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These aerosol particles can also affect human health through respiratory system. Aerosol particles are emitted to the atmosphere through direct sources or they can be formed through chemical processes from gas phase precursors. The different atmospheric processes and climate feedbacks of aerosol particles can be studied using process-scale models as well as larger global-scale models. In recent years, it has been found out that certain aerosol species lack information on their thermodynamic properties, causing uncertainties in process-scale modelling as well as global-scale modelling. In addition, transport of aerosols to remote regions, where emissions of aerosol particles are low, is poorly modelled in global-scale models. Furthermore, sources for formed secondary organic aerosol (SOA) include uncertainties in global aerosol-climate models, which causes uncertainty to estimating the radiative forcing (RF).  In this thesis, these aspects relating to uncertainties are addressed using process and global-scale modelling. This was done first by evaluating the capability of thermodynamic equilibrium model to reproduce observed hygroscopicity in terms of dimethylamine, sulfuric acid and ammonia containing particles. Second, an in-cloud wet deposition scheme was developed (hereafter referred to as the newly-developed scheme) for global models which use sectional aerosol description. The newlydeveloped wet deposition scheme was tested using ECHAM-HAMMOZ global aerosol-climate model with Sectional Aerosol model for Large-Scale Applications (SALSA) in terms of aerosol vertical distributions and lifetimes. Third, the biotic stress effects to trees over boreal region and their effects to SOA formation, clouds and radiative effects were studied using ECHAM-HAMMOZ with SALSA.  The results showed that when the thermodynamic equilibrium model was used to model particles with sizes of the order of couple of tens of nanometers, it was inadequate in estimating the hygroscopic growth of dimethylamine (DMA), sulfuric acid (SA) and ammonia containing particles. Thus, more investigation is needed in terms of thermodynamics of DMA containing systems to properly evaluate its effects to climate. Global aerosol-climate models are very complex and thus making aerosol processes more physically sound can even impair the results. This was seen in the results of the newly-developed, more physical, in-cloud wet deposition scheme as it produced spurious vertical profiles and atmospheric black carbon lifetime when compared to the preexisting scheme. Especially, the atmospheric lifetime of black carbon, in the newly-developed scheme, was 1.6 times longer than in the pre-existing scheme and over 2.6 times longer than has been suggested by experimental studies. Thus, the sensitivity of the newly-developed scheme was tested in terms of internal mixing and emission size distribution of black carbon as well as ageing of aerosol species. These results showed that mixing black carbon with soluble substances produced best results in comparison with the observations as well as atmospheric lifetimes of aerosol species when compared to AEROCOM model means. Lastly, the results studying the biotic stress effects on climate showed that increasing the extent of stress in boreal trees enhanced SOA formation as the emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were increased. The enhanced SOA formation increased cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC) at cloud top and caused stronger negative RF in both all-sky and clear-sky cases. In the future, aerosol model development should investigate further on the thermodynamic properties of aerosol species, especially with respect to DMA. The wet removal and extent of internal mixing of different aerosol species, especially black carbon, should be further investigated and revised, in global climate models, to properly evaluate the transport of aerosol particles. 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Thermal curves for inorganic ions such as NH<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, NO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>, and SO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>2\u2212<\/jats:sup> were similar to those for CCN, whereas the thermal curve of sea salt particles and total carbon (organic plus soot) particles were different from CCN. The results suggested that inorganic materials such as ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate contributed greatly to the CCN in the urban atmosphere and ammonium sulfate contributed considerably to the CCN in the coastal atmospheres. Anthropogenic organic materials, which evaporated below 300\u00b0C, contributed considerably to the CCN, whereas soot particles contributed hardly to the CCN.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2002jd002085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,23]],"date-time":"2003-05-23T18:26:56Z","timestamp":1053714416000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Composition of cloud condensation nuclei"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Yutaka","family":"Ishizaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydrospheric Atmospheric Research Center (HyARC) Nagoya University  Nagoya Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mandira","family":"Adhikari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydrospheric Atmospheric Research Center (HyARC) Nagoya University  Nagoya Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","unstructured":"American Institute of Physics 1963 McGraw\u2010Hill New York 178 179"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/93JD00815"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-8095(86)90010-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(01)00192-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.1989.tb00316.