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Geophys. Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We present a new algorithm for retrieving optical depth and liquid water content and effective radius profiles of nonprecipitating liquid water clouds using millimeter wavelength radar reflectivity and dual\u2010channel microwave brightness temperatures. The algorithm is based on Bayes' theorem of conditional probability and combines prior information on cloud microphysics with the remote sensing observations. Prior probability distribution functions for liquid water clouds were derived from the second, third, and sixth moments of droplet size distributions measured by in situ aircraft probes in shallow tropical cumuli. The algorithm also calculates error bars for each retrieved parameter. To assess the algorithm, we perform retrieval simulations using radar reflectivity and brightness temperatures simulated from tropical cumulus fields calculated by a large eddy simulation model with explicit microphysics. These retrieval simulations show that the Bayesian algorithm has similar magnitude errors to current retrieval methods for liquid water content and liquid water path retrievals but has much smaller errors for effective radius and optical depth. We also perform retrievals on three months of data from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program's site on Nauru in the tropical west Pacific. For nonprecipitating liquid water clouds over Nauru during June\u2013August 1999 we retrieve a mean optical depth of 9.2, mean liquid water content of 0.112 g\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>, and mean effective radius of 7.8 \u03bcm. The Bayesian method is a flexible approach to cloud profile remote sensing and could be expanded to other sites or cloud types.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2001jd001011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,27]],"date-time":"2002-10-27T18:39:25Z","timestamp":1035743965000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["A Bayesian algorithm for the retrieval of liquid water cloud properties from microwave radiometer and millimeter radar data"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Sally A.","family":"McFarlane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences University of Colorado at Boulder  Boulder Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. 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The new algorithm, which combines measurements of radar reflectivity and cloud optical depth, addresses issues discovered in the current <jats:italic>CloudSat<\/jats:italic>\u2013MODIS cloud water content (CWC) product. This current product is shown to be underconstrained by observations and to be too dependent on prior information incorporated into the Bayesian optimal-estimation algorithm. The most significant change made to the algorithm in this study was decreasing the number of independent variables to allow the observations to constrain the retrieved values better. The retrieval was also reformulated for improved compliance with the mathematical assumptions of the optimal-estimation algorithm. To validate the accuracy of the revised algorithm, the path-integrated attenuation (PIA) of the <jats:italic>CloudSat<\/jats:italic> radar signal was computed from the algorithm results. These modeled values were compared with independent measurements of the PIA that were obtained using a surface reference technique. This comparison shows that the cloud liquid water retrieved by the algorithm is close to being unbiased. The revised algorithm was also found to be an improvement over the current <jats:italic>CloudSat<\/jats:italic> CWC product and, to a lesser degree, the MODIS-derived cloud liquid water path.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1175\/jamc-d-16-0077.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,15]],"date-time":"2016-06-15T19:50:57Z","timestamp":1466020257000},"page":"1831-1844","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Improved Retrieval of Cloud Liquid Water from CloudSat and MODIS"],"prefix":"10.1175","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Jussi","family":"Leinonen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew D.","family":"Lebsock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graeme L.","family":"Stephens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kentaroh","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"12","reference":[{"key":"2020061102281475100_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28 233","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD000293","article-title":"Retrieval of stratus cloud microphysical parameters using millimeter-wave radar and visible optical depth in preparation for CloudSat: 1. 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radiometric retrieval of cloud liquid"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"F.","family":"Del Frate","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Schiavon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Solimini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.M.","family":"Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E.C.","family":"Brand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.L.","family":"Wrench","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref10","article-title":"Remote sensing of cloud liquid water profiles using microwave radiometry","author":"crewell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Workshop Remote Sens of Clouds Retrieval and Validation"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"Initial evaluation of profiles of temperature, water vapor and cloud liquid water from a new microwave profiling radiometer","author":"liljegren","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc 5th Am Meteorol Soc Symp Integrated Observing