{"status":"ok","message-type":"work-list","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"facets":{},"total-results":793987,"items":[{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T16:33:45Z","timestamp":1715790825340},"publisher-location":"London","edition-number":"1","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Routledge","isbn-type":[{"value":"9781003463917","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]]},"DOI":"10.4324\/9781003463917-11","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]],"date-time":"2024-02-20T10:07:11Z","timestamp":1708423631000},"page":"185-196","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Precipitation Enhancement and Cloud Seeding"],"prefix":"10.4324","author":[{"given":"Clive","family":"Agnew","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ewan","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"301","container-title":["Water Resources in the Arid Realm"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]],"date-time":"2024-02-20T10:07:28Z","timestamp":1708423648000},"score":30.05793,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/books\/9781003463917\/chapters\/10.4324\/9781003463917-11"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]]},"ISBN":["9781003463917"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781003463917-11","published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]],"date-time":"2022-04-04T18:24:24Z","timestamp":1649096664576},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Weatherwise"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1951,8]]},"DOI":"10.1080\/00431672.1951.9932168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,6]],"date-time":"2010-09-06T00:44:12Z","timestamp":1283733852000},"page":"88-90","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Increasing Precipitation through Cloud Seeding"],"prefix":"10.1080","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Robert D.","family":"Elliott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"301","container-title":["Weatherwise"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/00431672.1951.9932168","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,28]],"date-time":"2016-11-28T15:02:41Z","timestamp":1480345361000},"score":30.03731,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/00431672.1951.9932168"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1951,8]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1951,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1080\/00431672.1951.9932168"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00431672.1951.9932168","ISSN":["0043-1672","1940-1310"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0043-1672","type":"print"},{"value":"1940-1310","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[1951,8]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T16:06:18Z","timestamp":1776182778632,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Weather Modification Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Long-standing concerns over the effects of cloud seeding projects in California generated this review article.\u00a0 The ability to determine the downwind (or extended area) effect of cloud seeding is limited.\u00a0 Court cases have been inconclusive because it is currently impossible to demonstrate cause and effect due to cloud seeding.\u00a0 The idea that successful seeding results in less precipitation downwind seems logical at first glance, but is not supported by theory, the characteristics of atmospheric water, the physics of cloud dynamics and the precipitation process, the efficacy of the seeding agents, or the limited data available.\u00a0 Generally, the extended area effects of seeding are the same as the effects in the target area, and the maximum extent documented for a downwind effect is 180 miles.\u00a0 Southern Idaho is more than 400 miles from the target areas of California cloud seeding projects.\u00a0 In addition, the most common situation when seeding winter orographic clouds as practiced in California is an increase in precipitation to support the proposition that cloud seeding in California affects precipitation in Idaho; downwind precipitation could tend to increase rather than decrease.\u00a0 Because of the lack of definitive information, the subject is still open to debate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.54782\/001c.132892","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T15:18:45Z","timestamp":1769786325000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["California Cloud Seeding and Idaho Precipitation"],"prefix":"10.54782","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"J G","family":"MacCracken","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J","family":"O'Laughlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"33285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1996,4,1]]},"container-title":["The Journal of Weather Modification"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journalofweathermodification.scholasticahq.com\/article\/132892-california-cloud-seeding-and-idaho-precipitation.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T15:10:37Z","timestamp":1776179437000},"score":28.823475,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journalofweathermodification.scholasticahq.com\/article\/132892-california-cloud-seeding-and-idaho-precipitation"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1996,4,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1996]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.54782\/001c.132892","ISSN":["3071-2874","0739-1781"],"issn-type":[{"value":"3071-2874","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0739-1781","type":"print"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[1996,4,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T21:02:06Z","timestamp":1791666126277,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,22]],"date-time":"2018-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1532217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":181,"URL":"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/site\/aboutpnas\/licenses.xhtml"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AGS-1547101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGS-1547101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AGS-1546963"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGS-1546963"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AGS-1546939"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGS-1546939"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Throughout