{"status":"ok","message-type":"work-list","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"facets":{},"total-results":291564,"items":[{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T18:53:00Z","timestamp":1767898380069,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Meteorological Society","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Winter storms are often accompanied by strong winds, especially over complex terrain. Under such conditions freshly fallen snow can be readily suspended. Most of that snow will be redistributed across the landscape (e.g., behind obstacles), but some may be lofted into the turbulent boundary layer, and even into the free atmosphere in areas of boundary layer separation near terrain crests, or in hydraulic jumps. Blowing snow ice crystals, mostly small fractured particles, thus may enhance snow growth in clouds. This may explain why shallow orographic clouds, with cloud-top temperatures too high for significant ice initiation, may produce (usually light) snowfall with remarkable persistence. While drifting snow has been studied extensively, the impact of blowing snow on precipitation on snowfall itself has not.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Airborne radar and lidar data are presented to demonstrate the presence of blowing snow, boundary layer separation, and the glaciation of shallow supercooled orographic clouds. Further evidence for the presence of blowing snow comes from a comparison between snow size distributions measured at Storm Peak Laboratory (SPL) on Mount Werner (Colorado) versus those measured aboard an aircraft while passing overhead, and from an examination of snow size distributions at SPL under diverse weather conditions. Ice splintering following the collision of supercooled droplets on rimed surfaces such as trees does not appear to explain the large concentrations of small ice crystals sometimes observed at SPL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1175\/mwr-d-15-0241.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,14]],"date-time":"2015-10-14T21:21:41Z","timestamp":1444857701000},"page":"5017-5033","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Blowing Snow as a Natural Glaciogenic Cloud Seeding Mechanism"],"prefix":"10.1175","volume":"143","author":[{"given":"Bart","family":"Geerts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Binod","family":"Pokharel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David A. R.","family":"Kristovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Illinois State Water Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign, Urbana, Illinois"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020061822524886400_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-4-99-2010","article-title":"High resolution modelling of snow transport in complex terrain using downscaled MM5 wind fields","volume":"4","author":"Bernhardt","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Cryosphere"},{"key":"2020061822524886400_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1175\/2011JHM1293.1","article-title":"Blowing snow on Arctic sea ice: Results from an improved sea ice\u2013snow\u2013blowing snow coupled system","volume":"12","author":"Chung","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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Hydrometeor."},{"key":"2020061822524886400_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-007-9215-4","article-title":"A new triple-moment blowing snow model","volume":"126","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bound.-Layer Meteor."}],"container-title":["Monthly Weather Review"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.ametsoc.org\/mwr\/article-pdf\/143\/12\/5017\/4310415\/mwr-d-15-0241_1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.ametsoc.org\/mwr\/article-pdf\/143\/12\/5017\/4310415\/mwr-d-15-0241_1.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,7]],"date-time":"2020-12-07T23:07:53Z","timestamp":1607382473000},"score":41.04469,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.ametsoc.org\/doi\/10.1175\/MWR-D-15-0241.1"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/mwr-d-15-0241.1","ISSN":["0027-0644","1520-0493"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-0644","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-0493","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T23:44:04Z","timestamp":1782863044831,"version":"3.54.5"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,25]]},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Wiley","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>The high albedos and zenith angles in the Arctic cause mixed-phase\nclouds to warm the Arctic surface during most of the year by absorbing\nlong wavelength (LW) terrestrial radiation and re-emitting LW radiation\nback to the surface. Most of the LW radiation is absorbed by\nsuper-cooled liquid droplets near the top of the cloud. These clouds may\nbe glaciated by seeding with ice crystals, allowing most of the LW\nradiation to escape into space and thereby cooling the Arctic surface.\nThis study proposes cooling the Arctic by seeding Arctic mixed-phase\nclouds during the fall, winter, and spring with 200 nm diameter ice\ncrystals sprayed into the clouds by effervescent nozzles deployed on\naircraft.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/essoar.10509873.1","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,26]],"date-time":"2021-12-26T06:04:18Z","timestamp":1640498658000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Glaciogenic Cloud Seeding to Cool the Arctic"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6915-4871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geordie","family":"Zapalac","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Self"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"p_1","unstructured":"Dennis A S (1980). Weather Modification by Cloud Seeding. International Geophysics Series 24."},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"044002","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/9\/4\/044002","article-title":"Less winter cloud aids summer 2013 Arctic sea ice return from 2012 minimum","volume":"9","author":"Lui Y","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"p_3","first-page":"13","article-title":"An annual cycle of Arctic cloud forcing at SHEBA","volume":"107","author":"Intrieri J","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo1332","article-title":"Resilience of persistent Arctic mixed phase clouds","volume":"5","author":"Morrison H","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L2207","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL020067","article-title":"Changes in seasonal cloud cover over the Arctic seas from satellite and surface observations","volume":"31","author":"Schweiger A J","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sedlar J Igel A Telg H (2020). Processes contributing to Arctic cloud dissipation and formation events that bookend clear sky periods. Atmos. Chem. Phys. [Online].","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-2020-815"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2004)017<0616:CRFOTA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Cloud radiative forcing of the Arctic surface: the influence of cloud properties, surface albedo, and solar zenith angle","volume":"17","author":"Shupe M D","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"p_8","unstructured":"Smith T B Chien C-W MacCready  Jr P B (1968). Study of the engineering of cloud seeding. MRI68 FR-817 Meteorology Research Inc. Altadena California."