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Chem. Phys."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract. Satellite studies of aerosol\u2013cloud interactions usually make use of retrievals of both aerosol and cloud properties, but these retrievals are rarely spatially co-located. While it is possible to retrieve aerosol properties above clouds under certain circumstances, aerosol properties are usually only retrieved in cloud-free scenes. Generally, the smaller spatial variability of aerosols compared to clouds reduces the importance of this sampling difference. However, as precipitation generates an increase in spatial variability of aerosols, the imperfect co-location of aerosol and cloud property retrievals may lead to changes in observed aerosol\u2013cloud\u2013precipitation relationships in precipitating environments.  In this work, we use a regional-scale model, satellite observations and reanalysis data to investigate how the non-coincidence of aerosol, cloud and precipitation retrievals affects correlations between them. We show that the difference in the aerosol optical depth (AOD)\u2013precipitation relationship between general circulation models (GCMs) and satellite observations can be explained by the wet scavenging of aerosol. Using observations of the development of precipitation from cloud regimes, we show how the influence of wet scavenging can obscure possible aerosol influences on precipitation from convective clouds. This obscuring of aerosol\u2013cloud\u2013precipitation interactions by wet scavenging suggests that even if GCMs contained a perfect representation of aerosol influences on convective clouds, the difficulty of separating the \"clear-sky\" aerosol from the \"all-sky\" aerosol in GCMs may prevent them from reproducing the correlations seen in satellite data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-7557-2015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,13]],"date-time":"2015-07-13T04:18:47Z","timestamp":1436761127000},"page":"7557-7570","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Wet scavenging limits the detection of aerosol effects on precipitation"],"prefix":"10.5194","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3815-4756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E.","family":"Gryspeerdt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1191-0128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P.","family":"Stier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3467-7154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B. A.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4039-000X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Z.","family":"Kipling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3145","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ackermann, I. J., Hass, H., Memmesheimer, M., Ebel, A., Binkowski, F. S., and Shankar, U.: Modal aerosol dynamics model for Europe, Atmos. 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For global scale transport models this presents great challenges, as especially the wet deposition of aerosols is a nonlinear sub-gridcell process. With a uniform precipitation rate in space and time, the aerosol concentration decreases exponentially. However, the precipitation is generally not spread evenly across a model gridcell, and in case the model relies on offline meteorological data, it is not spread evenly over the time step either. These inhomogeneities will easily lead to overscavenging, and effective parametrized methods are thus required to reduce it. We have developed simple limits for the scavenging rate based on the convective available potential energy and on the horizontal wind speed, assuming that these quantities limit the mixing rate of aerosols between the precipitating and non-precipitating parts of the gridcell. We have implemented the method within the global transport and chemistry model SILAM (silam.fmi.fi), and present an evaluation of the method against measurements of aerosol optical depth (AOD), surface particulate matter concentrations and depositions of various aerosol species. Specifically, we focus on the long-range transport of Saharan dust. AOD measurements over Sahara are overwhelmingly sensitive to dust emission, largely independent of scavenging or other aerosol species, which means that the modeled emission may be adjusted independently of the modeled deposition. On the other hand, the long-range transport of dust plumes across the Atlantic and the Mediterranean depends heavily on the scavenging model, with incorrect scavenging leading to greatly reduced skill scores against AOD and in situ measurements. Application of the method has led to model skill scores that are competitive with online models that assimilate satellite-retrieved AOD. However, finding out how the effective scavenging rate scales properly with the grid cell dimensions and the length of the model time step remains a challenge.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/ems2024-1140","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]],"date-time":"2024-07-05T09:38:36Z","timestamp":1720172316000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effective aerosol scavenging scheme for dispersion modelling"],"prefix":"10.5194","author":[{"given":"Andreas","family":"Uppstu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5140-0037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rostislav","family":"Kouznetsov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9542-5746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikhail","family":"Sofiev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3145","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]],"date-time":"2024-08-16T06:51:06Z","timestamp":1723791066000},"score":19.951277,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/meetingorganizer.copernicus.org\/EMS2024\/EMS2024-1140.html"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/ems2024-1140","published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]]},"subtype":"other"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T07:49:34Z","timestamp":1789458574345,"version":"build-2803163510"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,17]]},"group-title":"Atmospheric