u20136034, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-14-6021-2014, 2014.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-6021-2014"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raasch, S. and Schr\u00f6ter, M.: PALM \u2013 a large-eddy simulation model performing on massively parallel computers, Meteorol. Z., 10, 363\u2013372, 2001.","DOI":"10.1127\/0941-2948\/2001\/0010-0363"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romakkaniemi, S., Kokkola, H., and Laaksonen, A.: Parameterization of the nitric acid effect on CCN activation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 879\u2013885, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-5-879-2005, 2005.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-879-2005"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romakkaniemi, S., McFiggans, G., Bower, K.N., Brown, P., Coe, H., and Choularton, T. W.: A comparison between trajectory ensemble and adiabatic parcel modelled cloud properties and evaluation against airborne measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D06214, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2008JD011286, 2009.","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JD011286"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romakkaniemi S., Kokkola, H., Smith, J. N., Prisle, N. L., Schwier, A. N., McNeill, V. F., and Laaksonen, A.: Partitioning of semivolatile surface active compounds between bulk, surface and gas phase, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L03807, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2010GL046147, 2011.","DOI":"10.1029\/2010GL046147"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romakkaniemi S., Arola, A., Kokkola, H., Birmili, W., Tuch, Th. Kerminen, V.-M., R\u00e4is\u00e4nen, P., Smith, J. N., Korhonen, H., and Laaksonen, A.: Effect of aerosol size distribution on AOD, CCN and cloud droplet concentration: a case study from Erfurt and Melpitz, Germany, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D07202, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2011JD017091, 2012.","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JD017091"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romakkaniemi, S., Jaatinen, A., Laaksonen, A., Nenes, A., and Raatikainen, T.: Ammonium nitrate evaporation and nitric acid condensation in DMT CCN counters, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 1377\u20131384, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/amt-7-1377-2014, 2014.","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-7-1377-2014"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schneider, J., Mertes, S., van Pinxteren, D., Herrmann, H., and Borrmann, S.: Uptake of nitric acid, ammonia, and organics in orographic clouds: mass spectrometric analyses of droplet residual and interstitial aerosol particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 1571\u20131593, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-17-1571-2017, 2017.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-1571-2017"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stevens, B., Lenschow, D. H., Vali, G., Gerber, H., Bandy, A., Blomquist, B., Brenguier, J.-L., Bretherton, C. S., Burnet, F., Campos, T., Chai, S., Faloona, I., Friesen, D., Haimov, S., Laursen, K., Lilly, D. K., Loehrer, S. M., Malinowski, S. P., Morley, B., Petters, M. D., Rogers, D. C., Russell, L., Savic-Jovcic, V., Snider, J. R., Straub, D., Szumowski, M. J., Takagi, H., Thornton, D. C., Tschudi, M., Twohy, C., Wetzel, M., and van Zanten, M. C.: Dynamics and Chemistry of Marine Stratocumulus\u2013DYCOMS-II. B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 84, 579\u2013593, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/BAMS-84-5-579, 2003.","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-84-5-579"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Svenningsson, B., Hansson, H. C., Wiedensohler, A., Noone, K., Ogren, J., Hallberg, A., and Colvile, R.: Hygroscopic Growth of Aerosol-Particles and Its Influence on Nucleation Scavenging in-Cloud \u2013 Experimental Results from Kleiner-Feldberg, J. Atmos. Chem., 19, 129\u2013152, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/Bf00696586, 1994.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00696586"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Twohy, C. H., Hudson, J. G., Yum, S.-S., Anderson, J. R., Durlak, S. K., and Baumgardner, D.: Characteristics of cloud-nucleating aerosols in the Indian Ocean region, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 28699\u201328710, 2001.","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900779"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V\u00e4\u00e4n\u00e4nen, R., Kyr\u00f6, E.-M., Nieminen, T., Kivek\u00e4s, N., Junninen, H., Virkkula, A., Dal Maso, M., Lihavainen, H., Viisanen, Y., Svenningsson, B., Holst, T., Arneth, A., Aalto, P. P., Kulmala, M., and Kerminen, V.-M.: Analysis of particle size distribution changes between three measurement sites in northern Scandinavia, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 11887\u201311903, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-13-11887-2013, 2013.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-11887-2013"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V\u00e4is\u00e4nen, O., Ruuskanen, A., Ylisirni\u00f6, A., Miettinen, P., Portin, H., Hao, L., Leskinen, A., Komppula, M., Romakkaniemi, S., Lehtinen, K. E. J., and Virtanen, A.: In-cloud measurements highlight the role of aerosol hygroscopicity in cloud droplet formation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 10385\u201310398, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-16-10385-2016, 2016.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-10385-2016"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winklmayr, W., Reischl, G. P., Lindner, A., and Berner, A.: A new electromobility spectrometer for the measurement of aerosol size distributions in the size range from 1 to 1000\u202fnm, J. Aerosol Sci., 22, 289\u2013296, 1991.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(05)80007-2"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wobrock, W., Schell, D., Maser, R., Jaeschke, W., Georgii, H. W., Wieprecht, W., Arends, B. G., Mols, J. J., Kos, G. P. A., Fuzzi, S., Facchini, M. C., Orsi, G., Berner, A., Solly, I., Kruisz, C., Svenningsson, I. B., Wiedensohler, A., Hansson, H. C., Ogren, J. A., Noone, K. J., Hallberg, A., Pahl, S., Schneider, T., Winkler, P., Winiwarter, W., Colvile, R. N., Choularton, T. W., Flossmann, A. I., and Borrmann, S.: The Kleiner-Feldberg cloud experiment 1990 \u2013 an overview, J. Atmos. Chem., 19, 3\u201335, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00696581, 1994.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00696581"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wood, R., Irons, S., and Jonas, P. R.: How important is the spectral ripening effect in stratiform boundary layer clouds? Studies using simple trajectory analysis, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 2681\u20132693, 2002.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(2002)059<2681:HIITSR>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wood, R., Mechoso, C. R., Bretherton, C. S., Weller, R. A., Huebert, B., Straneo, F., Albrecht, B. A., Coe, H., Allen, G., Vaughan, G., Daum, P., Fairall, C., Chand, D., Gallardo Klenner, L., Garreaud, R., Grados, C., Covert, D. S., Bates, T. S., Krejci, R., Russell, L. M., de Szoeke, S., Brewer, A., Yuter, S. E., Springston, S. R., Chaigneau, A., Toniazzo, T., Minnis, P., Palikonda, R., Abel, S. J., Brown, W. O. J., Williams, S., Fochesatto, J., Brioude, J., and Bower, K. N.: The VAMOS Ocean-Cloud-Atmosphere-Land Study Regional Experiment (VOCALS-REx): goals, platforms, and field operations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 627\u2013654, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-11-627-2011, 2011.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-627-2011"},{"key":"ref40","unstructured":"Yegorov, O.: Robust Fitting of Linear Model, https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=rlm, last access: 2 September 2016."}],"container-title":["Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/acp.copernicus.org\/articles\/17\/7955\/2017\/acp-17-7955-2017.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T20:29:59Z","timestamp":1738960199000},"score":24.528803,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/acp.copernicus.org\/articles\/17\/7955\/2017\/"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,30]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-17-7955-2017","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2016-1015","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2016-1015","asserted-by":"object"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2016-1015-RC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2016-1015-RC2","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2016-1015-AC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2016-1015-RC2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2016-1015-RC1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2016-1015-AC1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1680-7324"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1680-7324","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,30]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T05:38:36Z","timestamp":1789450716020,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Stockholm University Press","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1986,11]]},"DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.1986.tb00258.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,18]],"date-time":"2010-01-18T06:30:57Z","timestamp":1263796257000},"page":"328-344","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":103,"title":["Cloud droplet nucleation and cloud scavenging of aerosol sulphate in polluted atmospheres"],"prefix":"10.16993","volume":"38B","author":[{"given":"W. R.","family":"LEAITCH","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. W.","family":"STRAPP","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. A.","family":"ISAAC","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. G.","family":"HUDSON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"6601","reference":[{"key":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.1986.tb00258.x-BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2772","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1981)038<2772:AMOCIT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Atmospheric measurements of CCN in the supersaturation range 0.013-0.681%","volume":"38","author":"Alofs","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.1986.tb00258.x-BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49710644914","article-title":"The influence of entrainment on the evolution of cloud drop spectra: I. A model of inhomogeneous mixing","volume":"106","author":"Baker","year":"1980","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.1986.tb00258.x-BIB3","first-page":"136","article-title":"Cloud modification by urban pollution: A physical demonstration","volume":"32","author":"Barrett","year":"1979","journal-title":"Meteorol. Rdsch."},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.1986.tb00258.x-BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(81)90347-4","article-title":"The influence of mid-latitudinal pollution sources on haze in the Canadian Arctic","volume":"15","author":"Barrie","year":"1981","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.1986.tb00258.x-BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1985)002<0626:EOTFSS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Evolution of the forward scattering spectrometer probe, part II: Corrections for coincidence and dead time errors","volume":"2","author":"Baumgardner","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol."},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.1986.tb00258.x-BIB6","unstructured":"Fitzgerald, J. W. 1972. Study of the initial phase of cloud droplet growth by condensation, Ph.D. thesis, University of Chicago, 144 pp."},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.1986.tb00258.x-BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1974)031<1358:EOACOC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Effect of aerosol composition on cloud droplet size distribution: A numerical study","volume":"31","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.1986.tb00258.x-BIB8","first-page":"79","volume-title":"Precipitation scavenging, dry deposition and resuspension","author":"Hegg","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.1986.tb00258.x-BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2365","DOI":"10.1029\/JD090iD01p02365","article-title":"Aerosol size distributions in air masses advecting off the east coast of the United States","volume":"90","author":"Hoppel","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.1986.tb00258.x-BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1980)037<1854:RBFCNA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Relationship between fog condensation nuclei and fog microstructures","volume":"37","author":"Hudson","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.1986.tb00258.x-BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1982)021<1427:CBSACB>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Correlation between surface and cloud base CCN spectra in Montana","volume":"21","author":"Hudson","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.1986.tb00258.x-BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1976)015<0776:AICFDC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"An improved continuous flow diffusion cloud chamber","volume":"15","author":"Hudson","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.1986.tb00258.x-BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(86)90217-9","article-title":"Summer aerosol profiles over Algonquin Park, Canada","volume":"20","author":"Isaac","year":"1986","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.1986.tb00258.x-BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.1984.tb00255.x","article-title":"On the efficiency of nucleation scavenging","volume":"36B","author":"Jensen","year":"1984","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.1986.tb00258.x-BIB15","unstructured":"Leaitch, W. R. , Strapp, J. W. , Schemenauer, R. S. , Isaac, G. A. and Hudson, J. G. 1984. Observations of cloud droplets, aerosol particles and cloud condensation nuclei in continental air masses. In the Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Atmospheric Aerosols, Condensation and Ice Nuclei, Budapest, Hungary."},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.1986.tb00258.x-BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/JD091iD11p11821","article-title":"Chemical and microphysical studies of non-precipitating summer cloud in Ontario","author":"Leaitch","year":"1986","journal-title":"Canada. J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.1986.tb00258.x-BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1980)037<1839:ANDOTE>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A numerical determination of the evolution of cloud drop spectra due to condensation on natural aerosol particles","volume":"37","author":"Lee","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.1986.tb00258.x-BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1977)016<0081:TCOSCC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Turbulent characteristics of some Canadian cumulus clouds","volume":"16","author":"MacPherson","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.1986.tb00258.x-BIB19","first-page":"481","volume-title":"The physics of clouds","author":"Mason","year":"1957"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.1986.tb00258.x-BIB20","first-page":"20","article-title":"Cloud water collection from an aircraft","volume":"12","author":"Mohnen","year":"1980","journal-title":"Atmos. Technol."},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.1986.tb00258.x-BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1080\/02786828608959089","article-title":"Aerosol growth and the condensation coefficient for water: A review","volume":"5","author":"Mozurkewich","year":"1986","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.1986.tb00258.x-BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1980.tb17118.x","article-title":"Ambient sulfate measurements on Alleghany mountain and the question of atmospheric sulfate in the northeastern United States","volume":"338","author":"Pierson","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.1986.tb00258.x-BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-8502(79)90136-8","article-title":"Response characteristics of Knollenberg light-scattering aerosol counters","volume":"10","author":"Pinnick","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.1986.tb00258.x-BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-9905-3","volume-title":"Microphysics of cloud and precipitation","author":"Pruppacher","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.1986.tb00258.x-BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1982)021<0098:COJWLW>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Calibrations of Johnson-Williams liquid water content meters in a high-speed icing tunnel","volume":"21","author":"Strapp","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.1986.tb00258.x-BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"tenBrink, H. M. , Daum, P. H. and Schwartz, S. E. 1984. Concentration of sulfate in broken cloud layers. Proceedings of the third European Symposium on the Physico-chemical Behaviour of Atmospheric Pollutants, Varese, Italy.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-6505-8_39"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.1986.tb00258.x-BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1986)025<0652:ATDCCM>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Three-dimensional cloud chemistry model","volume":"25","author":"Tremblay","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Clint. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.1986.tb00258.x-BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01993560","article-title":"The nuclei of natural cloud formation. Part II: The supersaturation in natural clouds and the variation of cloud droplet concentration","volume":"43","author":"Twomey","year":"1959","journal-title":"Geophys. Pura. Appl."},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.1986.tb00258.x-BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1967)024<0702:COMOCD>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Comparison of measurements of cloud droplets and cloud nuclei","volume":"24","author":"Twomey","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.1986.tb00258.x-BIB30","first-page":"302","volume-title":"Atmospheric aerosols","author":"Twomey","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.1986.tb00258.x-BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.1984.tb00254.x","article-title":"An assessment of the impact of pollution on global cloud albedo","volume":"36B","author":"Twomey","year":"1984","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.1986.tb00258.x-BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-81805-9_5","volume-title":"Aerosol microphysics II: chemical physics of microparticles","author":"Wagner","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.1986.tb00258.x-BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(78)90196-8","article-title":"The physical characteristics of sulfur aerosols","volume":"12","author":"Whitby","year":"1978","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.1986.tb00258.x-BIB34","volume-title":"ASRC airborne cloud water collection systems","author":"Winters","year":"1979"}],"container-title":["Tellus B"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0889.1986.tb00258.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]],"date-time":"2022-07-12T08:33:29Z","timestamp":1657614809000},"score":24.512016,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.tellusb.net\/index.php\/tellusb\/article\/view\/15141"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1986,11]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1986,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0889.1986.tb00258.x","ISSN":["0280-6509","1600-0889"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0280-6509","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0889","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[1986,11]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T11:18:32Z","timestamp":1790680712565,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]],"date-time":"2021-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620691200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]],"date-time":"2021-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002428","name":"Austrian Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["J 3970-N36"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J 3970-N36"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Aarhus University"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001862","name":"Svenska Forskningsr\u00e5det Formas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018-01745-COBACCA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-01745-COBACCA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001862","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019-05006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-05006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sea spray aerosol (SSA) contributes significantly to natural aerosol particle concentrations globally, in marine areas even dominantly. The potential changes of the omnipresent inorganic fraction of SSA due to atmospheric ageing is largely unexplored. In the atmosphere, SSA may exist as aqueous phase solution droplets or as dried solid or amorphous particles. We demonstrate that ageing of liquid NaCl and artificial sea salt aerosol by exposure to ozone and UV light leads to a substantial decrease in hygroscopicity and cloud activation potential of the dried particles of the same size. The results point towards surface reactions on the liquid aerosols that are more crucial for small particles and the formation of salt structures with water bound within the dried aerosols, termed hydrates. Our findings suggest an increased formation of hydrate forming salts during ageing and the presence of hydrates in dried SSA. Field observations indicate a reduced hygroscopic growth factor of sub-micrometre SSA in the marine atmosphere compared to fresh laboratory generated NaCl or sea salt of the same dry size, which is typically attributed to organic matter or sulphates. Aged inorganic sea salt offers an additional explanation for such a measured reduced hygroscopic growth factor and cloud activation potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89346-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]],"date-time":"2021-05-11T10:09:20Z","timestamp":1620727760000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["The impact of atmospheric oxidation on hygroscopicity and cloud droplet activation of inorganic sea spray aerosol"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Bernadette","family":"Rosati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sigurd","family":"Christiansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anders","family":"Dinesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pontus","family":"Roldin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Massling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. Douglas","family":"Nilsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merete","family":"Bilde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"89346_CR1","volume-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change","author":"J Seinfeld","year":"2016","unstructured":"Seinfeld, J. & Pandis, S. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change 3rd edn. (Wiley, 2016).","edition":"3"},{"key":"89346_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2010RG000349","volume":"49","author":"G de Leeuw","year":"2011","unstructured":"de Leeuw, G. et al. Production flux of sea spray aerosol. Rev. Geophys. 49, 1\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2010RG000349 (2011).","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"89346_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7218","DOI":"10.1029\/2018GL078193","volume":"45","author":"SD Forestieri","year":"2018","unstructured":"Forestieri, S. D. et al. Temperature and composition dependence of sea spray aerosol production. Geophys. Res. Lett. 45, 7218\u20137225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2018GL078193 (2018).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"89346_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GB002079","author":"SL Gong","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gong, S. L. A parameterization of sea-salt aerosol source function for sub- and super-micron particles. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycleshttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2003GB002079 (2003).","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"89346_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002263","volume":"108","author":"EM M\u00e5rtensson","year":"2003","unstructured":"M\u00e5rtensson, E. M., Nilsson, E. D., de Leeuw, G., Cohen, L. H. & Hansson, H.-C. Laboratory simulations and parameterization of the primary marine aerosol production. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 108, 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2002JD002263 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"89346_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-1837-2014","volume":"14","author":"J Ovadnevaite","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ovadnevaite, J. et al. A sea spray aerosol flux parameterization encapsulating wave state. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 14, 1837\u20131852. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-14-1837-2014 (2014).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"89346_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7550","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1300262110","volume":"110","author":"K Prather","year":"2013","unstructured":"Prather, K. et al. Bringing the ocean into the laboratory to probe the chemical complexity of sea spray aerosol. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 110, 7550\u20137555. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1300262110 (2013).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"89346_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9052","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD021376","volume":"119","author":"ME Salter","year":"2014","unstructured":"Salter, M. E., Nilsson, E. D., Butcher, A. & Bilde, M. On the seawater temperature dependence of the sea spray aerosol generated by a continuous plunging jet. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 119, 9052\u20139072. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2013JD021376 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"89346_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2374","DOI":"10.1039\/C7CS00008A","volume":"47","author":"TH Bertram","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bertram, T. H., Cochran, R. E., Grassian, V. H. & Stone, E. A. Sea spray aerosol chemical composition: Elemental and molecular mimics for laboratory studies of heterogeneous and multiphase reactions. Chem. Soc. Rev. 47, 2374\u20132400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/C7CS00008A (2018).","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"89346_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8277","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL070275","volume":"43","author":"M Salter","year":"2016","unstructured":"Salter, M. et al. Calcium enrichment in sea spray aerosol particles. Geophys. Res. Lett. 43, 8277\u20138285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2016GL070275 (2016).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"89346_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GL034210","volume":"35","author":"M Facchini","year":"2008","unstructured":"Facchini, M. et al. Primary submicron marine aerosol dominated by insoluble organic colloids and aggregates. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, 1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2008GL034210 (2008).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"89346_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3979","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-3979-2013","volume":"13","author":"B Gantt","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gantt, B. & Meskhidze, N. The physical and chemical characteristics of marine primary organic aerosol: A review. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 13, 3979\u20133996. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-13-3979-2013 (2013).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"89346_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6395","DOI":"10.1002\/2013GL058452","volume":"40","author":"A Vaishya","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vaishya, A. et al. Bistable effect of organic enrichment on sea spray radiative properties. Geophys. Res. Lett. 40, 6395\u20136398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2013GL058452 (2013).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"89346_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4093","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-19-4093-2019","volume":"19","author":"DM Murphy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Murphy, D. M. et al. The distribution of sea-salt aerosol in the global troposphere. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 19, 4093\u20134104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-19-4093-2019 (2019).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"89346_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10405","DOI":"10.1021\/es300574u","volume":"46","author":"S King","year":"2012","unstructured":"King, S. et al. Investigating primary marine aerosol properties: CCN activity of sea salt and mixed inorganic\u2013organic particles. Environ. Sci. Technol. 46, 10405\u201310412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es300574u (2012).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"89346_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15883","author":"P Zieger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zieger, P. et al. Revising the hygroscopicity of inorganic sea salt particles. Nat. Commun.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncomms15883 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"89346_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2017.02.002","volume":"107","author":"BB Rasmussen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rasmussen, B. B., Nguyen, Q. T., Kristensen, K., Nielsen, L. S. & Bilde, M. What controls volatility of sea spray aerosol? Results from laboratory studies using artificial and real seawater samples. J. Aerosol Sci. 107, 134\u2013141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2017.02.002 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"key":"89346_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1039\/D0EM00179A","volume":"22","author":"B Rosati","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rosati, B., Paul, A., Iversen, E. M., Massling, A. & Bilde, M. Reconciling atmospheric water uptake by hydrate forming salts. Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts 22, 1759\u20131767. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D0EM00179A (2020).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts"},{"key":"89346_CR19","unstructured":"IPCC. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 2013). Stocker, T.F. and Qin, D. and Plattner, G.-K. and Tignor, M. and Allen, S.K. and Boschung, J. and Nauels, A. and Xia, Y. and Bex, V. and Midgley, P.M."},{"key":"89346_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10385","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-10385-2016","volume":"16","author":"O V\u00e4is\u00e4nen","year":"2016","unstructured":"V\u00e4is\u00e4nen, O. et al. In-cloud measurements highlight the role of aerosol hygroscopicity in cloud droplet formation. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 16, 10385\u201310398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-16-10385-2016 (2016).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"89346_CR21","volume-title":"Sea Salt Aerosol Production: Mechanisms, Methods, Measurements and Models","author":"E Lewis","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lewis, E. & Schwartz, S. Sea Salt Aerosol Production: Mechanisms, Methods, Measurements and Models (American Geophysical Union, 2004)."},{"key":"89346_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-1777-2006","volume":"6","author":"C Textor","year":"2006","unstructured":"Textor, C. et al. Analysis and quantification of the diversities of aerosol life cycles within aerocom. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 6, 1777\u20131813. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-6-1777-2006 (2006).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"89346_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b04078","author":"S Christiansen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Christiansen, S., Salter, M. E., Gorokhova, E., Nguyen, Q. T. & Bilde, M. Sea spray aerosol formation: Laboratory results on the role of air entrainment, water temperature and phytoplankton biomass. Environ. Sci. Technol.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.9b04078 (2019).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"89346_CR24","first-page":"1","volume":"115","author":"KAH Hultin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hultin, K. A. H. et al. In situ laboratory sea spray production during the Marine Aerosol Production 2006 cruise on the northeastern Atlantic ocean. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 115, 1\u201319 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"89346_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.08.018","volume":"99","author":"KA Hultin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hultin, K. A. et al. Aerosol and bacterial emissions from baltic seawater. Atmos. Res. 99, 1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.08.018 (2011).","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"89346_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JD008464","author":"WC Keene","year":"2007","unstructured":"Keene, W. C. et al. Chemical and physical characteristics of nascent aerosols produced by bursting bubbles at a model air\u2013sea interface. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2007JD008464 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"89346_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11047","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-11047-2015","volume":"15","author":"ME Salter","year":"2015","unstructured":"Salter, M. E. et al. An empirically derived inorganic sea spray source function incorporating sea surface temperature. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 15, 11047\u201311066. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-15-11047-2015 (2015).