},{"key":"p_9","first-page":"2132","article-title":"Radiation profiles in extended Water clouds. II: Parameterization schemes","volume":"35","author":"Stephens G L","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1984)041<0687:ASPRTI>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A shortwave parameterization revised to include cloud absorption","volume":"41","author":"Stephens G L","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JCLI3817.1","article-title":"Synoptically driven Arctic winter states","volume":"24","author":"Stramler K","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia Li et al. (2020). Midwinter Arctic leads form and dissipate low clouds. Nat. Commun. 11 (206).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-14074-5"},{"key":"p_13","unstructured":"https:\/\/isopolar.com\/airship-costs-for-intercontinental-shipping\/"}],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/essopenarchive.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/essoar.10509873.1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T22:44:56Z","timestamp":1782859496000},"score":34.339355,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/essopenarchive.org\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/essoar.10509873.1"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,25]]},"references-count":13,"aliases":["10.1002\/essoar.10509081.1"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/essoar.10509873.1","published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,25]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T17:42:34Z","timestamp":1774546954534,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Weather Modification Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JournalWeaMod"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glaciogenic cloud seeding with silver iodide (AgI) has been used to enhance precipitation for over 60 years. Assessments of AgI impact and dispersion are often quantified using atmospheric processes models with impact assessed by comparing models with and without inclusion of cloud seeding modules.\u00a0 However, there is inherent uncertainty in these aerosol models and physical validation of AgI distribution is of value to both validate and improve model performance. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the capacity to physically validate the dispersion of AgI by measuring silver enrichments in snow.Field and laboratory methods were developed to detect trace seeding signatures in snowpack. Unique laboratory layout and protocols were developed to reduce contamination potential within a traditional ICP-MS laboratory setting (not housed in a Class 100 Clean Room). Using these methods, we sampled a series of snow profiles within the target area of active cloud seeding in the central mountains of Idaho. Our results demonstrate the ability the ability to reproduce distinct evidence of elevated Ag at concentrations at a hillslope (0.25 km2) and at the basin (2,400 km2) scale. The construction of 8 snow pits at one site (hillslope scale) and 6 sites along a 65 km transect (basin scale) reliably identified both of the seeded storm layers sampled. The location of the peaks in Ag concentration within the snow profiles generally corresponds in timing to known cloud seeding events. Distinct seeded storm layers were reliably identified seeding signatures more than 60 km from the AgI sources, where silver concentrations were only enhanced 1-3 parts per trillion. Ag enriched snow in these chemical profiles generally correspond to downwind target locations and AgI seeding times.\u00a0<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.54782\/jwm.v48i1.548","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T14:08:47Z","timestamp":1673014127000},"page":"24-42","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evaluation of Glaciogenic Cloud Seeding using Trace Chemistry"],"prefix":"10.54782","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"James Mitchell","family":"Fisher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marion L.","family":"Lytle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melvin L.","family":"Kunkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Derek","family":"Blestrud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincent P.","family":"Holbrook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaun K.","family":"Parkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P. Ross","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shawn G.","family":"Benner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"33285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,30]]},"container-title":["The Journal of Weather Modification"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journalofweathermodification.org\/index.php\/JWM\/article\/download\/548\/pdf_4","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journalofweathermodification.org\/index.php\/JWM\/article\/download\/548\/pdf_4","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T13:48:12Z","timestamp":1769176092000},"score":34.33709,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journalofweathermodification.scholasticahq.com\/article\/133152-evaluation-of-glaciogenic-cloud-seeding-using-trace-chemistry"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,30]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.54782\/jwm.v48i1.548","ISSN":["0739-1781","0739-1781"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0739-1781","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0739-1781","type":"print"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,30]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T06:04:14Z","timestamp":1775455454304,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Meteorological Society","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A \u201cclimatology\u201d of supercooled cloud tops is presented for southeastern Australia and the western United States, where historic glaciogenic cloud-seeding trials have been located. The climatology finds that supercooled cloud tops are common over the mountainous region of southeastern Australia and Tasmania (SEAT). Regions where cloud-seeding trials reported positive results coincide with a higher likelihood of observing supercooled cloud tops. Maximum absolute frequencies (AFs) occur \u223c40% of the time during winter. There is a relationship between the underlying orography and the likelihood