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Related experiments by Takahashi and Jayaratne\n                    <jats:italic>et al.<\/jats:italic>\n                    determined that the sign of charge transferred is dependent on the cloud liquid water content and on cloud temperature. There are marked differences between the results of Takahashi and Jayaratne in the details of the dependence they noted of the sign of graupel charging on cloud water and temperature. More recently, Pereyra\n                    <jats:italic>et al.<\/jats:italic>\n                    have shown that results somewhat similar in form to those of Takahashi are obtained by modifying the experimental technique used to prepare the clouds of ice crystals and supercooled water droplets used in the experiments.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>In order to help resolve the reason for the differences in charge transfer results in various studies, work has continued in the Manchester laboratory with a modified cloud chamber in which the cloud conditions of the crystals and droplets may be controlled independently. Results indicate a profound effect on the charge sign of the particle growth conditions in the two clouds involved. For example, by suitable adjustments to the water contents of the two clouds, graupel is charged negatively by rebounding ice crystal collisions at higher cloud water contents than have been noted previously. It is suggested that the most important influence on charge sign is the relative diffusional growth rate of the two ice surfaces at the moment of impact and that this is affected by an increase in cloud supersaturation experienced by the ice crystals during the cloud mixing process just prior to collision. A range of cloud conditions is used in the present work in order to help determine the reasons for the various results reported previously.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Examination of some thunderstorm observations in the context of the present results points to the importance of mixing on the sign of the charge transferred during particle collisions when two cloud regions of different histories mix together. 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Ice microphysics controls cloud electrification in thunderstorms, and the various secondary ice production (SIP) processes are vital in generating high ice concentration. However, the role of SIP in cold-season thunderstorms is not well understood. In this study, the impacts of SIP on the electrification in a thunderstorm occurred in late November is investigated using model simulations. The parameterizations of three SIP processes are implemented in the model, including the rime-splintering, ice-ice collisional breakup, and shattering of freezing drops. In addition, a noninductive and an inductive charging parametrization, as well as a bulk discharging model are coupled with the spectral bin microphysics scheme. The results show the simulated storm intensity and temporal variation of flash rate are improved after SIP parametrizations are implemented in the model. Among the three SIP processes, the rime-splintering and shattering of freezing drops have stronger impacts on the storm than the ice-ice collisional breakup. The graupel and snow concentration are enhanced while their sizes are suppressed due to the SIP. The changes in the ice microphysics result in substantial changes in the charge structure. The total charge density changes from an inverted tripole structure to a dipole structure (tripole structure at some locations) after SIP is considered in the model, mainly due to the enhanced collision between graupel and ice, and riming at temperatures warmer than -20 \u00b0C. These changes lead to an enhancement of vertical electric field, especially in the mature stage, which explains the improved modelling of flash rate. The results highlight that the cold-season cloud electrification is very sensitive to the SIP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/egusphere-2023-2188","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]],"date-time":"2023-11-03T01:17:36Z","timestamp":1698974256000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of ice multiplication on the cloud electrification of a cold-season thunderstorm: a numerical case study"],"prefix":"10.5194","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiye","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qilin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqin","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5307-3751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuting","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yubao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3145","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]],"date-time":"2024-05-24T06:20:02Z","timestamp":1716531602000},"score":22.717575,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/egusphere.copernicus.org\/preprints\/2023\/egusphere-2023-2188\/"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/egusphere-2023-2188","relation":{"has-comment":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2023-2188-AC2","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2023-2188-AC3","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2023-2188-AC1","asserted-by":"subject"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2023-2188-RC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2023-2188-RC2","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2023-2188-RC3","asserted-by":"subject"}],"is-preprint-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-24-5989-2024","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-24-5989-2024","asserted-by":"object"}]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T00:58:31Z","timestamp":1791593911687,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]],"date-time":"2024-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFC1507901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1507901"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Atmos. Chem. Phys."