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-1686(91)90061-B"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/JD092iD04p04179"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(81)90073-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(97)00054-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02786829108959468"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1970)027<0791:OTSACO>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/JC087iC11p08771"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02000628"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02786829408959718"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/91JD01870"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1973)030<1410:VPOCAV>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/95JD00192"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1975)014<1558:TAOTLA>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/94GL01423"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/TF9363201152"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(82)90110-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-1686(93)90246-U"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1352-2310(96)00112-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/97GL00541"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(97)00499-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/365823a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/92JD02387"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/92JD02302"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-8502(92)90558-D"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(84)90014-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-1686(90)90282-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1987)044<0562:VOAITA>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/92JD02211"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","unstructured":"H. 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The instrument is capable of accurately counting the number of micro scale water droplets impacting a water surface. The sound produced underwater by the water droplets is determined when the droplets strike the water surface with an impact velocity equal to either their terminal or maximum velocity. First, the terminal velocities of the droplets are calculated using Stoke\u2019s law and compared to measured velocities from Gunn and Kinzer. Then the maximum velocities that these droplets can sustain without breaking are calculated as a function of droplet diameter. Second, the sound due to droplet impact is estimated. Due to their size and water surface tension, there is no bubble formation at impact when the droplets are falling with terminal velocities. However conditions for regular bubble entrainments are established and limit velocities are calculated. Assuming that the micro water droplets can be accelerated, the maximum velocities for no bubble entrainments are calculated. The results show that the level of the sound produced by individual micro scale droplet falling with terminal velocity is so small that experimental verification is not possible. However, reasonable level of acoustic energy can be obtained by increasing the impact velocities of the droplets or by measuring the sound radiated by a group of impacting droplets. Finally, the droplets counting process is simulated using a water surface of one centimeter squared and a vertical growth chamber.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/imece2005-79800","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,3]],"date-time":"2008-04-03T17:19:02Z","timestamp":1207243142000},"page":"13-19","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Acoustic Cloud Condensation Nuclei Counter"],"prefix":"10.1115","author":[{"given":"Abhijit","family":"Deshpande","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Dakota"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcellin","family":"Zahui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Dakota"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020010919373734400_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pumphrey\n              Hugh C.\n             and CrumL. 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Aerosol is generated by the ozonolysis reaction of monoterpenes (\u03b1\u2010pinene, \u03b2\u2010pinene, 3\u2010carene, and limonene) and sesquiterpenes (\u03b2\u2010caryophyllene, \u03b1\u2010humulene, and \u03b1\u2010cedrene) in a 10 m\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    temperature\u2010controlled Teflon smog chamber. In some cases, a self\u2010seeding technique is used, which enables high particle concentrations with the desired diameters without compromising particle composition and purity. The monoterpene SOA is excellent CCN material, and it activates similarly (average activation diameter equals 48 \u00b1 8 nm at 1% supersaturation for the species used in this work) to highly water\u2010soluble organic species. Its effective solubility in water was estimated to be in the range of 0.07\u20130.40 g solute\/g H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O. CCN measurements for sesquiterpene SOA (average activation diameter equals 120 \u00b1 20 nm at 1% supersaturation for the species used in this work) show that it is less CCN active than monoterpene SOA. The initial terpene mixing ratio (between 3 and 100 ppb) does not affect the CCN activation for freshly generated SOA.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2004jd005754","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,26]],"date-time":"2005-07-26T18:07:04Z","timestamp":1122401224000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":116,"title":["Cloud condensation nuclei activation of monoterpene and sesquiterpene secondary organic aerosol"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Kara E.","family":"Huff Hartz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering Carnegie Mellon University  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Rosen\u00f8rn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaun R.","family":"Ferchak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering Carnegie Mellon University  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy M.","family":"Raymond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering Bucknell University  Lewisburg Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merete","family":"Bilde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil M.","family":"Donahue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering Carnegie Mellon University  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Spyros N.","family":"Pandis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering Carnegie Mellon University  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.2004.00090.