Systems"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"145","article-title":"Ground-based microwave remote sensing of meteorological variables","author":"westwater","year":"1993","journal-title":"Atmospheric Remote Sensing By Microwave Radiometry"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1994)011<0105:TPWNNI>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1029\/97RS02219","article-title":"A combined natural orthogonal functions\/neural network technique for the radiometric estimation of atmospheric profiles","volume":"33","author":"del frate","year":"1998","journal-title":"Radio Sci"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/98RS02133"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/36.789630"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2000.859721"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"SNNS Stuttgart Neural Network Simulator User Manual","author":"zell","year":"1995","journal-title":"Report No 6\/95"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"3-1","article-title":"Propagation modeling of moist air and suspended water\/ice particles at frequencies below 1000 GHz","author":"liebe","year":"1993","journal-title":"AGARD 52nd Specialists' Meeting of the Electromagnetic wave Propagation Panel"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1978)017<1788:EEOGBM>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1975)014<0524:EDOTPB>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"259","article-title":"Remote sensing of atmospheric water vapor by ground-based microwave radiometry, Moisture Humidity","author":"westwater","year":"1985","journal-title":"Proc Int Symp"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1983)022<0807:AAPOTT>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"370","article-title":"Passive ground-based remote sensing of atmospheric temperature","volume":"7","author":"solheim","year":"1998","journal-title":"water vapor and cloud liquid profiles by a frequency synthesized microwave radiometer Meteorologische Zeitschrift"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1995)012<1050:RSOTWV>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1972)100<0015:GDOLAT>2.3.CO;2"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6028\/jres.069D.130"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/97RS03656"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"529","article-title":"A multifrequency mm-wave radiometer (MFR): instrument description and retrieval algorithm","author":"battistelli","year":"1995","journal-title":"Microwave Radiometry and Remote Sensing of the Environment"},{"key":"ref22","article-title":"Development of a High-Altitude Ceilometer","author":"kahkonen","year":"1996","journal-title":"ESA\/ESTEC Contract No 10551\/93\/NL\/JV"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"442","article-title":"A Fully-Coherent 94 GHz Radar for the Characterisation of Clouds","author":"eastment","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc 29th Int Conf Radar Meteorology"}],"event":{"name":"IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IGARSS 2002","acronym":"IGARSS-02","location":"Toronto, Ont., Canada"},"container-title":["IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium"],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx5\/7969\/22040\/01026787.pdf?arnumber=1026787","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,15]],"date-time":"2017-06-15T20:57:27Z","timestamp":1497560247000},"score":23.33195,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/1026787\/"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[null]]},"references-count":22,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/igarss.2002.1026787"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T14:08:19Z","timestamp":1790777299089,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Meteorological Society","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Clouds are an important component of the earth\u2019s climate system. A better description of their microphysical properties is needed to improve radiative transfer calculations. In the framework of the Earth, Clouds, Aerosols, and Radiation Explorer (EarthCARE) mission preparation, the radar\u2013lidar (RALI) airborne system, developed at L\u2019Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (France), can be used as an airborne demonstrator. This paper presents an original method that combines cloud radar (94\u201395 GHz) and lidar data to derive the radiative and microphysical properties of clouds. It combines the apparent backscatter reflectivity from the radar and the apparent backscatter coefficient from the lidar. The principle of this algorithm relies on the use of a relationship between the extinction coefficient and the radar specific attenuation, derived from airborne microphysical data and Mie scattering calculations. To solve radar and lidar equations in the cloud region where signals can be obtained from both instruments, the extinction coefficients at some reference range z0 must be known. Because the algorithms are stable for inversion performed from range z0 toward the emitter, z0 is chosen at the farther cloud boundary as observed by the lidar. Then, making an assumption of a relationship between extinction coefficient and backscattering coefficient, the whole extinction coefficient, the apparent reflectivity, cloud physical parameters, the effective radius, and ice water content profiles are derived. This algorithm is applied to a blind test for downward-looking instruments where the original profiles are derived from in situ measurements. It is also applied to real lidar and radar data, obtained during the 1998 Cloud Lidar and Radar Experiment (CLARE\u201998) field project when a prototype airborne RALI system was flown pointing at nadir. The results from the synergetic algorithm agree reasonably well with the in situ measurements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1175\/jam2229.