of observing supercooled liquid water (SLW)-topped clouds. Regions of the United States that have been the subject of cloud-seeding trials show lower AFs of SLW-topped clouds. The maximum is located over the Sierra Nevada and occurs \u223c20% of the time during winter (Sierra Cooperative Pilot Project). These sites are on mountains with peaks higher than any found in SEAT (&gt;3000 m). For the Sierra Nevada, the AF of SLW-topped clouds decreases as the elevation increases, with glaciation occurring at the higher elevations. The remote sensing of supercooled cloud tops is not proof of a region\u2019s amenability for glaciogenic cloud seeding. This study simply highlights the significant environmental differences between historical cloud-seeding regions in the United States and Australia, suggesting that it is not reasonable to extrapolate results from one region to another. Without in situ cloud microphysical measurements, in-depth knowledge of the timing and duration of potentially seedable events, or knowledge of the synoptic forcing of such events, it is not possible to categorize a region\u2019s potential for precipitation augmentation operations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1175\/jamc-d-12-0108.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,14]],"date-time":"2012-12-14T17:52:20Z","timestamp":1355507540000},"page":"1097-1104","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["On a Natural Environment for Glaciogenic Cloud Seeding"],"prefix":"10.1175","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Anthony E.","family":"Morrison","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven T.","family":"Siems","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Manton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"12","reference":[{"key":"2020061309030109000_bib1","first-page":"D02201","article-title":"Global assessment of marine boundary layer cloud droplet number concentration from satellite","volume":"112","author":"Bennartz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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Res."}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.ametsoc.org\/view\/journals\/apme\/52\/5\/jamc-d-12-0108.1.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.ametsoc.org\/jamc\/article-pdf\/52\/5\/1097\/3571201\/jamc-d-12-0108_1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.ametsoc.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/apme\/52\/5\/jamc-d-12-0108.1.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]],"date-time":"2020-12-22T21:00:31Z","timestamp":1608670831000},"score":33.621803,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.ametsoc.org\/view\/journals\/apme\/52\/5\/jamc-d-12-0108.1.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/jamc-d-12-0108.1","ISSN":["1558-8424","1558-8432"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1558-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-8432","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T05:04:27Z","timestamp":1773464667217,"version":"3.50.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]]},"group-title":"oral","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Hailstorms regularly damage assets, destroy crops, and harm people. A single hailstorm can cause more than USD $1b in damage, and hail is a significant contributor to insured losses in many areas. For decades, glaciogenic cloud seeding (GCS) has been applied in an attempt to reduce hail damage, and yet there are important gaps in our understanding of how hailstorms are affected by release of highly efficient ice-nucleating particles into developing convective cells. While careful cloud-resolving modeling based on in-situ and remote observations before and after the hailstone event is critical for estimating the potential effect of GCS, some microphysics parameters and mechanisms are insufficiently understood or completely missing.To partly fill these gaps, we have conducted measurements of the ice-nucleating efficiency of GCS particles emitted by the generator built by the hail prevention cooperative \"Steirische Hagelabwehr Genossenschaft eGen\" based in Graz, Austria [1]. The generator, normally mounted on an aircraft, is designed to deploy steady flux of sub-micrometer AgI-containing particles into the area of the strongest updraft beneath a developing thunderstorm cell. The IN efficiency of fresh and aged GCS particles has been measured with the Portable Ice Nucleation Experiment (PINE) setup [2] and by sampling the GCS particles on Nuclepore\u00ae membrane filters for further analysis. The IN material has been washed from the filters and studied with the Ice Nucleation Spectrometer of the KIT (INSEKT) at IMKAAF. Additionally, the morphology and chemical composition of GCS particles have been analyzed with nanometer-scale resolution using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), providing detailed insights into the mechanism of ice nucleation by AgI-containing particles. The preliminary results of this study, as well as their implications for the GCS approach, will be presented in this contribution.References:[1] Steirische Hagelabwehrgenossenschaft eGen (https:\/\/hagelabwehr.at\/)[2] M\u00f6hler, O., et al.: The Portable Ice Nucleation Experiment (PINE): a new online instrument for laboratory studies and automated long-term field observations of ice-nucleating particles, AMT, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/amt-14-1143-2021, 2021.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/egusphere-egu26-18672","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T04:23:53Z","timestamp":1773462233000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ice nucleating properties of glaciogenic cloud seeding (GCS) material"],"prefix":"10.5194","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0136-2428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexei A.","family":"Kiselev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3485-2139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"B\u00f6hml\u00e4nder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arnaldo","family":"Bartoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1601-0276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Larissa","family":"Lacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7551-9814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ottmar","family":"M\u00f6hler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Josef","family":"M\u00fcndler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franz","family":"Mossbacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erwin","family":"Zinser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9980-9127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satyanarayana","family":"Tani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3145","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T04:25:16Z","timestamp":1773462316000},"score":32.084854,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/meetingorganizer.copernicus.org\/EGU26\/EGU26-18672.html"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/egusphere-egu26-18672","published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]]},"subtype":"other"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T11:27:19Z","timestamp":1723030039440},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Net