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"89346_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23269","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD01806","volume":"102","author":"I Tang","year":"1997","unstructured":"Tang, I., Tridico, A. & Fung, K. Thermodynamic and optical properties of sea salt aerosols. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 102, 23269\u201323275 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"89346_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10405","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-10405-2012","volume":"12","author":"J Z\u00e1bori","year":"2012","unstructured":"Z\u00e1bori, J. et al. Wintertime Arctic ocean sea water properties and primary marine aerosol concentrations. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 12, 10405\u201310421. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-12-10405-2012 (2012).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"89346_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10709","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-10709-2012","volume":"12","author":"J Z\u00e1bori","year":"2012","unstructured":"Z\u00e1bori, J., Matis\u00e4ns, M., Krejci, R., Nilsson, E. D. & Str\u00f6m, J. Artificial primary marine aerosol production: A laboratory study with varying water temperature, salinity, and succinic acid concentration. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 12, 10709\u201310724. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-12-10709-2012 (2012).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"89346_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4783","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-4783-2013","volume":"13","author":"J Z\u00e1bori","year":"2013","unstructured":"Z\u00e1bori, J. et al. Comparison between summertime and wintertime Arctic ocean primary marine aerosol properties. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 13, 4783\u20134799. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-13-4783-2013 (2013).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"89346_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.2008.00350.x","volume":"60B","author":"E Swietlicki","year":"2008","unstructured":"Swietlicki, E. et al. Hygroscopic properties of submicrometer atmospheric aerosol particles measured with H-TDMA instruments in various environments\u2014A review. Tellus Ser. B Chem. Phys. Meteorol. 60B, 432\u2013469. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0889.2008.00350.x (2008).","journal-title":"Tellus Ser. B Chem. Phys. Meteorol."},{"key":"89346_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32139","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900747","volume":"106","author":"ED Nilsson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nilsson, E. D. et al. Turbulent aerosol fluxes over the arctic ocean: 2. Wind-driven sources from the sea. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 106, 32139\u201332154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2000JD900747 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"89346_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1983.28.2.0309","volume":"28","author":"RM Gershey","year":"1983","unstructured":"Gershey, R. M. Characterization of seawater organic matter carried by bubble-generated aerosols. Limnol. Oceanogr. 28, 309\u2013319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4319\/lo.1983.28.2.0309 (1983).","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"89346_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16475","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD03719","volume":"103","author":"AM Middlebrook","year":"1998","unstructured":"Middlebrook, A. M., Murphy, D. M. & Thomson, D. S. Observations of organic material in individual marine particles at cape grim during the first aerosol characterization experiment (ACE 1). J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 103, 16475\u201316483. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/97JD03719 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"89346_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02959","volume":"431","author":"C O\u2019Dowd","year":"2004","unstructured":"O\u2019Dowd, C. et al. Biogenically driven organic contribution to marine aerosol. Nature 431, 676\u2013680. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature02959 (2004).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"89346_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5603","DOI":"10.1021\/es400416g","volume":"47","author":"AP Ault","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ault, A. P. et al. Size-dependent changes in sea spray aerosol composition and properties with different seawater conditions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 47, 5603\u20135612. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es400416g (2013).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"89346_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005137","author":"F Cavalli","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cavalli, F. et al. Advances in characterization of size-resolved organic matter in marine aerosol over the North Atlantic. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2004JD005137 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"89346_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13612","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1102457108","volume":"108","author":"MV Orellana","year":"2011","unstructured":"Orellana, M. V. et al. Marine microgels as a source of cloud condensation nuclei in the high arctic. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 108, 13612\u201313617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1102457108 (2011).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"89346_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2092","volume":"7","author":"P Quinn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Quinn, P. et al. Contribution of sea surface carbon pool to organic matter enrichment in sea spray aerosol. Nat. Geosci. 7, 228\u2013232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ngeo2092 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"89346_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2585","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-2585-2011","volume":"11","author":"E Fuentes","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fuentes, E., Coe, H., Green, D. & McFiggans, G. On the impacts of phytoplankton-derived organic matter on the properties of the primary marine aerosol part 2: Composition, hygroscopicity and cloud condensation activity. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11, 2585\u20132602. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-11-2585-2011 (2011).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"89346_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1126\/science.279.5347.74","volume":"279","author":"K Oum","year":"1998","unstructured":"Oum, K., Lakin, M., DeHaan, D., Brauers, T. & Finlayson-Pitts, B. Formation of molecular chlorine from the photolysis of ozone and aqueous sea-salt particles. Science 279, 74\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.279.5347.74 (1998).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"89346_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1021\/acsearthspacechem.9b00066","volume":"3","author":"JV Trueblood","year":"2019","unstructured":"Trueblood, J. V. et al. Shedding light on photosensitized reactions within marine-relevant organic thin films. ACS Earth Space Chem. 3, 1614\u20131623. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsearthspacechem.9b00066 (2019).","journal-title":"ACS Earth Space Chem."},{"key":"89346_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4229","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-4229-2009","volume":"9","author":"A Jammoul","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jammoul, A., Dumas, S., D\u2019Anna, B. & George, C. Photoinduced oxidation of sea salt halides by aromatic ketones: A source of halogenated radicals. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9, 4229\u20134237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-9-4229-2009 (2009).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"89346_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5464.301","volume":"288","author":"EM Knipping","year":"2000","unstructured":"Knipping, E. M. et al. Experiments and simulations of ion-enhanced interfacial chemistry on aqueous NaCl aerosols. Science 288, 301\u2013306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.288.5464.301 (2000).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"89346_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1085374","volume":"301","author":"A Laskin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Laskin, A. et al. Reactions at interfaces as a source of sulfate formation in sea-salt particles. Science 301, 340\u2013344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1085374 (2003).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"89346_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1039\/c7em00231a","volume":"19","author":"K Kristensen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kristensen, K., Jensen, L., Glasius, M. & Bilde, M. The effect of sub-zero temperature on the formation and composition of secondary organic aerosol from ozonolysis of alpha-pinene. Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts 19, 1220\u20131234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/c7em00231a (2017).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts"},{"key":"89346_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1080\/02786820802047115","volume":"42","author":"ME Wise","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wise, M. E., Martin, S. T., Russell, L. M. & Buseck, P. R. Water uptake by NaCl particles prior to deliquescence and the phase rule. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 42, 281\u2013294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02786820802047115 (2008).","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"89346_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-7-1961-2007","volume":"7","author":"MD Petters","year":"2007","unstructured":"Petters, M. D. & Kreidenweis, S. M. A single parameter representation of hygroscopic growth and cloud condensation nucleus activity. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7, 1961\u20131971. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-7-1961-2007 (2007).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"89346_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9993","DOI":"10.1021\/jp972450s","volume":"101","author":"DO De Haan","year":"1997","unstructured":"De Haan, D. O. & Finlayson-Pitts, B. J. Knudsen cell studies of the reaction of gaseous nitric acid with synthetic sea salt at 298 K. J. Phys. Chem. A 101, 9993\u20139999. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jp972450s (1997).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"89346_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15218","DOI":"10.1021\/jp960925u","volume":"100","author":"P Beichert","year":"1996","unstructured":"Beichert, P. & Finlayson-Pitts, B. J. Knudsen cell studies of the uptake of gaseous HNO$$_3$$ and other oxides of nitrogen on solid NaCl: The role of surface-adsorbed water. J. Phys. Chem. 100, 15218\u201315228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jp960925u (1996).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"89346_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7760","DOI":"10.1039\/B906540G","volume":"11","author":"BJ Finlayson-Pitts","year":"2009","unstructured":"Finlayson-Pitts, B. J. Reactions at surfaces in the atmosphere: Integration of experiments and theory as necessary (but not necessarily sufficient) for predicting the physical chemistry of aerosols. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 11, 7760\u20137779. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/B906540G (2009).","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"89346_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2008.07.010","volume":"405","author":"N Kang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kang, N., Jackson, W. A., Dasgupta, P. K. & Anderson, T. A. Perchlorate production by ozone oxidation of chloride in aqueous and dry systems. Sci. Total Environ. 405, 301\u2013309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2008.07.010 (2008).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"89346_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1021\/acsearthspacechem.7b00087","volume":"2","author":"WA Jackson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jackson, W. A., Wang, S., Rao, B., Anderson, T. & Estrada, N. L. Heterogeneous production of perchlorate and chlorate by ozone oxidation of chloride: Implications on the source of (per)chlorate in the solar system. ACS Earth Space Chem. 2, 87\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.288.5464.3010 (2018).","journal-title":"ACS Earth Space Chem."},{"key":"89346_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2961","DOI":"10.1021\/es903065f","volume":"44","author":"B Rao","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rao, B., Anderson, T., Redder, A. & Jackson, W. Perchlorate formation by ozone oxidation of aqueous chlorine\/oxy-chlorine species: Role of clxoy radicals. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44, 2961\u20132967. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.288.5464.3011 (2010).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"89346_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11635","DOI":"10.1021\/es3015277","volume":"46","author":"B Rao","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rao, B. et al. Perchlorate production by photodecomposition of aqueous chlorine solutions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 46, 11635\u201311643. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.288.5464.3012 (2012).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"89346_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41612-020-0116-2","volume":"3","author":"KN Fossum","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fossum, K. N. et al. Sea-spray regulates sulfate cloud droplet activation over oceans. npj Clim. Atmos. Sci. 3, 1\u20136 (2020).","journal-title":"npj Clim. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"89346_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-1357-2005","volume":"5","author":"SM Kreidenweis","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kreidenweis, S. M. et al. Water activity and activation diameters from hygroscopicity data\u2014Part I: Theory and application to inorganic salts. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 5, 1357\u20131370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-5-1357-2005 (2005).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"89346_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JD032808","volume":"125","author":"S Christiansen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Christiansen, S. et al. Influence of arctic microlayers and algal cultures on sea spray hygroscopicity and the possible implications for mixed-phase clouds. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 125, 1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2020JD032808 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"89346_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304064","DOI":"10.1080\/16000889.2017.1304064","volume":"69","author":"QT Nguyen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nguyen, Q. T., Kj\u00e6r, K. H., Kling, K. I., Boesen, T. & Bilde, M. Impact of fatty acid coating on the CCN activity of sea salt particles. Tellus B Chem. Phys. Meteorol. 69, 1304064. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/16000889.2017.1304064 (2017).","journal-title":"Tellus B Chem. Phys. Meteorol."},{"key":"89346_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7953","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-7953-2014","volume":"14","author":"P Roldin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Roldin, P. et al. Modelling non-equilibrium secondary organic aerosol formation and evaporation with the aerosol dynamics, gas- and particle-phase chemistry kinetic multilayer model adcham. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 14, 7953\u20137993. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-14-7953-2014 (2014).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"89346_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4370","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12338-8","volume":"10","author":"P Roldin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Roldin, P. et al. The role of highly oxygenated organic molecules in the boreal aerosol-cloud-climate system. Nat. Commun. 10, 4370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-019-12338-8 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"89346_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(97)00460-6","volume":"29","author":"HM ten Brink","year":"1998","unstructured":"ten Brink, H. M. Reactive uptake of HNO$$_3$$ and H$$_2$$SO$$_4$$ in sea-salt (NaCl) particles. J. Aerosol Sci. 29, 57\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0021-8502(97)00460-6 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"key":"89346_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1021\/es010055g","volume":"36","author":"M Gysel","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gysel, M., Weingartner, E. & Baltensperger, U. Hygroscopicity of aerosol particles at low temperatures. 2. Theoretical and experimental hygroscopic properties of laboratory generated aerosols. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36, 63\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es010055g (2002).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"89346_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2004.02.003","volume":"35","author":"RC Hoffman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hoffman, R. C., Laskin, A. & Finlayson-Pitts, B. J. Sodium nitrate particles: Physical and chemical properties during hydration and dehydration, and implications for aged sea salt aerosols. J. Aerosol Sci. 35, 869\u2013887. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2004.02.003 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"key":"89346_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-65083-3","volume-title":"Salt Deposits Their Origin and Composition. Minerals, Rocks and Inorganic Materials","author":"O Braitsch","year":"1971","unstructured":"Braitsch, O. Salt Deposits Their Origin and Composition. Minerals, Rocks and Inorganic Materials Vol. 4 (Springer, 1971)."},{"key":"89346_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1126\/science.208.4443.498","volume":"208","author":"LA Hardie","year":"1980","unstructured":"Hardie, L. A. & Eugster, H. P. Evaporation of seawater: Calculated mineral sequences. Science 208, 498\u2013500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.208.4443.498 (1980).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"89346_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1021\/j100721a024","volume":"73","author":"PR Siemens","year":"1969","unstructured":"Siemens, P. R. & Giauque, W. F. Entropies of the hydrates of sodium hydroxide. II. Low-temperature heat capacities and heats of fusion of NaOH.2H$$_2$$O and NaOH.3.5H$$_2$$O. J. Phys. Chem. 73, 149\u2013157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/j100721a024 (1969).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"89346_CR69","volume-title":"CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics","author":"D Lide","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lide, D. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 85th edn. (CRC Press, 2005).","edition":"85"},{"key":"89346_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21101","DOI":"10.1039\/C7CP04051B","volume":"19","author":"AD Estillore","year":"2017","unstructured":"Estillore, A. D. et al. Linking hygroscopicity and the surface microstructure of model inorganic salts, simple and complex carbohydrates, and authentic sea spray aerosol particles. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 19, 21101\u201321111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/C7CP04051B (2017).","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"89346_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12952\/journal.elementa.000045","author":"P Boylan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Boylan, P., Helmig, D. & Oltmans, S. Ozone in the Atlantic ocean marine boundary layer. Elementahttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.12952\/journal.elementa.000045 (2015).","journal-title":"Elementa"},{"key":"89346_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"AAC 6\u20131","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002533","volume":"107","author":"IK Koponen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Koponen, I. K., Virkkula, A., Hillamo, R., Kerminen, V.-M. & Kulmala, M. Number size distributions and concentrations of marine aerosols: Observations during a cruise between the english channel and the coast of antarctica. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 107, AAC 6\u20131-AAC 6\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2002JD002533 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"89346_CR73","first-page":"1","volume":"6","author":"Y Cheng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cheng, Y., Su, H., Koop, T., Mikhailov, E. & P\u00f6schl, U. Size dependence of phase transitions in aerosol nanoparticles. Nat. Commun. 6, 1\u20137 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"89346_CR74","unstructured":"Polyanskiy, M.\u00a0N. Refractive index database. https:\/\/refractiveindex.info (2019, accessed 25 January 2019)."},{"key":"89346_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-221-2009","volume":"9","author":"R Irshad","year":"2009","unstructured":"Irshad, R. et al. Laboratory measurements of the optical properties of sea salt aerosol. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9, 221\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-9-221-2009 (2009).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"89346_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2014.952366","volume":"48","author":"XF Lopez-Yglesias","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lopez-Yglesias, X. F., Yeung, M. C., Dey, S. E., Brechtel, F. J. & Chan, C. K. Performance evaluation of the Brechtel Mfg. humidified tandem differential mobility analyzer (BMI HTDMA) for studying hygroscopic properties of aerosol particles. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 48, 969\u2013980. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02786826.2014.952366 (2014).","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"89346_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-8-1153-2008","volume":"8","author":"D Rose","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rose, D. et al. Calibration and measurement uncertainties of a continuous-flow cloud condensation nuclei counter (DMT-CCNC): CCN activation of ammonium sulfate and sodium chloride aerosol particles in theory and experiment. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 8, 1153\u20131179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-8-1153-2008 (2008).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"89346_CR78","volume-title":"Quantitative Chemical Analysis","author":"DC Harris","year":"2016","unstructured":"Harris, D. C. & Lucy, C. A. Quantitative Chemical Analysis 9th edn. (Freeman Custom Publishing, 2016).","edition":"9"},{"key":"89346_CR79","unstructured":"Kandler, K. A miniature impactor for aerosol collection with emphasis on single particle analysis. European Aerosol Conference, Karlsruhe, Germany (T092A04) (2009)."},{"key":"89346_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2614(00)01346-4","volume":"333","author":"M Yujing","year":"2001","unstructured":"Yujing, M. & Mellouki, A. Temperature dependence for the rate constants of the reaction of OH radicals with selected alcohols. Chem. Phys. Lett. 333, 63\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0009-2614(00)01346-4 (2001).","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lett."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-89346-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-89346-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-89346-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T08:14:43Z","timestamp":1670055283000},"score":24.496466,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-89346-6"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["89346"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-89346-6","ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 December 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 April 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 May 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"10008"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T05:40:31Z","timestamp":1772257231843,"version":"3.50.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,24]]},"group-title":"Aerosols\/Laboratory Studies\/Troposphere\/Physics (physical properties and processes)","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,24]],"date-time":"2018-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1532390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract. Aerosol particles strongly influence global climate by modifying the properties of clouds. An accurate assessment of the aerosol impact on climate requires knowledge of the concentration of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), a subset of aerosol particles that can activate and form cloud droplets in the atmosphere. Atmospheric particles typically consist of a myriad of organic species, which frequently dominate the particle composition. As a result, CCN concentration is often a strong function of the hygroscopicity of organics in the particles. Earlier studies showed organic hygroscopicity increases nearly linearly with oxidation level. Such increase of hygroscopicity is conventionally attributed to higher water solubility for more oxidized organics. By systematically varying the water content of activating droplets, we show that for the majority of secondary organic aerosols (SOA), essentially all organics are dissolved at the point of droplet activation. Therefore, the organic hygroscopicity is not limited by solubility, but is dictated mainly by the molecular weight of organic species. Instead of increased water solubility as previously thought, the increase of the organic hygroscopicity with oxidation level is largely because (1) SOA formed from smaller precursor molecules tend to be more oxidized and have lower average molecular weight and (2) during oxidation, fragmentation reactions reduce average organic molecule weight, leading to increased hygroscopicity. A simple model of organic hygroscopicity based on molecular weight, oxidation level, and volatility is developed, and it successfully reproduces the variation of SOA hygroscopicity with oxidation level observed in the laboratory and field studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-2018-715","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,24]],"date-time":"2018-07-24T05:08:36Z","timestamp":1532408916000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cloud droplet activation of secondary organic aerosol is mainly controlled by molecular weight, not water solubility"],"prefix":"10.5194","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2815-4170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3728-0195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John E.","family":"Shilling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7238-593X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiumeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alla","family":"Zelenyuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3958-2138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David M.","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4082-1693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Petters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Thalman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4285-2749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fan","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9874-8807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rahul A.","family":"Zaveri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8103-2594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangjie","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3145","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net\/acp-2018-715\/acp-2018-715.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T08:14:51Z","timestamp":1738397691000},"score":24.450731,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/acp.copernicus.org\/articles\/19\/941\/2019\/acp-19-941-2019-discussion.html"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,24]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-2018-715","relation":{"has-comment":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-715-AC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-715-AC2","asserted-by":"subject"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-715-RC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-715-RC2","asserted-by":"subject"}],"is-supplemented-by":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-715-supplement","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-715-supplement","asserted-by":"object"}],"is-preprint-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-19-941-2019","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-19-941-2019","asserted-by":"object"}]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,24]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T18:12:25Z","timestamp":1789582345979,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,24]],"date-time":"2019-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Atmos. Chem. Phys."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aerosol particles strongly influence global climate by modifying the\nproperties of clouds. An accurate assessment of the aerosol impact on\nclimate requires knowledge of the concentration of cloud condensation nuclei\n(CCN), a subset of aerosol particles that can activate and form cloud\ndroplets in the atmosphere. Atmospheric particles typically consist of a\nmyriad of organic species, which frequently dominate the particle\ncomposition. As a result, CCN concentration is often a strong function of\nthe hygroscopicity of organics in the particles. Earlier studies showed\norganic hygroscopicity increases nearly linearly with oxidation level. Such\nan increase in hygroscopicity is conventionally attributed to higher water\nsolubility for more oxidized organics. By systematically varying the water\ncontent of activating droplets, we show that for the majority of secondary\norganic aerosols (SOAs), essentially all organics are dissolved at the point\nof droplet activation. Therefore, for droplet activation, the organic\nhygroscopicity is not limited by solubility but is dictated mainly by the\nmolecular weight of organic species. Instead of increased water solubility\nas previously thought, the increase in the organic hygroscopicity with\noxidation level is largely because (1)\u00a0SOAs formed from smaller precursor\nmolecules tend to be more oxidized and have lower average molecular weight\nand (2)\u00a0during oxidation, fragmentation reactions reduce average organic\nmolecule weight, leading to increased hygroscopicity. A simple model of\norganic hygroscopicity based on molecular weight, oxidation level, and\nvolatility is developed, and it successfully reproduces the variation in SOA\nhygroscopicity with oxidation level observed in the laboratory and field\nstudies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-19-941-2019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,24]],"date-time":"2019-01-24T04:10:58Z","timestamp":1548303058000},"page":"941-954","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Cloud droplet activation of secondary organic aerosol is mainly controlled by molecular weight, not water solubility"],"prefix":"10.5194","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2815-4170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"corresponding-author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3728-0195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John E.","family":"Shilling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7238-593X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiumeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alla","family":"Zelenyuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3958-2138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David M.","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4082-1693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus D.","family":"Petters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Thalman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4285-2749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fan","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9874-8807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rahul A.","family":"Zaveri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8103-2594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangjie","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3145","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albrecht, B. A.: Aerosols, cloud microphysics, and fractional cloudiness, Science, 245, 1227\u20131230, 1989.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.245.4923.1227"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alfarra, M. R., Good, N., Wyche, K. P., Hamilton, J. F., Monks, P. S., Lewis, A. C., and McFiggans, G.: Water uptake is independent of the inferred composition of secondary aerosols derived from multiple biogenic VOCs, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 11769\u201311789, 10.5194\/acp-13-11769-2013, 2013.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-11769-2013"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Asa-Awuku, A., Engelhart, G. J., Lee, B. H., Pandis, S. N., and Nenes, A.: Relating CCN activity, volatility, and droplet growth kinetics of \u03b2-caryophyllene secondary organic aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 795\u2013812, 10.5194\/acp-9-795-2009, 2009.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-795-2009"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bertram, A. K., Martin, S. T., Hanna, S. J., Smith, M. L., Bodsworth, A., Chen, Q., Kuwata, M., Liu, A., You, Y., and Zorn, S. R.: Predicting the relative humidities of liquid-liquid phase separation, efflorescence, and deliquescence of mixed particles of ammonium sulfate, organic material, and water using the organic-to-sulfate mass ratio of the particle and the oxygen-to-carbon elemental ratio of the organic component, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 10995\u201311006, 10.5194\/acp-11-10995-2011, 2011.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-10995-2011"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bilde, M. and Svenningsson, B.: CCN activation of slightly soluble organics: the importance of small amounts of inorganic salt and particle phase, Tellus B, 56, 128\u2013134, 10.1111\/j.1600-0889.2004.00090.x, 2004.