sciences","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,17]],"date-time":"2020-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Research Council of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["317373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["317373"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Research Council of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["308292"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["308292"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract. In this study we introduce an in-cloud wet deposition scheme for liquid and ice phase clouds for global aerosol-climate models which use a size-segregated aerosol description. For in-cloud nucleation scavenging, the scheme uses cloud droplet activation and ice nucleation rates obtained from the host model. For in-cloud impaction scavenging, we used a method where the removal rate depends on the aerosol size and cloud droplet radii. The scheme was compared to a scheme that uses fixed scavenging coefficients. The comparison included vertical profiles and mass and number distributions of wet deposition fluxes of different aerosol compounds and for different latitude bands. Using the scheme presented here, mass concentrations for black carbon, organic carbon, sulfate, and the number concentration of particles with diameters larger than 100\u2009nm are higher than using fixed scavenging coefficients, with the largest differences in the vertical profiles in the Arctic. On the other hand, the number concentrations of small particles show a decrease, especially in the Arctic region. These results indicate that, compared to using fixed scavenging coefficients, nucleation scavenging is less efficient and impaction scavenging is increased in the scheme introduced here. Without further adjustments in the host model, our wet deposition scheme produced unrealistically high aerosol concentrations, especially at high altitudes. This also leads to a spuriously long lifetime of black carbon aerosol. To find a better setup for simulating aerosol vertical profiles and transport, sensitivity simulations were conducted where aerosol emission distribution and hygroscopicity were altered. The simulated vertical profiles of aerosol in these sensitivity studies were evaluated against aircraft observations. The lifetimes of different aerosol compounds were also evaluated against the ensemble mean of models involved in the Aerosol Comparisons between Observations and Models (AEROCOM) project. The best comparison between the observations and the model was achieved with the new wet deposition scheme when black carbon was emitted internally mixed with soluble compounds instead of keeping it externally mixed. This also produced atmospheric lifetimes for the other species which were comparable to the AEROCOM model means.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-2020-220","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,17]],"date-time":"2020-07-17T08:57:51Z","timestamp":1594976271000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In-cloud scavenging scheme for aerosol 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Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,16]],"date-time":"2025-03-16T04:04:39Z","timestamp":1742097879607,"version":"3.38.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]]},"group-title":"display","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Aircraft engines emit aerosols and aerosol precursor gases, mostly black carbon (soot) and sulfur dioxide, which remain longer in the atmosphere than aerosols emitted at the surface. Long-range transport during that long residence time means that aviation aerosols may interact with clouds far from the main flight corridors. The radiative forcing of interactions between aviation aerosols and clouds is so uncertain that even its uncertain range is unknown. Its quantification relies on climate models, where aerosol concentrations and long-range vertical and horizontal transport are strongly affected by wet scavenging, which can be parameterized in different ways with several tunable parameters. One could assume that the representation of wet scavenging is of secondary importance for the simulated residence time of aviation aerosols, because they are emitted high above precipitating clouds. In this work, we use the LMDZ-OR-INCA climate model to investigate the impact of three different scavenging parameterizations on total and aviation aerosol distributions, using regional and seasonal vertical profiles measured during the ATom and HIPPO airborne campaigns to evaluate the performances of the different parameterizations. Results confirm that the residence time and the mass budgets of black-carbon, sulfates and nitrates from all sources are significantly influenced by the scavenging scheme. Moreover, the skill of a scavenging parameterization to simulate vertical aerosol concentration profiles depends on geographical location, altitude and season, although no parametrizations are consistently better than the others. Unexpectedly, the scavenging parameterizations also affect aviation aerosol concentrations at flight cruise levels: although scavenging rates are small, residence time are long so differences accumulate. Near-surface aerosol concentrations, which are mainly due to Landing and Take-off Operations (LTO), are also affected by the choice of a wet scavenging parameterization. 