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GL018203"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1352-2310(96)00190-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD02722"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(98)00310-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(97)00054-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD00979"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es990445r"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/94JD02950"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-8095(01)00099-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(02)00190-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","unstructured":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2001 Cambridge Univ. 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Chem. Phys."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract. Concurrent measurement of aerosols, cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and cloud droplet activation were carried out as a part of the third Pallas Cloud Experiment (PaCE-3) which took place at a ground based site located on northern Finland during the autumn of 2009. In this study, we investigate relationships between the aerosol properties, CCN and size resolved cloud droplet activation. During the investigated cloudy periods, the inferred number of cloud droplets (CDNC) varied typically between 50 and 150 cm\u22123 and displayed a linear correlation both with the number of particles having sizes over 100 nm and with the CCN concentrations at 0.4% supersaturation. Furthermore, the diameter corresponding to the 50% activation fraction, D50, was generally in the range of 80 to 120 nm. The measured CCN concentrations were compared with predictions of a numerical model which used the measured size distribution and size resolved hygroscopicity as input. Assuming that the droplet surface tension is equal to that of water, the measured and predicted CCN concentrations were generally within 30%. We also simulated size dependent cloud droplet activation with a previously developed air parcel model. By forcing the model to reproduce the experimental values of CDNC, adiabatic estimates for the updraft velocity and the maximum supersaturation reached in the clouds were derived. Performed sensitivity studies showed further that the observed variability in CDNC was driven mainly by changes in the particle size distribution while the variations in the updraft velocity and hygroscopicity contributed to a lesser extent. The results of the study corroborate conclusions of previous studies according to which the number of cloud droplets formed in clean air masses close to the Arctic is determined mainly by the number of available CCN.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-11435-2012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,3]],"date-time":"2012-12-03T10:06:14Z","timestamp":1354529174000},"page":"11435-11450","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Relationships between particles, cloud condensation nuclei and cloud droplet activation during the third Pallas Cloud Experiment"],"prefix":"10.5194","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"T.","family":"Anttila","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Brus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Jaatinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.-P.","family":"Hyv\u00e4rinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Kivek\u00e4s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Romakkaniemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Komppula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Lihavainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3145","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andreae, M. 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Concurrent measurement of aerosols, cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and cloud droplet activation were carried out as a part of the third Pallas Cloud Experiment (PaCE-3) which took place at a ground based site located on northern Finland during the autumn of 2009. In this study, we investigate relationships between the aerosol properties, CCN and size resolved cloud droplet activation. During the investigated cloudy periods, the inferred number of cloud droplets (CDNC) varied typically between 50 and 150 cm\u22123 and displayed a linear correlation both with the number of particles having sizes over 100 nm and with the CCN concentrations at 0.4% supersaturation. Furthermore, the diameter corresponding to the 50% activation fraction, D50, was generally in the range of 80 to 120 nm. The measured CCN concentrations were compared with predictions of a numerical model which used the measured size distribution and size resolved hygroscopicity as input. Assuming that the droplet surface tension is equal to that of water, the measured and predicted CCN concentrations were generally within 30%. We also simulated size dependent cloud droplet activation with a previously developed air parcel model. By forcing the model to reproduce the experimental values of CDNC, adiabatic estimates for the updraft velocity and the maximum supersaturation reached in the clouds were derived. Performed sensitivity studies showed further that the observed variability in CDNC was driven mainly by changes in the particle size distribution while the variations in the updraft velocity and hygroscopicity contributed to a lesser extent. The results of the study corroborate conclusions of previous studies according to which the number of cloud droplets formed in clean air masses close to the Arctic is determined mainly by the number of available CCN.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/acpd-12-13691-2012","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,4]],"date-time":"2012-06-04T16:29:13Z","timestamp":1338827353000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Relationships between particles, cloud condensation nuclei and cloud droplet activation during the third Pallas Cloud Experiment"],"prefix":"10.5194","author":[{"given":"T.","family":"Anttila","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Brus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Jaatinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.