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This study uses Eulerian\u2013Lagrangian simulations to examine the effects of fog-mesh wire diameter (df 0.2\u20131.0\u2009mm), shade coefficient (SC\u2009=\u20090.3\u20130.7), and freestream velocity (2\u20135\u2009m s\u22121) on the capture of droplets with diameters from 2 to 40\u2009\u03bcm. To interpret the results in a transferable form, droplet behavior is organized by Stokes number into three regimes: regime 1 (low-St and streamline-following droplets with weak capture), regime 2 (intermediate-St droplets that are highly sensitive to mesh geometry and aerodynamics), and regime 3 (high-St droplets dominated by inertial impaction). Large droplets show the highest instantaneous capture across most cases, whereas intermediate droplets govern the sensitivity to SC, df, and U. Fine and intermediate wires (df\u2009=\u20090.2\u20130.6\u2009mm) with SC close to 0.6 provide the best balance between geometric interception and aerodynamic permeability. Increasing velocity enhances impaction until wake formation and flow diversion limit additional gain. The results are interpreted using a nondimensional framework, based on the droplet Stokes number, mesh-fiber Reynolds number, pressure-drop coefficient, and shade coefficient. The reported fog-capture efficiency (\u03b7cap) values should be interpreted as the dry-mesh capture efficiencies (instantaneous capture at the onset of fogging, or under lean fog loading) since the current study excludes the dynamic impact of prolonged wetting, liquid deposition and growth on the fibers, mesh pore-clogging, and droplet re-entrainment effects. Notwithstanding, the current analysis effectively identifies a desirable design window corresponding to intermediate Stokes numbers, moderate-to-high aerodynamic permeability, and SC\u2009=\u20090.6.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4072540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T13:14:11Z","timestamp":1786540451000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimizing Fog Collector Performance Through Fog Droplet-Size Distribution"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"148","author":[{"given":"Pradyumna","family":"Das","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05pjsgx75","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"IIT Kanpur Department of Sustainable Energy Engineering, , Kanpur 208016 ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ranjan","family":"Ganguly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Power Engineering, Jadavpur University , Kolkata 700098 ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8128-5903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashoke","family":"De","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05pjsgx75","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"IIT Kanpur Department of Aerospace Engineering, , Kanpur 208016 ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090304194697400_bib1","unstructured":"WHO, 2020, Drinking-Water, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, accessed Aug. 20, 2026, https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/drinking-water"},{"key":"2026090304194697400_bib2","first-page":"118581","article-title":"A New Eulerian\u2013Eulerian\u2013Lagrangian Solver in OpenFOAM Integrating Population Balance Model for Dense Multiphase Flows","volume":"276","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. 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Based on the observation data of fog droplet spectrum monitor, visibility sensor, environmental particle monitoring equipment and meteorological automatic station, the characteristics of fog droplet size distribution and the interaction between the fog droplets and fine particles during dense fog events were analyzed. The results show following characteristics: (1) The average concentration of fog droplets (Na), the average liquid water content (La) and the maximum liquid water content (Lmax) in the strong dense fog process are larger than those in the dense fog. The average spectrum of fog droplet size distribution conforms to Junge distribution, and they are all broad-spectrum fog with a spectrum width of about 45 \u03bcm. The average spectrum is similar to the dense fog of heavily industrialized inland in the world. (2) The maximum of fog droplet diameter during the formation stage have a good indication for the outbreak of strong dense fog. (3) The mass concentration of PM2.5 (CPM2.5) is ranged from 121\u2013375 \u03bcg\/m3, and the interaction between fog droplets and fine particles is analyzed. During the formation, development and maturity stages, fog process can scavenge atmospheric fine particles, and the scavenging efficiency of PM2.5 is more remarkable than PM10. When CPM2.5 does not exceed 350 \u03bcg\/m3, the increase in the concentration of fine particles is conducive to the rapid growth of fog droplets and the sharp drop of visibility. However, when CPM2.5 exceeds the critical value, the increase has a negative feedback effect on the development of the fog process. More investigations and cases are necessary to fully assess the mechanisms related to the dense fog events in Tianjin area and further analysis will be done.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11030258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,6]],"date-time":"2020-03-06T07:33:46Z","timestamp":1583480026000},"page":"258","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Fog Droplet Size Distribution and the Interaction between Fog Droplets and Fine Particles during Dense Fog in Tianjin, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Qing","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Weather Modification Office, Tianjin 300074, China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key laboratory of Marine Meteorology, Tianjin 300074, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Cloud Physics of China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingui","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key laboratory of Marine Meteorology, Tianjin 300074, China"},{"name":"Tianjin Meteorology Bureau, Tianjin 300074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaoyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Weather Modification Office, Tianjin 300074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianyi","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key laboratory of Marine Meteorology, Tianjin 300074, China"},{"name":"Tianjin Meteorology Bureau, Tianjin 300074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kulkarni, R., Jenamani, R.K., Pithani, P., Konwar, M., Nigam, N., and Ghude, S.D. 