Journals","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Afr J Eng Res"],"DOI":"10.30918\/ajer.53.17.020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,9]],"date-time":"2018-03-09T13:54:39Z","timestamp":1520603679000},"page":"54-82","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Numerical experiments on glaciogenic artificial cloud seeding conducted in a stable cloud"],"prefix":"10.30918","volume":"5","author":[{"name":"Institute of Earth and Ocean Sciences, National Defense Academy, 239-8686, 1-10-20, Hashirimizu, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kikuro","family":"Tomine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"12371","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,5]]},"container-title":["African Journal of Engineering Research"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,9]],"date-time":"2018-03-09T13:54:40Z","timestamp":1520603680000},"score":31.785912,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.netjournals.org\/z_AJER_17_020.html"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,5]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30918\/ajer.53.17.020","ISSN":["2354-2144"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2354-2144"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,5]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T21:21:04Z","timestamp":1787001664897,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Geophysical Research Letters"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Cloud seeding is considered a practical but unproved method to enhance precipitation or suppress hail, due to insufficient knowledge of ice formation and evolution after seeding clouds with ice nucleating particles. This study investigates the size effects on the immersion freezing of aerosol produced from commercial silver iodide (AgI) containing flares at mixed\u2010phase cloud temperatures from 243 to 267\u00a0K. Flare\u2010generated aerosol exhibited comparable ice nucleation ability (INA) to pure AgI particles in the size range of 200 and 400\u00a0nm. Non\u2010AgI impurities reduced the INA of flare\u2010generated particles \u226490\u00a0nm, which is lower than pure AgI particles \u226440\u00a0nm. The critical mass ice\u2010active site density of the generated aerosols (\n                    <jats:italic>critical<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>m<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    ) was derived, indicating the minimum mass of AgI particles required for efficient ice nucleation. The new parameterization to predict\n                    <jats:italic>critical<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>m<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    can serve as a reference to optimize the effectiveness of cloud\u2010seeding materials for practical use.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2023gl106680","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T02:14:01Z","timestamp":1712283241000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Critical Size of Silver Iodide Containing Glaciogenic Cloud Seeding 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Letters"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1029\/2023GL106680","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T14:04:46Z","timestamp":1744380286000},"score":30.938988,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1029\/2023GL106680"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1029\/2023GL106680"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2023gl106680","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.22541\/essoar.171136718.83817907\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0094-8276","1944-8007"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0094-8276","type":"print"},{"value":"1944-8007","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-10-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication 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This study investigates the aerosol size effects on the ice\nnucleation of commercial silver iodide (AgI) containing flares under\ncloud-seeding conditions. The generated aerosol exhibited comparable ice\nnucleation ability (INA) to pure AgI particles in the size range of 200\nand 400 nm. Non-AgI impurities reduced the INA of flare particles\n&lt;90 nm, which is higher when compared to pure AgI (&lt;\n40 nm). The critical mass ice-active site density of the generated\naerosols (critical-nm) was derived based on our findings, indicating the\nminimum mass concentration of AgI particles required for efficient ice\nnucleation. The new parameterization to predict critical-nm can serve as\na reference to optimize the effectiveness of cloud-seeding materials for\npractical use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.22541\/essoar.171136718.83817907\/v1","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]],"date-time":"2024-03-25T07:46:29Z","timestamp":1711352789000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Critical Size of Silver Iodide Containing Glaciogenic Cloud Seeding Particles"],"prefix":"10.22541","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5353-1110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Z\u00fcrich"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolin","family":"R\u00f6sch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Zurich"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4064-5722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"R\u00f6sch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Z\u00fcrich"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aleksei","family":"Shilin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cloud Seeding Technologies"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8610-3921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zamin A.","family":"Kanji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Zurich"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/essopenarchive.