-P.","family":"Hyv\u00e4rinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Kivek\u00e4s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Romakkaniemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Komppula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Lihavainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3145","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andreae, M. 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Pollen grains are coarse particles (5\u2013150\u2009\u00b5m) that can rupture when wet to form submicron subpollen particles (SPP) that may have a climatic role. Laboratory CCN experiments of six fresh pollen samples show that SPP activate as CCN at a range of sizes, requiring supersaturations from 0.81 (\u00b1\u20090.07)% for 50 nm particles, 0.26 (\u00b1\u20090.03)% for 100\u2009nm particles, and 0.12 (\u00b1\u20090.00)% for 200\u2009nm particles. Compositional analyses indicate that SPP contain carbohydrates and proteins. The SPP contribution to global CCN is uncertain but could be important depending on pollen concentrations outside the surface layer and the number of SPP generated from a single pollen grain. 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Chem. Phys."],"abstract":"<jats:p>A novel way to represent cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activation and cloud droplet growth by the diffusion of water vapor is introduced. The key is to apply a phase space diagram that plots the radius of a liquid droplet (deliquesced CCN or cloud droplet) versus the difference between the ambient supersaturation and the equilibrium supersaturation corresponding to the droplet radius. The latter combines the droplet and environmental characteristics, and it determines whether a droplet grows or evaporates. The diagram can be used to depict (in a straightforward way) key microphysical processes of CCN activation and deactivation as well as haze or cloud droplet transition from growth to evaporation. To show its utility, the diagram is applied to an idealized simulation of CCN activation and cloud droplet growth inside a rising turbulent air parcel and to simulations of microphysical processes inside a laboratory apparatus, the Pi cloud chamber. The adiabatic parcel mimics microphysical processes near the base of a natural cumulus or stratocumulus cloud. The Pi chamber simulations represent microphysical transformations in moist turbulent Rayleigh\u2013B\u00e9nard convection with CCN proceeding through cycles of activation, growth, evaporation, and deactivation. A more general version of the phase diagram that is independent of the CCN dry radius is also developed. The phase diagram allows simple interpretations of key microphysical processes and highlights differences between droplet formation in natural and laboratory clouds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-25-5273-2025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T04:33:36Z","timestamp":1748234016000},"page":"5273-5285","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Technical note: Phase space depiction  of cloud condensation nuclei activation  and cloud droplet diffusional growth"],"prefix":"10.5194","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Wojciech W.","family":"Grabowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05cvfcr44","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research (Boulder, United States of America)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"corresponding-author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5345-778X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanna","family":"Pawlowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3145","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abade,\u00a0G.\u00a0C., Grabowski,\u00a0W.\u00a0W., and Pawlowska,\u00a0H.: Broadening of cloud droplet spectra through eddy hopping: turbulent entraining parcel simulations, J. 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The homogeneity of aerosol particles was the highest in clean weather, with the highest active fraction of all the weather types. For pollution with the same visibility, the residual aerosol particles in higher relative humidity weather conditions were more externally mixed and heterogeneous, with a lower hygroscopic capacity. The hygroscopic capacity (<jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>) of organic aerosols can be classified into 0.1 and 0.2 in different weather types. The particles at ~150\u2009nm were easily activated in haze weather conditions. For CCN predictions, the bulk chemical composition method was closer to observations at low supersaturations (\u22640.1%), whereas when the supersaturation was \u22650.2%, the size-resolved chemical composition method was more accurate. As for the mixing state of the aerosol particles, in haze, heavy haze, and severe haze weather conditions CCN predictions based on the internal mixing assumption were robust, whereas for other weather conditions, predictions based on the external mixing assumption were more accurate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,14]],"date-time":"2016-04-14T12:12:34Z","timestamp":1460635954000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Characterization and parameterization of aerosol cloud condensation nuclei activation under different pollution conditions"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"H. C.","family":"Che","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"X. 