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,23]],"date-time":"2005-07-23T16:45:30Z","timestamp":1122137130000},"page":"860-875","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["The Retrieval of Ice-Cloud Properties from Cloud Radar and Lidar Synergy"],"prefix":"10.1175","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Claire","family":"Tinel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d\u2019\u00e9tudes Terrestre et Plan\u00e9taires, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Testud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d\u2019\u00e9tudes Terrestre et Plan\u00e9taires, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Pelon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Service d\u2019A\u00e9ronomie, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin J.","family":"Hogan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Protat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d\u2019\u00e9tudes Terrestre et Plan\u00e9taires, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julien","family":"Delano\u00eb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d\u2019\u00e9tudes Terrestre et Plan\u00e9taires, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Bouniol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d\u2019\u00e9tudes Terrestre et Plan\u00e9taires, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020061208261541300_i1520-0450-44-6-860-Ansmann1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7113","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.31.007113","article-title":"Independent measurements of extinction and backscatter profiles in cirrus clouds by using a combined Raman elastic-backscatter lidar.","volume":"3","author":"Ansmann","year":"1992","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"2020061208261541300_i1520-0450-44-6-860-Baedi1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/S1464-1909(00)00152-0","article-title":"Estimating effective radius and liquid water content from radar and lidar based on the CLARE\u201998 data-set.","volume":"25","author":"Baedi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth"},{"key":"2020061208261541300_i1520-0450-44-6-860-Battan1","article-title":"Radar Observations of the Atmosphere.","author":"Battan","year":"1973"},{"key":"2020061208261541300_i1520-0450-44-6-860-Cess1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16601","DOI":"10.1029\/JD095iD10p16601","article-title":"Intercomparison and interpretation of climate feedback processes in 19 atmospheric general circulation models.","volume":"95","author":"Cess","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"2020061208261541300_i1520-0450-44-6-860-Cess2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12791","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD00822","article-title":"Cloud feedback in atmospheric general circulation models: An update.","volume":"101","author":"Cess","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"2020061208261541300_i1520-0450-44-6-860-Delanoe1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005405","article-title":"Statistical properties of the normalized ice particle size distribution.","volume":"110","author":"Delano\u00eb","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"2020061208261541300_i1520-0450-44-6-860-Donovan1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27425","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD900243","article-title":"Cloud effective particle size and water content profile retrievals using combined lidar and radar observations. Part 1: Theory and simulations.","volume":"106","author":"Donovan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"2020061208261541300_i1520-0450-44-6-860-Donovan2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27449","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD900241","article-title":"Cloud effective particle size and water content profile retrievals using combined lidar and radar observations. Part 2: Comparison with IR radiometer and in-situ measurements of ice clouds.","volume":"106","author":"Donovan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"2020061208261541300_i1520-0450-44-6-860-Eloranta1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2464","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.37.002464","article-title":"A practical model for the calculation of multiply scattered lidar returns.","volume":"37","author":"Eloranta","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"2020061208261541300_i1520-0450-44-6-860-Flamant1","unstructured":"Flamant, P. H., V.No\u00ebl, H.Chepfer, M.Quante, O.Danne, V.Giraud, and J.Pelon. 2000. Particle sizes in cirrus cloud during the Carl\u201999 campaign: 29 April and 14 May case studies. Extended Abstracts, Int. Radiation Symp., St. Petersburg, Russia, Research Institute of Physics."},{"key":"2020061208261541300_i1520-0450-44-6-860-Francis1","article-title":"A summary of the clouds microphysics data collected during CLARE\u201998 by the UKMO C-130 aircraft.","author":"Francis","year":"1999"},{"key":"2020061208261541300_i1520-0450-44-6-860-Francis2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49712051804","article-title":"An observational and theoretical study of the radiative properties of cirrus: Some results from ICE\u201989.","volume":"120","author":"Francis","year":"1994","journal-title":"Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. 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Meteor."