the western United States and other semiarid mountainous regions across the globe, water supplies are fed primarily through the melting of snowpack. Growing populations place higher demands on water, while warmer winters and earlier springs reduce its supply. Water managers are tantalized by the prospect of cloud seeding as a way to increase winter snowfall, thereby shifting the balance between water supply and demand. Little direct scientific evidence exists that confirms even the basic physical hypothesis upon which cloud seeding relies. The intent of glaciogenic seeding of orographic clouds is to introduce aerosol into a cloud to alter the natural development of cloud particles and enhance wintertime precipitation in a targeted region. The hypothesized chain of events begins with the introduction of silver iodide aerosol into cloud regions containing supercooled liquid water, leading to the nucleation of ice crystals, followed by ice particle growth to sizes sufficiently large such that snow falls to the ground. Despite numerous experiments spanning several decades, no direct observations of this process exist. Here, measurements from radars and aircraft-mounted cloud physics probes are presented that together show the initiation, growth, and fallout to the mountain surface of ice crystals resulting from glaciogenic seeding. These data, by themselves, do not address the question of cloud seeding efficacy, but rather form a critical set of observations necessary for such investigations. These observations are unambiguous and provide details of the physical chain of events following the introduction of glaciogenic cloud seeding aerosol into supercooled liquid orographic clouds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1716995115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,22]],"date-time":"2018-01-22T15:06:14Z","timestamp":1516633574000},"page":"1168-1173","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":123,"title":["Precipitation formation from orographic cloud seeding"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"115","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1993-0585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey R.","family":"French","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"Friedrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah A.","family":"Tessendorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Applications Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert M.","family":"Rauber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana\u2013Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart","family":"Geerts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roy M.","family":"Rasmussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Applications Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lulin","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Applications Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melvin L.","family":"Kunkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Resource Planning and Operations, Idaho Power Company, Boise, ID 83702"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek R.","family":"Blestrud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Resource Planning and Operations, Idaho Power Company, Boise, ID 83702"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1697813","article-title":"The nucleation of ice formation by silver iodide","volume":"18","author":"Vonnegut B","year":"1947","unstructured":"B Vonnegut, The nucleation of ice formation by silver iodide. 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Tellus 7, 277\u2013290 (1955).","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1126\/science.217.4559.519","article-title":"Cloud seeding: One success in 35 years","volume":"217","author":"Kerr RA","year":"1982","unstructured":"RA Kerr, Cloud seeding: One success in 35 years. Science 217, 519\u2013521 (1982).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AL Rangno How good are our conceptual models of orographic cloud seeding. Precipitation Enhancement A Scientific Challenge Meteorological Monograph (Am Meteor Soc Boston) Vol 43 pp 115\u2013126. (1986).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-935704-17-1_12"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","volume-title":"Critical Issues in Weather Modification Research","author":"National Research Council","year":"2003","unstructured":"; National Research Council Critical Issues in Weather Modification Research (Natl Acad Press, Washington, DC, 2003)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1038\/453970a","article-title":"Meteorology: Taming the sky","volume":"453","author":"Qiu J","year":"2008","unstructured":"J Qiu, D Cressey, Meteorology: Taming the sky. Nature 453, 970\u2013974 (2008).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1175\/2011JAMC2659.1","article-title":"A confirmatory snowfall enhancement project in the Snowy Mountains of Australia. 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J Appl Meteorol Climatol 56, 1285\u20131304 (2017).","journal-title":"J Appl Meteorol Climatol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","first-page":"109","article-title":"Comparisons of Lohse wing-tip nuclei generators and burn-in-place pyrotechnics in the North Dakota Cloud Modification Project","volume":"31","author":"Boe BB","year":"1999","unstructured":"BB Boe, PJ DeMott, Comparisons of Lohse wing-tip nuclei generators and burn-in-place pyrotechnics in the North Dakota Cloud Modification Project. J Weather Mod 31, 109\u2013118 (1999).","journal-title":"J Weather Mod"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1202851","article-title":"Formation and spread of aircraft-induced holes in clouds","volume":"333","author":"Heymsfield AJ","year":"2011","unstructured":"AJ Heymsfield, , Formation and spread of aircraft-induced holes in clouds. 