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These could easily be linked to rapid increase in aerosol number concentration (ANC) peculiar to polluted urban environments. It is therefore pertinent to study ANC and visibility alongside the meteorological parameters in order to investigate the relationships which may possibly exist between these parameters especially during foggy conditions. This study based on field measurements of ANC for aerosol spectrum varying from 0.3\u2009<jats:italic>\u00b5<\/jats:italic>m to 20\u2009<jats:italic>\u00b5<\/jats:italic>m attempts to investigates whether a threshold ANC could be associated with a given visibility range during low visibility conditions including dense fog episodes. Thus, the present work explores relationship between ANC size spectrum and visibility (100\u2009m\u20134500\u2009m) in a polluted urban environment in India with specific reference to episodes of dense fog during winter period. The study depicts a threshold minimum value of ANC during foggy conditions. A power relationship between ANC and visibility is obtained. Further, aerosol number distribution and size distribution function are also studied and empirical relation is compared with previous studies. 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Incorporating these aerosol-driven processes into Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models, such as the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, has proven essential for accurately simulating fog development, sustainment, and dissipation.India's current operational fog forecasting systems, particularly for urban regions, often lack detailed aerosol representation. The present study integrates water-friendly and carbonaceous aerosols using climatological data (2001&amp;#8211;2007) within the Thompson-Eidhammer Aerosol-Aware Microphysics scheme in the WRF model to enhance fog forecasting for Delhi. The system incorporates improved CCN activation to capture the vertical development of fog.To evaluate model performance, a 10-day winter spell during the 2024&amp;#8211;25 season was selected, including hazy conditions and dense fog events. The selected period featured two hazy days with surface visibility oscillating around 1000 meters and seven fog episodes, including four dense radiation fog events and three cloud base-lowering fog occurrences. Model validation of key meteorological variables such as 2 m temperature (T2), relative humidity (RH2), and radiative fluxes (shortwave and longwave) shows strong agreement with ground-based measurements from the Winter Fog Experiment (WiFEX) at Indira Gandhi International Airport (IGI), Delhi.Additionally, the study introduces the development of the visibility parameterization based on aerosol extinction coefficients and cloud water mixing ratios. This diagnostic approach in the WRF model effectively captures visibility degradation due to hygroscopic aerosols under hazy conditions and during the initial phases of fog formation. 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The Cold Fog Amongst Complex Terrain (CFACT) project, which was designed to investigate the life cycle of cold fog in the Heber Valley, Utah. The field campaign was conducted from 7 January to 23 February 2022 and was supported with observations and resources from the NSF Lower Atmospheric Observing Facilities (LAOF), managed by NCAR&amp;#8217;s Earth Observing Laboratory (EOL), as well as the University of Utah and Ontario Technical University. Heber Valley is surrounded by canyons, mountains and irregular topography where the Provo River streams along the valley floor from Jordanelle Reservoir at the north to Deer Creek (DC) Reservoir at the southeastern end at 1652 m above sea level (ASL). The highest peaks surrounding the valley are at about 3500 m (ASL) to the west and southwest of the project area.The DC supersite had extensive ice and droplet microphysical as well as precipitation measurements obtained using a ground-based Gondola (composed of a Droplet Measurement Technologies (DMT) Cloud Droplet Probe - CDP and Back-scatter Cloud Probe - BCP), a DMT Fog Monitor (FM120), a Mesaphotonics Cloud Droplet Measurement System (CDMS), a DMT Ground-based Cloud Imaging Probe (GCIP), a Vaisala Present Weather Detector (PWD52), and an OTT Parsivel. During the project, aerosol measurements were performed using a GRIMM Aerosol Spectrometer, a T.S.I. Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS), and a DMT Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) counter, as well as filter samplers. These instruments covered a size range from 8 nm up to cm size range representing aerosols, fog particles, and precipitation. Measurements from a Halo Photonics doppler wind lidar, a Vaisala CL61 ceilometer, a tethered balloon system (TBS), and a 32-m turbulence tower were used to characterize vertical profiles of fog microphysics and aerosols, as well as the dynamic and thermodynamic structure. Eleven significant weather events occurred during the 47 days of the CFACT campaign that included snowfall, freezing fog, ice fog (IF), and light ice crystal precipitation when Vis<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/egusphere-egu24-22265","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]],"date-time":"2024-03-11T14:48:41Z","timestamp":1710168521000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mountain Ice Fog and Visibility during CFACT"],"prefix":"10.5194","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8433-5953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"ismail","family":"gultepe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4461-1789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"zhaoxia","family":"Pu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Pardyjak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"sebastian","family":"Hoch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexei","family":"Perelet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Agelin-Chaab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3145","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T12:50:37Z","timestamp":1737377437000},"score":21.163223,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/meetingorganizer.copernicus.org\/EGU24\/EGU24-22265.html"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/egusphere-egu24-22265","published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]]},"subtype":"other"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,2]],"date-time":"2022-04-02T11:55:39Z","timestamp":1648900539723},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":["arc.aiaa.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Aircraft"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1982,9]]},"DOI":"10.2514\/3.61553","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,6]],"date-time":"2008-06-06T22:52:46Z","timestamp":1212792766000},"page":"757-764","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2514\/aiaa_crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Low-Visibility Visual Simulation with Real Fog"],"prefix":"10.2514","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Wendell D.","family":"Chase","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1387","reference":[{"key":"p_1","volume-title":"NTSB-ARC-78-2","year":"1977"},{"key":"p_2","unstructured":"2\"Flightcrew Coordination Procedures in Air Carrier Instrume Landing Approach Accidents,\" NTSB-AAS-76-5."