},{"key":"2020061208261541300_i1520-0450-44-6-860-Heymsfield2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3457","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(2002)059<3457:OAPOPS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Observations and parameterizations of particle size distributions in deep tropical cirrus and stratiform precipitating clouds: Results from in situ observations in TRMM field campaigns.","volume":"59","author":"Heymsfield","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"2020061208261541300_i1520-0450-44-6-860-Hitschfeld1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1954)011<0058:EIITRM>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Errors inherent in the radar measurements of rainfall at attenuating wavelengths.","volume":"11","author":"Hitschfeld","year":"1954","journal-title":"J. Meteor."},{"key":"2020061208261541300_i1520-0450-44-6-860-Hogan1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1256\/rj.01.208","article-title":"Characteristics of mixed-phase clouds. Part 1: Lidar, radar and aircraft observations from CLARE\u201998.","volume":"129","author":"Hogan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc."},{"key":"2020061208261541300_i1520-0450-44-6-860-Illingworth1","unstructured":"Illingworth, A. J.\n          \n          \n            all CLARE Participants\n          \n          1999. Overview of the flights and datasets. CLARE\u201998 Cloud Lidar and Radar Experiment, Proc. ESTEC Int. Workshop WPP-170, Noordwijk, Netherlands, ESTEC, 17\u201324."},{"key":"2020061208261541300_i1520-0450-44-6-860-Intrieri1","unstructured":"Intrieri, J. M., W. L.Eberhard, and G. L.Stephens. 1990. Preliminary comparison of lidar and radar backscatter as a means of assessing cirrus radiative properties. Preprints, Seventh Conf. on Atmospheric Radiation, San Francisco, CA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 354\u2013356."},{"key":"2020061208261541300_i1520-0450-44-6-860-Intrieri2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1993)032<1074:AMFDCC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A method for determining cirrus cloud particles sizes using lidar and radar backscatter technique.","volume":"32","author":"Intrieri","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteor."},{"key":"2020061208261541300_i1520-0450-44-6-860-Klett1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.20.000211","article-title":"Stable analytical inversion solution for processing lidar returns.","volume":"20","author":"Klett","year":"1981","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"2020061208261541300_i1520-0450-44-6-860-Kumagai1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1117\/12.410619","article-title":"Retrieval of cloud microphysics using 95-GHz cloud radar and microwave radiometer.","volume":"4152","author":"Kumagai","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"2020061208261541300_i1520-0450-44-6-860-Lhermitte1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1987)004<0036:AGDRFC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A 94-GHz doppler radar for cloud observations.","volume":"4","author":"Lhermitte","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol."},{"key":"2020061208261541300_i1520-0450-44-6-860-Mace1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23207","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD02117","article-title":"Cirrus layer microphysical properties derived from surface-based millimeter radar and infrared interferometer.","volume":"103","author":"Mace","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"2020061208261541300_i1520-0450-44-6-860-Mace2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1029\/98GL00232","article-title":"An examination of cirrus cloud characteristics using data from millimetre wave radar and lidar: The 24 April SUCCESS case study.","volume":"25","author":"Mace","year":"1998","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"2020061208261541300_i1520-0450-44-6-860-Matrosov1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11567","DOI":"10.1029\/92JD00968","article-title":"Estimation of ice clouds parameters from ground-based infrared radiometer and radar measurements.","volume":"97","author":"Matrosov","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"2020061208261541300_i1520-0450-44-6-860-McFarquhar1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1998)055<2039:TDASOA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The definition and significance of an effective radius for ice clouds.","volume":"55","author":"McFarquhar","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"2020061208261541300_i1520-0450-44-6-860-OConnor1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1175\/JAM-2181.1","article-title":"Retrieving stratocumulus drizzle parameters using Doppler radar and lidar.","volume":"44","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteor."},{"key":"2020061208261541300_i1520-0450-44-6-860-Okamoto1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD001225","article-title":"An algorithm, for retrieval of cloud microphysics using 95-GHz cloud radar and lidar.","volume":"108","author":"Okamoto","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"2020061208261541300_i1520-0450-44-6-860-Paltridge1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1974)031<1571:GCCAES>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Global cloud cover and earth surface temperature.","volume":"31","author":"Paltridge","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"2020061208261541300_i1520-0450-44-6-860-Pazmany1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1109\/36.298002","article-title":"An airborne 95 GHz dual polarization radar for cloud studies.","volume":"1","author":"Pazmany","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"2020061208261541300_i1520-0450-44-6-860-Pelon1","unstructured":"Pelon, J.\n          \n          \n            Coauthors\n          \n          2001. Final report of investigation of cloud by ground-based and airborne radar and lidar (CARL). European Commission DGXII Contract PL970567, 39 pp."},{"key":"2020061208261541300_i1520-0450-44-6-860-Protat1","unstructured":"Protat, A., C.Tinel, and J.Testud. 