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An aerosol model was used to simulate the generation and transportation of aerosols over Germany during the HD(CP)2 Observational Prototype Experiment (HOPE) field campaign of 2013. The aerosol number concentrations and size distributions were evaluated against observations, which shows satisfactory agreement in the magnitude and temporal variability of the main aerosol contributors to cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations. From the modelled aerosol number concentrations, number concentrations of CCN were calculated as a function of vertical velocity using a comprehensive aerosol activation scheme which takes into account the influence of aerosol chemical and physical properties on CCN formation. There is a large amount of spatial variability in aerosol concentrations, however the resulting CCN concentrations vary significantly less over the domain. Temporal variability is large in both aerosols and CCN. A parameterisation of the CCN number concentrations is developed for use in models. The technique involves defining a number of best fit functions to capture the dependence of CCN on vertical velocity at different pressure levels. In this way, aerosol chemical and physical properties as well as thermodynamic conditions are taken into account in the new CCN parameterisation. A comparison between the parameterisation and the CCN estimates from the model data shows excellent agreement. This parameterisation may be used in other regions and time periods with a similar aerosol load, and furthermore, this technique demonstrated here may be employed in regions dominated by different aerosol species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-2016-357","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,4]],"date-time":"2016-05-04T07:13:50Z","timestamp":1462346030000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Parameterising Cloud Condensation Nuclei concentrations during HOPE"],"prefix":"10.5194","author":[{"given":"Luke B.","family":"Hande","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christa","family":"Engler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2827-5789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corinna","family":"Hoose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3700-3232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ina","family":"Tegen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3145","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net\/acp-2016-357\/acp-2016-357.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]],"date-time":"2025-02-08T03:35:46Z","timestamp":1738985746000},"score":26.974731,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/acp.copernicus.org\/articles\/16\/12059\/2016\/acp-16-12059-2016-discussion.html"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,4]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-2016-357","relation":{"has-comment":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2016-357-AC1","asserted-by":"subject"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2016-357-RC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2016-357-RC2","asserted-by":"subject"}],"is-supplemented-by":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2016-357-supplement","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2016-357-supplement","asserted-by":"object"}],"is-preprint-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-16-12059-2016","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-16-12059-2016","asserted-by":"object"}]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,4]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]],"date-time":"2022-03-31T12:05:17Z","timestamp":1648728317968},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"The Russian Academy of Sciences","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["\u0418\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a. \u0424\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0430\u0442\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u043e\u043a\u0435\u0430\u043d\u0430"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bioparticles represent a significant fraction of the total atmospheric aerosol. Their size range varies from nanometers (macromolecules) to hundreds of micrometers (plant pollen, vegetation residues) and like other atmospheric aerosol particles, the degree of involvement of bioaerosols in atmospheric processes largely de- pends on their hygroscopic and cloud condensation nuclei properties. In this paper the ability of the pine, birch and rape subpollen particles to act as cloud condensation nuclei are considered. Submicron particles were obtained by aqueous extraction of biological material from pollen grains and subsequent solidification of the atomized liquid droplets. The parameters of cloud activation are determined in the size range of 20-270 nm in the range of water vapor supersaturations 0.1-1.1%. Based on experimental results, the hygroscopicity parameter, characterizing the effect of the chemical composition of the subparticles on their con- densation properties, is determined. The range of the hygroscopic parameter changes was 0.12-0.13. In general, the results of measurements showed that the condensation activity of the subpollen particles is comparable with the condensation activity of secondary organic aerosols and weakly depends on the type of the primary pollen.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.31857\/s0002-351555464-72","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,19]],"date-time":"2019-09-19T02:13:47Z","timestamp":1568859227000},"page":"64-72","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Subpollen particles as atmospheric cloud condensation nuclei"],"prefix":"10.31857","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"E. F.","family":"Mikhailov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"O. A.","family":"Ivanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E. Yu.","family":"Nebosko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. 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Geophys. Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,4,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A balloon\u2010borne instrument was constructed for observations of vertical profiles of cloud condensation nucleus (CCN) concentrations, active at 1% supersaturation. Droplet concentration in the static thermal\u2010gradient diffusion chamber is deduced from the amount of scattered laser light detected by a photodetector. The photodetector is calibrated using a video camera and computer system to count the number of droplets produced from NaCl aerosol. Preliminary data are available from nine early morning profiles obtained at Laramie, Wyoming, between June 1995 and January 1997. To complement the CCN measurements, instruments that measure condensation nuclei (CN) and aerosols with diameter greater than 0.30 \u03bcm (D<jats:sub>0.3<\/jats:sub>) were also included on the balloon package. CCN concentrations exhibited a general decrease from the surface to the top of the