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.2004.00090.x"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cappa, C. D., Che, D. L., Kessler, S. H., Kroll, J. H., and Wilson, K. R.: Variations in organic aerosol optical and hygroscopic properties upon heterogeneous OH oxidation, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D15204, 10.1029\/2011jd015918, 2011.","DOI":"10.1029\/2011jd015918"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Daumit, K. E., Kessler, S. H., and Kroll, J. H.: Average chemical properties and potential formation pathways of highly oxidized organic aerosol, Faraday Discuss., 165, 181\u2013202, 10.1039\/c3fd00045a, 2013.","DOI":"10.1039\/c3fd00045a"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Donahue, N. M., Epstein, S. A., Pandis, S. N., and Robinson, A. L.: A two-dimensional volatility basis set: 1. organic-aerosol mixing thermodynamics, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 3303\u20133318, 10.5194\/acp-11-3303-2011, 2011.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-3303-2011"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Donahue, N. M., Henry, K. M., Mentel, T. F., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Spindler, C., Bohn, B., Brauers, T., Dorn, H. P., Fuchs, H., Tillmann, R., Wahner, A., Saathoff, H., Naumann, K. H., Mohler, O., Leisner, T., Muller, L., Reinnig, M. C., Hoffmann, T., Salo, K., Hallquist, M., Frosch, M., Bilde, M., Tritscher, T., Barmet, P., Praplan, A. P., DeCarlo, P. F., Dommen, J., Prevot, A. S. H., and Baltensperger, U.: Aging of biogenic secondary organic aerosol via gas-phase OH radical reactions, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 109, 13503\u201313508, 10.1073\/pnas.1115186109, 2012.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1115186109"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ehn, M., Thornton, J. A., Kleist, E., Sipila, M., Junninen, H., Pullinen, I., Springer, M., Rubach, F., Tillmann, R., Lee, B., Lopez-Hilfiker, F., Andres, S., Acir, I. H., Rissanen, M., Jokinen, T., Schobesberger, S., Kangasluoma, J., Kontkanen, J., Nieminen, T., Kurten, T., Nielsen, L. B., Jorgensen, S., Kjaergaard, H. G., Canagaratna, M., Dal Maso, M., Berndt, T., Petaja, T., Wahner, A., Kerminen, V. M., Kulmala, M., Worsnop, D. R., Wildt, J., and Mentel, T. F.: A large source of low-volatility secondary organic aerosol, Nature, 506, 476\u2013479, 10.1038\/nature13032, 2014.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13032"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ervens, B., Feingold, G., and Kreidenweis, S. M.: Influence of water-soluble organic carbon on cloud drop number concentration, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D18211, 10.1029\/2004jd005634, 2005.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004jd005634"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Forestieri, S. D., Staudt, S. M., Kuborn, T. M., Faber, K., Ruehl, C. R., Bertram, T. H., and Cappa, C. D.: Establishing the impact of model surfactants on cloud condensation nuclei activity of sea spray aerosol mimics, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 10985\u201311005, 10.5194\/acp-18-10985-2018, 2018.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-10985-2018"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Frosch, M., Bilde, M., Nenes, A., Praplan, A. P., Jur\u00e1nyi, Z., Dommen, J., Gysel, M., Weingartner, E., and Baltensperger, U.: CCN activity and volatility of \u03b2-caryophyllene secondary organic aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 2283\u20132297, 10.5194\/acp-13-2283-2013, 2013.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-2283-2013"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gentner, D. R., Jathar, S. H., Gordon, T. D., Bahreini, R., Day, D. A., El Haddad, I., Hayes, P. L., Pieber, S. M., Platt, S. M., de Gouw, J., Goldstein, A. H., Harley, R. A., Jimenez, J. L., Pr\u00e9v\u00f4t, A. S. H., and Robinson, A. L.: Review of Urban Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from Gasoline and Diesel Motor Vehicle Emissions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 1074\u20131093, 10.1021\/acs.est.6b04509, 2017.","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b04509"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guenther, A. B., Jiang, X., Heald, C. L., Sakulyanontvittaya, T., Duhl, T., Emmons, L. K., and Wang, X.: The Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature version 2.1 (MEGAN2.1): an extended and updated framework for modeling biogenic emissions, Geosci. Model Dev., 5, 1471\u20131492, 10.5194\/gmd-5-1471-2012, 2012.","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-5-1471-2012"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Heald, C. L., Kroll, J. H., Jimenez, J. L., Docherty, K. S., DeCarlo, P. F., Aiken, A. C., Chen, Q., Martin, S. T., Farmer, D. K., and Artaxo, P.: A simplified description of the evolution of organic aerosol composition in the atmosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L08803, 10.1029\/2010gl042737, 2010.","DOI":"10.1029\/2010gl042737"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hori, M., Ohta, S., Murao, N., and Yamagata, S.: Activation capability of water soluble organic substances as CCN, J. Aerosol Sci., 34, 419\u2013448, 2003.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(02)00190-8"},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"IPCC: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis: Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Solomon, S. E. A., Cambridge University Press, New York, 2013."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jimenez, J. L., Canagaratna, M. R., Donahue, N. M., Prevot, A. S. H., Zhang, Q., Kroll, J. H., DeCarlo, P. F., Allan, J. D., Coe, H., Ng, N. L., Aiken, A. C., Docherty, K. S., Ulbrich, I. M., Grieshop, A. P., Robinson, A. L., Duplissy, J., Smith, J. D., Wilson, K. R., Lanz, V. A., Hueglin, C., Sun, Y. L., Tian, J., Laaksonen, A., Raatikainen, T., Rautiainen, J., Vaattovaara, P., Ehn, M., Kulmala, M., Tomlinson, J. M., Collins, D. R., Cubison, M. J., Dunlea, E. J., Huffman, J. A., Onasch, T. B., Alfarra, M. R., Williams, P. I., Bower, K., Kondo, Y., Schneider, J., Drewnick, F., Borrmann, S., Weimer, S., Demerjian, K., Salcedo, D., Cottrell, L., Griffin, R., Takami, A., Miyoshi, T., Hatakeyama, S., Shimono, A., Sun, J. Y., Zhang, Y. M., Dzepina, K., Kimmel, J. R., Sueper, D., Jayne, J. T., Herndon, S. C., Trimborn, A. M., Williams, L. R., Wood, E. C., Middlebrook, A. M., Kolb, C. E., Baltensperger, U., and Worsnop, D. R.: Evolution of Organic Aerosols in the Atmosphere, Science, 326, 1525\u20131529, 2009.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1180353"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kalberer, M., Paulsen, D., Sax, M., Steinbacher, M., Dommen, J., Prevot, A. S. H., Fisseha, R., Weingartner, E., Frankevich, V., Zenobi, R., and Baltensperger, U.: Identification of polymers as major components of atmospheric organic aerosols, Science, 303, 1659\u20131662, 10.1126\/science.1092185, 2004.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092185"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"King, S. M., Rosenoern, T., Shilling, J. E., Chen, Q., Wang, Z., Biskos, G., McKinney, K. A., P\u00f6schl, U., and Martin, S. T.: Cloud droplet activation of mixed organic-sulfate particles produced by the photooxidation of isoprene, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 3953\u20133964, 10.5194\/acp-10-3953-2010, 2010.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-3953-2010"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kolesar, K. R., Li, Z. Y., Wilson, K. R., and Cappa, C. D.: Heating-Induced Evaporation of Nine Different Secondary Organic Aerosol Types, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 12242\u201312252, 10.1021\/acs.est.5b03038, 2015.","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b03038"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kroll, J. H., Smith, J. D., Che, D. L., Kessler, S. H., Worsnop, D. R., and Wilson, K. R.: Measurement of fragmentation and functionalization pathways in the heterogeneous oxidation of oxidized organic aerosol, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 11, 8005\u20138014, 10.1039\/b905289e, 2009.","DOI":"10.1039\/b905289e"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuwata, M., Zorn, S. R., and Martin, S. T.: Using Elemental Ratios to Predict the Density of Organic Material Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 787\u2013794, 2012.","DOI":"10.1021\/es202525q"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kuwata, M., Shao, W., Lebouteiller, R., and Martin, S. T.: Classifying organic materials by oxygen-to-carbon elemental ratio to predict the activation regime of Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 5309\u20135324, 10.5194\/acp-13-5309-2013, 2013.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-5309-2013"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lambe, A. T., Onasch, T. B., Massoli, P., Croasdale, D. R., Wright, J. P., Ahern, A. T., Williams, L. R., Worsnop, D. R., Brune, W. H., and Davidovits, P.: Laboratory studies of the chemical composition and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and oxidized primary organic aerosol (OPOA), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 8913\u20138928, 10.5194\/acp-11-8913-2011, 2011.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-8913-2011"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lambe, A. T., Onasch, T. B., Croasdale, D. R., Wright, J. P., Martin, A. T., Franklin, J. P., Massoli, P., Kroll, J. H., Canagaratna, M. R., Brune, W. H., Worsnop, D. R., and Davidovits, P.: Transitions from Functionalization to Fragmentation Reactions of Laboratory Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) Generated from the OH Oxidation of Alkane Precursors, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 5430\u20135437, 10.1021\/es300274t, 2012.","DOI":"10.1021\/es300274t"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lathem, T. L., Beyersdorf, A. J., Thornhill, K. L., Winstead, E. L., Cubison, M. J., Hecobian, A., Jimenez, J. L., Weber, R. J., Anderson, B. E., and Nenes, A.: Analysis of CCN activity of Arctic aerosol and Canadian biomass burning during summer 2008, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 2735\u20132756, 10.5194\/acp-13-2735-2013, 2013.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-2735-2013"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li, Y., P\u00f6schl, U., and Shiraiwa, M.: Molecular corridors and parameterizations of volatility in the chemical evolution of organic aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 3327\u20133344, 10.5194\/acp-16-3327-2016, 2016.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-3327-2016"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu, X. H. and Wang, J. A.: How important is organic aerosol hygroscopicity to aerosol indirect forcing?, Environ. Res. Lett., 5, 044010, 10.1088\/1748-9326\/5\/4\/044010, 2010.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/5\/4\/044010"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marcolli, C., Luo, B. P., and Peter, T.: Mixing of the organic aerosol fractions: Liquids as the thermodynamically stable phases, J. Phys. Chem. A, 108, 2216\u20132224, 10.1021\/jp036080l, 2004.","DOI":"10.1021\/jp036080l"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McFiggans, G., Artaxo, P., Baltensperger, U., Coe, H., Facchini, M. C., Feingold, G., Fuzzi, S., Gysel, M., Laaksonen, A., Lohmann, U., Mentel, T. F., Murphy, D. M., O'Dowd, C. D., Snider, J. R., and Weingartner, E.: The effect of physical and chemical aerosol properties on warm cloud droplet activation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2593\u20132649, 10.5194\/acp-6-2593-2006, 2006.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-2593-2006"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mei, F., Setyan, A., Zhang, Q., and Wang, J.: CCN activity of organic aerosols observed downwind of urban emissions during CARES, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 12155\u201312169, 10.5194\/acp-13-12155-2013, 2013.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-12155-2013"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mikhailov, E., Vlasenko, S., Martin, S. T., Koop, T., and P\u00f6schl, U.: Amorphous and crystalline aerosol particles interacting with water vapor: conceptual framework and experimental evidence for restructuring, phase transitions and kinetic limitations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 9491\u20139522, 10.5194\/acp-9-9491-2009, 2009.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-9491-2009"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Moore, R. H., Cerully, K., Bahreini, R., Brock, C. A., Middlebrook, A. M., and Nenes, A.: Hygroscopicity and composition of California CCN during summer 2010, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D00V12, 10.1029\/2011JD017352, 2012.","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JD017352"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nakao, S.: Why would apparent kappa linearly change with O\/C? Assessing the role of volatility, solubility, and surface activity of organic aerosols, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 51, 1377\u20131388, 10.1080\/02786826.2017.1352082, 2017.","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2017.1352082"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ng, N. L., Canagaratna, M. R., Jimenez, J. L., Chhabra, P. S., Seinfeld, J. H., and Worsnop, D. R.: Changes in organic aerosol composition with aging inferred from aerosol mass spectra, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 6465\u20136474, 10.5194\/acp-11-6465-2011, 2011.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-6465-2011"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Noziere, B., Baduel, C., and Jaffrezo, J. L.: The dynamic surface tension of atmospheric aerosol surfactants reveals new aspects of cloud activation, Nat. Commun., 5, 3335, 10.1038\/ncomms4335, 2014.","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4335"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ovadnevaite, J., Zuend, A., Laaksonen, A., Sanchez, K. J., Roberts, G., Ceburnis, D., Decesari, S., Rinaldi, M., Hodas, N., Facchini, M. C., Seinfeld, J. H., and Dowd, C. O.: Surface tension prevails over solute effect in organic-influenced cloud droplet activation, Nature, 546, 637\u2013641, 10.1038\/nature22806, 2017.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22806"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pankow, J. F. and Asher, W. E.: SIMPOL.1: a simple group contribution method for predicting vapor pressures and enthalpies of vaporization of multifunctional organic compounds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2773\u20132796, 10.5194\/acp-8-2773-2008, 2008.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-8-2773-2008"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Petters, M. D. and Kreidenweis, S. M.: A single parameter representation of hygroscopic growth and cloud condensation nucleus activity, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1961\u20131971, 10.5194\/acp-7-1961-2007, 2007.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-7-1961-2007"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Petters, M. D. and Kreidenweis, S. M.: A single parameter representation of hygroscopic growth and cloud condensation nucleus activity \u2013 Part 2: Including solubility, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 6273\u20136279, 10.5194\/acp-8-6273-2008, 2008.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-8-6273-2008"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Petters, M. D., Kreidenweis, S. M., Snider, J. R., Koehler, K. A., Wang, Q., Prenni, A. J., and Demott, P. J.: Cloud droplet activation of polymerized organic aerosol, Tellus B, 58, 196\u2013205, 10.1111\/j.1600-0889.2006.00181.x, 2006.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.2006.00181.x"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Petters, M. D., Kreidenweis, S. M., Prenni, A. J., Sullivan, R. C., Carrico, C. M., Koehler, K. A., and Ziemann, P. J.: Role of molecular size in cloud droplet activation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L22801, 10.1029\/2009GL040131, 2009.","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GL040131"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Petters, M. D., Kreidenweis, S. M., and Ziemann, P. J.: Prediction of cloud condensation nuclei activity for organic compounds using functional group contribution methods, Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 111\u2013124, 10.5194\/gmd-9-111-2016, 2016.","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-9-111-2016"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Petters, S. S. and Petters, M. D.: Surfactant effect on cloud condensation nuclei for two-component internally mixed aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 121, 1878\u20131895, 10.1002\/2015jd024090, 2016.","DOI":"10.1002\/2015jd024090"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pringle, K. J., Tost, H., Pozzer, A., P\u00f6schl, U., and Lelieveld, J.: Global distribution of the effective aerosol hygroscopicity parameter for CCN activation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 5241\u20135255, 10.5194\/acp-10-5241-2010, 2010.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-5241-2010"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Prisle, N. L., Raatikainen, T., Laaksonen, A., and Bilde, M.: Surfactants in cloud droplet activation: mixed organic-inorganic particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 5663\u20135683, 10.5194\/acp-10-5663-2010, 2010.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-5663-2010"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pye, H. O. T., Chan, A. W. H., Barkley, M. P., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Global modeling of organic aerosol: the importance of reactive nitrogen (NOx and NO3), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11261\u201311276, 10.5194\/acp-10-11261-2010, 2010.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-11261-2010"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rickards, A. M. J., Miles, R. E. H., Davies, J. F., Marshall, F. H., and Reid, J. P.: Measurements of the Sensitivity of Aerosol Hygroscopicity and the kappa Parameter to the O\/C Ratio, J. Phys. Chem. A, 117, 14120\u201314131, 10.1021\/jp407991n, 2013.","DOI":"10.1021\/jp407991n"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Riipinen, I., Rastak, N., and Pandis, S. N.: Connecting the solubility and CCN activation of complex organic aerosols: a theoretical study using solubility distributions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 6305\u20136322, 10.5194\/acp-15-6305-2015, 2015.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-6305-2015"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rothfuss, N. E. and Petters, M. D.: Influence of Functional Groups on the Viscosity of Organic Aerosol, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 271\u2013279, 10.1021\/acs.est.6b04478, 2017.","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b04478"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ruehl, C. R., Davies, J. F., and Wilson, K. R.: An interfacial mechanism for cloud droplet formation on organic aerosols, Science, 351, 1447\u20131450, 10.1126\/science.aad4889, 2016.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad4889"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Saha, P. K., Khlystov, A., Yahya, K., Zhang, Y., Xu, L., Ng, N. L., and Grieshop, A. P.: Quantifying the volatility of organic aerosol in the southeastern US, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 501\u2013520, 10.5194\/acp-17-501-2017, 2017.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-501-2017"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shilling, J. E., Chen, Q., King, S. M., Rosenoern, T., Kroll, J. H., Worsnop, D. R., McKinney, K. A., and Martin, S. T.: Particle mass yield in secondary organic aerosol formed by the dark ozonolysis of a-pinene, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2073\u20132088, 10.5194\/acp-8-2073-2008, 2008.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-8-2073-2008"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shiraiwa, M., Li, Y., Tsimpidi, A. P., Karydis, V. A., Berkemeier, T., Pandis, S. N., Lelieveld, J., Koop, T., and P\u00f6oschl, U.: Global distribution of particle phase state in atmospheric secondary organic aerosols, Nat. Commun., 8, 15002, 10.1038\/ncomms15002, 2017.","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15002"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shulman, M. L., Jacobson, M. C., Carlson, R. J., Synovec, R. E., and Young, T. E.: Dissolution behavior and surface tension effects of organic compounds in nucleating cloud droplets, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 277\u2013280, 1996.","DOI":"10.1029\/95GL03810"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sorjamaa, R., Svenningsson, B., Raatikainen, T., Henning, S., Bilde, M., and Laaksonen, A.: The role of surfactants in K\u00f6hler theory reconsidered, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 2107\u20132117, 10.5194\/acp-4-2107-2004, 2004.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-4-2107-2004"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stark, H., Yatavelli, R. L. N., Thompson, S. L., Kang, H., Krechmer, J. E., Kimmel, J. R., Palm, B. B., Hu, W. W., Hayes, P. L., Day, D. A., Campuzano-Jost, P., Canagaratna, M. R., Jayne, J. T., Worsnop, D. R., and Jimenez, J. L.: Impact of Thermal Decomposition on Thermal Desorption Instruments: Advantage of Thermogram Analysis for Quantifying Volatility Distributions of Organic Species, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 8491\u20138500, 10.1021\/acs.est.7b00160, 2017.","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b00160"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sullivan, R. C., Moore, M. J. K., Petters, M. D., Kreidenweis, S. M., Roberts, G. C., and Prather, K. A.: Effect of chemical mixing state on the hygroscopicity and cloud nucleation properties of calcium mineral dust particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 3303\u20133316, 10.5194\/acp-9-3303-2009, 2009.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-3303-2009"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thalman, R., de S\u00e1, S. S., Palm, B. B., Barbosa, H. M. J., P\u00f6hlker, M. L., Alexander, M. L., Brito, J., Carbone, S., Castillo, P., Day, D. A., Kuang, C., Manzi, A., Ng, N. L., Sedlacek III, A. J., Souza, R., Springston, S., Watson, T., P\u00f6hlker, C., P\u00f6schl, U., Andreae, M. O., Artaxo, P., Jimenez, J. L., Martin, S. T., and Wang, J.: CCN activity and organic hygroscopicity of aerosols downwind of an urban region in central Amazonia: seasonal and diel variations and impact of anthropogenic emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 11779\u201311801, 10.5194\/acp-17-11779-2017, 2017.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-11779-2017"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Topping, D.: An analytical solution to calculate bulk mole fractions for any number of components in aerosol droplets after considering partitioning to a surface layer, Geosci. Model Dev., 3, 635\u2013642, 10.5194\/gmd-3-635-2010, 2010.","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-3-635-2010"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Twomey, S.: Influence of pollution on shortwave albedo of clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 1149\u20131152, 1977.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1977)034<1149:TIOPOT>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Varutbangkul, V., Brechtel, F. J., Bahreini, R., Ng, N. L., Keywood, M. D., Kroll, J. H., Flagan, R. C., Seinfeld, J. H., Lee, A., and Goldstein, A. H.: Hygroscopicity of secondary organic aerosols formed by oxidation of cycloalkenes, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and related compounds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2367\u20132388, 10.5194\/acp-6-2367-2006, 2006.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-2367-2006"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zaveri, R. A., Shilling, J. E., Zelenyuk, A., Liu, J. M., Bell, D. M., D'Ambro, E. L., Gaston, C., Thornton, J. A., Laskin, A., Lin, P., Wilson, J., Easter, R. C., Wang, J., Bertram, A. K., Martin, S. T., Seinfeld, J. H., and Worsnop, D. R.: Growth Kinetics and Size Distribution Dynamics of Viscous Secondary Organic Aerosol, Environ. Sci. Technol., 52, 1191\u20131199, 10.1021\/acs.est.7b04623, 2018.","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b04623"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zelenyuk, A., Yang, J., Song, C., Zaveri, R. A., and Imre, D.: A New Real-Time Method for Determining Particles' Sphericity and Density: Application to Secondary Organic Aerosol Formed by Ozonolysis of alpha-Pinene, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 8033\u20138038, 10.1021\/es8013562, 2008.","DOI":"10.1021\/es8013562"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang, Q., Jimenez, J. L., Canagaratna, M. R., Allan, J. D., Coe, H., Ulbrich, I., Alfarra, M. R., Takami, A., Middlebrook, A. M., Sun, Y. L., Dzepina, K., Dunlea, E., Docherty, K., DeCarlo, P. F., Salcedo, D., Onasch, T., Jayne, J. T., Miyoshi, T., Shimono, A., Hatakeyama, S., Takegawa, N., Kondo, Y., Schneider, J., Drewnick, F., Borrmann, S., Weimer, S., Demerjian, K., Williams, P., Bower, K., Bahreini, R., Cottrell, L., Griffin, R. J., Rautiainen, J., Sun, J. Y., Zhang, Y. M., and Worsnop, D. R.: Ubiquity and dominance of oxygenated species in organic aerosols in anthropogenically-influenced Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L13801, 10.1029\/2007GL029979, 2007.","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL029979"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhao, D. F., Kaminski, M., Schlag, P., Fuchs, H., Acir, I.-H., Bohn, B., H\u00e4seler, R., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Rohrer, F., Tillmann, R., Wang, M. J., Wegener, R., Wildt, J., Wahner, A., and Mentel, Th. F.: Secondary organic aerosol formation from hydroxyl radical oxidation and ozonolysis of monoterpenes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 991\u20131012, 10.5194\/acp-15-991-2015, 2015.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-991-2015"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhao, D. F., Buchholz, A., Kortner, B., Schlag, P., Rubach, F., Fuchs, H., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Tillmann, R., Wahner, A., Watne, \u00c5. K., Hallquist, M., Flores, J. M., Rudich, Y., Kristensen, K., Hansen, A. M. K., Glasius, M., Kourtchev, I., Kalberer, M., and Mentel, Th. F.: Cloud condensation nuclei activity, droplet growth kinetics, and hygroscopicity of biogenic and anthropogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 1105\u20131121, 10.5194\/acp-16-1105-2016, 2016.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-1105-2016"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zuend, A. and Seinfeld, J. H.: Modeling the gas-particle partitioning of secondary organic aerosol: the importance of liquid-liquid phase separation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 3857\u20133882, 10.5194\/acp-12-3857-2012, 2012.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-3857-2012"}],"container-title":["Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/acp.copernicus.org\/articles\/19\/941\/2019\/acp-19-941-2019.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T16:27:40Z","timestamp":1789403260000},"score":24.420635,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/acp.copernicus.org\/articles\/19\/941\/2019\/"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,24]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-19-941-2019","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-715","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-715","asserted-by":"object"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-715-RC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-715-AC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-715-RC2","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-715-AC2","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-715-AC1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-715-AC2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-715-RC1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-715-RC2","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1680-7324"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1680-7324","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,24]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T21:21:10Z","timestamp":1773436870990,"version":"3.50.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"group-title":"display","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Aerosol\u2013cloud interactions (ACI), which substantially offset anthropogenic greenhouse warming, remain a major source of uncertainty in current climate assessments. Satellite-based estimates of ACI radiative forcing (RFaci) serve as a key benchmark for climate predictions and for evaluating improvements in climate models. However, these estimates remain poorly constrained. A critical limitation is that satellite assessments typically rely on column-integral aerosol proxies (e.g., AOD, AODf, AI, etc.), which may not accurately represent cloud-base cloud condensation nuclei (CCN)\u2014the particles that actually form cloud droplets. This limitation has given rise to a puzzling phenomenon: over the Southern Hemisphere, cloud droplet concentrations have declined despite increases in column-integral aerosol proxies. While some previous studies have noted this droplet\u2013aerosol trends discrepancy, they often relied on limited datasets and single aerosol proxies, without providing systematic validation, causal analysis, or quantification of its implications for RFaci. This gap has been a significant obstacle to reducing uncertainties in ACI forcing.To address this challenge, we first combined multi-source observations to provide robust, quantitative evidence of the droplet\u2013aerosol trends discrepancy across the Southern Hemisphere from 2003 to 2020. We then used a source\u2013sink framework to explore the underlying physical mechanisms, finding that the discrepancy arises from elevated cloud bases systematically reducing CCN availability, while enhanced precipitation accelerates droplet removal. By explicitly accounting for these processes, this study provides a physically grounded estimate of aerosol\u2013cloud radiative forcing, constraining RFaci to \u22121.37\u202fW\u202fm\u207b\u00b2. Previous global assessments relying on column-integral variables are therefore biased by \u201335% to +26%, with discrepancies reaching +42% over the Southern Hemisphere.This work reconciles a long-standing discrepancy between observed droplet and column-integral aerosol trends, highlighting the critical importance of considering cloud-base CCN in future ACI radiative forcing estimations. It provides a physically grounded constraint on aerosol forcing based on cloud-base CCN, supporting more precise estimates of climate sensitivity and guiding model development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/egusphere-egu26-2224","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T19:50:41Z","timestamp":1773431441000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Constraining Satellite Estimates of Aerosol\u2013Cloud Interactions via the Droplet\u2013Aerosol Trends Discrepancy\u00a0"],"prefix":"10.5194","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4668-3391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hengqi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Husi","family":"Letu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiran","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4741-588X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hailing","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7057-194X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"Quaas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3145","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T19:57:15Z","timestamp":1773431835000},"score":24.277365,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/meetingorganizer.copernicus.org\/EGU26\/EGU26-2224.html"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/egusphere-egu26-2224","published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"subtype":"other"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T03:09:17Z","timestamp":1787886557346,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,4]],"date-time":"2014-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1396569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Atmos. Meas. Tech."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract. The droplet aerosol analyzer (DAA) was developed to study the influence of aerosol properties on clouds. It measures the ambient particle size of individual droplets and interstitial particles, the size of the dry (residual) particles after the evaporation of water vapor and the number concentration of the dry (residual) particles. A method was developed for the evaluation of DAA data to obtain the three-parameter data set: ambient particle diameter, dry (residual) particle diameter and number concentration. First results from in-cloud measurements performed on the summit of Mt. Brocken in Germany are presented. Various aspects of the cloud\u2013aerosol data set are presented, such as the number concentration of interstitial particles and cloud droplets, the dry residue particle size distribution, droplet size distributions, scavenging ratios due to cloud droplet formation and size-dependent solute concentrations. This data set makes it possible to study clouds and the influence of the aerosol population on clouds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-7-877-2014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,4]],"date-time":"2014-04-04T02:56:59Z","timestamp":1396580219000},"page":"877-886","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Inversion of droplet aerosol analyzer data for long-term aerosol\u2013cloud interaction measurements"],"prefix":"10.5194","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"M. I. A.","family":"Berghof","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. P.","family":"Frank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Sjogren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2230-5932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B. G.","family":"Martinsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3145","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albrecht, B. A.: Aerosols, cloud microphysics, and fractional cloudiness, Science, 245, 1227\u20131230, 1989.