2002. Dynamic properties of water and ice clouds from dual-beam airborne cloud radar data: The Carl\u20192000 and Carl\u20192001 validation campaigns. Proc. of the 11th Cloud Physics Conf., Ogden, UT, Amer. Meteor. Soc., CD-ROM, P5.18."},{"key":"2020061208261541300_i1520-0450-44-6-860-Riedi1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1029\/1999GL010921","article-title":"Global distribution of cloud top phase from POLDER\/ADEOS I.","volume":"27","author":"Riedi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"2020061208261541300_i1520-0450-44-6-860-Sauvage1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1999)127<0486:RSOCRP>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Remote sensing of cirrus radiative properties during EUCREX\u201994. Case study of 17 April 1994. 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Restitution des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s microphysiques et radiatives des nuages froids et mixtes \u00e0 partir des donn\u00e9es du syst\u00e8me RALI (Radar-Lidar) (Retrieval of microphysical and radiative parameters of ice and mixed-phased clouds from the RALI system). Ph.D. thesis, University Paris 7, 237 pp."},{"key":"2020061208261541300_i1520-0450-44-6-860-Tinel2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/S1464-1909(00)00153-2","article-title":"Cloud parameter retrieval for combined remote sensing observations.","volume":"25","author":"Tinel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth"},{"key":"2020061208261541300_i1520-0450-44-6-860-Uttal1","unstructured":"Uttal, T., R. A.Kropfli, W. L.Ebenhard, and J. M.Intrieri. 1990. Observations of mid-latitude, continental cirrus clouds using a 3.2 cm radar: Comparisons with 10.6 \u03bcm lidar observations. Preprints, Seventh Conf. on Atmospheric Radiation, San Francisco, CA, Amer. Meteor. 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We developed a Gauss\u2013Newton optimal estimation retrieval that simultaneously estimates vertical profiles of cloud droplet effective radius, cloud optical thickness, and above-cloud integrated water vapor from hyperspectral solar backscatter measurements in the visible and shortwave infrared. The retrieval solves for effective radius at cloud top and base, cloud optical thickness, and above-cloud integrated water vapor in logarithmic space, using an a priori covariance matrix with off-diagonal elements derived from VOCALS-REx in situ measurements, and incorporating forward model uncertainty with a forward model Jacobian. Tested on 69 simulated HySICS reflectance spectra constructed from in situ cloud microphysics, the hyperspectral retrieval reduces the average liquid water path error to 26.9%, compared to 45.2% for the standard bispectral method. Applied to 3695 EMIT hyperspectral measurements over the southeast Pacific, MODIS-retrieved liquid water path exceeds the hyperspectral estimate by 19% on average. These results demonstrate that simultaneous retrieval of the integrated water vapor above-cloud is necessary for accurate droplet profile retrievals, and that the upcoming CLARREO Pathfinder instrument, with its 0.3% radiometric uncertainty, should enable routine vertical profiling of cloud droplet size.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs18152556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T14:16:27Z","timestamp":1785766587000},"page":"2556","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Retrieval of Vertical Cloud Droplet Profiles and Above-Cloud Integrated Water Vapor from Hyperspectral Measurements: Reducing Liquid Water Path Retrieval Bias with Application to EMIT"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6749-1527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew John","family":"Buggee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA"},{"name":"Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8772-8306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Pilewskie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA"},{"name":"Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"196","article-title":"Stratus and Stratocumulus","volume":"2","author":"Wood","year":"2015","journal-title":"Encycl. 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Oceanic Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,8]]},"DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1992)009<0354:ronlwc>2.0.co;2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T12:33:34Z","timestamp":1027773214000},"page":"354-363","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Retrieval of Nonprecipitating Liquid Water Cloud Parameters from Microwave Data: A Simulation Study"],"prefix":"10.1175","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Hung-Lung","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George R.","family":"Diak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"12","container-title":["Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.ametsoc.org\/doi\/pdf\/abs\/10.1175\/1520-0426%281992%29009%3C0354%3ARONLWC%3E2.0.CO%3B2","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,16]],"date-time":"2020-12-16T18:32:34Z","timestamp":1608143554000},"score":23.112055,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.ametsoc.org\/doi\/10.1175\/1520-0426(1992)009<0354:RONLWC>2.0.CO;2"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1992,8]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1175\/1520-0426(1992)009<0354:RONLWC>2.0.CO;2"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/1520-0426(1992)009<0354:ronlwc>2.0.co;2","ISSN":["0739-0572","1520-0426"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0739-0572","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-0426","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[1992,8]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T04:17:14Z","timestamp":1790396234564,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,31]],"date-time":"2021-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020M680369"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M680369"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The