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.22541\/essoar.171136718.83817907\/v1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T15:36:10Z","timestamp":1778772970000},"score":31.208729,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/essopenarchive.org\/doi\/full\/10.22541\/essoar.171136718.83817907\/v1"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22541\/essoar.171136718.83817907\/v1","relation":{"is-preprint-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1029\/2023GL106680","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T16:02:47Z","timestamp":1776182567480,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Weather Modification Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Polarization capabilities of 8.66-mm-wavelength radar and corresponding hydrometeor depolarization calculations now provide the basis for identifying individual types of ice and liquid hydrometeors within clouds and precipitation. Model results and radar measurements with correlated snow crystal samples from winter stratiform and convective orographic clouds are examined. The results are interpreted to illustrate how this method for estimating hydrometeor types can be applied to monitor cloud evolution and evaluate the potentials and effects of glaciogenic cloud seeding. This information is derived from hydrometeor depolarizations (and related cloud reflectivities) associated with cloud phase transition, snow crystal growth habit, graupel development, snow crystal aggregation, the presence and nature of the melting level, and the distinction of rain from drizzle below the melting level. The radar\u2019s polarization capability offers the opportunity to monitor the development of hydrometeors in the volume of cloud affected by seeding or by natural processes. Spatial gradients in hydrometeor types, rates at which a volume is transformed, and the form of precipitation can also be estimated. These features are all important for verifying the changes in hydrometeors introduced by seeding and interpreting the rates and mechanisms by which the changes occur.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.54782\/001c.132888","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T15:17:53Z","timestamp":1769786273000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hydrometer Classification with Elliptical Polarization Radar: Applications for Glaciogenic Cloud Seeding"],"prefix":"10.54782","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Roger F","family":"Reinking","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sergey Y","family":"Matrosov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roelof T","family":"Bruintjes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"33285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1996,4,1]]},"container-title":["The Journal of Weather Modification"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journalofweathermodification.scholasticahq.com\/article\/132888-hydrometer-classification-with-elliptical-polarization-radar-applications-for-glaciogenic-cloud-seeding.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T15:07:48Z","timestamp":1776179268000},"score":30.006084,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journalofweathermodification.scholasticahq.com\/article\/132888-hydrometer-classification-with-elliptical-polarization-radar-applications-for-glaciogenic-cloud-seeding"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1996,4,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1996]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.54782\/001c.132888","ISSN":["3071-2874","0739-1781"],"issn-type":[{"value":"3071-2874","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0739-1781","type":"print"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[1996,4,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T16:15:34Z","timestamp":1790266534805,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019180","name":"HORIZON EUROPE European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101021272 CLOUDLAB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101021272 CLOUDLAB"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019180","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Atmos. Chem. Phys."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Ice crystals are essential in the evolution of mixed-phase clouds, as ice crystals can quickly grow to large sizes by vapor diffusion and thereby trigger precipitation formation. Vapor diffusional growth rates of ice crystals were quantitatively studied in the laboratory for several decades, forming the basis of various ice crystal growth models. Since field measurements generally only provide snapshots that lack information on ice crystal age or changes induced by cloud processes, significant gaps remain in quantitative field observations, impeding the validation of laboratory experiments and models. Our study addresses this gap through innovative glaciogenic cloud seeding experiments in persistent low-level stratus clouds in the CLOUDLAB project. The controllability and repeatability of our seeding experiments facilitates the quantification of diffusional ice crystal growth rates in natural clouds via in situ measurements. We report growth rates of 0.17\u20130.81\u2009\u00b5m\u2009s\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    (major axis of pristine ice crystals) from 14 seeding experiments between \u22125.1 and \u22128.3\u2009\u00b0C. We also observe how microphysical characteristics induce strong variations in the growth rates, e.g., reduced growth rates in seeding-induced regions of high ice crystal number concentrations. For better comparison to laboratory and non-seeded clouds, we developed two filtering methods to isolate growth conditions less affected by the experimental setup. The comparison shows that the temperature-dependent growth rate variations align with laboratory data, whereas absolute laboratory values are higher. Our findings provide valuable insights into the vapor diffusional growth of ice crystals in natural clouds and connect in situ observations with laboratory and modeling studies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-25-12177-2025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T11:53:48Z","timestamp":1759838028000},"page":"12177-12196","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Quantifying ice crystal growth rates in natural clouds from glaciogenic cloud seeding experiments"],"prefix":"10.5194","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5669-4301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Fuchs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05a28rw58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"ETH Zurich (Zurich, Switzerland)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"corresponding-author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabiola","family":"Ramelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9921-8477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna J.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6252-5131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadja","family":"Omanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0868-2806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Spirig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5336-3724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huiying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5626-3761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patric","family":"Seifert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4690-1870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin","family":"Ohneiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8885-3785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrike","family":"Lohmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6979-3174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Henneberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05a28rw58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"ETH Zurich (Zurich, Switzerland)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"corresponding-author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3145","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bailey, M. and Hallett, J.: Growth Rates and Habits of Ice Crystals between -20 \u00b0C and -70 \u00b0C, J. 