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Universit\u00e4t Bayreuth, 165 pp. https:\/\/epub.uni-bayreuth.de\/950\/ (Accessed May 14, 2019)."}],"container-title":["Journal of Hydrology"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022169420313950?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022169420313950?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T20:39:11Z","timestamp":1762202351000},"score":26.830366,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022169420313950"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"references-count":25,"alternative-id":["S0022169420313950"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2020.125934","ISSN":["0022-1694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1694","type":"print"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Covariation of droplet size distribution and air humidity in fog: A methodological approach","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Hydrology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2020.125934","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"125934"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T22:15:59Z","timestamp":1791497759117,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]],"date-time":"2022-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Atmos. Chem. Phys."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The evolution of the droplet size distribution (DSD) during the fog life cycle remains poorly understood and progress is required to reduce the uncertainty of fog forecasts. To gain insights into the physical processes driving the microphysical properties, intensive field campaigns were conducted during the winters of 2010\u20132013 at the Instrumented Site for Atmospheric Remote Sensing Research (SIRTA) in a semi-urban environment southwest of Paris city center to monitor the simultaneous variations in droplet microphysical properties and their potential interactions at the different evolutionary stages of the fog events. Liquid water content (LWC), fog droplet number concentration (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>d<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and effective diameter (\n                    <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>eff<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) show large variations among the 42 fog events observed during the campaign and for individual events. Our findings indicate that the variability of these parameters results from the interaction between microphysical, dynamical and radiative processes. During the formation and development phases, activation of aerosols into fog droplets and condensational growth were the dominant processes. When vertical development of radiation fog occurred under the influence of increasing wind speed and subsequent turbulent motion, additional condensational growth of fog droplets was observed. The DSDs with single mode (around 11\u2009\u00b5m) and double mode (around 11 and 22\u2009\u00b5m) were observed during the field campaign. During the development phase of fog with two droplet size modes, a mass transfer occurred from the smaller droplets into the larger ones through collision\u2013coalescence or Ostwald ripening processes. During the mature phase, evaporation due to surface warming induced by infrared radiation emitted by fog was the dominant process. Additional droplet removal through sedimentation is observed during this phase for fog with two droplet size modes. Because of differences in the physical processes involved, the relationship between LWC and\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>d<\/jats:sub>\n                    is largely driven by the DSD. Although a positive relationship is found in most of the events due to continuous activation of aerosol into fog droplets, LWC varies at a constant\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>d<\/jats:sub>\n                    in fog with large\n                    <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>eff<\/jats:sub>\n                    (&gt;17\u2009\u00b5m) due to additional collision\u2013coalescence and Ostwald ripening processes. This work illustrates the need to accurately estimate the supersaturation for simulating the continuous activation of aerosols into droplets during the fog life cycle and to include advanced parameterizations of relevant microphysical processes such as collision\u2013coalescence and Ostwald ripening processes, among others, in numerical models.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-22-11305-2022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]],"date-time":"2022-09-02T07:26:52Z","timestamp":1662103612000},"page":"11305-11321","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Experimental study on the evolution of droplet size distribution during the fog life cycle"],"prefix":"10.5194","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2604-0292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie","family":"Mazoyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"corresponding-author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Burnet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cyrielle","family":"Denjean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3145","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baker, M., Corbin, R., and Latham, J.: The influence of entrainment on the evolution of cloud droplet spectra: I. 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The climatic impact of maritime stratocumulus clouds depends on the evolution of their droplet size distribution (DSD), yet the mechanisms controlling its variability during evaporation remain poorly constrained. Using large-eddy simulations coupled with a Lagrangian cloud model, we demonstrate that the evolution of the DSD exhibits two primary regimes: an adiabatic growth regime and an entrainment\u2013descent regime. Within the latter, DSD evolution follows divergent pathways determined by the droplet's history: direct mixing of entrained air near the cloud top causes rapid broadening, whereas large-scale boundary-layer descent leads to gradual evaporation. Our Lagrangian analysis of the Damk\u00f6hler number reveals that the commonly observed vertical transition from inhomogeneous to homogeneous mixing signatures does not necessarily reflect a change in the mixing mechanism. 