},{"key":"p_3","volume-title":"Sept. 22, 1980."},{"key":"p_4","volume-title":"A Review of Pilot Performance as Related to Visibility Duri Adverse Weather","year":"1976"},{"key":"p_5","unstructured":"5Haines, R.J. \"Effects of Various Runway Lighting Parameters Upon the Relation Between Runway Visual Range and Visual Range of Centerline and Edge Lights in Fog,\" Department of Transportation Rept. 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It is commonly assumed that children find arithmetic difficult because of an inadequate background of experience for the topic presented, or because they are relatively immature, or because they have insufficient native ability. Each of these reasons is doubtless a valid one in many cases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5951\/at.5.4.0172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,21]],"date-time":"2020-10-21T17:25:43Z","timestamp":1603301143000},"page":"172-177","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Low Visibility, or, Ideas in a Fog"],"prefix":"10.5951","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"R. 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For visibility predictions in operational NWP models, hydrometeors are often considered to be the dominant factor in the total extinction, whereas aerosol effects are usually simplified or omitted in models developed for relatively clean regions. In China, also many NWP studies related to visibility forecasting during haze-fog processes have been conducted, primarily focusing on severely polluted periods before 2018. These studies often employed visibility parameterizations that considered either aerosol extinction alone or hydrometeor extinction alone. Therefore, the significance of incorporating both aerosol and hydrometeor extinction into visibility forecasting during haze-fog processes remains uncertain, particularly under recent rapid changes in aerosol concentration, composition, and hygroscopicity in China.In this study, we first use the 3-D meteorology fields from the Shanghai Meteorological Service WRF-ADAS Real-Time Modeling System (WARMS) to drive the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. In this version, CMAQ is used in an off-line mode and visibility is diagnosed by combining extinctions due to hydrometeors and aerosols. Satellited derived NOx emissions using the Daily Emissions Constrained by Satellite Observations (DECSO) algorithm have been incorporated to give more up-to-date emissions. We analyze the results of a one-month forecasting period during the winter of 2021-2022 to assess the model's performance and understand the impact of hydrometeor and aerosol extinction on operational visibility forecasting. We find that for the city of Shanghai, aerosol extinction has a minor impact on the model&amp;#8217;s performance when forecasting visibility below 1 km but becomes crucial for predictions spanning 1-10 km. Comparison against observations shows that the model well captures the general contributions from various chemical constituents with nitrate as the most important factor in aerosol extinction (~60%). Furthermore, our assessment of the North China Plain (NCP) highlights that in highly polluted areas aerosols could be significant for visibility below 1 km. Finally, we conduct case studies with the fully coupled WRF-Chem model and compare results with the offline WARMS-CMAQ system. Aerosol effects on fog and visibility forecasting due to feedbacks between aerosols, radiation, and cloud physics will be discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/egusphere-egu24-3686","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]],"date-time":"2024-03-08T13:34:41Z","timestamp":1709904881000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Improving Visibility Forecasting during Haze-fog Processes in Shanghai and Eastern China: the Significance of Aerosol and Hydrometeor"],"prefix":"10.5194","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanqing","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baode","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0077-5338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronald","family":"van der A","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1263-2876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jieying","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongli","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3145","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T10:28:24Z","timestamp":1737368904000},"score":20.62339,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/meetingorganizer.copernicus.org\/EGU24\/EGU24-3686.html"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/egusphere-egu24-3686","published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]]},"subtype":"other"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T16:59:31Z","timestamp":1772816371730,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1979,2]]},"DOI":"10.1080\/00022470.1979.10470773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,4]],"date-time":"2012-04-04T15:24:17Z","timestamp":1333553057000},"page":"154-157","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Relationship between Sulfate Aerosol and Visibility"],"prefix":"10.1080","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Brian P.","family":"Leaderer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Theodore R.","family":"Holford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan A. 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Firstly, a multi-element visibility algorithm is established based on air temperature, dew point temperature and relative humidity. Then a visibility fusion method is developed. Verifications show that the calculation accuracy of multi-element visibility algorithm gains an advantage over a single relative humidity method, and the visibility fusion algorithm can describe the regional distribution of fog event. visibility fusion algorithm can overcome the limitation of single visibility algorithm and improves the prediction accuracy of fog.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.15406\/ijh.2022.06.00312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]],"date-time":"2022-06-22T06:17:42Z","timestamp":1655878662000},"page":"127-129","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Application of visibility new algorithms on fog event"],"prefix":"10.15406","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Wang","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhao","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liu","family":"Zhi-jie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qu","family":"Ping","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"6139","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1968)025<0912:VMUBL>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Visibility measurement using backscattered light","volume":"25","author":"Vogt","year":"1968","unstructured":"Vogt H. Visibility measurement using backscattered light. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 1968;25(5):912-918.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zdunkowski WG, Nielsen BC. A preliminary prediction analysis of radiation fog. Pure&Applied Geophysics. 1969;75(1):278-299.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00875062"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1978)035<2020:VSIAFA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Vertical structure in atmospheric fog and haze and its effects on visible and infrared extinction","volume":"35","author":"Pinnick","year":"1978","unstructured":"Pinnick RG, Hoihjelle DL, Fernandez G, et a1. Vertical structure in atmospheric fog and haze and its effects on visible and infrared extinction. 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Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Fog is traditionally defined by the reduction of the horizontal visibility (x\n                    <jats:sub>v<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) caused by the presence of hydrometeors. Among other factors, the number concentration of hydrated aerosol particles and their size reduce visibility. Therefore, air humidity and air pollution are important drivers of fog. We take a closer look at the physical conditions and processes of fog. Fog condensation nuclei (FCN) can exist as stable particles or be activated into larger particles in an unstable state by water vapor uptake. We use K\u00f6hler and Mie theories to computationally analyze two fog episodes in mountainous Taiwan with respect to the role of activation in reducing x\n                    <jats:sub>v<\/jats:sub>\n                    . In both episodes analyzed, the contribution of activated particles to the reduction of x\n                    <jats:sub>v<\/jats:sub>\n                    is substantial. Activation is a key process in the formation of fog. The agreement between calculated and measured x\n                    <jats:sub>v<\/jats:sub>\n                    under fog conditions is very good. Typically, a distinct mode of activated FCN is established within the droplet size distribution. Due to inhomogeneities in the foggy air mass, it is difficult to directly observe the fraction of activated (versus non-activated) nuclei in the field. Our analysis shows that any activation, even at low proportions, leads to a reduction in x\n                    <jats:sub>v<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Activation is a strong driver of fog. During periods of reduced air pollution, and therefore less tendency to produce low visibility conditions at relative humidities below 100%, activation will play an increasing role in the formation of fog almost worldwide.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s44408-025-00055-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T08:26:51Z","timestamp":1760084811000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Visibility Reduction in Fog: The Role of Activation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3502-6721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Otto","family":"Klemm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9675-3135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheng-Hsiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0218-8780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Po-Hsun","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8549-3059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neng-Huei","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"55_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-021-00654-w","author":"M BaumbergerBreuer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Baumberger M, Breuer B, Lai Y-J, Gabyshev D, Klemm O (2021) Bidirectional turbulent fluxes of fog at a subtropical montane cloud forest covering a wide size range of droplets. 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All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"120756"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T08:03:33Z","timestamp":1790841813274,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,4]],"date-time":"2018-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1528070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Atmos. Chem. Phys."],"abstract":"<jats:p>We analyse the development of a radiation fog event and its gradual\ntransition from optically thin fog in a stable boundary layer to\nwell-mixed optically thick fog. A comparison of observations and a\ndetailed large-eddy simulation demonstrate that aerosol growth and\nactivation is the key process in determining the onset of adiabatic\nfog. Weak turbulence and low supersaturations lead to the growth of\naerosol particles which can significantly affect the visibility but\ndo not significantly interact with the long-wave radiation, allowing\nthe atmosphere to remain stable. Only when a substantial fraction of\nthe aerosol activates into cloud droplets can the fog\ninteract with the radiation, becoming optically thick and\nwell mixed. Modifications to the parameterisation of cloud droplet\nnumbers in fog, resulting in lower and more realistic\nconcentrations, are shown to give significant improvements to an NWP\nmodel, which initially struggled to accurately simulate the\ntransition. Finally, the consequences of this work for common aerosol\nactivation parameterisations used in climate models are discussed,\ndemonstrating that many schemes are reliant on an artificial minimum\nvalue when activating aerosol in fog, and adjustment of this minimum\ncan significantly affect the sensitivity of the climate system to\naerosol radiative forcing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-7827-2018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,4]],"date-time":"2018-06-04T04:30:16Z","timestamp":1528086616000},"page":"7827-7840","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":115,"title":["Aerosol\u2013fog interaction and the transition to well-mixed radiation fog"],"prefix":"10.5194","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1485-4475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian","family":"Boutle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"corresponding-author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2103-650X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Innocent","family":"Kudzotsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1404-6670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harri","family":"Kokkola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9414-3093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sami","family":"Romakkaniemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3145","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abdul-Razzak,\u00a0H. and Ghan,\u00a0S.\u00a0J.: A parameterization of aerosol activation: 2.\u00a0Multiple aerosol types, J.\u00a0Geophys. 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