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ice microphysics controls cloud electrification in thunderstorms, and the various secondary ice production (SIP) processes are vital in generating high ice concentrations. However, the role of SIP in cold-season thunderstorms is not well understood. In this study, the impacts of SIP on the electrification in a thunderstorm that occurred in late November are investigated using model simulations. The parameterizations of four SIP processes are implemented in the model, including the rime splintering, ice\u2013ice collisional breakup, shattering of freezing drops, and sublimational breakup of ice. In addition, a noninductive charging parameterization and an inductive charging parameterization, as well as a bulk discharging model, are coupled with the spectral bin microphysics scheme. The macroscopic characteristics and the temporal evolution of this thunderstorm are well modeled. The radar reflectivity and flash rate obtained by adding four SIP processes are more consistent with the observations than those without SIP. Among the four SIP processes, the rime splintering has the strongest impact on the storm. The graupel and snow concentrations are enhanced while their sizes are suppressed due to the SIP. The changes in the ice microphysics result in substantial changes in the charge structure. The total charge density changes from an inverted tripole structure to a dipole structure (tripole structure at some locations) after four SIP processes are considered in the model, mainly due to the enhanced collision between graupel and ice. These changes lead to an enhancement of the vertical electric field, especially in the mature stage, which explains the improved modeling of flash rate. The results highlight that cold-season cloud electrification is very sensitive to the SIP processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-24-5989-2024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]],"date-time":"2024-05-24T06:20:03Z","timestamp":1716531603000},"page":"5989-6010","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Impact of ice multiplication on the cloud electrification of a cold-season thunderstorm: a numerical case study"],"prefix":"10.5194","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiye","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianqi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qilin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5307-3751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuting","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yubao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02y0rxk19","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (Nanjing, China)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"corresponding-author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3145","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Altaratz, O., Reisin, T., and Levin, Z.: Simulation of the electrification of winter thunderclouds using the three-dimensional regional atmospheric modeling system (RAMS) model: Single cloud simulations, J.\u00a0Geophys. 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Geophys. Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1983,12,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The contribution of falling precipitation to thunderstorm electrification is examined from an energy standpoint by means of radar measurements of precipitation. The gravitational power associated with falling precipitation is compared with estimates of the thunderstorm electrical output as a test of a causal relationship between these two quantities. The relative importance of the gravitational and electrical forces acting on precipitation particles is investigated by monitoring the stability of particle vertical motions to lightning\u2010associated changes in electric field. 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R. Analysis of the audio\u2010frequency fluctuations in radar storm echoes: A key to the relative velocities of precipitation particlesTech. Rep. 9MIT Weather Radar Research Cambridge Mass. 1949."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49710343606"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1976)033<0103:EFCPBF>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/JC084iC05p02432"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2151\/jmsj1965.49.5_359"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49710745202"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/JC079i018p02699"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/GL009i006p00712"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGE.1979.294644"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/JC087iC09p07141"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"The Physics of Clouds","author":"Mason B. J.","year":"1971"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1979)107<0934:GLFF>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49710042516"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","first-page":"150","volume-title":"The Flight of Thunderbolts","author":"Schonland B. F. J.","year":"1950"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1977)016<0275:ATTVOC>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","unstructured":"Wilson D. A. 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When the hailstones are polarized by nearly vertical electrostatic field these vertically discharged water drops carry away free charge of the same sign as that induced on the upper surfaces. The hail thereby accumulates an equilibrium charge of opposite sign, corresponding to the charges induced on the bottom surfaces. The equilibrium charges are large enough to be important in thunderstorms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.151.3711.686","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,5]],"date-time":"2006-10-05T10:47:55Z","timestamp":1160045275000},"page":"686-687","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Thunderstorm Electrification of Hail and Graupel by Polar Dribble"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"151","author":[{"given":"Ross","family":"Gunn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, American University, Washington, D.C."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","first-page":"1287","volume":"14","year":"1913","unstructured":"ELSTER, J, The electrostatic induction theory of the electricity of condensation, PHYSIKALISCHE ZEITSCHRIFT 14: 1287 (1913).","journal-title":"PHYSIKALISCHE ZEITSCHRIFT"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.150.3697.695"}],"container-title":["Science"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.151.3711.686","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T09:10:36Z","timestamp":1704964236000},"score":22.558147,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.151.3711.686"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1966,2,11]]},"references-count":2,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3711","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1966,2,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.151.3711.686"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.151.3711.686","ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[1966,2,11]]}}],"items-per-page":45,"query":{"start-index":0,"search-terms":null}}}