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Three key processes of corona discharge, fog droplet migration and fog harvesting efficiency are discussed in detail, especially the influence of droplet size, the tip radius of the protrusion, the protrusion\u2013protrusion angle and so on. The numerical simulation results show that the inception voltage of the barbed electrode decreases from 7 kV to 3 kV (a decrease of 57%), and the current increases significantly (e.g. by 68% at 15 kV). At 15 kV, the fog harvesting efficiency of the barbed electrode is higher (29.8%) than that of the smooth wire (25.7%), even with a less-effective collection area. The collection efficiency increases with the droplet size, and there is an optimized ratio (\u223c1\u2030) of the protrusion tip radius and wire radius to gain high collection efficiency. These research results are beneficial for understanding the microscopic mechanism of protrusions that enhance electrostatic fog harvesting, and provide guidance for further fog harvesting equipment improvement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/acdaa6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T18:22:50Z","timestamp":1685643770000},"page":"385201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Numerical simulation of the enhancing effect of micro\u2013nano protrusions on electrostatic fog harvesting"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9372-4926","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Menghan","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4761-5160","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dingchen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3517-4049","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jiawei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kexun","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"dacdaa6bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2018.04.004","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Collection efficiency of fog events","volume":"209","author":"Montecinos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. 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The simulations performed correspond to a transient liquid jet leaving a capillary tube maintained at a high electric potential. The surface profile of the deforming jet is defined using the VOF scheme and the advection of the liquid free surface is performed using Youngs\u2019 algorithm. Surface tension force is treated as a body force acting on the free surface using continuum surface force (CSF) method. To calculate the effect of the electric field on the shape of the free surface, the electrostatic potential is solved first. Next, the surface density of the electric charge and the electric field intensity are computed, and then the electric force is calculated. Liquid is assumed to be a perfect conductor, thus the electric force only acts on the liquid free surface and is treated similar to surface tension using the CSF method. 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Then the electrostatic atomization in spindle mode is simulated and the ability of the developed code to simulate this process is demonstrated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/fedsm-icnmm2010-30734","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,10]],"date-time":"2011-03-10T00:15:04Z","timestamp":1299716104000},"page":"281-288","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Numerical Simulation of Electrostatic Atomization in Spindle Mode"],"prefix":"10.1115","author":[{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Passandideh Fard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Khorasan Razavi, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Reza","family":"Mahpeykar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Khorasan Razavi, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sajad","family":"Pooyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Khorasan Razavi, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mortaza","family":"Rahimzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Khorasan Razavi, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,1]]},"event":{"name":"ASME 2010 8th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels collocated with 3rd Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting","start":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,1]]},"sponsor":["Fluids Engineering Division"],"location":"Montreal, Quebec, Canada","end":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,5]]},"acronym":"ICNMM2010"},"container-title":["ASME 2010 8th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels: Parts A and B"],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/ICNMM\/proceedings-pdf\/doi\/10.1115\/FEDSM-ICNMM2010-30734\/4554382\/281_1.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,4]],"date-time":"2019-09-04T08:11:38Z","timestamp":1567584698000},"score":22.213388,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/ICNMM\/proceedings\/ICNMM2010\/54501\/281\/360799"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,1]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/fedsm-icnmm2010-30734","published":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T00:47:51Z","timestamp":1722905271953},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"AIP","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992]]},"DOI":"10.1063\/1.44837","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,4]],"date-time":"2008-06-04T16:43:13Z","timestamp":1212597793000},"page":"754-761","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Numerical simulation of secondary particles in electrostatic accelerator"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"287","author":[{"given":"A. 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However, there are few studies that comprehensively consider the nonlinear dynamic behavior characteristics of MEMS systems and devices in a coupled field so that the related simulation accuracy is low and cannot meet the needs of design applications. In this paper, to avoid the computational complexity and the uncertainty of the results of three-field direct coupling and take into the damping nonlinearity caused by coupled fields, a novel electrostatic-fluid-structure three-field indirect coupling method is proposed. Taking an actual microcomb resonant electric field sensor as an example, an electrostatic-fluid-structure multiphysics coupling 3D finite element simulation model is established. After considering the influence of nonlinear damping concerning the large displacement of the structure and the microscale effect, multifield coupling dynamics research is carried out using COMSOL software. The multiorder eigenmodes, resonant frequency, vibration amplitude, and the distribution of fluid load of the microresonator are calculated and analyzed. The simulated data of resonance frequency and displacement amplitude are compared with the measured data. The results show that the fluid load distribution of the microelectrostatic comb resonator along the thickness direction is high in the middle and low on both sides. The viscous damping of the sensor under atmospheric pressure is mainly composed of the incompressible flow damping of the comb teeth, which is an order of magnitude larger than those of other parts. Compared with the measured data, it can be concluded that the amplitude and resonance frequency of the microresonator considering the nonlinear damping force and residual thermal stress are close to the experimental values (amplitude error: 15.47%, resonance frequency error: 12.48%). This article provides a reference for studies on the dynamic characteristics of electrostatically driven MEMS devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22031056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,30]],"date-time":"2022-01-30T00:12:56Z","timestamp":1643501576000},"page":"1056","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Electrostatic-Fluid-Structure 3D Numerical Simulation of a MEMS Electrostatic Comb Resonator"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2705-6595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhanqing","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Lab of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3961-6879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiping","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Lab of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya","family":"Mou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Lab of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fade","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1109\/JMEMS.2003.818066","article-title":"Electrostatic charge and field sensors based on micromechanical resonators","volume":"12","author":"Riehl","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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Available online: http:\/\/cn.comsol.com\/."