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Res., 150, 12\u201320, 10.1016\/j.atmosres.2014.07.010, 2014.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2014.07.010"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen, J., R\u00f6sch, C., R\u00f6sch, M., Shilin, A., and Kanji, Z.\u00a0A.: Critical Size of Silver Iodide Containing Glaciogenic Cloud Seeding Particles, Geophys. Res. Lett., 51, e2023GL106680, 10.1029\/2023GL106680, 2024.","DOI":"10.1029\/2023GL106680"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen, J.-P. and Lamb, D.: The Theoretical Basis for the Parameterization of Ice Crystal Habits: Growth by Vapor Deposition, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 1206\u20131222, 10.1175\/1520-0469(1994)0512.0.CO;2, 1994.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1994)0512.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cotton, W.\u00a0R.: Numerical Simulation of Precipitation Development in Supercooled Cumuli \u2013 Part II, Mon. 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Ice crystals are essential in the evolution of mixed-phase clouds, as ice crystals can quickly grow to large sizes by vapor diffusion and thereby trigger precipitation formation. Vapor diffusional growth rates of ice crystals were quantitatively studied in the laboratory for several decades, forming the basis of various ice crystal growth models. Since field measurements generally only provide snapshots that lack information on ice crystal age or changes induced by cloud processes, significant gaps remain in quantitative field observations impeding the validation of laboratory experiments and models. Our study addresses this gap through innovative glaciogenic cloud seeding experiments in persistent low-level stratus clouds in the CLOUDLAB project. The controllability and repeatability of our seeding experiments facilitates quantifying diffusional ice crystal growth rates in natural clouds via in situ measurements. We report growth rates of 0.17\u20130.81 \u00b5m s-1 (major axis of pristine ice crystals) from 14 seeding experiments between -5.1 to -8.3 \u00b0C. We also observe how microphysical characteristics induce strong variations in the growth rates, e.g., reduced growth rates in seeding-induced regions of high ice crystal number concentrations. For better comparison to laboratory and non-seeded clouds, we developed two filtering methods to isolate growth conditions less affected by the experimental setup. The comparison shows that the temperature-dependent growth rate variations align with laboratory data, whereas absolute laboratory values are higher. Our findings provide valuable insights into the vapor diffusional growth of ice crystals in natural clouds and connect in situ observations with laboratory and modeling studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/egusphere-2025-688","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]],"date-time":"2025-03-05T05:15:30Z","timestamp":1741151730000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Quantifying ice crystal growth rates in natural clouds from glaciogenic cloud seeding experiments"],"prefix":"10.5194","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5669-4301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Fuchs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabiola","family":"Ramelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9921-8477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna J.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6252-5131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadja","family":"Omanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Spirig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5336-3724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huiying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5626-3761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patric","family":"Seifert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4690-1870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin","family":"Ohneiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8885-3785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrike","family":"Lohmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6979-3174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Henneberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3145","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T11:53:49Z","timestamp":1759838029000},"score":27.908966,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/egusphere.copernicus.org\/preprints\/2025\/egusphere-2025-688\/"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/egusphere-2025-688","relation":{"has-comment":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2025-688-AC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2025-688-AC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2025-688-AC1","asserted-by":"subject"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2025-688-RC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2025-688-RC2","asserted-by":"subject"}],"is-preprint-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-25-12177-2025","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-25-12177-2025","asserted-by":"object"}]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T16:05:51Z","timestamp":1784563551121,"version":"3.55.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Cloud seeding is increasingly used as a water-resource management strategy in arid and semi-arid regions, yet comprehensive information on the occurrence of suitable target clouds remains limited. In this study, a satellite-based methodology was developed and evaluated for identifying potential glaciogenic cloud-seeding opportunities over the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) using cloud macro- and microphysical properties retrieved from the Satellite Application Facility on Climate Monitoring (CM SAF) CLoud Property Dataset Using SEVIRI, Edition 3 (CLAAS-3). CLAAS-3 is derived from observations of the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) onboard the Meteosat Second Generation satellites. The methodology combines information on cloud phase, cloud optical thickness, cloud water path, cloud-top temperature, cloud-top height, cloud effective radius, and precipitation rate. Thresholds were constrained using in situ observations collected during operational cloud-seeding activities