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Chem. Phys."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The climatic impact of maritime stratocumulus clouds depends on the evolution of their droplet size distribution (DSD), yet the mechanisms controlling their variability during evaporation remain poorly constrained. Using large-eddy simulations coupled with a Lagrangian cloud model, we demonstrate that the DSD evolution follows two primary regimes: adiabatic growth and entrainment\u2013descent. Within the latter, DSD evolution follows divergent pathways determined by the parcel's entrainment history: strong entrainment-driven dilution near the cloud top causes rapid broadening, whereas large-scale boundary-layer descent leads to gradual evaporation. Our Lagrangian analysis of the Damk\u00f6hler number reveals that the commonly observed vertical transition from inhomogeneous to homogeneous mixing signatures does not necessarily reflect a change in the local mixing mechanism. Instead, it results from the vertical sorting of parcels with divergent histories. Parcels subject to strong entrainment retain inhomogeneous signatures throughout their descent, while those experiencing minimal dilution exhibit homogeneous-like characteristics regardless of altitude. This distinction helps resolve ambiguities in interpreting in situ observations where mixing history is often unknown. Finally, we propose a combined analytical\u2013empirical formulation that captures the relative dispersion during both growth and evaporation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-26-5427-2026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T06:28:26Z","timestamp":1776839306000},"page":"5427-5446","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Aging of droplet size distribution in stratocumulus clouds: regimes of droplet size distribution evolution"],"prefix":"10.5194","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2861-0009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jung-Sub","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05591te55","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen (Munich, Germany)"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03f4jbs89","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (Boulder, United States of America)"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ttsq026","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Colorado Boulder (Boulder, United States of America)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"corresponding-author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5136-0653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabian","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/046ak2485","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin (Berlin, Germany)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"corresponding-author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3145","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ackerman,\u00a0A.\u00a0S., van Zanten, M. 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Nomarski interference contrast, used as a method of microscopic examination of the samples revealed large numbers of small droplets which were not visible under phase contrast. In about one third of the fogs studied these droplets, smaller than 2 \u03bcm diameter, made a large contribution to the optical extinction coefficient. The use of interference contrast for assessment of samples has resulted in some reduction of the large deficit, frequently found by previous workers, in the extinction coefficient calculated from the droplet size distribution, as compared with that measured optically. The remaining discrepancy, however, is significant and sometimes exceeds a factor of two.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The small droplets are probably the result of condensation of water on hygroscopic nuclei whose critical supersaturation has not been exceeded. Their implications regarding the rate of clearance of fog are considered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49709741408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,2]],"date-time":"2007-02-02T23:56:44Z","timestamp":1170460604000},"page":"483-494","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Some fog droplet size distributions obtained by an impaction method"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"J. 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The constant <jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic> increases with the liquid water content of the cloud. It is not clear what governs the value of the constant <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> but a reasonable mean value is about 3.3.<\/jats:p><jats:p>It is shown that, if the drop\u2010size distribution can be described by the equation quoted above the median volume diameter is the most suitable parameter for describing the average size of the cloud particles when the value of <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> is not known.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49707733307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,2]],"date-time":"2007-02-02T23:55:45Z","timestamp":1170460545000},"page":"418-426","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Drop\u2010size distribution in cloud and fog"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"A. 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No. 109."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"Lewis W.andHoecker W. H.1949N.A.C.A. Tech. Notes No. 1904 Washington."