remote sensing of water clouds is useful for studying their spatial and temporal variations and constraining physical processes in climate and weather prediction models. However, radar-only detection provides inadequate information for the cloud droplet size distribution. Here, we propose a novel lookup-table method, which combines lidar (1064, 532 nm) and radar (8.6 mm) to retrieve profiles of cloud optical (backscatter coefficient and extinction coefficient) and microphysical properties (effective diameter and liquid water content). Through the iteration of the extinction-to-backscatter ratio, more continuous cloud optical characteristics can be obtained. Sensitivity analysis shows that a 10% error of the lidar constant will lead to a retrieval error of up to 30%. The algorithm performed precise capture of the ideal cloud signal at a specific height and at full height and the maximum relative error of the backscatter coefficients at 1064 nm and 532 nm were 6% and 4%, respectively. With the application of the algorithm in the two observation cases on single or multiple cloud layers, the results indicate that the microphysical properties mostly agree with the empirical radar measurements but are slightly different when larger particles cause signal changes of different extents. Consequently, the synergetic algorithm is capable of computing the cloud droplet size distribution. It provides continuous profiles of cloud optical properties and captures cloud microphysical properties well for water cloud studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13214396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T22:24:22Z","timestamp":1635805462000},"page":"4396","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Retrieval of Water Cloud Optical and Microphysical Properties from Combined Multiwavelength Lidar and Radar Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yinchao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Su","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9910-9692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wangshu","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siying","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"He","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pan","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuoran","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingyue","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhichao","family":"Bu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metrological Observation Centre of the China Meteorological Administration (CMA), Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3826","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2227333","article-title":"Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Clouds Observed by MODIS Onboard the Terra and Aqua Satellites","volume":"51","author":"King","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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Tech."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muskatel, H.B., Blahak, U., Khain, P., Levi, Y., and Fu, Q. (2021). Parametrizations of Liquid and Ice Clouds\u2019 Optical Properties in Operational Numerical Weather Prediction Models. Atmosphere, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos12010089"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Krasnov, O.A., and Russchenberg, H.W.J. (2002, January 2\u20137). The relation between the radar to lidar ratio and the effective radius of droplets in water clouds: An analysis of statistical models and observed drop size distributions. Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Cloud Physics 2002, Ogden, UT, USA."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Shaw, M.A. (2016). Testing Lidar-Radar Derived Drop Sizes against In Situ Measurements. 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Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Hogan, R.J., Illingworth, A.J., O\u2019Connor, E.J., Bouniol, D., Brooks, M.E., Delano\u00eb, J., Donovan, D.P., Eastment, J.D., Gaussiat, N., and Goddard, J.W.F. (2006, January 13\u201315). Cloudnet: Evaluation of Model Clouds Using Ground-Based Observations. Proceedings of the ECMWF Workshop on Parametrization of Clouds in Large-Scale Models, Reading, UK."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5925","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-11-5925-2018","article-title":"Combining Cloud Radar and Radar Wind Profiler for a Value Added Estimate of Vertical Air Motion and Particle Terminal Velocity within Clouds","volume":"11","author":"Radenz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. 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Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27425","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD900243","article-title":"van Cloud Effective Particle Size and Water Content Profile Retrievals Using Combined Lidar and Radar Observations: 1. Theory and Examples","volume":"106","author":"Donovan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4226","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD001225","article-title":"An Algorithm for Retrieval of Cloud Microphysics Using 95-GHz Cloud Radar and Lidar","volume":"108","author":"Okamoto","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weitkamp, C. (2005). Lidar: Range-Resolved Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/b106786"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Rinehart, P.D.R.E. (2010). 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Opt."