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.245.4923.1227"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson, T. L., Charlson, R. J., and Covert, D. S.: Calibration of a Counterflow Virtual Impactor at Aerodynamic Diameters from 1 to 15 \u03bcm, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 19, 317\u2013329, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02786829308959639, 1993.","DOI":"10.1080\/02786829308959639"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belyaev, S. and Levin, L.: Techniques for collection of representative aerosol samples, J. Aerosol Sci., 5, 325\u2013338, 1974.","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-8502(74)90130-X"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cederfelt, S. I., Martinsson, B. G., Svenningsson, B., Weidensohler, A., Frank, G., Hansson, H. C., Swietlicki, E., Wendish, M., Beswick, K. M., Bower, K. N., Gallagher, M. W., Pahl, S., Maser, R., and Schell, D.: Field validation of the droplet aerosol analyser, Atmos. Environ., 31, 2657\u20132670, 1997.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(96)00183-5"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"Draxler, R. and Rolph, G.: HYSPLIT (HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) Model access via NOAA ARL READY Website http:\/\/ready.arl.noaa.gov\/HYSPLIT.php, NOAA Air Resources Laboratory, Silver Spring, MD, 2013."},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"European Environment Agency: Air quality in Europe, 2012 report, Tech. rep., European Environment Agency, 2012."},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"Frank, G., Martinsson, B. G., Cederfelt, S.-I., Berg, O. H., Swietlick, E., Wendisch, M., Yuskiewicz, B., Heitzenberg, J., Wiedensohler, A., Orsini, D., Stratmann, F., Lai, P., and Ricci, L.: Droplet formation and growth in polluted fogs, Contr. Atmos. Phys., 71, 65\u201385, 1998."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frank, G. P., Cederfelt, S.-I., and Martinsson, B. G.: Characterisation of a unipolar charger for droplet aerosols of 0.1\u201320 \u03bcm in diameter, J. Aerosol Sci., 35, 117\u2013134, 2004.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(03)00384-7"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frank, G. P., Berghof, M., Sjogren, S., and Martinsson, B.: A Droplet Aerosol Analyser (DAA) for Longterm Aerosol-Cloud Microphysics Measurements, in preparation, 2014.","DOI":"10.5194\/amtd-6-10269-2013"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoppel, W. A., Frick, G. M., and Fitzgerald, J.: Deducing droplet concentration and supersaturation in marine boundary layer clouds from surface aerosol measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 26553\u201326565, 1996.","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD02243"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kandler, K. and Sch\u00fctz, L.: Climatology of the average water-soluble volume fraction of atmospheric aerosol, Atmos. Res., 83, 77\u201392, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosres.2006.03.004, 2007.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2006.03.004"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karlsson, M. N. A. and Martinsson, B. G.: Methods to measure and predict the transfer function size dependence of individual DMAs, J. Aerosol Sci., 34, 603\u2013625, 2003.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(03)00020-X"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lawless, P. A.: Particle charging bounds, symmetry rrelation, and an analytic charging rate model for the continuum regime, J. Aerosol Sci., 27, 191\u2013215, 1996.","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-8502(95)00541-2"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liou, K.-N. and Ou, S.-C.: The Role of Cloud Microphysical Processes in Climate:An Assessment From a One-Dimensional Perspective, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 8599\u20138607, 1989.","DOI":"10.1029\/JD094iD06p08599"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lohmann, U. and Feichter, J.: Global indirect aerosol effects: a review, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 715\u2013737, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-5-715-2005, 2005.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-715-2005"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinsson, B. G.: Physical basis for a droplet aerosol analysing method, J. Aerosol Sci., 27, 997\u20131013, 1996.","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-8502(96)00035-3"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinsson, B. G., Cederfelt, S. I., Svenningsson, B., Frank, G., Hansson, H. C., Swietlicki, E., Wiedensohler, A., Wendisch, M., Gallagher, M. W., Colvile, R. N., Beswick, K. M., Choularton, T. W., and Bower, K. N.: Experimental determination of the connection between cloud droplet size and its dry residue size, Atmos. Environ., 31, 2477\u20132490, 1997.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(96)00182-3"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinsson, B. G., Frank, G. P., Cederfelt, S.-I., Swietlicki, E., Berg, O. H., Zhou, J., Bower, K. N., Bradbury, C., Birmili, W., Stratmann, F., Wendisch, M., Wiedensohler, A., and Yuskiewicz, B. A.: Droplet nucleation and growth in orographic clouds in relation to the aerosol population, Atmos. Res., 50, 289\u2013315, 1999.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-8095(98)00108-2"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinsson, B. G., Frank, G., Cederfelt, S. I., Berg, O. H., Mentes, B., Papaspiropolos, G., Swietlicki, E., Zhou, J., Flynn, M., Bower, K. N., Choularton, T. W., M\u00e4kel\u00e4, J., Virkkula, A., and v Dingenen, R.: Validation of very high cloud droplet number concentrations in air masses transported thousands of kilometres over the ocean, Tellus, 52, 801\u2013814, 2000.","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0889.2000.00020.x"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinsson, B. G., Karlsson, M. N. A., and Frank, G.: Metodology to Estimate the Transfer Function of Individual Differential Mobility Analyzers, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 35, 815\u2013823, 2001.","DOI":"10.1080\/027868201753227361"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mertes, S., Lehmann, K., Nowak, A., Massling, A., and Wiedensohler, A.: Link between aerosolhygroscopic growth and droplet activation observed for hill-capped clouds at connected flow conditions during FEBUKO, Atmos. Environ., 39, 4247\u20134256, 2005.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.02.010"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noone, K. J., Ogren, J. A., Heintzenberg, J., Charlson, R. J., and Covert, D. S.: Design and Calibration of a Counterflow Virtual Impactor for Sampling of Atmospheric Fog and Cloud Droplets, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 8, 235\u2013244, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02786828808959186, 1988.","DOI":"10.1080\/02786828808959186"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogren, J. A., Heintzenberg, J., and Charlson, R. J.: In-situ sampling of clouds with a droplet to aerosol converter, Geophys. Res. Lett., 12, 121\u2013124, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/GL012i003p00121, 1985.","DOI":"10.1029\/GL012i003p00121"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwarzenboeck, A. and Heintzenberg, J.: Cut size minimization and cloud element break-up in a ground-based CVI, J. Aerosol Sci., 31, 477\u2013489, 2000.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(99)00535-2"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sjogren, S., Frank, G. P., Berghof, M. I. A., and Martinsson, B. G.: Continuous stand-alone controllable aerosol\/cloud droplet dryer for atmospheric sampling, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 349\u2013357, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/amt-6-349-2013, 2013.","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-6-349-2013"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sorensen, C. M., Gebhart, J., O'Hern, T. J., and Rader, D. J.: Optical Measurement Techniques: Fundamentals and Applications, 269\u2013312, John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc., https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781118001684.ch13, 2011.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118001684.ch13"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spiegel, J. K., Zieger, P., Bukowiecki, N., Hammer, E., Weingartner, E., and Eugster, W.: Evaluating the capabilities and uncertainties of droplet measurements for the fog droplet spectrometer (FM-100), Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 2237\u20132260, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/amt-5-2237-2012, 2012.","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-5-2237-2012"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stevens, B. and Feingold, G.: Untangling aerosol effects on clouds and precipitation in a buffered system, Nature, 461, 607\u2013613, 2009.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08281"},{"key":"ref29","unstructured":"Stolzenburg, M. R.: An ultrafine aerosol size distribution measuring system., Ph.D. thesis, University of Minnesota, 1988."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Svenningsson, B., Hansson, H.-C., Martinsson, B. G., Wiedensohler, A., Swietlicki, E., Cederfelt, S.-I., Wendisch, M., Bower, K. N., Choularton, T. W., and Colvile, R. N.: Cloud droplet nucleation scavenging in relation to the size and hygroscopic behaviour of aerosol particles, Atmos. Environ., 31, 2463\u20132475, 1997.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(96)00179-3"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Twomey, S.: Pollution and the planetary albedo, Atmos. Environ., 8, 1251\u20131256, 1974.","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(74)90004-3"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Warner, J.: A Reduction in Rainfall Associated with Smoke from Sugar-Cane Fires \u2013 An Inadvertent Weather Modification?, J. Appl. Meteorol., 7, 247\u2013251, 1968.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1968)007<0247:ARIRAW>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiedensohler, A.: An approximation of the bipolar charge distribution for particles in the submicron size range, J. Aerosol Sci., 19, 387\u2013389, 1988.","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-8502(88)90278-9"}],"container-title":["Atmospheric Measurement Techniques"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/amt.copernicus.org\/articles\/7\/877\/2014\/amt-7-877-2014.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T21:27:23Z","timestamp":1739568443000},"score":24.2588,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/amt.copernicus.org\/articles\/7\/877\/2014\/"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,4]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/amt-7-877-2014","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/amtd-6-10269-2013","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/amtd-6-10269-2013","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1867-8548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1867-8548","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,4]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T05:58:14Z","timestamp":1772258294969,"version":"3.50.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,29]]},"group-title":"Clouds\/In Situ Measurement\/Data Processing and Information Retrieval","reference-count":30,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,29]],"date-time":"2013-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1385683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract. The droplet aerosol analyzer (DAA) was developed to study the influence of aerosol properties on clouds. It measures the ambient particle size of individual droplets and interstitial particles, the size of the dry (residual) particles after the evaporation of water, and the number concentration of the dry (residual) particles. A method was developed for the evaluation of DAA data to obtain the three-parameter dataset: ambient particle diameter, dry (residual) particle diameter and number concentration. First results from in-cloud measurements performed on the summit of Mt. Brocken in Germany are presented. Various aspects of the cloud aerosol dataset are presented, such as the number concentration of interstitial particles and cloud droplets, the dry residue particle size distribution, droplet size distributions, scavenging ratios due to cloud droplet formation and size-dependent solute concentrations. This dataset makes it possible to study clouds and the influence of the aerosol population on clouds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/amtd-6-10269-2013","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,29]],"date-time":"2013-11-29T07:46:38Z","timestamp":1385711198000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Inversion of droplet aerosol analyzer data for long-term aerosol-cloud interaction measurements"],"prefix":"10.5194","author":[{"given":"M. I. A.","family":"Berghof","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G. P.","family":"Frank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Sjogren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2230-5932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B. G.","family":"Martinsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3145","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albrecht, B. A.: Aerosols, cloud microphysics, and fractional cloudiness, Science, 245, 1227\u20131230, 1989.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.245.4923.1227"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson, T. L., Charlson, R. J., and Covert, D. S.: Calibration of a counterflow virtual impactor at aerodynamic diameters from 1 to 15 \u03bcm, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 19, 317\u2013329, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02786829308959639, 1993.","DOI":"10.1080\/02786829308959639"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belyaev, S. and Levin, L.: Techniques for collection of representative aerosol samples, J. Aerosol Sci., 5, 325\u2013338, 1974.","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-8502(74)90130-X"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cederfelt, S. I., Martinsson, B. G., Svenningsson, B., Weidensohler, A., Frank, G., Hansson, H. C., Swietlicki, E., Wendish, M., Beswick, K. M., Bower, K. N., Gallagher, M. W., Pahl, S., Maser, R., and Schell, D.: Field validation of the droplet aerosol analyser, Atmos. Environ., 31, 2657\u20132670, 1997.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(96)00183-5"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"Draxler, R. and Rolph, G.: HYSPLIT (HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) Model access via NOAA ARL READY Website, available at: http:\/\/ready.arl.noaa.gov\/HYSPLIT.php (last access: 26 April 2013), NOAA Air Resources Laboratory, Silver Spring, MD, 2013."},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"European Environment Agency: Air quality in Europe, 2012 report, Tech. rep., European Environment Agency, 2012."},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"Frank, G., Martinsson, B. G., Cederfelt, S.-I., Berg, O. H., Swietlick, E., Wendisch, M., Yuskiewicz, B., Heitzenberg, J., Wiedensohler, A., Orsini, D., Stratmann, F., Lai, P., and Ricci, L.: Droplet formation and growth in polluted fogs, Contr. Atmos. Phys., 71, 65\u201385, 1998."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frank, G. P., Cederfelt, S.-I., and Martinsson, B. G.: Characterisation of a unipolar charger for droplet aerosols of 0.1\u201320 \u03bcm in diameter, J. Aerosol Sci., 35, 117\u2013134, 2004.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(03)00384-7"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frank, G., Berghof, M., Sjogren, S., and Martinsson, B.: A droplet aerosol analyser (DAA) for longterm aerosol-cloud microphysics measurements, in preparation, 2013.","DOI":"10.5194\/amtd-6-10269-2013"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kandler, K. and Sch\u00fctz, L.: Climatology of the average water-soluble volume fraction of atmospheric aerosol, Atmos. Res., 83, 77\u201392, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosres.2006.03.004, 2007.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2006.03.004"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karlsson, M. N. A. and Martinsson, B. G.: Methods to measure and predict the transfer function size dependence of individual DMAs, J. Aerosol Sci., 34, 603\u2013625, 2003.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(03)00020-X"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lawless, P. A.: Particle charging bounds, symmetry rrelation, and an analytic charging rate model for the continuum regime, J. Aerosol Sci., 27, 191\u2013215, 1996.","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-8502(95)00541-2"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liou, K.-N. and Ou, S.-C.: The role of cloud microphysical processes in climate: an assessment from a one-dimensional perspective, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 8599\u20138607, 1989.","DOI":"10.1029\/JD094iD06p08599"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lohmann, U. and Feichter, J.: Global indirect aerosol effects: a review, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 715\u2013737, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-5-715-2005, 2005.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-715-2005"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinsson, B. G.: Physical basis for a droplet aerosol analysing method, J. Aerosol Sci., 27, 997\u20131013, 1996.","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-8502(96)00035-3"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinsson, B. G., Cederfelt, S. I., Svenningsson, B., Frank, G., Hansson, H. C., Swietlicki, E., Wiedensohler, A., Wendisch, M., Gallagher, M. W., Colvile, R. N., Beswick, K. M., Choularton, T. W., and Bower, K. N.: Experimental determination of the connection between cloud droplet size and its dry residue size, Atmos. Environ., 31, 2477\u20132490, 1997.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(96)00182-3"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinsson, B. G., Frank, G. P., Cederfelt, S.-I., Swietlicki, E., Berg, O. H., Zhou, J., Bower, K. N., Bradbury, C., Birmili, W., Stratmann, F., Wendisch, M., Wiedensohler, A., and Yuskiewicz, B. A.: Droplet nucleation and growth in orographic clouds in relation to the aerosol population, Atmos. Res., 50, 289\u2013315, 1999.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-8095(98)00108-2"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinsson, B. G., Frank, G., Cederfelt, S. I., Berg, O. H., Mentes, B., Papaspiropolos, G., Swietlicki, E., Zhou, J., Flynn, M., Bower, K. N., Choularton, T. W., M\u00e4kel\u00e4, J., Virkkula, A., and v. Dingenen, R.: Validation of very high cloud droplet number concentrations in air masses transported thousands of kilometres over the ocean, Tellus, 52, 801\u2013814, 2000.","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0889.2000.00020.x"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinsson, B. G., Karlsson, M. N. A., and Frank, G.: Metodology to estimate the transfer function of individual differential mobility analyzers, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 35, 815\u2013823, 2001.","DOI":"10.1080\/027868201753227361"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noone, K. J., Ogren, J. A., Heintzenberg, J., Charlson, R. J., and Covert, D. S.: Design and calibration of a counterflow virtual impactor for sampling of atmospheric fog and cloud droplets, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 8, 235\u2013244, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02786828808959186, 1988.","DOI":"10.1080\/02786828808959186"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogren, J. A., Heintzenberg, J., and Charlson, R. J.: In-situ sampling of clouds with a droplet to aerosol converter, Geophys. Res. Lett., 12, 121\u2013124, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/GL012i003p00121, 1985.","DOI":"10.1029\/GL012i003p00121"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sjogren, S., Frank, G. P., Berghof, M. I. A., and Martinsson, B. G.: Continuous stand-alone controllable aerosol\/cloud droplet dryer for atmospheric sampling, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 349\u2013357, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/amt-6-349-2013, 2013.","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-6-349-2013"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slowik, J. G., Cziczo, D. J., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Analysis of cloud condensation nuclei composition and growth kinetics using a pumped counterflow virtual impactor and aerosol mass spectrometer, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 1677\u20131688, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/amt-4-1677-2011, 2011.","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-4-1677-2011"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sorensen, C. M., Gebhart, J., O'Hern, T. J., and Rader, D. J.: Optical Measurement Techniques: Fundamentals and Applications, John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc., 269\u2013312, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781118001684.ch13, 2011.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118001684.ch13"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spiegel, J. K., Zieger, P., Bukowiecki, N., Hammer, E., Weingartner, E., and Eugster, W.: Evaluating the capabilities and uncertainties of droplet measurements for the fog droplet spectrometer (FM-100), Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 2237\u20132260, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/amt-5-2237-2012, 2012.","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-5-2237-2012"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stevens, B. and Feingold, G.: Untangling aerosol effects on clouds and precipitation in a buffered system, Nature, 461, 607\u2013613, 2009.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08281"},{"key":"ref27","unstructured":"Stolzenburg, M. R.: An ultrafine aerosol size distribution measuring system., Ph.D. thesis, University of Minnesota, 1988."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Twomey, S.: Pollution and the planetary albedo, Atmos. Environ., 8, 1251\u20131256, 1974.","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(74)90004-3"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Warner, J.: A reduction in rainfall associated with smoke from sugar-cane fires \u2013 an inadvertent weather modification?, J. Appl. Meteorol., 7, 247\u2013251, 1968.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1968)007<0247:ARIRAW>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiedensohler, A.: An approximation of the bipolar charge distribution for particles in the submicron size range, J. Aerosol Sci., 19, 387\u2013389, 1988.","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-8502(88)90278-9"}],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/amt.copernicus.org\/preprints\/6\/10269\/2013\/amtd-6-10269-2013.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T21:27:07Z","timestamp":1739568427000},"score":24.217009,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/amt.copernicus.org\/articles\/7\/877\/2014\/amt-7-877-2014-discussion.html"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,29]]},"references-count":30,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/amtd-6-10269-2013","relation":{"is-preprint-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/amt-7-877-2014","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/amt-7-877-2014","asserted-by":"object"}]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,29]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T10:01:18Z","timestamp":1790503278775,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,17]],"date-time":"2016-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1471392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["335478"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["335478"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005877","name":"Luonnontieteiden ja Tekniikan Tutkimuksen Toimikunta","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["272041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["272041"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005877","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005877","name":"Luonnontieteiden ja Tekniikan Tutkimuksen Toimikunta","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["259005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["259005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005877","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005877","name":"Luonnontieteiden ja Tekniikan Tutkimuksen Toimikunta","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["283031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["283031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005877","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004157","name":"Maj ja Tor Nesslingin S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201500134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201500134"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004157","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004157","name":"Maj ja Tor Nesslingin S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201600105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201600105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004157","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Atmos. Chem. Phys."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract. The relationship between aerosol hygroscopicity and cloud droplet activation was studied at the Puijo measurement station in Kuopio, Finland, during the autumn 2014. The hygroscopic growth of 80, 120 and 150 \u202fnm particles was measured at 90\u2009% relative humidity with a hygroscopic tandem differential mobility analyzer. Typically, the growth factor (GF) distributions appeared bimodal with clearly distinguishable peaks around 1.0\u20131.1 and 1.4\u20131.6. However, the relative contribution of the two modes appeared highly variable reflecting the probable presence of fresh anthropogenic particle emissions. The hygroscopicity-dependent activation properties were estimated in a case study comprising four separate cloud events with varying characteristics. At 120 and 150\u2009nm, the activation efficiencies within the low- and high-GF modes varied between 0\u201334 and 57\u201383\u2009%, respectively, indicating that the less hygroscopic particles remained mostly non-activated, whereas the more hygroscopic mode was predominantly scavenged into cloud droplets. By modifying the measured GF distributions, it was estimated how the cloud droplet concentrations would change if all the particles belonged to the more hygroscopic group. According to \u03ba-K\u00f6hler simulations, the cloud droplet concentrations increased up to 70\u2009% when the possible feedback effects on effective peak supersaturation (between 0.16 and 0.29\u2009%) were assumed negligible. This is an indirect but clear illustration of the sensitivity of cloud formation to aerosol chemical composition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-10385-2016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,17]],"date-time":"2016-08-17T04:55:48Z","timestamp":1471409748000},"page":"10385-10398","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["In-cloud measurements highlight the role of aerosol hygroscopicity in cloud\ndroplet formation"],"prefix":"10.5194","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5674-7013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olli","family":"V\u00e4is\u00e4nen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antti","family":"Ruuskanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9793-9994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arttu","family":"Ylisirni\u00f6","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pasi","family":"Miettinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harri","family":"Portin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liqing","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ari","family":"Leskinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mika","family":"Komppula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9414-3093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sami","family":"Romakkaniemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kari E. J.","family":"Lehtinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annele","family":"Virtanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3145","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, I., Mielonen, T., Grosvenor, D. P., Portin, H. J., Arola, A., Mikkonen, S., Kuhn, T., Leskinen, A., Joutsensaari, J., Komppula, M., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Laaksonen, A., and Romakkaniemi, S.: Long-term measurements of cloud droplet concentrations and aerosol-cloud interactions in continental boundary layer clouds, Tellus B, 65, 20138, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3402\/Tellusb.V65i0.20138, 2013.","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusb.v65i0.20138"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almeida, G. P., Brito, J., Morales, C. A., Andrade, M. F., and Artaxo, P.: Measured and modelled cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentration in Sao Paulo, Brazil: the importance of aerosol size-resolved chemical composition on CCN concentration prediction, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 7559\u20137572, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-14-7559-2014, 2014.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-7559-2014"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andreae, M. O. and Rosenfeld, D.: Aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions. Part 1. The nature and sources of cloud-active aerosols, Earth.-Sci. Rev., 89, 13\u201341, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.earscirev.2008.03.001, 2008.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2008.03.001"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anttila, T., Vaattovaara, P., Komppula, M., Hyv\u00e4rinen, A.-P., Lihavainen, H., Kerminen, V.-M., and Laaksonen, A.: Size-dependent activation of aerosols into cloud droplets at a subarctic background site during the second Pallas Cloud Experiment (2nd PaCE): method development and data evaluation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 4841\u20134854, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-9-4841-2009, 2009.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-4841-2009"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asmi, E., Freney, E., Hervo, M., Picard, D., Rose, C., Colomb, A., and Sellegri, K.: Aerosol cloud activation in summer and winter at puy-de-Dome high altitude site in France, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 11589\u201311607, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-12-11589-2012, 2012.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-11589-2012"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Broekhuizen, K., Chang, R. Y.-W., Leaitch, W. R., Li, S.-M., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Closure between measured and modeled cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) using size-resolved aerosol compositions in downtown Toronto, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2513\u20132524, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-6-2513-2006, 2006.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-2513-2006"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conant, W. C., VanReken, T. M., Rissman, T. A., Varutbangkul, V., Jonsson, H. H., Nenes, A., Jimenez, J. L., Delia, A. E., Bahreini, R., Roberts, G. C., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Aerosol-cloud drop concentration closure in warm cumulus, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D13204, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2003jd004324, 2004.","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD004324"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drewnick, F., Schneider, J., Hings, S. S., Hock, N., Noone, K., Targino, A., Weimer, S., and Borrmann, S.: Measurement of ambient, interstitial, and residual aerosol particles on a mountaintop site in central Sweden using an aerosol mass spectrometer and a CVI, J. Atmos. Chem., 56, 1\u201320, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10874-006-9036-8, 2007.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10874-006-9036-8"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dusek, U., Frank, G. P., Hildebrandt, L., Curtius, J., Schneider, J., Walter, S., Chand, D., Drewnick, F., Hings, S., Jung, D., Borrmann, S., and Andreae, M. O.: Size matters more than chemistry for cloud-nucleating ability of aerosol particles, Science, 312, 1375\u20131378, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1125261, 2006.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1125261"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ervens, B., Cubison, M., Andrews, E., Feingold, G., Ogren, J. A., Jimenez, J. L., DeCarlo, P., and Nenes, A.: Prediction of cloud condensation nucleus number concentration using measurements of aerosol size distributions and composition and light scattering enhancement due to humidity, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, D10S32, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2006JD007426, 2007.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JD007426"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferron, G. A., Karg, E., Busch, B., and Heyder, J.: Ambient particles at an urban, semi-urban and rural site in Central Europe: hygroscopic properties, Atmos. Environ., 39, 343\u2013352, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2004.09.015, 2005.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2004.09.015"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fitzgerald, J.: Dependence of the Supersaturation Spectrum of CCN on Aerosol Size Distribution and Composition, J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 628\u2013634, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/1520-0469(1973)030&amp;lt;0628:DOTSSO&amp;gt;2.0.CO;2, 1973.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1973)030<0628:DOTSSO>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fors, E. O., Swietlicki, E., Svenningsson, B., Kristensson, A., Frank, G. P., and Sporre, M.: Hygroscopic properties of the ambient aerosol in southern Sweden \u2013 a two year study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 8343\u20138361, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-11-8343-2011, 2011.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-8343-2011"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fountoukis, C., Nenes, A., Meskhidze, N., Bahreini, R., Conant, W. C., Jonsson, H., Murphy, S., Sorooshian, A., Varutbangkul, V., Brechtel, F., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Aerosol-cloud drop concentration closure for clouds sampled during the International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation 2004 campaign, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, D10S30, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2006jd007272, 2007.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JD007272"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Good, N., Topping, D. O., Allan, J. D., Flynn, M., Fuentes, E., Irwin, M., Williams, P. I., Coe, H., and McFiggans, G.: Consistency between parameterisations of aerosol hygroscopicity and CCN activity during the RHaMBLe discovery cruise, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 3189\u20133203, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-10-3189-2010, 2010.