}],"container-title":["Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fqj.49707733307","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/qj.49707733307","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]],"date-time":"2023-10-19T07:45:18Z","timestamp":1697701518000},"score":23.885172,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/qj.49707733307"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1951,7]]},"references-count":8,"journal-issue":{"issue":"333","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1951,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/qj.49707733307"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/qj.49707733307","archive":["Portico"],"ISSN":["0035-9009","1477-870X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0035-9009","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-870X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[1951,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1951-02-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2006-12-13","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T12:54:38Z","timestamp":1747227278051,"version":"3.40.5"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,23]]},"group-title":"oral","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n        &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;CCN number concentration (N&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;CCN&amp;lt;\/sub&amp;gt;), particle size-resolved activation ratio at supersaturation (SS) of 0.10% and particle number size distribution (PNSD) in dry state of both ambient PM1 and PM10 particles were measured in the North China Plain in November in 2018. Two fog events were observed during nighttime of 12nd and 13rd Nov. During fog events, the dry particle concentrations sampled from the PM10 inlet were much higher than those from PM1 inlet for particles (particle size bins) with diameter larger than ~200 nm. Additional sub-micron particles sampled by PM10 inlet but not been sampled by PM1 inlet indicates that these particles have grown into droplets with diameter larger than 1um. The growth of particle size by over 5 times can be resulted from not only the activation to form fog droplets but also the hygroscopic growth at RH higher than 99%. There was no significant decrease of particle number concentration larger than ~200 nm during fog periods compared with those beyond the fog periods, suggesting that the fog droplets may be generally smaller than 10um and can be sampled by PM10 inlet. The size-resolved activation ratio curve showed that the critical diameter was about 160-180nm and there was significant difference (&amp;gt;50%) of N&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;CCN&amp;lt;\/sub&amp;gt; at SS of 0.1% between PM1 and PM10, mainly due to the difference of PNSD between PM1 and PM10 in fogs. The measured PNSD and CCN-activity might be applied on the analysis of the relationship between fog droplets and the corresponding ambient supersaturations.&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n        <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/egusphere-egu2020-8156","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,9]],"date-time":"2020-03-09T19:40:09Z","timestamp":1583782809000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Particle number size distribution measurements of PM1 and PM10 in fogs and implications on fog droplet evolutions"],"prefix":"10.5194","author":[{"given":"Jiangchuan","family":"Tao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4813-9784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ye","family":"Kuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4889-1669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hang","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4912-9879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yafang","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3145","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,23]],"date-time":"2020-03-23T17:57:57Z","timestamp":1584986277000},"score":23.706507,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/meetingorganizer.copernicus.org\/EGU2020\/EGU2020-8156.html"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,23]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/egusphere-egu2020-8156","published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,23]]},"subtype":"other"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T19:33:07Z","timestamp":1740166387517,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,7]],"date-time":"2014-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1399420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trans. Emerging Tel. Tech."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>It is demonstrated that optical attenuations recorded at 1\u2010min time interval in foggy environments can be modeled using two parameters of exponential distribution (hereafter EDSD) that are retrieved by standard iterative procedure. To compute two parameters of the exponential distribution, two experimental measurements are required (e.g. the measurement of liquid water content and the optical attenuations at visible wavelength) that are treated as two linear equations. A performance analysis suggests that the newly computed EDSD parameters having average values of \u039b\u2009=\u20095.9815, <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20096.0586 are well correlated with the infrared light extinction coefficients and show somewhat better agreement with the calculated attenuations. Copyright \u00a9 2014 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.2832","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,7]],"date-time":"2014-05-07T20:59:11Z","timestamp":1399496351000},"page":"618-628","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Modeling of fog droplet size distributions from infrared light attenuation measurements"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5227-2719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.S.","family":"Awan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pakistan Institute of Laser and Optics (PILO)  Rawalpindi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erich","family":"Leitgeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microwave and Photonic Engineering Graz University of Technology  Inffeldgasse 12, A\u20108010 Graz Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-28677-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JON.4.000300"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470612095"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.003379"},{"issue":"15","key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Models of aerosols, clouds, and precipitation for atmospheric propagation studies","volume":"454","author":"Shettle EP","year":"1989","journal-title":"AGARD Conference Proceedings"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","first-page":"213","article-title":"A study of fog characteristics using free\u2010space optical wireless links (invited paper)","volume":"19","author":"Awan MS","year":"2010","journal-title":"Radio Engineering Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.15.002906"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1948)005<0165:TDORWS>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1983)022<1764:NVITAF>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.11.001836"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/1998RS900045"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","first-page":"228","article-title":"PDF estimation and liquid water content based attenuation modeling for fog in terrestrial FSO links","volume":"19","author":"Muhammad SS","year":"2012","journal-title":"Radioengineering"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","unstructured":"Csurgai\u2010HorwathL BitoJ.Fog attenuation on V band terrestrial radio and a low\u2010cost measurement setup.Future Network and MobileSummit 2010 Florence \u2010 Italy 2010; 1\u20139."