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L22809","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL031008","article-title":"A Ground-Based Multisensor Cloud Phase Classifier","volume":"34","author":"Shupe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2000)017<1445:UHASLM>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Using Horizontal and Slant Lidar Measurements to Obtain Calibrated Aerosol Scattering Coefficients from a Coastal Lidar in Hawaii","volume":"17","author":"Porter","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49708034603","article-title":"The Microwave Properties of Precipitation Particles","volume":"80","author":"Gunn","year":"1954","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Met. 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Phys."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/21\/4396\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:24:03Z","timestamp":1760167443000},"score":23.08793,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/21\/4396"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,31]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13214396"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13214396","ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,31]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T15:12:59Z","timestamp":1781622779434,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"D12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,21]],"date-time":"2012-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1348185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6485,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Geophys. Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,12,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The special sensor microwave imager (SSM\/I) is a microwave radiometer having dual\u2010polarized channels at 19.35, 37, and 85.5 GHz and a vertically polarized channel at 22.235 GHz. The measurements at these frequencies are used to retrieve the liquid water path in precipitating and nonprecipitating clouds over oceans. Three separate algorithms, each accurate for different ranges of liquid water, are combined to measure a large dynamic range of cloud liquid water path up to 3.0 mm. The major improvements of our present algorithm over many other previous studies are (1) the algorithm detects the liquid water in optically thin stratus and low\u2010level clouds very well; (2) the algorithm measures the liquid water in highly convective clouds; (3) the algorithm can be applied to any climate regime because some of the coefficients (<jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> and <jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) are derived using a comprehensive training SSM\/I data set obtained from various clear sky conditions; and (4) the liquid water derived using the present algorithm agree with that derived using the ground\u2010based microwave radiometer measurements very well. Global distributions of the cloud liquid water over oceans for August 1993 and January 1994 are derived using the SSM\/I data from DMSP F10 and F11 satellites. Our analyses show that the cloud liquid water exhibits a strong diurnal variation over many regions. In particular, the variation over the tropical western Pacific and northwestern Pacific is largest and is attributed to the diurnal variation of raining clouds. The variation over the west coasts of major continents is also very large and is associated with nonraining stratus clouds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/94jd02304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,4]],"date-time":"2004-02-04T00:43:09Z","timestamp":1075855389000},"page":"25535-25551","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":204,"title":["Retrieval of cloud liquid water using the special sensor microwave imager (SSM\/I)"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"99","member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/36.58968"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/93JD00339"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.1976.1141324"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"Grody N. C. R. R.Ferraro A comparison of passive microwave rainfall retrieval methods Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Meteorology and Oceanography 60\u201365American Meteorological Society Boston Mass. 1992."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1980)019<0986:AWCOTT>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"Hargens U. Remote sensing of cloud liquid water during ICE'89 Third Specialists Meeting on Microwave Radiometry and Remote Sensing Applications 27\u201331IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. Soc. Boulder Colo. 1992."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1983)022<0789:ASDCMR>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"Kristj\u00e1nsson J. E. 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Comparisons of observed and calculated brightness temperature using models available in the literature have given good agreement for sea\u2010surface emission and atmospheric attenuation in clear and cloudy skies. A nonlinear retrieval scheme has been applied to the observations to retrieve cloud liquid\u2010water paths for comparison with the <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic> measurements. Validation of the retrieved liquid\u2010water paths to within 50 g m<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup> has been achieved. Ambiguities between cloud retrievals and water vapour and surface parameters are discussed. the observed differences between the retrieval and the <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic> measurement are not found to correlate strongly with cloud temperature, but a higher than expected correlation is found with the drop\u2010size distribution. 