boundary layers, were generally uniform through well\u2010mixed layers, and show variability above well\u2010mixed layers. In general, the structure of the CCN profile appears to be closely related to the structure in the CN and D<jats:sub>0.3<\/jats:sub> profiles. Summer profiles generally have CCN concentration greater than 200 cm<jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup> up to 500 mbar, whereas winter profiles are less than 200 cm<jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup> at all levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/98jd00053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,4]],"date-time":"2004-02-04T01:45:59Z","timestamp":1075859159000},"page":"8927-8934","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["A balloon\u2010borne cloud condensation nuclei counter"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"David J.","family":"Delene","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Terry","family":"Deshler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Perry","family":"Wechsler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabor A.","family":"Vali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"231","article-title":"Static diffusion cloud chamber","volume":"15","author":"Bartlett B. 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Chem. Phys."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract. An aerosol model was used to simulate the generation and transport of aerosols over Germany during the HD(CP)2 Observational Prototype Experiment (HOPE) field campaign of 2013. The aerosol number concentrations and size distributions were evaluated against observations, which shows satisfactory agreement in the magnitude and temporal variability of the main aerosol contributors to cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations. From the modelled aerosol number concentrations, number concentrations of CCN were calculated as a function of vertical velocity using a comprehensive aerosol activation scheme which takes into account the influence of aerosol chemical and physical properties on CCN formation. There is a large amount of spatial variability in aerosol concentrations; however the resulting CCN concentrations vary significantly less over the domain. Temporal variability is large in both aerosols and CCN. A parameterization of the CCN number concentrations is developed for use in models. The technique involves defining a number of best fit functions to capture the dependence of CCN on vertical velocity at different pressure levels. In this way, aerosol chemical and physical properties as well as thermodynamic conditions are taken into account in the new CCN parameterization. A comparison between the parameterization and the CCN estimates from the model data shows excellent agreement. This parameterization may be used in other regions and time periods with a similar aerosol load; furthermore, the technique demonstrated here may be employed in regions dominated by different aerosol species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-12059-2016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,27]],"date-time":"2016-09-27T05:09:01Z","timestamp":1474952941000},"page":"12059-12079","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Parameterizing cloud condensation nuclei concentrations during HOPE"],"prefix":"10.5194","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Luke B.","family":"Hande","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christa","family":"Engler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2827-5789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corinna","family":"Hoose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3700-3232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ina","family":"Tegen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3145","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdul-Razzak, H. and Ghan, S.\u00a0J.: A parameterization of aerosol activation: 2. Multiple aerosol types, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 105, 6837\u20136844, 2000.","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD901161"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdul-Razzak, H. and Ghan, S.\u00a0J.: A parameterization of aerosol activation 3. Sectional representation, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, AAC 1-1\u2013AAC 1-6, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2001JD000483, 2002.","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD000483"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdul-Razzak, H., Ghan, S.\u00a0J., and Rivera-Carpio, C.: A parameterization of aerosol activation: 1. Single aerosol type, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 103, 6123\u20136131, 1998.","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD03735"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellouin, N., Mann, G. W., Woodhouse, M. T., Johnson, C., Carslaw, K. S., and Dalvi, M.: Impact of the modal aerosol scheme GLOMAP-mode on aerosol forcing in the Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model, Atmos. Chem. 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O.: Size matters more than chemistry for cloud-nucleating ability of aerosol particles, Science, 312, 1375\u20131378, 2006.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1125261"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Engler, C., Rose, D., Wehner, B., Wiedensohler, A., Br\u00fcggemann, E., Gnauk, T., Spindler, G., Tuch, T., and Birmili, W.: Size distributions of non-volatile particle residuals (Dp\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009800\u202fnm) at a rural site in Germany and relation to air mass origin, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 5785\u20135802, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-7-5785-2007, 2007.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-7-5785-2007"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ervens, B., Cubison, M., Andrews, E., Feingold, G., Ogren, J.\u00a0A., Jimenez, J.\u00a0L., DeCarlo, P., and Nenes, A.: Prediction of cloud condensation nucleus number concentration using measurements of aerosol size distributions and composition and light scattering enhancement due to humidity, J. Geophys. 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