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The base level scavenging rates for small particles are dominated by diffusion and for large particles by intercept, weight, and flow effects. For charged particles encountering uncharged droplets, in all cases there is an increase in the scavenging rates, due to the image force. For droplets with charges of opposite sign to those of the particle charge, the rates are further increased, due to the Coulomb force, whereas for droplet with charges of the same sign, the rates are decreased. Increases above the base level (electroscavenging) predominate for the larger particles and occur in the interior of clouds even when no space charge (net charge) is present. Decreases below the base level (electroantiscavenging) occur for same\u2010sign charges with smaller particles. The rates for uncharged droplets are parameterized, and the effect of charges on the droplets then parameterized as a departure from those rates. 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Implications for effects on weather and climate, due both to externally and internally induced variability in atmospheric ionization, are outlined.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/2014jd023016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,16]],"date-time":"2015-07-16T14:10:01Z","timestamp":1437055801000},"page":"8389-8410","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Parameterization of aerosol scavenging due to atmospheric ionization"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"Brian A.","family":"Tinsley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department University of Texas  Dallas Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Limin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science East China Normal University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-8095(92)90024-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1969)026<1066:ADOTTV>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JD009618"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","volume-title":"Two charged spherical conductors in a uniform electric field: Forces and field strength, RM\u20103860\u2010PR","author":"Davis M. 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Submicron aerosol particles that generated during cutting operations must be removed inside the containment vessel before they escape to the environment. The existed spray system inside the containment vessel can be used to remove these aerosol particles under different collection mechanisms. In this study, a new numerical model is developed to simulate both the aerosol generation by cutting fuel debris and aerosol removal by spray injection in the open-source CFD code OpenFOAM using the geometry of our model facility (UTARTS facility). Simulation results provide detailed information about the time evolution of aerosol distribution, and also show that aerosol generation rate has no influence on aerosol removal efficiency, and larger particles can be removed faster because of stronger inertial impaction. The newly developed numerical model with considering both aerosol generation due to cut fuel debris and aerosol scavenging by spray droplets can be used in the real-size containment vessel of Fukushima Daiichi nuclear reactors to optimize the design of future spray systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/icone29-89098","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]],"date-time":"2022-11-23T15:46:00Z","timestamp":1669218360000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Numerical Simulation of Aerosol Generation and Aerosol Spray Scavenging During Fukushima Daiichi Decommissioning"],"prefix":"10.1115","author":[{"given":"Hui","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harbin Engineering University , Heilongjiang, China (Mainland)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erkan","family":"Nejdet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Atomic Energy Authority , Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Avadhesh Kumar","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Tokyo , Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shunichi","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Tokyo , Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]]},"event":{"name":"2022 29th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering","start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]]},"sponsor":["Nuclear Engineering Division"],"location":"Virtual, Online","end":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]]},"acronym":"ICONE29"},"container-title":["Volume 9: Decontamination and Decommissioning, Radiation Protection, and Waste Management"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/ICONE\/proceedings-pdf\/doi\/10.1115\/ICONE29-89098\/6948910\/v009t09a003-icone29-89098.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/ICONE\/proceedings-pdf\/doi\/10.1115\/ICONE29-89098\/6948910\/v009t09a003-icone29-89098.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]],"date-time":"2022-11-23T15:46:01Z","timestamp":1669218361000},"score":18.81094,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/ICONE\/proceedings\/ICONE29\/86441\/V009T09A003\/1151607"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/icone29-89098","published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]]},"article-number":"V009T09A003"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T21:14:15Z","timestamp":1790543655176,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,5]],"date-time":"2015-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1433462400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Atmos. Chem. Phys."