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/3\/1056\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:10:55Z","timestamp":1760134255000},"score":22.152256,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/3\/1056"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s22031056"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22031056","ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T12:38:15Z","timestamp":1730205495443,"version":"3.28.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"IEEE","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"DOI":"10.1109\/ceidp.2004.1364200","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,23]],"date-time":"2004-12-23T09:34:02Z","timestamp":1103794442000},"page":"106-109","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Numerical simulation and optimization of electrostatic air pumps"],"prefix":"10.1109","author":[{"given":"N.E.","family":"Jewell-Larsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D.A.","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I.A.","family":"Krichtafovitch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.V.","family":"Mamishev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1777003"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"143","article-title":"Movement of Air in the Electronic Wind of Corona Discharge","volume":"80","author":"robinson","year":"1961","journal-title":"AIEE Transactions"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"347","article-title":"electrostatic precipitators","volume":"135","author":"mclean","year":"1988","journal-title":"Science Measurement and Technology IEE Proceedings A"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3886(97)00069-7"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"Numerical Simulation of Micro-Scale Ion Driven Air Flow","author":"schilitz","year":"2003","journal-title":"ASME IMECE"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/28.753633"},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"Corona Driven Air Propulsion for Cooling of Electronics","author":"yang","year":"2003","journal-title":"International Symposium on High voltage engineering"},{"article-title":"Corona-driven air propulsion for cooling of microelectronics","year":"2002","author":"yang","key":"ref5"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"Extinction of Pool Flames by Means of a DC Electric Field","author":"sher","year":"1994","journal-title":"Combustion and Flame"},{"journal-title":"Dielectric Phenomena in High Voltage Engineering","year":"1929","author":"peek","key":"ref7"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-4311(02)00082-0"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IAS.1995.530476"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"46","volume":"1709","author":"hauksbee","year":"0","journal-title":"Physico-Mechanical Experiments on Various Subjects"}],"event":{"name":"The 17th Annual Meeting of the IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society, 2004. 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Fog droplets are relatively small (5 &amp;lt; r &amp;lt; 50 &amp;amp;#181;m) hence the surface-to-volume ratio is large. Through the larger overall surface the absorption of inorganic and organic gases from different sources may be enhanced. Depending on the stability of fog, the chemical processes may have more time to take place in fog droplets. Also, ground based sources of solid aerosol particles and gases may be in direct connection with fog.&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Inorganic and organic components may change the pH of fog droplets and significant amount of sulphate ion can be formed due to the oxidation (e.g. by hydrogen-peroxide and ozone) of dissolved sulphur-dioxide. At the same time there are some organic components, e.g. formaldehyde, which also react with the dissolved sulphur-dioxide but produces hydroxymethanesulfonic acid (HMSA), thus decreases the possibility of producing sulphate ion through oxidation. These competitive processes are important in understanding the formation of sulphate ion in solution. In addition, the liquid phase concentration of compounds and also the sulphate ion formation strongly depends on the size of the droplets. Physical and chemical processes in fog may have an impact on both the size distribution and solubility of solid aerosol particles.&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;amp;#160;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Numerical model&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;A box model with detailed microphysics and chemistry scheme with moving bin boundaries was used to simulate the following processes in fog:&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;(i) Formation of drops on hygroscopic aerosol particles (ammonium-sulphate). Fog is formed due to cooling rate -0.0001 K\/s.&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;(ii) Condensational growth of drops.&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;(iii) Scavenging of aerosol particles by water drops due to Brownian motion and phoretic forces.&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;(iv) Absorption and desorption of inorganic (CO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;\/sub&amp;gt;, H&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;\/sub&amp;gt;O&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;\/sub&amp;gt;, O&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;\/sub&amp;gt;, NH&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;\/sub&amp;gt;, SO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;\/sub&amp;gt;) and organic (HCHO, HCOOH, CH&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;\/sub&amp;gt;COOH) gases, dissociation, change of pH, sulphate formation (oxidation of S(IV) by hydrogen-peroxide and by ozone and reaction of formaldehyde with S(IV)).&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;\/ul&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;amp;#160;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Results&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Significant amount of HMSA formed in drops due to the reaction of S(IV) with formaldehyde. Taking into account this reaction, the amount of S(VI) formed is decreased compared to the case when no formaldehyde was present. Formation of HMSA modifies the solubility of the solid aerosol residue after evaporation of drops.&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n        <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/egusphere-egu2020-17815","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]],"date-time":"2020-03-10T01:46:09Z","timestamp":1583804769000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Numerical simulation of chemical reactions occurring in fog droplets"],"prefix":"10.5194","author":[{"given":"Gabriella","family":"Schmeller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Istv\u00e1n","family":"Geresdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3145","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,23]],"date-time":"2020-03-23T19:22:34Z","timestamp":1584991354000},"score":22.137764,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/meetingorganizer.copernicus.org\/EGU2020\/EGU2020-17815.html"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,23]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/egusphere-egu2020-17815","published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,23]]},"subtype":"other"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T04:40:55Z","timestamp":1693543255341},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Comp. 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However, transfers within the spray mixture are difficult to express because the combined mass and heat are transferred between phases, which complicates the design of the spray systems. This article presents a numerical study of the influence of water volume fraction on the distribution of the temperature in a canal. A 2D numerical model of a horizontal channel was generated and the equations governing the continuous phases (air) and the dispersed phase (water) were developed. These equations were solved using Comsol multiphysics. 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