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-3189-2010"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gysel, M., McFiggans, G. B., and Coe, H.: Inversion of tandem differential mobility analyser (TDMA) measurements, J Aerosol Sci., 40, 134\u2013151, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2008.07.013, 2009.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2008.07.013"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hammer, E., Bukowiecki, N., Gysel, M., Juranyi, Z., Hoyle, C. R., Vogt, R., Baltensperger, U., and Weingartner, E.: Investigation of the effective peak supersaturation for liquid-phase clouds at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch, Switzerland (3580\u202fm\u202fa.s.l.), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 1123\u20131139, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-14-1123-2014, 2014.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-1123-2014"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hao, L. Q., Romakkaniemi, S., Kortelainen, A., Jaatinen, A., Portin, H., Miettinen, P., Komppula, M., Leskinen, A., Virtanen, A., Smith, J. N., Sueper, D., Worsnop, D. R., Lehtinen, K. E. J., and Laaksonen, A.: Aerosol Chemical Composition in Cloud Events by High Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometry, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 2645\u20132653, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es302889w, 2013.","DOI":"10.1021\/es302889w"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henning, S., Dieckmann, K., Ignatius, K., Schafer, M., Zedler, P., Harris, E., Sinha, B., van Pinxteren, D., Mertes, S., Birmili, W., Merkel, M., Wu, Z., Wiedensohler, A., Wex, H., Herrmann, H., and Stratmann, F.: Influence of cloud processing on CCN activation behaviour in the Thuringian Forest, Germany during HCCT-2010, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 7859\u20137868, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-14-7859-2014, 2014.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-7859-2014"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hersey, S. P., Craven, J. S., Metcalf, A. R., Lin, J., Lathem, T., Suski, K. J., Cahill, J. F., Duong, H. T., Sorooshian, A., Jonsson, H. H., Shiraiwa, M., Zuend, A., Nenes, A., Prather, K. A., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Composition and hygroscopicity of the Los Angeles Aerosol: CalNex, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 3016\u20133036, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jgrd.50307, 2013.","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrd.50307"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hudson, J. G.: Variability of the relationship between particle size and cloud-nucleating ability, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L08801, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2006gl028850, 2007.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL028850"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"IPCC: Climate change 2013: The physical science basis. Intergovernmental panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, New York, 13\u201314, 2013.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781107415324"},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"Jaatinen, A., Romakkaniemi, S., Anttila, T., Hyvarinen, A. P., Hao, L. Q., Kortelainen, A., Miettinen, P., Mikkonen, S., Smith, J. N., Virtanen, A., and Laaksonen, A.: The third Pallas Cloud Experiment: Consistency between the aerosol hygroscopic growth and CCN activity, Boreal Environ. Res., 19, 368\u2013382, 2014."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Junge, C. M. E.: Relationship of Cloud Nuclei Spectra to Aerosol Size Distribution and Composition, J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 282\u2013390, 1971.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1971)028<0382:ROCNST>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jur\u00e1nyi, Z., Tritscher, T., Gysel, M., Laborde, M., Gomes, L., Roberts, G., Baltensperger, U., and Weingartner, E.: Hygroscopic mixing state of urban aerosol derived from size-resolved cloud condensation nuclei measurements during the MEGAPOLI campaign in Paris, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 6431\u20136446, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-13-6431-2013, 2013.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-6431-2013"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kammermann, L., Gysel, M., Weingartner, E., and Baltensperger, U.: 13-month climatology of the aerosol hygroscopicity at the free tropospheric site Jungfraujoch (3580\u202fm\u202fa.s.l.), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 10717\u201310732, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-10-10717-2010, 2010a.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-10717-2010"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kammermann, L., Gysel, M., Weingartner, E., Herich, H., Cziczo, D. J., Holst, T., Svenningsson, B., Arneth, A., and Baltensperger, U.: Subarctic atmospheric aerosol composition: 3. Measured and modeled properties of cloud condensation nuclei, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 115, D04202, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2009jd012447, 2010b.","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JD012447"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamphus, M., Ettner-Mahl, M., Klimach, T., Drewnick, F., Keller, L., Cziczo, D. J., Mertes, S., Borrmann, S., and Curtius, J.: Chemical composition of ambient aerosol, ice residues and cloud droplet residues in mixed-phase clouds: single particle analysis during the Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Experiment (CLACE 6), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 8077\u20138095, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-10-8077-2010, 2010.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-8077-2010"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Komppula, M., Lihavainen, H., Kerminen, V. M., Kulmala, M., and Viisanen, Y.: Measurements of cloud droplet activation of aerosol particles at a clean subarctic background site, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D06204, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2004jd005200, 2005.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005200"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00f6hler, H.: The nucleus in and the growth of hygroscopic droplets, Trans. Faraday Soc., 32, 1152\u20131161, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/TF9363201152, 1936.","DOI":"10.1039\/TF9363201152"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laborde, M., Crippa, M., Tritscher, T., Juranyi, Z., Decarlo, P. F., Temime-Roussel, B., Marchand, N., Eckhardt, S., Stohl, A., Baltensperger, U., Prevot, A. S. H., Weingartner, E., and Gysel, M.: Black carbon physical properties and mixing state in the European megacity Paris, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 5831\u20135856, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-13-5831-2013, 2013.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-5831-2013"},{"key":"ref32","unstructured":"Leskinen, A., Portin, H., Komppula, M., Miettinen, P., Arola, A., Lihavainen, H., Hatakka, J., Laaksonen, A., and Lehtinen, K. E. J.: Overview of the research activities and results at Puijo semi-urban measurement station, Boreal Environ. Res., 14, 576\u2013590, 2009."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leskinen, A., Arola, A., Komppula, M., Portin, H., Tiitta, P., Miettinen, P., Romakkaniemi, S., Laaksonen, A., and Lehtinen, K. E. J.: Seasonal cycle and source analyses of aerosol optical properties in a semi-urban environment at Puijo station in Eastern Finland, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 5647\u20135659, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-12-5647-2012, 2012.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-5647-2012"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, W. J., Li, P. R., Sun, G. D., Zhou, S. Z., Yuan, Q., and Wang, W. X.: Cloud residues and interstitial aerosols from non-precipitating clouds over an industrial and urban area in northern China, Atmos. Environ., 45, 2488\u20132495, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2011.02.044, 2011.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2011.02.044"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, P. F., Zhao, C. S., Gobel, T., Hallbauer, E., Nowak, A., Ran, L., Xu, W. Y., Deng, Z. Z., Ma, N., Mildenberger, K., Henning, S., Stratmann, F., and Wiedensohler, A.: Hygroscopic properties of aerosol particles at high relative humidity and their diurnal variations in the North China Plain, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 3479\u20133494, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-11-3479-2011, 2011.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-3479-2011"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, D., Allan, J., Whitehead, J., Young, D., Flynn, M., Coe, H., McFiggans, G., Fleming, Z. L., and Bandy, B.: Ambient black carbon particle hygroscopic properties controlled by mixing state and composition, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 2015\u20132029, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-13-2015-2013, 2013.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-2015-2013"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McFiggans, G., Artaxo, P., Baltensperger, U., Coe, H., Facchini, M. C., Feingold, G., Fuzzi, S., Gysel, M., Laaksonen, A., Lohmann, U., Mentel, T. F., Murphy, D. M., O'Dowd, C. D., Snider, J. R., and Weingartner, E.: The effect of physical and chemical aerosol properties on warm cloud droplet activation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2593\u20132649, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-6-2593-2006, 2006.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-2593-2006"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Medina, J., Nenes, A., Sotiropoulou, R. E. P., Cottrell, L. D., Ziemba, L. D., Beckman, P. J., and Griffin, R. J.: Cloud condensation nuclei closure during the International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation 2004 campaign: Effects of size-resolved composition, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, D10S31, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2006jd007588, 2007.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JD007588"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng, J. W., Yeung, M. C., Li, Y. J., Lee, B. Y. L., and Chan, C. K.: Size-resolved cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity and closure analysis at the HKUST Supersite in Hong Kong, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 10267\u201310282, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-14-10267-2014, 2014.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-10267-2014"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pajunoja, A., Lambe, A. T., Hakala, J., Rastak, N., Cummings, M. J., Brogan, J. F., Hao, L. Q., Paramonov, M., Hong, J., Prisle, N. L., Malila, J., Romakkaniemi, S., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Laaksonen, A., Kulmala, M., Massoli, P., Onasch, T. B., Donahue, N. M., Riipinen, I., Davidovits, P., Worsnop, D. R., Petaja, T., and Virtanen, A.: Adsorptive uptake of water by semisolid secondary organic aerosols, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 3063\u20133068, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2015GL063142, 2015.","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GL063142"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petters, M. D. and Kreidenweis, S. M.: A single parameter representation of hygroscopic growth and cloud condensation nucleus activity, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1961\u20131971, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-7-1961-2007, 2007.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-7-1961-2007"},{"key":"ref42","unstructured":"Portin, H. J., Komppula, M., Leskinen, A. P., Romakkaniemi, S., Laaksonen, A., and Lehtinen, K. E. J.: Observations of aerosol-cloud interactions at the Puijo semi-urban measurement station, Boreal Environ. Res., 14, 641\u2013653, 2009."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Portin, H., Leskinen, A., Hao, L., Kortelainen, A., Miettinen, P., Jaatinen, A., Laaksonen, A., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Romakkaniemi, S., and Komppula, M.: The effect of local sources on particle size and chemical composition and their role in aerosol-cloud interactions at Puijo measurement station, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 6021\u20136034, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-14-6021-2014, 2014.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-6021-2014"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quinn, P. K., Bates, T. S., Coffman, D. J., and Covert, D. S.: Influence of particle size and chemistry on the cloud nucleating properties of aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1029\u20131042, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-8-1029-2008, 2008.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-8-1029-2008"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rose, D., Gunthe, S. S., Jur\u00e1nyi, Z., Gysel, M., Frank, G. P., Schneider, J., Curtius, J., and P\u00f6schl, U.: Size-resolved and integral measurements of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 13, 32575\u201332624, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acpd-13-32575-2013, 2013.","DOI":"10.5194\/acpd-13-32575-2013"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sjogren, S., Gysel, M., Weingartner, E., Alfarra, M. R., Duplissy, J., Cozic, J., Crosier, J., Coe, H., and Baltensperger, U.: Hygroscopicity of the submicrometer aerosol at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch, 3580 m a.s.l., Switzerland, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 5715\u20135729, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-8-5715-2008, 2008.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-8-5715-2008"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Svenningsson, B., Hansson, H. C., Wiedensohler, A., Noone, K., Ogren, J., Hallberg, A., and Colvile, R.: Hygroscopic Growth of Aerosol-Particles and Its Influence on Nucleation Scavenging in-Cloud \u2013 Experimental Results from Kleiner-Feldberg, J. Atmos. Chem., 19, 129\u2013152, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/Bf00696586, 1994.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00696586"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiitta, P., Miettinen, P., Vaattovaara, P., Joutsensaari, J., Petaja, T., Virtanen, A., Raatikainen, T., Aalto, P., Portin, H., Romakkaniemi, S., Kokkola, H., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Kulmala, M., and Laaksonen, A.: Roadside aerosol study using hygroscopic, organic and volatility TDMAs: Characterization and mixing state, Atmos. Environ., 44, 976\u2013986, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2009.06.021, 2010.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2009.06.021"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weingartner, E., Burtscher, H., and Baltensperger, U.: Hygroscopic properties of carbon and diesel soot particles, Atmos. Environ., 31, 2311\u20132327, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1352-2310(97)00023-X, 1997.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(97)00023-X"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wex, H., McFiggans, G., Henning, S., and Stratmann, F.: Influence of the external mixing state of atmospheric aerosol on derived CCN number concentrations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L10805, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2010gl043337, 2010.","DOI":"10.1029\/2010GL043337"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiedensohler, A., Birmili, W., Nowak, A., Sonntag, A., Weinhold, K., Merkel, M., Wehner, B., Tuch, T., Pfeifer, S., Fiebig, M., Fjaraa, A. M., Asmi, E., Sellegri, K., Depuy, R., Venzac, H., Villani, P., Laj, P., Aalto, P., Ogren, J. A., Swietlicki, E., Williams, P., Roldin, P., Quincey, P., Huglin, C., Fierz-Schmidhauser, R., Gysel, M., Weingartner, E., Riccobono, F., Santos, S., Gruning, C., Faloon, K., Beddows, D., Harrison, R. M., Monahan, C., Jennings, S. G., O'Dowd, C. D., Marinoni, A., Horn, H. G., Keck, L., Jiang, J., Scheckman, J., McMurry, P. H., Deng, Z., Zhao, C. S., Moerman, M., Henzing, B., de Leeuw, G., Loschau, G., and Bastian, S.: Mobility particle size spectrometers: harmonization of technical standards and data structure to facilitate high quality long-term observations of atmospheric particle number size distributions, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 657\u2013685, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/amt-5-657-2012, 2012.","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-5-657-2012"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winklmayr, W., Reischl, G. P., Lindner, A. O., and Berner, A.: A New Electromobility Spectrometer for the Measurement of Aerosol Size Distributions in the Size Range from 1 to 1000 Nm, J. Aerosol Sci., 22, 289\u2013296, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0021-8502(05)80007-2, 1991.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(05)80007-2"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vlasenko, A., Sjogren, S., Weingartner, E., Gaggeler, H. W., and Ammann, M.: Generation of submicron Arizona test dust aerosol: Chemical and hygroscopic properties, Aerosol. Sci. Tech., 39, 452\u2013460, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/027868290959870, 2005.","DOI":"10.1080\/027868290959870"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zelenyuk, A., Imre, D., Earle, M., Easter, R., Korolev, A., Leaitch, R., Liu, P., Macdonald, A. M., Ovchinnikov, M., and Strapp, W.: In Situ Characterization of Cloud Condensation Nuclei, Interstitial, and Background Particles Using the Single Particle Mass Spectrometer, SPLAT II, Anal. Chem., 82, 7943\u20137951, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ac1013892, 2010.","DOI":"10.1021\/ac1013892"}],"container-title":["Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/acp.copernicus.org\/articles\/16\/10385\/2016\/acp-16-10385-2016.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]],"date-time":"2025-02-08T04:38:47Z","timestamp":1738989527000},"score":23.926174,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/acp.copernicus.org\/articles\/16\/10385\/2016\/"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,17]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-16-10385-2016","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2016-318","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2016-318","asserted-by":"object"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2016-318-RC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2016-318-AC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2016-318-RC2","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2016-318-AC2","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2016-318-RC3","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2016-318-AC3","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2016-318-AC3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2016-318-AC2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2016-318-AC1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2016-318-RC3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2016-318-RC2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2016-318-RC1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1680-7324"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1680-7324","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,17]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T05:33:34Z","timestamp":1772256814253,"version":"3.50.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,21]]},"group-title":"Aerosols\/Field Measurements\/Troposphere\/Physics (physical properties and processes)","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,21]],"date-time":"2016-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1461196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["335478"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["335478"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005877","name":"Luonnontieteiden ja Tekniikan Tutkimuksen Toimikunta","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["272041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["272041"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005877","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005877","name":"Luonnontieteiden ja Tekniikan Tutkimuksen Toimikunta","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["259005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["259005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005877","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005877","name":"Luonnontieteiden ja Tekniikan Tutkimuksen Toimikunta","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["283031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["283031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005877","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004157","name":"Maj ja Tor Nesslingin S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201500134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201500134"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004157","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004157","name":"Maj ja Tor Nesslingin S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201600105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201600105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004157","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract. The relationship between aerosol hygroscopicity and cloud droplet activation was studied at the Puijo measurement station in Kuopio, Finland, during the autumn 2014. The hygroscopic growth of 80, 120 and 150 nm particles was measured at 90 % relative humidity with a hygroscopic tandem differential mobility analyzer. Typically, the growth factor (GF) distributions appeared bimodal with clearly distinguishable peaks around 1.0\u20121.1 and 1.4\u20121.6. However, the relative contribution of the two modes appeared highly variable reflecting the varying presence of fresh anthropogenic particle emissions. The hygroscopicity-dependent activation properties were estimated in a case study comprising three separate cloud events with varying characteristics. At 120 and 150 nm, the activation efficiencies within the low- and high-GF modes varied between 0\u20120.33 and 0.66\u20120.86, respectively, indicating that the less hygroscopic particles remained almost non-activated, whereas the more hygroscopic mode was predominantly scavenged into cloud droplets. By modifying the measured GF distributions, it was estimated how the cloud droplet concentrations would change if all the particles belonged to the more hygroscopic group. According to the \u03ba-K\u00f6hler simulations, the cloud droplet concentrations increased up to 70 % with increasing hygroscopicity. This is an indirect but clear illustration of the sensitivity of cloud formation to aerosol chemical composition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-2016-318","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,21]],"date-time":"2016-04-21T07:51:32Z","timestamp":1461225092000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In-cloud measurements highlight the role of aerosol hygroscopicity  in cloud droplet formation"],"prefix":"10.5194","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5674-7013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olli","family":"V\u00e4is\u00e4nen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antti","family":"Ruuskanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9793-9994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arttu","family":"Ylisirni\u00f6","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pasi","family":"Miettinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harri","family":"Portin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liqing","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ari","family":"Leskinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mika","family":"Komppula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9414-3093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sami","family":"Romakkaniemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kari E. J.","family":"Lehtinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annele","family":"Virtanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3145","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net\/acp-2016-318\/acp-2016-318.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]],"date-time":"2025-02-08T04:38:38Z","timestamp":1738989518000},"score":23.783176,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/acp.copernicus.org\/articles\/16\/10385\/2016\/acp-16-10385-2016-discussion.html"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,21]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-2016-318","relation":{"has-comment":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2016-318-AC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2016-318-AC2","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2016-318-AC3","asserted-by":"subject"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2016-318-RC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2016-318-RC2","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2016-318-RC3","asserted-by":"subject"}],"is-supplemented-by":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2016-318-supplement","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2016-318-supplement","asserted-by":"object"}],"is-preprint-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-16-10385-2016","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-16-10385-2016","asserted-by":"object"}]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,21]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T21:18:58Z","timestamp":1787001538214,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"D15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,8]],"date-time":"2006-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1154995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Geophys. Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The dependence of droplet concentration on the vertical velocity at the cloud base of stratiform and cumulus clouds and aerosol size distribution is calculated. A simple parameterization of droplet concentration under different aerosol conditions is described. The parameterization is represented in two ways: (1) by a regression equation that expresses the dependence of droplet concentration on the concentration of cloud nuclei (CN), on the parameters of the CN size distribution and on the vertical velocity at the cloud base and (2) by look\u2010up tables. The wide range of parameter variations was separated into different subranges typical of maritime, continental, and extreme continental clouds, both cumulus and stratiform. For each region a particular regression equation was derived. The coefficients in the equation were determined using the optimum experiment planning theory. In the simulations a 2000\u2010bin microphysical parcel model was used. It was found that among all parameters tested the aerosol concentration is the dominating factor. The comparison of the droplet concentrations obtained using the regression formula with the droplet concentration observed indicates a good agreement within a wide range of conditions. The analysis of the dependence of droplet concentration on the microphysical and dynamical parameters within each region makes it possible to reduce the procedure of droplet concentration calculation to a simple interpolation of the concentrations calculated in the center of each region. These look\u2010up tables are presented. All CN are assumed to be soluble. In case some fraction of CN is insoluble, a simple correction of the CN concentration should be performed. Parameterization can be used in different numerical mesoscale and large\u2010scale models whose resolution does not allow one to reproduce vertical velocities at the cloud base and supersaturation maxima explicitly. The results can be also useful in remote sensing studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2005jd006561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,7]],"date-time":"2006-08-07T16:36:02Z","timestamp":1154968562000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Dependence of droplet concentration on aerosol conditions in different cloud types: Application to droplet concentration parameterization of aerosol conditions"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Y.","family":"Segal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Sciences Hebrew University of Jerusalem  Jerusalem Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Khain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Sciences Hebrew University of Jerusalem  Jerusalem Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092779"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2003)020<1362:SSDFBW>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1975)032<0371:CMOTO>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1973)030<0628:DOTSSO>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1985)024<1358:PITLTO>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1984)023<0042:CCNMWC>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/370450a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-8095(00)00064-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS-3350.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1995)052<2923:MOSCLI>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","unstructured":"Kuba N.(2004) Development of the parameterizations to predict the initial size distribution of cloud droplets for the cloud microphysical model in the global or regional models\u2010Numerical simulation with a hybrid cloud microphysical model paper presented at14th International Conference on Clouds and Precipitation World Meteorol. Org. Bologna Italy 19 \u2013 23 July ."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","volume-title":"Clouds and Storms","author":"Ludlam F. H.","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1994)051<1823:TMAPOE>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","volume-title":"Clouds, Their Structure and Formation","author":"Mazin I. P.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","volume-title":"Statistical Methods of Extreme Experiment Planning (in Russian)","author":"Nalimov V. V.","year":"1965"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002911"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-8095(96)00046-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1256\/003590002321042072"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","volume-title":"Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation","author":"Pruppacher H. R.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1064034"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1995)052<2121:ATSOTW>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acpd-4-3159-2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD000583"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","volume-title":"A Short Course in Cloud Physics","author":"Rogers R. R.","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35013030"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","article-title":"The role of competition effect in the raindrop formation","author":"Segal Y.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-8095(02)00172-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1256\/qj.02.168"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2004.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(2000)039<1460:SCCWHF>2.0.CO;2"}],"container-title":["Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1029%2F2005JD006561","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1029\/2005JD006561","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]],"date-time":"2023-10-12T22:52:00Z","timestamp":1697151120000},"score":23.769733,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1029\/2005JD006561"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,8]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"D15","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,16]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1029\/2005JD006561"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2005jd006561","archive":["Portico"],"ISSN":["0148-0227"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-0227","type":"print"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,8]]},"article-number":"2005JD006561"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T05:56:18Z","timestamp":1772258178839,"version":"3.50.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,8]]},"group-title":"Aerosols\/In Situ Measurement\/Instruments and Platforms","reference-count":11,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,8]],"date-time":"2012-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1344384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract. We describe a general-purpose dryer designed for continuous sampling of atmospheric aerosol, where a specified relative humidity (RH) of the sample flow (lower than the atmospheric humidity) is required. It is often prescribed to measure the properties of dried aerosol, for instance for monitoring networks. The specific purpose of our dryer is to dry highly charged cloud droplets (maximum diameter approximately 25 \u03bcm) with minimum losses from the droplet size distribution entering the dryer as well as on the residual dry particle size distribution exiting the dryer. This is achieved by using a straight vertical downwards path from the aerosol inlet mounted above the dryer, and removing humidity to a dry closed loop airflow on the other side of a semi-permeable GORE-TEX membrane (total area 0.134 m2).  The water vapour transfer coefficient, k, was measured to 4.6 \u00d7 10\u22127 kg m\u22122 s\u22121% RH\u22121 in the laboratory and is used for design purposes. A net water vapour transfer rate of up to 1.2 \u00d7 10\u22126 kg s\u22121 was achieved in the field. This corresponds to drying a 5.7 L min\u22121 (0.35 m3 h\u22121) aerosol sample flow from 100% RH to 27% RH at 293 K (with a drying air total flow of 8.7 L min\u22121). The system was used outdoors from 9 May until 20 October 2010, on the mountain Brocken (51.80\u00b0 N, 10.67\u00b0 E, 1142 m a.s.l.) in the Harz region in central Germany. Sample air relative humidity of less than 30% was obtained 72% of the time period. The total availability of the measurement system was &gt; 94% during these five months.