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract. In this paper, we investigate the coagulation of interstitial aerosol particles (particles too small to activate to cloud droplets) with cloud drops, a process often ignored in aerosol-climate models. We use the GEOS-Chem-TOMAS (Goddard Earth Observing System-Chemistry TwO-Moment Aerosol Sectional) global chemical transport model with aerosol microphysics to calculate the changes in the aerosol size distribution, cloud-albedo aerosol indirect effect, and direct aerosol effect due to the interstitial coagulation process. We find that inclusion of interstitial coagulation in clouds lowers total particle number concentrations by 15\u201321% globally, where the range is due to varying assumptions regarding activation diameter, cloud droplet size, and ice cloud physics. The interstitial coagulation process lowers the concentration of particles with dry diameters larger than 80 nm (a proxy for larger CCN) by 10\u201312%. These 80 nm particles are not directly removed by the interstitial coagulation but are reduced in concentration because fewer smaller particles grow to diameters larger than 80 nm. The global aerosol indirect effect of adding interstitial coagulation varies from +0.4 to +1.3 W m\u22122 where again the range depends on our cloud assumptions. Thus, the aerosol indirect effect of this process is significant, but the magnitude depends greatly on assumptions regarding activation diameter, cloud droplet size, and ice cloud physics. The aerosol direct effect of the interstitial coagulation process is minor (&lt; 0.01 W m\u22122) due to the shift in the aerosol size distribution at sizes where scattering is most effective being small. We recommend that this interstitial scavenging process be considered in aerosol models when the size distribution and aerosol indirect effects are important.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-6147-2015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,5]],"date-time":"2015-06-05T02:48:44Z","timestamp":1433472524000},"page":"6147-6158","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["The importance of interstitial particle scavenging by cloud droplets in shaping the remote aerosol size distribution and global aerosol-climate effects"],"prefix":"10.5194","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4241-838X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. R.","family":"Pierce","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7009-1767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B.","family":"Croft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. K.","family":"Kodros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. D.","family":"D'Andrea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2632-8402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. V.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3145","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdul-Razzak, H. and Ghan, S. J.: A parameterization of aerosol activation: 2. 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In this paper, we investigate the coagulation of interstitial aerosol particles (particles too small to activate to cloud droplets) with cloud drops, a process often ignored in aerosol-climate models. We use the GEOS-Chem-TOMAS global chemical transport model with aerosol microphysics to calculate the changes in the aerosol size distribution, cloud-albedo aerosol indirect effect, and direct aerosol effect due to the interstitial coagulation process. We find that inclusion of interstitial coagulation in clouds lowers total particle number concentrations by 15\u201321% globally, where the range is due to varying assumptions regarding activation diameter, cloud droplet size, and ice cloud physics. The interstitial coagulation process lowers the concentration of particles with dry diameters larger than 80 nm (a proxy for larger CCN) by 10\u201312%. These 80 nm particles are not directly removed by the interstitial coagulation, but are reduced in concentration because fewer smaller particles grow to diameters larger than 80 nm. The global aerosol indirect effect of adding interstitial coagulation varies from +0.4 to +1.3 W m\u22122 where again the range depends on our cloud assumptions. Thus, the aerosol indirect effect of this process is significant, but the magnitude depends greatly on assumptions regarding activation diameter, cloud droplet size, and ice cloud physics. The aerosol direct effect of interstitial coagulation process is minor (&lt;0.01 W m\u22122) due to the shift in the aerosol size distribution at sizes where scattering is most effective being small. We recommend that this interstitial scavenging process be considered in aerosol models when the size distribution and aerosol indirect effects are important.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/acpd-15-5589-2015","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,26]],"date-time":"2015-02-26T01:30:21Z","timestamp":1424914221000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The importance of interstitial particle scavenging by cloud droplets in shaping the remote aerosol size distribution and global aerosol-climate effects"],"prefix":"10.5194","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4241-838X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. R.","family":"Pierce","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7009-1767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B.","family":"Croft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. K.","family":"Kodros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. D.","family":"D'Andrea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2632-8402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. V.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3145","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdul-Razzak, H. and Ghan, S. J.: A parameterization of aerosol activation: 2. Multiple aerosol types, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 6837\u20136844, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/1999JD901161, 2000.","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD901161"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adams, P. J. and Seinfeld, J. H.: Predicting global aerosol size distributions in general circulation models, J. Geophys. 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