}],"container-title":["Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fett.2832","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ett.2832","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T05:26:24Z","timestamp":1694496384000},"score":23.499924,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ett.2832"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,7]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ett.2832"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ett.2832","archive":["Portico"],"ISSN":["2161-3915","2161-3915"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2161-3915"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2161-3915"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,7]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T04:33:14Z","timestamp":1790829194950,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]],"date-time":"2022-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649203200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017562","name":"International Fine Particle Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017562","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Fluid Mech."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The rim and bag dynamics in aerodynamic droplet breakup are investigated experimentally and theoretically. Three main modes contribute to the breakup sizes in aerodynamic droplet breakup: the rim node, the remaining rim and the bag breakup modes. However, existing models only consider one mode and are, therefore, unable to predict the size distribution. The present theoretical work seeks to model the dominant breakup mechanisms of each mode and to relate these mechanisms to the size distribution. It is shown that the nodes can be modelled using either the Rayleigh\u2013Taylor or Rayleigh\u2013Plateau instabilities with comparable results and that the variation in the node sizes results from the variation in the amount of mass in the rim that flows into the node prior to the rim breakup. The breakup of the rim is shown to be a result of a combination of the Rayleigh\u2013Plateau instability and a newly proposed collision mechanism, wherein the impact of the corrugated receding rim of the bag with the main rim forces the main rim to break with the same wavelength as the receding rim. The resulting size distribution of the droplet breakup is estimated assuming that the relative weighting of the breakup mechanisms for each mode follows a two-parameter gamma distribution. The volume of each geometry is used to estimate the volume weighting of the modes, giving a reasonable prediction of the size distribution resulting from aerodynamic droplet breakup.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/jfm.2022.249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]],"date-time":"2022-04-06T11:29:39Z","timestamp":1649244579000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Prediction of the droplet size distribution in aerodynamic droplet breakup"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"940","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8552-1723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isaac M.","family":"Jackiw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5661-4453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nasser","family":"Ashgriz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"S002211202200249X_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.2514\/3.5087","article-title":"Aerodynamic shattering of liquid drops","volume":"7","author":"Ranger","year":"1969","journal-title":"AIAA J."},{"key":"S002211202200249X_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-fluid-060220-113712"},{"key":"S002211202200249X_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-7264-4"},{"key":"S002211202200249X_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1370389"},{"key":"S002211202200249X_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/jfm.2011.418"},{"key":"S002211202200249X_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1777234"},{"key":"S002211202200249X_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00348-008-0593-2"},{"key":"S002211202200249X_ref37","article-title":"On the instability of jets","volume":"36","author":"Rayleigh","year":"1878","journal-title":"Phil. 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Despite being extensively studied in recent works, inconsistencies existed in previous size distribution models as the droplet growth and removal mechanisms were often not properly described. Here, we developed a theoretical framework where the contact and the coalescence of droplets were identified as the dominant mechanisms for instantaneous size distribution change. We found a critical droplet diameter comparable to the average nucleation site distance, beyond which the droplet population decreased rapidly. This result is analogous to the well-known Fermi-Dirac distribution due to the underlying exclusive principle. We also showed the effect of the contact angle, that is, larger droplets become more probable as surface hydrophobicity increases. The coalescence count distribution given by the current theory agrees well with experimental data. 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It is deduced from previous experimental results that the distribution is broad. Furthermore, the small fraction of the distribution, depending on the nonideality of the cosurfactant\u2013monomer system, may not be stable. This may lead to a rearrangement of the distribution leading to a bimodal distribution. The stability criterion is based on the phenomenon of molecular diffusion or Ostwald ripening. Experimental proof in support of the conclusion regarding the bimodal distribution is cited. The practical significance of the conclusion for making emulsion polymers with high solid contents is given. \u00a9 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 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