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Differential absorption radar (DAR) near the 183\u2009GHz water vapor absorption line is an emerging measurement technique for humidity profiling inside of clouds and precipitation with high vertical resolution, as well as for measuring integrated water vapor (IWV) in clear air regions. For radar transmit frequencies on the water line flank away from the highly attenuating line center, the DAR system becomes most sensitive to water vapor in the planetary boundary layer (PBL), which is a region of the atmosphere that is poorly resolved in the vertical by existing spaceborne humidity and temperature profiling instruments. In this work, we present a high-fidelity, end-to-end simulation framework for notional spaceborne DAR instruments that feature realistically achievable radar performance metrics, and apply this simulator to assess DAR's PBL humidity observation capabilities. Both the assumed instrument parameters and radar retrieval algorithm leverage recent technology and algorithm development for an existing airborne DAR instrument. To showcase the capabilities of DAR for humidity observations in a variety of relevant PBL settings, we implement the instrument simulator in the context of large eddy simulations (LES) of 5 different cloud regimes throughout the trade-wind subtropical-to-tropical cloud transition. Three distinct DAR humidity observations are investigated: IWV between the top of the atmosphere and the first detected cloud bin or Earth's surface; in-cloud water vapor profiles with 200 meter vertical resolution; and IWV between the last detected cloud bin and the Earth's surface, which can provide a precise measurement of the sub-cloud humidity. We provide a thorough assessment of the systematic and random errors for all 3 measurement products for each LES case, and analyze the humidity precision scaling with along-track measurement integration. While retrieval performance depends greatly on the specific cloud regime, we find generally that for a radar with cross-track scanning capability, in-cloud profiles with 200\u2009m vertical resolution and 10\u201320\u2009% uncertainty can be retrieved for horizontal integration distances of 100\u2013200\u2009km. Furthermore, column IWV can be retrieved with 10\u2009% uncertainty for 10\u201320\u2009km of horizontal integration. Finally, we provide some example science applications of the simulated DAR observations, including estimating near-surface relative humidity using the cloud-to-surface column IWV, and inferring in-cloud temperature profiles from the DAR water vapor profiles by assuming a fully saturated environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-2021-111","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]],"date-time":"2021-05-06T07:41:10Z","timestamp":1620286870000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Spaceborne differential absorption radar water vapor retrieval capabilities in tropical and subtropical boundary layer cloud regimes"],"prefix":"10.5194","author":[{"given":"Richard","family":"Roy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7546-0090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Lebsock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Kurowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3145","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T13:55:31Z","timestamp":1737640531000},"score":22.39682,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/amt.copernicus.org\/articles\/14\/6443\/2021\/amt-14-6443-2021-discussion.html"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/amt-2021-111","relation":{"has-comment":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/amt-2021-111-AC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/amt-2021-111-AC2","asserted-by":"subject"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/amt-2021-111-RC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/amt-2021-111-RC2","asserted-by":"subject"}],"is-preprint-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/amt-14-6443-2021","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/amt-14-6443-2021","asserted-by":"object"}]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,10]],"date-time":"2025-05-10T04:02:37Z","timestamp":1746849757969,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Schweizerbart","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["metz"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,5]]},"DOI":"10.1127\/0941-2948\/2002\/0011-0013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T09:54:39Z","timestamp":1027763679000},"page":"13-19","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Errors in liquid water path retrieval arising from cloud inhomogeneities: The beam-filling effect"],"prefix":"10.1127","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"L\u00fcder V.","family":"Bremen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eberhard","family":"Ruprecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Macke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"181","container-title":["Meteorologische Zeitschrift"],"original-title":["Errors in liquid water path retrieval arising from cloud inhomogeneities: The beam-filling effect"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.schweizerbart.de\/content\/download\/paper\/50592","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T08:27:54Z","timestamp":1746779274000},"score":22.378492,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.schweizerbart.de\/papers\/metz\/detail\/11\/50592\/Errors_in_liquid_water_path_retrieval_arising_from?af=crossref"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,5]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1127\/0941-2948\/2002\/0011-0013","ISSN":["0941-2948"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0941-2948"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,5]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T14:40:59Z","timestamp":1780670459584,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,1]],"date-time":"2009-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1243814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. 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