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/amtd-5-5469-2012","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,8]],"date-time":"2012-08-08T01:34:37Z","timestamp":1344389677000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Continuous standalone controllable aerosol\/cloud droplet dryer for atmospheric sampling"],"prefix":"10.5194","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"Sjogren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G. P.","family":"Frank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. I. A.","family":"Berghof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B. G.","family":"Martinsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3145","reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"Bierwerth, W.: \\\\newblock Tabellenbuch Chemietechnik, 2nd Edn., Europa-Lehrmittel, Haan-Gruiten, 2001 (in German)."},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"Fuchs, N. A.: The Mechanics of Aerosols, republication edition, edited by: Davies, C. N., Dover Publications, New York, 1989."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, J. and Qian, X.: A new test method for measuring the water vapour permeability of fabrics, Meas. Sci. Technol., 18, 3043\u20133047, 2007.","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/18\/9\/040"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinsson, B. G.: Physical basis for a droplet aerosol analysing method, J. Aerosol Sci., 27, 997\u20131013, 1996.","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-8502(96)00035-3"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinsson, B. G., Hansson, H.-C., Asking, L., and Cederfelt, S.-I.: A relative humidity processing method for the sampling of aerosol particles with low growth-ability, Tellus B, 44, 632\u2013644, 1992.","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0889.1992.t01-1-00015.x"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murray, F. W.: On the computation of saturation vapor pressure, J. Appl. Meteorol., 6, 203\u2013204, 1967.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1967)006<0203:OTCOSV>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tuch, T. M., Haudek, A., M\u00fcller, T., Nowak, A., Wex, H., and Wiedensohler, A.: Design and performance of an automatic regenerating adsorption aerosol dryer for continuous operation at monitoring sites, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 2, 417\u2013422, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/amt-2-417-2009, 2009.","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-2-417-2009"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"von der Weiden, S.-L., Drewnick, F., and Borrmann, S.: Particle Loss Calculator \u2013 a new software tool for the assessment of the performance of aerosol inlet systems, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 2, 479\u2013494, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/amt-2-479-2009, 2009.","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-2-479-2009"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weingartner, E., Burtscher, H., and Baltensperger, U.: Hygroscopic properties of carbon and diesel soot particles, Atmos. Environ., 31, 2311\u20132327, 1997.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(97)00023-X"},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"Weingartner, E., Gysel, M., and Baltensperger, U.: Hygroscopicity of aerosol particles at low temperatures. 1. New low-temperature H-TDMA instrument: Setup and first applications, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 55\u201362, 2002."},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"Willeke, K. and Baron, P.: Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques, and Applications, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 2005."}],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/amt.copernicus.org\/preprints\/5\/5469\/2012\/amtd-5-5469-2012.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]],"date-time":"2025-02-15T05:48:33Z","timestamp":1739598513000},"score":23.768003,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/amt.copernicus.org\/articles\/6\/349\/2013\/amt-6-349-2013-discussion.html"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,8]]},"references-count":11,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/amtd-5-5469-2012","relation":{"is-preprint-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/amt-6-349-2013","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/amt-6-349-2013","asserted-by":"object"}]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,8]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T02:53:10Z","timestamp":1789440790535,"version":"build-2803163510"},"publisher-location":"Dordrecht","reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Netherlands","isbn-type":[{"value":"9789401041386","type":"print"},{"value":"9789401103138","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-0313-8_8","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,8]],"date-time":"2011-08-08T04:35:57Z","timestamp":1312778157000},"page":"153-171","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Influence of Aerosol Particle Composition on Cloud Droplet Formation"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Hallberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. A.","family":"Ogren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. J.","family":"Noone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Okada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Heintzenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I. B.","family":"Svenningsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"issue":"this issue","key":"8_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00696583","volume":"19","author":"BG Arends","year":"1994","unstructured":"Arends, B. G., Kos, G. P. A., Maser, R., Schell, D., Wobrock, W., Winkler, P., Ogren, J. A., Noone, K. J., Hallberg, A., Svenningsson, I. B., Wiedensohler, A., Hansson, H.-C., Berner, A., Solly, I., and Kruisz, C., 1994, Microphysics of clouds at Kleiner Feldberg, J. Atmos. Chem.\n              19, 59\u201385 (this issue).","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Chem."},{"key":"8_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-9697(84)90286-9","volume":"36","author":"DS Covert","year":"1984","unstructured":"Covert, D. S. and Heintzenberg, J., 1984, Measurement of the degree of internal\/external mixing of hygroscopic compounds and soot in atmospheric aerosols, Sci. Total Environ.\n              36, 347\u2013352.","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"this issue","key":"8_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00696584","volume":"19","author":"S Fuzzi","year":"1994","unstructured":"Fuzzi, S., Facchini, M. C., Schell, D., Wobrock, W., Winkler, P., Arends, B. G., Kessel, M., M\u00f6ls, J. J., Pahl, S., Schneider, T., Berner, A., Solly, I., Kruisz, C., Kalina, M., Fierlinger, H., Hallberg, A., Vitali, P., Santoli, G., and Tigli, G., 1994, Multiphase chemistry and acidity of clouds at Kleiner Feldberg, J. Atmos. Chem.\n              19, 87\u2013106 (this issue).","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Chem."},{"key":"8_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusb.v44i5.15567","volume":"44B","author":"A Hallberg","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hallberg, A., Ogren, J. A., Noone, K. J., Heintzenberg, J., Berner, A., Solly, I., Kruisz, C., Reischl, G., Fuzzi, S., Facchini, M. C., Hansson, H.-C., Wiedensohler, A., and Svenningsson, I. B., 1992, Phase partitioning for different aerosol species in fog, Tellus\n              44B, 545\u2013555.","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"issue":"this issue","key":"8_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00696585","volume":"19","author":"A Hallberg","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hallberg, A., Noone, K. J., Ogren, J. A., Svenningsson, I. B., Flossmann, A. I., Wiedensohler, A., Hansson, H.-C., Heintzenberg, J., Anderson, T., Arends, B., and Maser, R., 1994, Phase partitioning of aerosol particles in clouds at Kleiner Feldberg, J. Atmos. Chem.\n              19, 107\u2013127 (this issue).","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Chem."},{"key":"8_CR6","first-page":"901","volume":"20","author":"J Heintzenberg","year":"1988","unstructured":"Heintzenberg, J., 1988, A processor-controlled multisample soot photometer, Atmos. Environ.\n              20, 901\u2013909.","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"8_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.1984.tb00255.x","volume":"36B","author":"JB Jensen","year":"1984","unstructured":"Jensen, J. B. and Charlson, R. J., 1984, On the efficiency of nucleation scavenging, Tellus\n              36B, 367\u2013375.","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"key":"8_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.12.001356","volume":"12","author":"C-L Lin","year":"1973","unstructured":"Lin, C.-L., Baker, M., and Charlson, R. J., 1973, Absorption coefficient of atmospheric aerosol: A method for measurement, Appl. Opt.\n              12, 1356\u20131363.","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"8_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusb.v44i5.15571","volume":"44B","author":"BG Martinsson","year":"1992","unstructured":"Martinsson, B. G., Swietlicki, E., Hansson, H.-C., Wiedensohler, A., Noone, K. J., Ogren, J. A., and Hallberg, A., 1992, Elemental composition of fog interstitial particle size fractions and hydrophobic fractions related to fog droplet nucleation scavenging, Tellus\n              44B, 593\u2013603.","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"issue":"2","key":"8_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(89)90593-3","volume":"23","author":"PH McMurry","year":"1989","unstructured":"McMurry, P. H. and Stolzenburg, M. R., 1989, On the sensitivity of particle size to relative humidity for Los Angeles aerosols, Atmos. Environ.\n              23(2), 497\u2013507.","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"8_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1038\/199325a0","volume":"199","author":"SC Mossop","year":"1963","unstructured":"Mossop, S. C., 1963, Stratospheric particles at 20 km, Nature\n              199, 325\u2013326.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"8_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1080\/02786828808959186","volume":"8","author":"KJ Noone","year":"1988","unstructured":"Noone, K. J., Ogren, J. A., Heintzenberg, J., Charlson, R. J., and Covert, D. S., 1988a, Design and calibration of a counterflow virtual impactor for sampling of atmospheric fog and cloud droplets, Aerosol Sci. Technol.\n              8, 235\u2013244.","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"8_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9477","DOI":"10.1029\/JD093iD08p09477","volume":"93D","author":"KJ Noone","year":"1988","unstructured":"Noone, K. J., Charlson, R. J., Covert, D. S., Ogren, J. A., and Heintzenberg, J., 1988b, Cloud droplets: Solute concentration is size dependent, J. Geophys. Res.\n              93D, 9477\u20139482.","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"8_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-8095(90)90002-T","volume":"25","author":"KJ Noone","year":"1990","unstructured":"Noone, K. J., Ogren, J. A. and Heintzenberg, J., 1990, An examination of clouds at a mountain-top site in central Sweden: The distribution of solute within cloud droplets, Atmos. Res.\n              25, 3\u201315.","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"8_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusb.v44i5.15570","volume":"44B","author":"KJ Noone","year":"1992","unstructured":"Noone, K. J., Ogren, J. A., Hallberg, A., Hansson, H.-C., Wiedensohler, A., and Swietlicki, E., 1992a, A statistical examination of the chemical differences between interstitial and scavenged aerosol, Tellus\n              44B, 581\u2013592.","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"key":"8_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-8502(92)90051-V","volume":"23","author":"KJ Noone","year":"1992","unstructured":"Noone, K. J., Hansson, H.-C., and Mallant, R. K. A. M., 1992b, Droplet sampling from crosswinds: An inlet efficiency calibration, J. Aerosol Sci.\n              23, 153\u2013164.","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"key":"8_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusb.v44i5.15563","volume":"44B","author":"KJ Noone","year":"1992","unstructured":"Noone, K. J., Ogren, J. A., Hallberg, A., Heintzenberg, J., Strom, J., Hansson, H.-C., Svenningsson, B., Wiedensohler, A., Fuzzi, S., Facchini, M. C., Arends, B., and Berner, A., 1992c, Changes in aerosol size- and phase distributions due to physical and chemical processes in fog, Tellus\n              44B, 489\u2013504.","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"key":"8_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1029\/GL012i003p00121","volume":"12","author":"JA Ogren","year":"1985","unstructured":"Ogren, J. A., Heintzenberg, J., and Charlson, R. J., 1985, In-situ sampling of clouds with a droplet to aerosol converter, Geophys. Res. Lett.\n              12, 121\u2013124.","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"8_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.1989.tb00122.x","volume":"41B","author":"JA Ogren","year":"1989","unstructured":"Ogren, J. A., Heintzenberg, J., Zuber, A., Noone, K. J., and Charlson, R. J., 1989, Measurements of the size-dependence of non-volatile aqueous mass concentrations in cloud droplets, Tellus\n              41B, 24\u201331.","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"key":"8_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusb.v44i5.15569","volume":"44B","author":"JA Ogren","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ogren, J. A., Noone, K. J., Hallberg, A., Heintzenberg, J., Schell, D., Berner, A., Solly, I., Kruisz, C., Reischl, G., Arends, B. G., and Wobrock, W., 1992, Measurements of the size dependence of the concentration of non-volatile material in fog droplets, Tellus\n              44B, 570\u2013581.","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"key":"8_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.2151\/jmsj1965.61.5_727","volume":"61","author":"K Okada","year":"1983","unstructured":"Okada, K., 1983, Nature of individual hygroscopic particles in the urban atmosphere, J. Met. Soc. Japan\n              61, 727\u2013736.","journal-title":"J. Met. Soc. Japan"},{"key":"8_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(85)90062-9","volume":"19","author":"K Okada","year":"1985","unstructured":"Okada, K., 1985, Number-size distribution and formation process of submicrometer sulfate-containing particles in the urban atmosphere of Nagoya, Atmos. Environ.\n              19, 743\u2013757.","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"8_CR23","volume-title":"Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation","author":"HR Pruppacher","year":"1980","unstructured":"Pruppacher, H. R. and Klett, J. D., 1980, Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation, Reidel, Dordrecht."},{"key":"8_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusb.v44i5.15568","volume":"44B","author":"IB Svenningsson","year":"1992","unstructured":"Svenningsson, I. B., Hansson, H.-C., Wiedensohler, A., Ogren, J. A., Noone, K. J., and Hallberg, A., 1992, Hygroscopic growth of aerosol particles in the Po Valley, Tellus\n              44B, 556\u2013569.","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"issue":"this issue","key":"8_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00696586","volume":"19","author":"IB Svenningsson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Svenningsson, I. B., Hansson, H.-C., Wiedensohler, A., Noone, K. J., Ogren, J. A., Hallberg, A., and Colvile, R. N., 1994, Hygroscopic growth of aerosol particles and its influence on nucleation scavenging in cloud: Experimental results from Kleiner Feldberg, J. Atmos. Chem.\n              19, 129\u2013152 (this issue).","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Chem."},{"issue":"this issue","key":"8_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00696581","volume":"19","author":"W Wobrock","year":"1994","unstructured":"Wobrock, W., Schell, D., Maser, R., Jaeschke, W., Georgii, H. W., Wieprecht, W., Arends, B. G., M\u00f6ls, J. J., Kos, G. P. A., Fuzzi, S., Facchini, M. C., Orsi, G., Berner, A., Solly, I., Kruisz, C., Svenningsson, I. B., Wiedensohler, A., Hansson, H.-C., Ogren, J. A., Noone, K. J., Hallberg, A., Pahl, S., Schneider, T., Winkler, P., Winiwarter, W., Colvile, R., Choularton, T. W., Flossmann, A. I., and Borrmann, S., 1994, The Kleiner Feldberg Cloud Experiment 1990. An overview, J. Atmos. Chem.\n              19, 3\u201335 (this issue).","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Chem."}],"container-title":["The Kleiner Feldberg Cloud Experiment 1990"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-94-011-0313-8_8.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,4]],"date-time":"2020-12-04T16:59:09Z","timestamp":1607101149000},"score":23.736982,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-94-011-0313-8_8"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1994]]},"ISBN":["9789401041386","9789401103138"],"references-count":26,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-011-0313-8_8","published":{"date-parts":[[1994]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T23:18:59Z","timestamp":1791415139157,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"41","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Phys. Chem. A"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,17]]},"DOI":"10.1021\/jp407538x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,24]],"date-time":"2013-09-24T15:19:54Z","timestamp":1380035994000},"page":"10746-10752","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Combined Effect of Glycine and Sea Salt on Aerosol Cloud Droplet Activation Predicted by Molecular Dynamics Simulations"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"Lu","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department\rof Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Hede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department\rof Meteorology, Stockholm University, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaoquan","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department\rof Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Leck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department\rof Meteorology, Stockholm University, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"\u00c5gren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department\rof Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1\/cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(74)90004-3","volume":"8","author":"Twomey S.","year":"1974","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref2\/cit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1038\/275637a0","volume":"275","author":"Nguyen B. C.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref3\/cit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1038\/326655a0","volume":"326","author":"Charlson R. J.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref4\/cit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1038\/353834a0","volume":"353","author":"Ayers G. P.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref5\/cit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32155","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD901152","volume":"106","author":"Bigg E. K.","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref6\/cit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusb.v48i2.15891","volume":"48","author":"Leck C.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Tellus, Ser. B"},{"key":"ref7\/cit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1971)028<0811:TOPOVC>2.0.CO;2","volume":"28","author":"Blanchard D. C.","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref8\/cit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3649","DOI":"10.1029\/JC093iC04p03649","volume":"93","author":"Blanchard D. C.","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref9\/cit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marchem.2005.03.007","volume":"96","author":"Kuznetsova M.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mar. Chem."},{"key":"ref10\/cit10","first-page":"309","volume":"28","author":"Gershey R. M.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref11\/cit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1029\/GB004i003p00309","volume":"4","author":"Gorzelska K.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Global Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"ref12\/cit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10453","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-10453-2012","volume":"12","author":"Scalabrin E.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref13\/cit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1029\/1999GL900231","volume":"26","author":"O\u2019Dowd C. D.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref14\/cit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1029\/95GL03810","volume":"23","author":"Shulman M. L.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref15\/cit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1038\/45758","volume":"401","author":"Facchini M. C.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref16\/cit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1977)034<1149:TIOPOT>2.0.CO;2","volume":"34","author":"Twomey S. J.","year":"1977","journal-title":"Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref17\/cit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1039\/TF9363201152","volume":"32","author":"K\u00f6hler H. T.","year":"1936","journal-title":"Faraday Soc."},{"key":"ref18\/cit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1021\/jz9004784","volume":"1","author":"Li X.","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref19\/cit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2445","DOI":"10.1021\/ie9606395","volume":"36","author":"Khoshkbarchi M. K.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref20\/cit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4574","DOI":"10.1063\/1.469505","volume":"102","author":"Alejandre J.","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref21\/cit21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-519-2011","volume":"11","author":"Li X.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref22\/cit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6549","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-6549-2011","volume":"11","author":"Hede T.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref23\/cit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3198","DOI":"10.1021\/jp209178s","volume":"116","author":"Sun L.","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref24\/cit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-4655(95)00042-E","volume":"91","author":"Berendsen H. J. C.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Comput. Phys. Commun."},{"key":"ref25\/cit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1021\/ct700301q","volume":"4","author":"Hess B.","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Chem. Theory. Comput."},{"key":"ref26\/cit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1007\/s008940100045","volume":"7","author":"Lindahl E.","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Mol. Model."},{"key":"ref27\/cit27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.20291","volume":"26","author":"van der Spoel D.","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Comput. Chem."},{"key":"ref28\/cit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1080\/00268978400101201","volume":"52","author":"Nos\u00e9 S.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Mol. Phys."},{"key":"ref29\/cit29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.31.1695","volume":"31","author":"Hoover W. G.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref30\/cit30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11225","DOI":"10.1021\/ja9621760","volume":"118","author":"Jorgensen W. L.","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref31\/cit31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6269","DOI":"10.1021\/j100308a038","volume":"91","author":"Berendsen H. J. C.","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref32\/cit32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-987X(199709)18:12<1463::AID-JCC4>3.0.CO;2-H","volume":"18","author":"Hess B.","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Comput. Chem."},{"key":"ref33\/cit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1021\/ct700200b","volume":"4","author":"Hess B. A.","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Chem. Theory Comput."},{"key":"ref34\/cit34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10089","DOI":"10.1063\/1.464397","volume":"98","author":"Darden T.","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref35\/cit35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8577","DOI":"10.1063\/1.470117","volume":"103","author":"Essmann U.","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref36\/cit36","volume-title":"CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics","author":"Lide D. R.","year":"1998","edition":"79"},{"key":"ref37\/cit37","volume-title":"International Critical Tables of Numerical Data Physics,Chemistry, and Technology","author":"Washburn E. W.","year":"1928"},{"key":"ref38\/cit38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(74)90352-X","volume":"161","author":"Bull H. B.","year":"1974","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref39\/cit39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10533","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.191266498","volume":"98","author":"Keutsch F. N.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref40\/cit40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1021\/jp9055329","volume":"114","author":"Kristensson A.","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref41\/cit41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-1686(93)90204-C","volume":"27","author":"Tang I. N.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref42\/cit42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L07801","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL025199","volume":"33","author":"Biskos G.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."}],"container-title":["The Journal of Physical Chemistry A"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/jp407538x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,16]],"date-time":"2023-04-16T23:07:07Z","timestamp":1681686427000},"score":23.728283,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/jp407538x"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,4]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"41","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,17]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1021\/jp407538x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jp407538x","ISSN":["1089-5639","1520-5215"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1089-5639","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5215","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,4]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T18:50:33Z","timestamp":1784055033051,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717200000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717200000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717200000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717200000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717200000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717200000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717200000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020589","name":"National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020589","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001851","name":"Ministry of Earth Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001851","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001843","name":"Science and Engineering Research Board","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SB\/SJF\/2020\\u201321\/04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SB\/SJF\/2020\\u201321\/04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001843","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Atmospheric Environment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]],"date-time":"2024-04-09T02:49:45Z","timestamp":1712630985000},"page":"120500","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Effects of South Asian outflow on aerosol hygroscopicity and cloud droplet activation over the northern Indian Ocean"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"327","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8236-3590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vijayakumar S.","family":"Nair","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0341-4765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T.C.","family":"Ajith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7486-3947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V.","family":"Jayachandran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3944-3207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sobhan Kumar","family":"Kompalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mukunda M.","family":"Gogoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. Suresh","family":"Babu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2008.03.001","article-title":"Aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions. Part 1. The nature and sources of cloud-active aerosols","author":"Andreae","year":"2008","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135214","article-title":"Continental outflow of anthropogenic aerosols over Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean during wintertime: ICARB-2018 campaign","volume":"712","author":"Aswini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.3155\/1047-3289.59.7.826","article-title":"Characterization of the Sunset semi-continuous carbon aerosol analyzer","volume":"59","author":"Bauer","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4141","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JD029758","article-title":"Modeling of the effects of wintertime aerosols on boundary layer properties over the Indo Gangetic Plain","volume":"124","author":"Bharali","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JD021978","article-title":"CCN closure study: effects of aerosol chemical composition andmixing state","volume":"120","author":"Bhattu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1080\/02786829608965393","article-title":"Elemental carbon-based method for monitoring occupational exposures to particulate diesel exhaust","volume":"25","author":"Birch","year":"1996","journal-title":"Aerosol. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2020EA001615","article-title":"Chemical characteristics, size distributions, molecular composition, and Brown carbon in South Asian outflow to the Indian ocean","volume":"8","author":"Boreddy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Space Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2020EA001615","article-title":"Chemical characteristics, size distributions, molecular composition, and Brown carbon in South Asian outflow to the Indian ocean","volume":"8","author":"Boreddy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Space Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7053","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-7053-2009","article-title":"Cloud condensation nuclei measurements in the marine boundary layer of the Eastern Mediterranean: CCN closure and droplet growth kinetics","volume":"9","author":"Bougiatioti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900219","article-title":"Relationships between cloud condensation nuclei spectra and aerosol particles on a south-north transect of the Indian Ocean","author":"Cantrell","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL067683","article-title":"New understanding and quantification of the regime dependence of aerosol\u2010cloud interaction for studying aerosol indirect effects","volume":"43","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GL040930","article-title":"Enhanced organic mass fraction and decreased hygroscopicity of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) during new particle formation events","volume":"37","author":"Dusek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1125261","article-title":"Size matters more than chemistry for cloud-nucleating ability of aerosol particles","author":"Dusek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JD016400","article-title":"Source and formation of secondary particulate matter in PM2.5 in Asian continental outflow","author":"Feng","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2007.09.024","article-title":"Assessment of the relative importance of atmospheric aging on CCN activity derived from field observations","volume":"42","author":"Furutani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21777","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD01810","article-title":"Prediction of cloud droplet number in a general circulation model","volume":"102","author":"Ghan","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2019.06.038","article-title":"Spatial gradient of aerosol mass concentrations and size distributions over southeastern Arabian Sea and equatorial Indian Ocean during ICARB-2018","volume":"213","author":"Gogoi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6131","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-7-6131-2007","article-title":"Closure study between chemical composition and hygroscopic growth of aerosol particles during TORCH2","volume":"7","author":"Gysel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL028850","article-title":"Variability of the relationship between particle size and cloud-nucleating ability","volume":"34","author":"Hudson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JD022669","article-title":"Cloud supersaturations from CCN spectra Hoppel minima","author":"Hudson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2017.06.012","article-title":"CCN characteristics over a tropical coastal station during south-west monsoon: observations and closure studies","volume":"164","author":"Jayachandran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-561-2020","article-title":"Altitude profiles of cloud condensation nuclei characteristics across the Indo-Gangetic Plain prior to the onset of the Indian summer monsoon","volume":"20","author":"Jayachandran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7307","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-7307-2020","article-title":"Cloud condensation nuclei characteristics during the Indian summer monsoon over a rain-shadow region","volume":"20","author":"Jayachandran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14293","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-21-14293-2021","article-title":"Evaluation of the contribution of new particle formation to cloud droplet number concentration in the urban atmosphere","volume":"21","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74897-x","article-title":"Anthropogenic emissions from South Asia reverses the aerosol indirect effect over the northern Indian Ocean","volume":"10","author":"Jose","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2020.117719","article-title":"Particle number size distributions and new particle formation events over the northern Indian Ocean during continental outflow","volume":"238","author":"Kompalli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/97GL00541","article-title":"Contribution of particulate sulfate and organic carbon to cloud condensation nuclei in the marine atmosphere","author":"Matsumoto","year":"1997","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2011.620041","article-title":"Evaluation of composition-dependent collection efficiencies for the aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer using field data","volume":"46","author":"Middlebrook","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aerosol. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JD014094","article-title":"Optical and physical characteristics of Bay of Bengal aerosols during W-ICARB: spatial and vertical heterogeneities in the marine atmospheric boundary layer and in the vertical column","volume":"115","author":"Moorthy","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.525","article-title":"Spatial and vertical heterogeneities in aerosol properties over oceanic regions around India: implications for radiative forcing","volume":"135","author":"Moorthy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s12040-008-0029-7","article-title":"Integrated campaign for aerosols, gases and radiation Budget (ICARB): an overview","author":"Moorthy","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib32","article-title":"Chemical characterization of aerosols in the South Asian outflow over the northern Indian Ocean: latitudinal gradients and ultrafine particle events","author":"Nair","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. J. Integr. Environ. Res.: Atmosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3135","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-3135-2020","article-title":"Cloud condensation nuclei properties of South Asian outflow over the northern Indian Ocean during winter","volume":"20","author":"Nair","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7321","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrd.50541","article-title":"Influence of continental outflow and ocean biogeochemistry on the distribution of fine and ultrafine particles in the marine atmospheric boundary layer over Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal","volume":"118","author":"Nair","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JAS3032.1","article-title":"Optical and physical properties of atmospheric aerosols over the Bay of Bengal during ICARB","volume":"66","author":"Nair","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002911","article-title":"Parameterization of cloud droplet formation in global climate models","author":"Nenes","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2011.560211","article-title":"An Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM) for routine monitoring of the composition and mass concentrations of ambient aerosol","volume":"45","author":"Ng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aerosol. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12211","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-12211-2015","article-title":"A synthesis of cloud condensation nuclei counter (CCNC) measurements within the EUCAARI network","volume":"15","author":"Paramonov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1080\/027868290505189","article-title":"Structural properties of diesel exhaust particles measured by transmission electron microscopy (TEM): relationships to particle mass and mobility","volume":"38","author":"Park","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aerosol. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-7-1961-2007","article-title":"A single parameter representation of hygroscopic growth and cloud condensation nucleus activity","author":"Petters","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JD027702","article-title":"Hygroscopicity- and size-resolved measurements of submicron aerosol on the east coast of the United States","author":"Phillips","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib42","article-title":"Microphysics of premonsoon and monsoon clouds as seen from in situ measurements during the cloud aerosol interaction and precipitation enhancement experiment (CAIPEEX)","author":"Prabha","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5241","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-5241-2010","article-title":"Global distribution of the effective aerosol hygroscopicity parameter for CCN activation","volume":"10","author":"Pringle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib44","series-title":"Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation, Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation","author":"Pruppacher","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28371","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD900133","article-title":"Indian Ocean Experiment: an integrated analysis of the climate forcing and effects of the great Indo-Asian haze","volume":"106","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161753","article-title":"Seasonal variability in size-resolved hygroscopicity of sub-micron aerosols over the Western Ghats, India: closure and parameterization","author":"Ray","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7067","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-7067-2009","article-title":"Aerosol- and updraft-limited regimes of cloud droplet formation: influence of particle number, size and hygroscopicity on the activation of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN)","volume":"9","author":"Reutter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1080\/027868290913988","article-title":"A continuous-flow streamwise thermal-gradient CCN chamber for atmospheric measurements","volume":"39","author":"Roberts","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aerosol. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-8-1153-2008","article-title":"Calibration and measurement uncertainties of a continuous-flow cloud condensation nuclei counter (DMT-CCNC): CCN activation of ammonium sulfate and sodium chloride aerosol particles in theory and experiment","volume":"8","author":"Rose","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav0566","article-title":"Aerosol-driven droplet concentrations dominate coverage and water of oceanic low-level clouds","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS-D-15-0223.1","article-title":"Metamodeling of droplet activation for global climate models","volume":"73","author":"Rothenberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JD024595","article-title":"Meteorological and aerosol effects on marine cloud microphysical properties","author":"Sanchez","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2020EA001098","article-title":"Characterization of aerosol hygroscopicity over the northeast pacific ocean: impacts on prediction of CCN and stratocumulus cloud droplet number concentrations","volume":"7","author":"Schulze","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earth Space Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-020-2804-2","article-title":"Atmospheric aerosol properties at a semi-rural location in southern India: particle size distributions and implications for cloud droplet formation","volume":"2","author":"Shika","year":"2020","journal-title":"SN Appl. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2017.03.037","article-title":"Role of organic aerosols in CCN activation and closure over a rural background site in Western Ghats, India","volume":"158","author":"Singla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1080\/02786829008959441","article-title":"Scanning electrical mobility spectrometer","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"1990","journal-title":"Aerosol. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5435","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-5435-2010","article-title":"The role of the particle size distribution in assessing aerosol composition effects on simulated droplet activation","volume":"10","author":"Ward","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL071185","article-title":"Quantifying cloud base updraft speeds of marine stratocumulus from cloud top radiative cooling","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."}],"container-title":["Atmospheric Environment"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1352231024001754?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1352231024001754?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,5]],"date-time":"2024-05-05T05:18:38Z","timestamp":1714886318000},"score":23.706274,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1352231024001754"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"references-count":58,"alternative-id":["S1352231024001754"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500","ISSN":["1352-2310"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1352-2310","type":"print"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Effects of South Asian outflow on aerosol hygroscopicity and cloud droplet activation over the northern Indian Ocean","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Atmospheric Environment","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120500","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"120500"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T06:48:09Z","timestamp":1772261289185,"version":"3.50.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,19]]},"group-title":"Atmospheric sciences\/gmd-2010-36","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"DOI":"10.5194\/gmdd-3-1271-2010-supplement","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,3]],"date-time":"2014-04-03T08:01:09Z","timestamp":1396512069000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Supplementary material to \"Adaptive method of lines for multi-component aerosol condensational growth and cloud droplet activation\""],"prefix":"10.5194","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"Arabas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Pawlowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3145","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]],"date-time":"2025-02-15T15:59:05Z","timestamp":1739635145000},"score":23.705166,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/gmd.copernicus.org\/preprints\/3\/1271\/2010\/gmdd-3-1271-2010-supplement.zip"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,19]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/gmdd-3-1271-2010-supplement","relation":{"is-supplement-to":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/gmdd-3-1271-2010","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/gmdd-3-1271-2010","asserted-by":"object"}]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,19]]},"subtype":"other"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T02:53:07Z","timestamp":1789440787186,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1994,8,1]],"date-time":"1994-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":775699200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Atmos Chem"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/bf00696587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,29]],"date-time":"2004-11-29T10:57:03Z","timestamp":1101725823000},"page":"153-171","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["The influence of aerosol particle composition on cloud droplet formation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Hallberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. A.","family":"Ogren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. J.","family":"Noone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Okada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Heintzenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I. B.","family":"Svenningsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00696583","volume":"19","author":"B. G. Arends","year":"1994","unstructured":"Arends, B. G., Kos, G. P. A., Maser, R., Schell, D., Wobrock, W., Winkler, P., Ogren, J. A., Noone, K. J., Hallberg, A., Svenningsson, I. B., Wiedensohler, A., Hansson, H.-C., Berner, A., Solly, I., and Kruisz, C., 1994, Microphysics of clouds at Kleiner Feldberg,J. Atmos. Chem. 19, 59?85 (this issue).","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Chem."},{"key":"CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-9697(84)90286-9","volume":"36","author":"D. S. Covert","year":"1984","unstructured":"Covert, D. S. and Heintzenberg, J., 1984, Measurement of the degree of internal\/external mixing of hygroscopic compounds and soot in atmospheric aerosols,Sci. Total Environ. 36, 347?352.","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00696584","volume":"19","author":"S. Fuzzi","year":"1994","unstructured":"Fuzzi, S., Facchini, M. C., Schell, D., Wobrock, W., Winkler, P., Arends, B. G., Kessel, M., M\u00f6ls, J. J., Pahl, S., Schneider, T., Berner, A., Solly, I., Kruisz, C., Kalina, M., Fierlinger, H., Hallberg, A., Vitali, P., Santoli, G., and Tigli, G., 1994, Multiphase chemistry and acidity of clouds at Kleiner Feldberg,J. Atmos. Chem. 19, 87?106 (this issue).","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Chem."},{"key":"CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusb.v44i5.15567","volume":"44B","author":"A. Hallberg","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hallberg, A., Ogren, J. A., Noone, K. J., Heintzenberg, J., Berner, A., Solly, I., Kruisz, C., Reischl, G., Fuzzi, S., Facchini, M. C., Hansson, H.-C., Wiedensohler, A., and Svenningsson, I. B., 1992, Phase partitioning for different aerosol species in fog,Tellus 44B, 545?555.","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"key":"CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00696585","volume":"19","author":"A. Hallberg","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hallberg, A., Noone, K. J., Ogren, J. A., Svenningsson, I. B., Flossmann, A. I., Wiedensohler, A., Hansson, H.-C., Heintzenberg, J., Anderson, T., Arends, B., and Maser, R., 1994, Phase partitioning of aerosol particles in clouds at Kleiner Feldberg,J. Atmos. Chem. 19, 107?127 (this issue).","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Chem."},{"key":"CR6","first-page":"901","volume":"20","author":"J. Heintzenberg","year":"1988","unstructured":"Heintzenberg, J., 1988, A processor-controlled multisample soot photometer,Atmos. Environ. 20, 901?909.","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.1984.tb00255.x","volume":"36B","author":"J. B. Jensen","year":"1984","unstructured":"Jensen, J. B. and Charlson, R. J., 1984, On the efficiency of nucleation scavenging,Tellus 36B, 367?375.","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"key":"CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.12.001356","volume":"12","author":"C.-L. Lin","year":"1973","unstructured":"Lin, C.-L., Baker, M., and Charlson, R. J., 1973, Absorption coefficient of atmospheric aerosol: A method for measurement,Appl. Opt. 12, 1356?1363.","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusb.v44i5.15571","volume":"44B","author":"B. G. Martinsson","year":"1992","unstructured":"Martinsson, B. G., Swict?icki, E., Hansson, H.-C., Wiedensohler, A., Noone, K. J., Ogren, J. A., and Hallberg, A., 1992, Elemental composition of fog interstitial particle size fractions and hydrophobic fractions related to fog droplet nucleation scavenging,Tellus 44B, 593?603.","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"issue":"2","key":"CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(89)90593-3","volume":"23","author":"P. H. McMurry","year":"1989","unstructured":"McMurry, P. H. and Stolzenburg, M. R., 1989, On the sensitivity of particle size to relative humidity for Los Angeles aerosols.Atmos. Environ. 23(2, 497?507.","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1038\/199325a0","volume":"199","author":"S. C. Mossop","year":"1963","unstructured":"Mossop, S. C., 1963, Stratospheric particles at 20 km,Nature 199, 325?326.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1080\/02786828808959186","volume":"8","author":"K. J. Noone","year":"1988","unstructured":"Noone, K. J., Ogren, J. A., Heintzenberg, J., Charlson, R. J., and Covert, D. S., 1988a, Design and calibration of a counterflow virtual impactor for sampling of atmospheric fog and cloud droplets,Aerosol Sci. Technol. 8, 235?244.","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9477","DOI":"10.1029\/JD093iD08p09477","volume":"93D","author":"K. J. Noone","year":"1988","unstructured":"Noone, K. J., Charlson, R. J., Covert, D. S., Ogren, J. A., and Heintzenberg, J., 1988b, Cloud droplets: Solute concentration is size dependent,J. Geophys. Res. 93D, 9477?9482.","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-8095(90)90002-T","volume":"25","author":"K. J. Noone","year":"1990","unstructured":"Noone, K. J., Ogren, J. A. and Heintzenberg, J., 1990, An examination of clouds at a mountain-top site in central Sweden: The distribution of solute within cloud droplets,Atmos. Res. 25, 3?15.","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusb.v44i5.15570","volume":"44B","author":"K. J. Noone","year":"1992","unstructured":"Noone, K. J., Ogren, J. A., Hallberg, A., Hansson, H.-C., Wiedensohler, A., and Swietlicki, E., 1992a, A statistical examination of the chemical differences between interstitial and scavenged aerosol,Tellus 44B, 581?592.","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"key":"CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-8502(92)90051-V","volume":"23","author":"K. J. Noone","year":"1992","unstructured":"Noone, K. J., Hansson, H.-C., and Mallant, R. K. A. M., 1992b, Droplet sampling from crosswinds: An inlet efficiency calibration,J. Aerosol Sci. 23, 153?164.","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"key":"CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusb.v44i5.15563","volume":"44B","author":"K. J. Noone","year":"1992","unstructured":"Noone, K. J., Ogren, J. A., Hallberg, A., Heintzenberg, J., Str\u00f6m, J., Hansson, H.-C., Svenningsson, B., Wiedensohler, A., Fuzzi, S., Facchini, M. C., Arends, B., and Berner, A., 1992c, Changes in aerosol size- and phase distributions due to physical and chemical processes in fog,Tellus 44B, 489?504.","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"key":"CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1029\/GL012i003p00121","volume":"12","author":"J. A. Ogren","year":"1985","unstructured":"Ogren, J. A., Heintzenberg, J., and Charlson, R. J., 1985, In-situ sampling of clouds with a droplet to aerosol converter,Geophys. Res. Lett. 12, 121?124.","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.1989.tb00122.x","volume":"41B","author":"J. A. Ogren","year":"1989","unstructured":"Ogren, J. A., Heintzenberg, J., Zuber, A., Noone, K. J., and Charlson, R. J., 1989, Measurements of the size-dependence of non-volatile aqueous mass concentrations in cloud droplets,Tellus 41B, 24?31.","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"key":"CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusb.v44i5.15569","volume":"44B","author":"J. A. Ogren","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ogren, J. A., Noone, K. J., Hallberg, A., Heintzenberg, J., Schell, D., Berner, A., Solly, I., Kruisz, C., Reischl, G., Arends, B. G., and Wobrock, W., 1992, Measurements of the size dependence of the concentration of non-volatile material in fog droplets,Tellus 44B, 570?581.","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"key":"CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.2151\/jmsj1965.61.5_727","volume":"61","author":"K. Okada","year":"1983","unstructured":"Okada, K., 1983, Nature of individual hygroscopic particles in the urban atmosphere,J. Met. Soc. Japan 61, 727?736.","journal-title":"J. Met. Soc. Japan"},{"key":"CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(85)90062-9","volume":"19","author":"K. Okada","year":"1985","unstructured":"Okada, K., 1985, Number-size distribution and formation process of submicrometer sulfate-containing particles in the urban atmosphere of Nagoya,Atmos. Environ. 19, 743?757.","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"CR23","volume-title":"Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation","author":"H. R. Pruppacher","year":"1980","unstructured":"Pruppacher, H. R. and Klett, J. D., 1980,Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation, Reidel, Dordrecht."},{"key":"CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusb.v44i5.15568","volume":"44B","author":"I. B. Svenningsson","year":"1992","unstructured":"Svenningsson, I. B., Hansson, H.-C., Wiedensohler, A., Ogren, J. A., Noone, K. J., and Hallberg, A., 1992, Hygroscopic growth of aerosol particles in the Po Valley,Tellus 44B, 556?569.","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"key":"CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00696586","volume":"19","author":"I. B. Svenningsson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Svenningsson, I. B., Hansson, H.-C., Wiedensohler, A., Noone, K. J., Ogren, J. A., Hallberg, A., and Colvile, R. N., 1994, Hygroscopic growth of aerosol particles and its influence on nucleation scavenging in cloud: Experimental results from Kleiner Feldberg,J. Atmos. Chem. 19, 129?152 (this issue).","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Chem."},{"key":"CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00696581","volume":"19","author":"W. Wobrock","year":"1994","unstructured":"Wobrock, W., Schell, D., Maser, R., Jaeschke, W., Georgii, H. W., Wieprecht, W., Arends, B. G., M\u00f6ls, J. J., Kos, G. P. A., Fuzzi, S., Facchini, M. C., Orsi, G., Berner, A., Solly, I., Kruisz, C., Svenningsson, I. B., Wiedensohler, A., Hansson, H.-C., Ogren, J. A., Noone, K. J., Hallberg, A., Pahl, S., Schneider, T., Winkler, P., Winiwarter, W., Colvile, R., Choularton, T. W., Flossmann, A. I., and Borrmann, S., 1994, The Kleiner Feldberg Cloud Experiment 1990. An overview,J. Atmos. Chem. 19, 3?35 (this issue).","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Chem."}],"container-title":["Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF00696587.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF00696587\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF00696587","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,5]],"date-time":"2019-04-05T06:00:17Z","timestamp":1554444017000},"score":23.682787,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/BF00696587"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1994,8]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,8]]}},"alternative-id":["BF00696587"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf00696587","ISSN":["0167-7764","1573-0662"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-7764","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-0662","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[1994,8]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T23:29:45Z","timestamp":1789601385278,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,10,1]],"date-time":"2003-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1064966400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,10,1]],"date-time":"2003-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1064966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,10]]},"DOI":"10.1023\/a:1026011408748","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,10,24]],"date-time":"2003-10-24T23:17:50Z","timestamp":1067037470000},"page":"159-172","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Relationship between Droplet pH and Aerosol Dissolution Kinetics: Effect of Incorporated Aerosol Particles on Droplet pH during Cloud Processing"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"K. V.","family":"Desboeufs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Losno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.L.","family":"Colin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"5144444_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1126\/science.232.4758.1620","volume":"32","author":"M. O. Andreae","year":"1986","unstructured":"Andreae, M. O., Charlson, R. J., Bruynseels, F., Storms, H., van Grieken, R., and Maenhaut, W., 1986: Internal mixture of sea salt, silicates, and excess sulfate in marine aerosols, Science\n32, 1620\u20131623.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"5144444_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(98)00399-9","volume":"33","author":"P. Ausset","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ausset, P., Del Monte, M., and Lef\u00e8vre, R. A., 1999: Embryonic sulphated black crusts on carbonate rocks in atmospheric simulation chamber and in the field: Role of carbonaceous fly ash, Atmos. Environ.\n33, 1525\u20131534.","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"5144444_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1016\/1352-2310(95)91318-M","volume":"29","author":"J. Berglund","year":"1995","unstructured":"Berglund, J. and Elding, L. I., 1995: Manganese-catalysed autoxidation of dissolved sulfur dioxide in the atmospheric aqueous phase, Atmos. Environ.\n29, 1379\u20131391.","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"5144444_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/317027a0","volume":"317","author":"J. Calvert","year":"1985","unstructured":"Calvert, J., Kok, L. A., Walega, Lind, and Cantrell, 1985: Chemical mechanism of acid generation in the troposphere, Nature\n317, 27\u201335.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"5144444_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(87)90238-1","volume":"21","author":"A. G. Clarke","year":"1987","unstructured":"Clarke, A. G. and Radojevic, M., 1987: Oxidation of SO2 in acid rain chemistry, Atmos. Environ.\n21, 1115\u20131123.","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"5144444_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4833","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(99)00221-6","volume":"33","author":"J. L. Collett Jr.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Collett Jr., J. L., Hoag, K. J., Rao X., and Pandis, S. N., 1999: Internal acid buffering in San Joaquim Valley fog drops and its influence on aerosol processing, Atmos. Environ.\n33, 4833\u20134847.","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"5144444_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1029\/JD089iD01p01447","volume":"89","author":"P. H. Daum","year":"1984","unstructured":"Daum, P. H., Schwartz S. E., and Newman, L., 1984: Acidic and related constituents in liquid water stratiform clouds, J. Geophys. Res.\n89, 1447\u20131458.","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"5144444_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21287","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD900236","volume":"104","author":"K. Desboeufs","year":"1999","unstructured":"Desboeufs, K., Losno, R., Vimeux F., and Cholbi, S., 1999: pH dependent dissolution of wind transported Saharan dust, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 21287\u201321299.","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"5144444_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3529","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(00)00472-6","volume":"35","author":"K. V. Desboeufs","year":"2001","unstructured":"Desboeufs, K. V., Losno R., and Colin, J. L., 2001: Factors influencing aerosol solubility during cloud processes, Atmos. Environ.\n35, 3529\u20133537.","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"5144444_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1038\/317240a0","volume":"317","author":"T. E. Graedel","year":"1985","unstructured":"Graedel, T. E., Weschler, C. J., and Mandlich, M. L., 1985: Influence of transition metal complexes on atmospheric droplet acidity, Nature\n317, 240\u2013242.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"5144444_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006141913681","volume":"33","author":"I. Grgic","year":"1999","unstructured":"Grgic, I., Poznic, M., and Bizjak, M., 1999: S(IV) autoxidation in atmospheric liquid water: The role of Fe(II) and the effect of oxalate, J. Atmos. Chem.\n33, 89\u2013102.","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Chem."},{"key":"5144444_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1029\/91GL01239","volume":"18","author":"D. A. Hegg","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hegg, D. A., 1991: Particle production in clouds, Geophys. Res. Lett.\n18, 995\u2013998.","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"5144444_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(99)00291-5","volume":"34","author":"B. Herut","year":"2000","unstructured":"Herut, B., Starinsky, A., Katz A., and Rosenfeld, D., 2000: Relationship between the acidity and chemical composition of rainwater and climatological conditions along a transition zone between large deserts and Mediterranean, Atmos. Environ.\n34, 1281\u20131292.","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"5144444_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hobbs, P. V., 1993: Aerosol-cloud interaction, in P. V. Hobbs (ed.), Aerosol-Cloud-Climate Interaction, Washington.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-6142(08)60211-9"},{"key":"5144444_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(87)90241-1","volume":"21","author":"L. T. Khemani","year":"1987","unstructured":"Khemani, L. T., Monin, G. A., Naik, M. S., Pakasa Rao, P. S., Safai D. P., and Murty, A. S. R., 1987: Influence of alkaline particulates on pH of cloud and rain water in India, Atmos. Environ.\n21, 1137\u20131145.","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"5144444_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4149","DOI":"10.1016\/1352-2310(96)00034-9","volume":"30","author":"U. C. Kulshrestha","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kulshrestha, U. C., Sarkar, A. K., Srivastava S. S., and Parashar, D. C., 1996: Investigation into atmospheric deposition through precipitation studies at New Delhi (India), Atmos. Environ.\n30, 4149\u20134154.","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"5144444_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0269-7491(99)00279-1","volume":"110","author":"T. Larssen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Larssen, T. and Carmichael, G. R., 2000: Acid rain and acidification in China: the importance of base cation deposition, Environmental Pollution\n110, 89\u2013102.","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"key":"5144444_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-1686(90)90079-3","volume":"24A","author":"Z. Levin","year":"1990","unstructured":"Levin, Z., Price, C., and Ganor, E., 1990: The contribution of sulfate and desert aerosols to the acidification of clouds and rain in Israel, Atmos. Environ.\n24A, 1143\u20131151.","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"5144444_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3378","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(98)00101-8","volume":"32","author":"J. Li","year":"1998","unstructured":"Li, J. and Tang, H., 1998: Acidification capacity model: Formulation and application, Water Research, 32, 3378\u20133386.","journal-title":"Water Research"},{"key":"5144444_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-1686(91)90074-H","volume":"25","author":"R. Losno","year":"1991","unstructured":"Losno, R., Bergametti, G., Carlier P., and Mouvier, G., 1991: Major ions in marine rainwater with attention to sources of alkaline and acidic species, Atmos. Environ.\n25, 771\u2013777.","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"5144444_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1038\/321427a0","volume":"321","author":"M. D. Lo\u00ffe-Pilot","year":"1986","unstructured":"Lo\u00ffe-Pilot, M. D., Martin J. M., and Morelli, J., 1986: Influence of Saharan dust on rain acidity and atmospheric input to the Mediterranean, Nature\n321, 427\u2013428.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"5144444_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-1686(92)90073-T","volume":"26A","author":"Y. Mamane","year":"1992","unstructured":"Mamane, Y. and Gottlieb, J., 1992: Nitrate formation on sea-salt and mineral particles-A single particle approach, Atmos. Environ.\n26A, 1763\u20131769.","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"5144444_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-1970(00)00022-6","volume":"37","author":"K. Nguyen Hong","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nguyen Hong, K., 2000: Air emission and acidity of rain water of Hanoi city, Progress in Nuclear Energy\n37, 41\u201346.","journal-title":"Progress in Nuclear Energy"},{"key":"5144444_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/1352-2310(95)00237-S","volume":"30","author":"A. Sanusi","year":"1996","unstructured":"Sanusi, A., Wortham, H., Millet M., and Mirabel, P., 1996: Chemical composition of rainwater in eastern France, Atmos. Environ.\n30, 59\u201371.","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"5144444_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwartz, S. E., 1986: Mass-transport considerations pertinent to aqueous phase reactions of gases in liquid water clouds, in Jaeschkle, W. (ed.), Chemistry of Multiphase Atmospheric Systems, NATO ASI Series, G6, Spinger-Verlag, pp. 415\u2013471.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-70627-1_16"},{"key":"5144444_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S1465-9972(00)00029-5","volume":"3","author":"S. P. Singh","year":"2001","unstructured":"Singh, S. P., Satsangi, G. S., Khare, P., Lakhani, A., Maharaj Kumari, K., and Srivastava, S. S., 2001: Multiphase measurement of atmospheric ammonia, Chemosphere \u2013 Global Change Science\n3, 107\u2013116.","journal-title":"Chemosphere \u2013 Global Change Science"},{"key":"5144444_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3281","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(94)90056-6","volume":"58","author":"L. J. Spokes","year":"1994","unstructured":"Spokes, L. J., Jickells T. D., and Lim, B., 1994: Solubilisation of aerosol trace metals by cloud procesing: A laboratory study, Geochimica and Cosmochimica Acta\n58, 3281\u20133287.","journal-title":"Geochimica and Cosmochimica Acta"},{"key":"5144444_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(98)00340-9","volume":"33","author":"P. A. Tanner","year":"1999","unstructured":"Tanner, P. A., 1999: Analysis of Hong Kong daily bulk and wet deposition data from 1994 to 1995, Atmos. Environ.\n33, 1757\u20131766.","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"5144444_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(96)00337-8","volume":"31","author":"R. J. Vong","year":"1997","unstructured":"Vong, R. J., Baker, B. M., Brechtel, F. J., Collier, R. T., Harris, J. M., Kowalski, A. S., McDonald N. C., and McInnes, L. M., 1997: Ionic and trace metals composition of cloud water collected on the Olympic peninsula of Washington State, Atmos. Environ.\n31, 1991\u20132001.","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"5144444_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4501","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD900980","volume":"105","author":"S. Wurzler","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wurzler, S., Reisin T., and Levin, Z., 2000: Modification of mineral dust particles by cloud processing and subsequent effects on drop size distribution, J. Geophys. Res.\n105, 4501\u20134512.","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."}],"container-title":["Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1023\/A:1026011408748.