and dedicated research aircraft campaigns. Evaluation against an extensive more than 10,000 cloud-seeding events conducted during the 2022\u20132025 operational period of the Saudi Cloud Seeding Program (CSP) demonstrated that the methodology successfully identified operational seeding targets with an overall accuracy of 82.9%. This result indicates that the methodology can objectively reproduce, using satellite-derived cloud properties, many of the target areas independently selected by experienced cloud-seeding pilots and operational meteorologists. Independent comparisons with aircraft cloud microphysical measurements showed good agreement between satellite-derived and in situ cloud effective radius retrievals, supporting the applicability of the approach.The methodology was subsequently applied to five years (2021\u20132025) of CLAAS-3 observations to produce the first high-resolution satellite-based dataset of potential glaciogenic cloud-seeding opportunities across KSA. The analysis identifies enhanced frequencies of seedable cloud conditions over two key regions of KSA. The highest occurrence is found over the southwestern mountainous areas surrounding Abha, Al-Baha, and Taif, where annual frequencies reach up to 14.5%, while lower but still substantial frequencies occur across the central regions encompassing Riyadh, Qassim, and Hail, reaching up to 5.3%. The occurrence of satellite-detected opportunities exhibits pronounced seasonal variability, with the southwestern region experiencing its highest frequencies during summer and the central region during spring. The spatial distribution of seedable cloud conditions closely aligns with regional precipitation climatology, highlighting the importance of topographic and meteorological controls on cloud development. The resulting dataset provides a quantitative framework for identifying cloud-seeding opportunities from remote sensing instruments and can support strategic planning and operational optimization of rainfall-enhancement activities in KSA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.7148080","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T15:37:17Z","timestamp":1784561837000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A satellite-based framework for identifying glaciogenic cloud-seeding opportunities over Saudi Arabia"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1669-0179","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stavros-Andreas","family":"Logothetis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Matsangouras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayman  Mohammed","family":"Albar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T15:37:17Z","timestamp":1784561837000},"score":27.61657,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=7148080"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.7148080","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T03:14:58Z","timestamp":1789182898872,"version":"build-2803163510"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]]},"group-title":"display","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Ice crystals in mixed-phase clouds (MPCs) can grow rapidly to large sizes by vapor deposition via the Wegener-Bergeron-Findeisen (WBF) process, i.e., growth of ice crystals at the expense of cloud droplets. This rapid growth can trigger subsequent processes such as riming and aggregation, which often initiate precipitation, making MPCs the major source of precipitation over continents. The growth of ice crystals has been thoroughly studied in the laboratory for many decades and several theoretical models were developed on their basis. However, in situ measurements of growth rates to confirm laboratory studies are still sparse due to the lack of controllability of experiments in natural clouds.In the CLOUDLAB project, we conducted confined, controlled, and repeatable glaciogenic cloud seeding experiments to study ice crystal growth in natural clouds. A drone released seeding particles in supercooled low stratus clouds to initiate the formation of ice crystals. The freshly formed ice crystals were observed 5-10 minutes downwind of the seeding location using cloud radars and holographic imager for in situ observations. The holographic imager obtains phase-resolved information on cloud droplets &gt; 6 &amp;#181;m and ice crystals &gt; 25 &amp;#181;m with a high spatio-temporal resolution, which allows us to quantify accurate ice crystal growth rates.In this study, we present ice crystal growth rates obtained from in-situ observations from 14 seeding experiments in the temperature range between -5.1&amp;#176;C and -8.3&amp;#176;C. During the seeding experiments, ice crystal number concentrations (ICNC) increased by several orders of magnitude, accompanied by a strong reduction in cloud droplet number concentration, a clear indicator of the WBF process.&amp;#160; We also observed that high ICNCs limit or inhibit ice growth due to the competition of the ice crystals for the available water vapor.&amp;#160; The obtained ice crystal growth rates are compared with laboratory studies and show on average slightly lower values. We also observed the expected variation in growth rates across our temperature range agreeing with laboratory findings. These findings can connect laboratory studies and in situ observations and provide valuable insights into vapor depositional growth of ice crystals in natural clouds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/egusphere-egu25-8032","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T21:32:56Z","timestamp":1741987976000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Quantifying ice crystal growth rates in natural clouds from glaciogenic cloud seeding experiments"],"prefix":"10.5194","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5669-4301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Fuchs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiola","family":"Ramelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8885-3785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrike","family":"Lohmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9921-8477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna J.