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Meteorol Technol Int May 2011, 44\u201347 (2011).","journal-title":"Meteorol Technol Int"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-11-00044.1","article-title":"Single aircraft integration of remote sensing and in situ sampling for the study of cloud microphysics and dynamics","volume":"93","author":"Wang Z","year":"2012","unstructured":"Z Wang, , Single aircraft integration of remote sensing and in situ sampling for the study of cloud microphysics and dynamics. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 93, 653\u2013668 (2012).","journal-title":"Bull Am Meteorol Soc"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2320","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-12-00262.1","article-title":"Fixed-antenna pointing-angle calibration of airborne Doppler cloud radar","volume":"30","author":"Haimov S","year":"2013","unstructured":"S Haimov, A Rodi, Fixed-antenna pointing-angle calibration of airborne Doppler cloud radar. J Atmos Ocean Technol 30, 2320\u20132335 (2013).","journal-title":"J Atmos Ocean Technol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","unstructured":"; University of Wyoming Flight Center University of Wyoming Cloud Radar (WCR). Available at dx.doi.org\/10.15786\/M2237S. Accessed September 1 2017. (1995)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1998)015<1495:TNAHWL>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Nevzorov airborne hot-wire LWC\u2013TWC probe: Principle of operation and performance characteristics","volume":"15","author":"Korolev AV","year":"1998","unstructured":"AV Korolev, JW Strapp, GA Isaac, AN Nevzorov, The Nevzorov airborne hot-wire LWC\u2013TWC probe: Principle of operation and performance characteristics. 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Rainfall, cloud top temperature (CTT), aerosol optical depth (AOD) and wind data were used. Short-Cut Bartlett correlation, composite wind and time series analysis, and HYSPLIT backward trajectory analysis were used to achieve the objectives of study. Precipitation showed decreasing patterns with peaks between pentad 65 and 68. Delineated dry years (18) exceeded wet years (9). Low level winds were predominantly north-easterly during dry years characterized by continental trajectory. AOD values increased in all stations during dry year with aerosol load being higher in areas characterized by depressed rainfall. Pollutants suspended 1000 above mean sea level (AMSL) originated from Arabian and India subcontinent and pollutants suspended below 1000 AMSL were predominantly south easterly during wet years originated from Western Indian Ocean and characterized by maritime trajectory. Mean CTT during dry\/wet years were positve over coastal areas while central, Rift-valley and Lake Victoria basin showed negative values, indicating presence of seedable conditions and thus potential cloud seeding to enhance rainfall and alleviate existing water stress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4081\/gm.2014.4986","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,3]],"date-time":"2015-02-03T08:09:53Z","timestamp":1422950993000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Towards precipitation enhancement through cloud seeding in 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Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Contrasting signatures as the apparent effect of different AgI-amounts used for seeding clouds with the goal to enhance precipitation have been observed over a period from 1955 through 1997: (1) In general, good precipitation from lightly-seeded slow-growing cumulus congesms, and (2) Little or no precipitation from rapidly-growing cumulus congestus heavily seeded, which reach cumulonimbus stage with cirrus densus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.54782\/001c.132941","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T15:18:53Z","timestamp":1769786333000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Silver Iodide Cloud Seeding Rates and Corresponding Precipitation"],"prefix":"10.54782","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Albert 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Randomization provided 50 seeded and 51 unseeded three-hour cases, indicating a 20% increase (significant at 5% level) in mean rainfall over the 1500 km target, mostly in frontal situations. Fourthroot transformations provided adequate transformation to normality of the threehour rainfall totals. Residual variances of regressions of seeded and unseeded cases differed markedly, requiring special analyses. 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These flights were conducted near the cloud top before seeding, during seeding, and upon re\u2010entry. Using both in situ aircraft and satellite remote sensing observations, a comprehensive analysis was conducted to understand the response of cloud properties to seeding within supercooled cloud tops. Satellite observations showed clear icing cloud tracks after seeding with abundant supercooled liquid water near the cloud top. Radar observations confirmed enhanced radar reflectivity echoes in cloud\u2010seeding regions. For regions cloud seeded with supercooled liquid water, the liquid droplets quickly froze into ice crystals, which further grew into large ice crystals via vapor deposition, riming, and collision\u2010coalescence processes. With these processes, large ice crystals formed and rapidly fell downward, causing the sinking of cloud tops and precipitation to fall to the ground. By contrast, there were no such phenomena in the regions without supercooled liquid water or in those regions with supercooled liquid, but otherwise without seeding. In addition, radar reflectivity echoes quickly decreased in all regions without seeding. 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