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1023\/A:1026011408748\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1023\/A:1026011408748.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T13:38:29Z","timestamp":1751031509000},"score":23.663002,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1023\/A:1026011408748"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,10]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,10]]}},"alternative-id":["5144444"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1026011408748","ISSN":["0167-7764","1573-0662"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-7764","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-0662","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,10]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T05:24:34Z","timestamp":1775625874235,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,17]],"date-time":"2009-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1258416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Geophysical Research Letters"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We examine the observed relationships between molar volume (the ratio of molar mass and density) and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity for sufficiently soluble organic compounds found in atmospheric particulate matter. Our data compilation includes new CCN data for certain carbohydrates and oligoethylene glycols, as well as published data for organic compounds. We compare predictions of CCN activity using water activities based on Raoult's law and Flory\u2010Huggins theory to observations. The Flory\u2010Huggins water activity expression, with an assumed surface tension of pure water, generally predicts CCN activity within a factor of two over the full range of molar volumes considered. CCN activity is only weakly dependent on molar volume for values exceeding 600 cm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> mol<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, and the diminishing sensitivity to molar volume, combined with the significant scatter in the data, limits the accuracy with which molar volume can be inferred from CCN measurements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2009gl040131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,16]],"date-time":"2009-11-16T23:03:09Z","timestamp":1258412589000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Role of molecular size in cloud droplet activation"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"M. D.","family":"Petters","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Science Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. M.","family":"Kreidenweis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Science Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. J.","family":"Prenni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Science Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. C.","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Science Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. M.","family":"Carrico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Science Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K. A.","family":"Koehler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Science Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P. J.","family":"Ziemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Air Pollution Research Center University of California  Riverside California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2008.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-795-2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.2004.00090.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp056150j"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-2465-2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-8-3937-2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/45758"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","volume-title":"Principles of Polymer Chemistry","author":"Flory P. J.","year":"1953"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021\u20108502(02)00190\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/95JD00192"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL030390"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-2959-2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-795-2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL024863"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","volume-title":"Clouds in 25 the Perturbed Climate System: Their Relationship to Energy Balance, Atmospheric Dynamics, and Precipitation. Str\u00fcngmann Forum Report","author":"Kreidenweis S. M.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520\u20100469(1998)055<1859:IOSSPO>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1103491"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-4-323-2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GL033350"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-7-5263-2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-7-1961-2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-8-6273-2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100889.2006.00181.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02786820701557214"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","volume-title":"Clouds in 25 the Perturbed Climate System: Their Relationship to Energy Balance, Atmospheric Dynamics, and Precipitation. Str\u00fcngmann Forum Report","author":"P\u00f6schl U.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD003503"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-471-2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","volume-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change","author":"Seinfeld J. H.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp068822r"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/95GL03810"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-4-2107-2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-3303-2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00696586"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL028260"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-3987-2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL029979"}],"container-title":["Geophysical Research Letters"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1029%2F2009GL040131","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1029\/2009GL040131","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T21:12:19Z","timestamp":1698786739000},"score":23.529,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1029\/2009GL040131"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,11]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1029\/2009GL040131"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2009gl040131","archive":["Portico"],"ISSN":["0094-8276","1944-8007"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0094-8276","type":"print"},{"value":"1944-8007","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,11]]},"article-number":"2009GL040131"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T10:55:25Z","timestamp":1774349725899,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,1]],"date-time":"2006-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1141171200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,1]],"date-time":"2006-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1141171200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Atmospheric Environment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,28]],"date-time":"2005-12-28T10:03:58Z","timestamp":1135764238000},"page":"1794-1802","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Cloud droplet activation of saccharides and levoglucosan particles"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Thomas","family":"Rosen\u00f8rn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gyula","family":"Kiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Merete","family":"Bilde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4923","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.024_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1126\/science.245.4923.1227","article-title":"Aerosols, cloud microphysics, and fractional cloudiness","volume":"245","author":"Albrecht","year":"1989","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.024_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusb.v56i2.16406","article-title":"Ccn activation of slightly soluble organics: the importance of small amounts of inorganic salt and particle phase","volume":"56","author":"Bilde","year":"2004","journal-title":"Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology"},{"issue":"3661","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.024_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1126\/science.147.3661.1038.b","article-title":"Alpha-D-glucose\u2014determination of crystal and molecular structure by Neutron-diffraction analysis","volume":"147","author":"Brown","year":"1965","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.024_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(03)00066-9","article-title":"Water-soluble hydroxylated organic compounds in German and Finnish aerosols","volume":"37","author":"Carvalho","year":"2003","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.024_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1006\/jcis.2002.8486","article-title":"Condensation of supersaturated water vapor on charged\/neutral nanoparticles of glucose and monosodiurn glutamate","volume":"255","author":"Chen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Colloid and Interface Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.024_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2000)017<0459:COAPCC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Calibration of a photometric cloud condensation nucleus counter designed for deployment on a balloon package","volume":"17","author":"Delene","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology"},{"issue":"D8","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.024_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8927","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD00053","article-title":"A balloon-borne cloud condensation nuclei counter","volume":"103","author":"Delene","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.024_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4079","DOI":"10.1029\/2001GL013418","article-title":"A simplified model of the water soluble organic component of atmospheric aerosols","volume":"28","author":"Fuzzi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Geophysical Research Letters"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.024_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(02)00115-5","article-title":"Ccn activation of oxalic and malonic acid test aerosols with the university of Vienna cloud condensation nuclei counter","volume":"33","author":"Giebl","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Aerosol Science"},{"issue":"AUG15","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.024_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2490","DOI":"10.1107\/S0567740877008772","article-title":"Neutron-diffraction refinement of crystal-structure of beta-maltose monohydrate","volume":"33","author":"Gress","year":"1977","journal-title":"Acta Crystallographica Section B-Structural Science"},{"issue":"D6","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.024_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6831","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD03436","article-title":"Radiative forcing and climate response","volume":"102","author":"Hansen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.024_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-575-2005","article-title":"Cloud droplet activation and surface tension of mixtures of slightly soluble organics and inorganic salt","volume":"5","author":"Henning","year":"2005","journal-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.024_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1107\/S0021889891002492","article-title":"Sucrose, a convenient test crystal for absolute structures","volume":"24","author":"Hynes","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Crystallography"},{"issue":"MAR15","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.024_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1107\/S0567740877004439","article-title":"Crystal and molecular-structure of beta-D-fructose, with emphasis on anomeric effect and hydrogen-bond interactions","volume":"33","author":"Kanters","year":"1977","journal-title":"Acta Crystallographica Section B-Structural Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.024_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1975)032<0646:COSPIT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Calculation of supersaturation profiles in thermal-diffusion cloud chambers","volume":"32","author":"Katz","year":"1975","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.024_bib16","first-page":"7667","article-title":"Application of osmolality for the determination of water activity and the modelling of cloud formation","volume":"4","author":"Kiss","year":"2004","journal-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.024_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1039\/TF9363201152","article-title":"The nucleus in and the growth of hygroscopic droplets","volume":"32","author":"K\u00f6hler","year":"1936","journal-title":"Transactions of the Faraday Society"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.024_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1998)055<1859:IOSSPO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Influence of soluble surfactant properties on the activation of aerosol particles containing inorganic solute","volume":"55","author":"Li","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.024_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GL019060","article-title":"Can aerosols spin down the water cycle in a warmer and moister world?","volume":"31","author":"Liepert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geophysical Research Letters"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.024_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2001GL014357","article-title":"A glaciation indirect aerosol effect caused by soot aerosols","volume":"29","author":"Lohmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geophysical Research Letters"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.024_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.1021\/es001420r","article-title":"Highly polar organic compounds present in wood smoke and in the ambient atmosphere","volume":"35","author":"Nolte","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"issue":"1\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.024_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1524\/zkri.1984.168.1-4.59","article-title":"Crystal-structure, polarity and morphology of 4-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-alpha-D-glucopyranose monohydrate alpha-lactose monohydrate\u2014a redetermination","volume":"168","author":"Noordik","year":"1984","journal-title":"Zeitschrift Fur Kristallographie"},{"issue":"6449","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.024_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1038\/365823a0","article-title":"Large contribution of organic aerosols to cloud-condensation-nuclei concentrations","volume":"365","author":"Novakov","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.024_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1107\/S0567740871001936","article-title":"The Crystal structure of 1,6-Anhydro-beta-D-glycopyranose","volume":"27","author":"Park","year":"1971","journal-title":"Acta Crystallographica Section B-Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry B"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.024_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1080\/02786820152546798","article-title":"Hygroscopic study of glucose, citric acid, and sorbitol using an electrodynamic balance: comparison with unifac predictions","volume":"35","author":"Peng","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aerosol Science and Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.024_bib26","series-title":"Electrolyte Solutions","author":"Robinson","year":"2002"},{"issue":"6785","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.024_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1038\/35013030","article-title":"Deep convective clouds with sustained supercooled liquid water down to \u221237.5\u00b0C","volume":"405","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.024_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00053823","article-title":"Water-soluble organics in atmospheric particles: a critical review of the literature and application of thermodynamics to identify candidate compounds","volume":"24","author":"Saxena","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.024_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1029\/95GL03810","article-title":"Dissolution behavior and surface tension effects of organic compounds in nucleating cloud droplets","volume":"23","author":"Shulman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Geophysical Research Letters"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.024_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S1465-9972(99)00049-5","article-title":"Molecular tracers for smoke from charring\/burning of chitin biopolymer","volume":"2","author":"Simoneit","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chemosphere\u2014Global Change Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.024_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S1465-9972(99)00048-3","article-title":"Molecular characterization of smoke from campfire burning of pine wood (Pinus elliottii)","volume":"2","author":"Simoneit","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chemosphere\u2014Global Change Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.024_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(98)00145-9","article-title":"Levoglucosan, a tracer for cellulose in biomass burning and atmospheric particles","volume":"33","author":"Simoneit","year":"1999","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.024_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0889.2000.00044.x","article-title":"Cloud condensation nuclei and cloud droplet measurements during ace-2","volume":"52","author":"Snider","year":"2000","journal-title":"Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology"},{"issue":"D15","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.024_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002692","article-title":"Aerosol activation in marine stratocumulus clouds: 2. kohler and parcel theory closure studies","volume":"108","author":"Snider","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.024_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2107","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-4-2107-2004","article-title":"The role of surfactants in Kohler theory reconsidered","volume":"4","author":"Sorjamaa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.024_bib36","first-page":"2833","article-title":"Hygroscopic growth and critical supersaturations for mixed aerosol particles of inorganic and organic compounds of atmospheric relevance","volume":"5","author":"Svenningsson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, vol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.024_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-1686(91)90159-5","article-title":"Aerosols, clouds and radiation","volume":"25","author":"Twomey","year":"1991","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment Part A-General Topics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.024_bib38","series-title":"International Critical Tables of Numerical Data, Physics, Chemistry and Technology","author":"Washburn","year":"1927"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.024_bib39","series-title":"CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics","author":"Weast","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.024_bib40","series-title":"CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics","author":"Weast","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.024_bib41","series-title":"The Merck Index, An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals","author":"Windholz","year":"1983"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.024_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1992)049<1138:AROTDO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A reexamination of the derivation of the equilibrium supersaturation curve for soluble particles","volume":"49","author":"Young","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.024_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1021\/es015619v","article-title":"Improved method for quantifying levoglucosan and related monosaccharide anhydrides in atmospheric aerosols and application to samples from urban and tropical locations","volume":"36","author":"Zdrahal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"}],"container-title":["Atmospheric Environment"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1352231005010873?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1352231005010873?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T22:52:32Z","timestamp":1761173552000},"score":23.52689,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1352231005010873"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S1352231005010873"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.024","ISSN":["1352-2310"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1352-2310","type":"print"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Cloud droplet activation of saccharides and levoglucosan particles","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Atmospheric Environment","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.024","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T10:46:00Z","timestamp":1768473960617,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"39","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Phys. Chem. A"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,4]]},"DOI":"10.1021\/jp3064454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,7]],"date-time":"2012-09-07T20:18:05Z","timestamp":1347049085000},"page":"9706-9717","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["The Role of Temperature in Cloud Droplet Activation"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"116","author":[{"given":"S. I.","family":"Christensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8208, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8208, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. D.","family":"Petters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8208, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8208, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1\/cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1973)012<0511:CICNCA>2.0.CO;2","volume":"12","author":"Fitzgerald J. W.","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref2\/cit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2008.03.001","volume":"89","author":"Andreae M. O.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref3\/cit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(74)90004-3","volume":"8","author":"Twomey S. A.","year":"1974","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref4\/cit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1126\/science.245.4923.1227","volume":"245","author":"Albrecht B. A.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref5\/cit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092779","volume":"303","author":"Andrea M. O.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref6\/cit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13111","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD00979","volume":"103","author":"Cruz C. N.","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref7\/cit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4787","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002159","volume":"107","author":"Raymond T. M.","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref8\/cit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L01107","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GL018203","volume":"31","author":"Broekhuizen K.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref9\/cit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L24806","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL027249","volume":"33","author":"Petters M. D.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref10\/cit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1021\/jp9055329","volume":"114","author":"Kristensson A.","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref11\/cit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D07206","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005465","volume":"110","author":"VanReken T. M.","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref12\/cit12","first-page":"D10223","volume":"112","author":"Prenni A. J.","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref13\/cit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L24806","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL030390","volume":"34","author":"King S. M.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref14\/cit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-2-363-2009","volume":"2","author":"Duplissy J.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref15\/cit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1125261","volume":"312","author":"Dusek U.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref16\/cit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7551","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-7551-2009","volume":"9","author":"Gunthe S. S.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref17\/cit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3365","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-3365-2010","volume":"10","author":"Rose D.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref18\/cit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D10204","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JD015199","volume":"116","author":"Jur\u00e1nyi Z.","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref19\/cit19","first-page":"D06201","volume":"117","author":"Levin E. J. T.","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref20\/cit20","volume-title":"Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","author":"IPCC Report","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref21\/cit21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-7-1961-2007","volume":"7","author":"Petters M. D.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref22\/cit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1021\/es010055g","volume":"36","author":"Gysel M.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref23\/cit23","first-page":"D23207","volume":"116","author":"Zamora I. R.","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref24\/cit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9079","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD00348","volume":"101","author":"Jacobson M. Z.","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref25\/cit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11595","DOI":"10.1021\/jp101041j","volume":"114","author":"Friese E.","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref26\/cit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1180353","volume":"326","author":"Jimenez J. L.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref27\/cit27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1080\/027868290913988","volume":"39","author":"Roberts G. C.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref28\/cit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D22205","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JD012353","volume":"114","author":"Petters M. D.","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref29\/cit29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1039\/TF9363201152","volume":"32","author":"K\u00f6hler H.","year":"1936","journal-title":"Trans. Faraday Soc."},{"key":"ref30\/cit30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6273","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-8-6273-2008","volume":"8","author":"Petters M. D.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref31\/cit31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L22801","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GL040131","volume":"36","author":"Petters M. D.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref32\/cit32","volume-title":"Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation","author":"Pruppacher H. R.","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref33\/cit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"044010","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/5\/4\/044010","volume":"5","author":"Liu X.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref34\/cit34","volume-title":"The Physical Chemistry of Electrolyte Solutions","author":"Harned H. S.","year":"1958","edition":"3"},{"key":"ref35\/cit35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L06801","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL024863","volume":"33","author":"Kreidenweis S. M.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref36\/cit36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10897","DOI":"10.1029\/JC088iC15p10897","volume":"88","author":"Saltzman E. S.","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref37\/cit37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4711","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-8-4711-2008","volume":"8","author":"Zorn S. R.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref38\/cit38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9116","DOI":"10.1021\/es8018385","volume":"42","author":"Facchini M. C.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref39\/cit39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-010-4331-9","volume":"56","author":"Yin S.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref40\/cit40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3999","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-3999-2009","volume":"9","author":"Petters M. D.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref41\/cit41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D11205","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JD012618","volume":"115","author":"Snider J. R.","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref42\/cit42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-8-1153-2008","volume":"8","author":"Rose D.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref43\/cit43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1080\/02786820701557214","volume":"41","author":"Petters M. D.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref44\/cit44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1021\/jp973043j","volume":"102","author":"Clegg S. L.","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref45\/cit45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1080\/02786820500543290","volume":"40","author":"Lance S.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref46\/cit46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH1916.1","volume":"23","author":"Snider J. R.","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol."},{"key":"ref47\/cit47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3735","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-8-3735-2008","volume":"8","author":"Hings S. S.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref48\/cit48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5873","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-5873-2010","volume":"10","author":"Frosch M.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref49\/cit49","unstructured":"Christensen, S. I.The Role of Temperature in Cloud Drop Activation, M. S. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 2012."},{"key":"ref50\/cit50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.024","volume":"40","author":"Rosen\u00f8rn T.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref51\/cit51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(02)00190-8","volume":"34","author":"Hori M.","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"key":"ref52\/cit52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusb.v56i2.16406","volume":"56","author":"Bilde M.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"key":"ref53\/cit53","volume-title":"Chemical Engineer\u2019s Handbook","author":"Perry J. H.","year":"1941"},{"key":"ref54\/cit54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1007\/s11167-005-0305-0","volume":"78","author":"Gaivoronskii A. N.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Russ. J. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref55\/cit55","first-page":"D04207","volume":"117","author":"Suda S. R.","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref56\/cit56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3253","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-3253-2012","volume":"12","author":"Topping D. O.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref57\/cit57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5221","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-8-5221-2008","volume":"8","author":"Zobrist B.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref58\/cit58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11003","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1103045108","volume":"108","author":"Shiraiwa M.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"ref59\/cit59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19238","DOI":"10.1039\/c1cp22617g","volume":"13","author":"Koop T.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref60\/cit60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.12.018","volume":"101","author":"P\u00f6schl U.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref61\/cit61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2107","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-4-2107-2004","volume":"4","author":"Sorjamaa R.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref62\/cit62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1021\/je9800149","volume":"43","author":"Hern\u00e1inz F.","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Physical Chemistry A"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/jp3064454","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,25]],"date-time":"2023-06-25T16:42:54Z","timestamp":1687711374000},"score":23.488596,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/jp3064454"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,24]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"39","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1021\/jp3064454"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jp3064454","ISSN":["1089-5639","1520-5215"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1089-5639","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5215","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,24]]}}],"items-per-page":45,"query":{"start-index":0,"search-terms":null}}}