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6252-5131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadja","family":"Omanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Spirig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5336-3724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huiying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6979-3174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Henneberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3145","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T09:24:59Z","timestamp":1742289899000},"score":27.5943,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/meetingorganizer.copernicus.org\/EGU25\/EGU25-8032.html"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/egusphere-egu25-8032","published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]]},"subtype":"other"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T13:47:09Z","timestamp":1777988829492,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"FSBI SRC Planeta","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MiG"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The effects of airborne silver iodide (AgI) glaciogenic cloud seeding on the ice nucleation process and enhancement of orographic precipitation is evaluated using the aerosol-aware Thompson-Eidhammer microphysics scheme. The scheme is coupled to the GOCART aerosol model and implemented into the WRF model. Applying the scheme, which takes into account the aerosols serving as ice nuclei, enables the WRF to explicitly predict the effects of changes in aerosol number concentration on the precipitation formation. The selected seeding project was conducted in March 2015 over the Shirkouh Mountain in the center of Iran. The results show that the increased number of aerosols increased the updraft and downdraft, as well as the clouded volume. Therefore, depending on the relative humidity in the upper levels the airborne cloud-seeding operation is simulated to increase or decrease surface precipitation. Simulation data show that the 24-hour accumulated precipitation increased to 9.52% downwind of where AgI particles were released. However, the simulated seeding outcome for the southern regions is a 4.1% decrease in precipitation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.52002\/0130-2906-2022-7-101-112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T07:58:36Z","timestamp":1669017516000},"page":"101-112","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["ASSESSMENT OF POSSIBLE PRECIPITATION ENHANCEMENT BY GLACIOGENIC CLOUD SEEDING USING WRF: A CASE STUDY"],"prefix":"10.52002","author":[{"name":"Yazd University","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.A.","family":"POURGHASEMI","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.H.","family":"MEMARIAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Yazd University","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"ZARE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"University of California Berkeley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"29580","container-title":["Meteorologiya i Gidrologiya"],"original-title":["\u041e\u0426\u0415\u041d\u041a\u0410 \u041f\u041e\u0422\u0415\u041d\u0426\u0418\u0410\u041b\u042c\u041d\u041e\u0413\u041e \u0423\u0412\u0415\u041b\u0418\u0427\u0415\u041d\u0418\u042f \u041a\u041e\u041b\u0418\u0427\u0415\u0421\u0422\u0412\u0410 \u041e\u0421\u0410\u0414\u041a\u041e\u0412 \u041f\u0420\u0418 \u0417\u0410\u0421\u0415\u0412\u0415 \u041e\u0411\u041b\u0410\u041a\u041e\u0412 \u041b\u042c\u0414\u041e\u041e\u0411\u0420\u0410\u0417\u0423\u042e\u0429\u0418\u041c\u0418 \u0412\u0415\u0429\u0415\u0421\u0422\u0412\u0410\u041c\u0418 \u041d\u0410 \u041e\u0421\u041d\u041e\u0412\u0415 \u041c\u041e\u0414\u0415\u041b\u0418 WRF"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T07:58:45Z","timestamp":1669017525000},"score":27.521824,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/elibrary.ru\/item.asp?id=49464089"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.52002\/0130-2906-2022-7-101-112","relation":{"has-translation":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3103\/S106837392207010X","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0130-2906"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0130-2906","type":"print"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T23:53:38Z","timestamp":1789170818312,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"American Meteorological Society","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. 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Part II: Exploratory Analyses"],"prefix":"10.1175","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"William L.","family":"Woodley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Rosenfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard A.","family":"Silverman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"12","reference":[{"key":"i1520-0450-42-7-939-Khain1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2000GL012662"},{"key":"i1520-0450-42-7-939-Mather1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1997)036<1433:ROTSAC>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"i1520-0450-42-7-939-Rosenfeld1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1989)028<1050:EOCSIW>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"i1520-0450-42-7-939-Rosenfeld2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1993)032<1848:EOCSIW>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"i1520-0450-42-7-939-Rosenfeld3","unstructured":"D. Rosenfeld, and W. L. Woodley .1997 .Cloud microphysical observations of relevance to the Texas cold-cloud conceptual seeding model., J. Wea. Modif., 29 :56 \u201369 ."},{"key":"i1520-0450-42-7-939-Rosenfeld4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1998)079<2457:SBIIPF>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"i1520-0450-42-7-939-Rosenfeld5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35013030"},{"key":"i1520-0450-42-7-939-Silverman1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(2001)082<0903:ACAOGS>2.3.CO;2"},{"key":"i1520-0450-42-7-939-Silverman2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(2000)039<1160:ROTTWC>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"i1520-0450-42-7-939-Simpson1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Simpson, 1980 .Downdraft as linkages in dynamic cumulus seeding effects., J. Appl. Meteor., 19 :477 \u2013487 .","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1980)019<0477:DALIDC>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"i1520-0450-42-7-939-Simpson2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. 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Simulations indicate that seeding at a temperature of about \u221215\u2009\u00b0C has the highest probability of detecting the radar seeding signature. This finding is consistent with the fact that the seeding temperature was about \u221215\u2009\u00b0C or slightly warmer in most documented cases of unambiguous seeding signatures. Using the 1D model, 2500 numerical experiments are conducted, and the outputs are used to develop a parameterization to estimate the AgI particle concentration needed to detect an unambiguous seeding signature. Application of this parameterization to a real case suggests that seeding between \u221221 and \u221211\u2009\u00b0C may possibly produce unambiguous seeding signatures and that seeding at about \u221215\u2009\u00b0C requires the lowest AgI particle concentration. Seeding at warmer temperatures in precipitating clouds requires an extremely high amount of AgI and a very high content of supercooled liquid water. The results shown in this study deepen our understanding of the relationship between AgI particle concentration and radar seeding signatures under different cloud conditions. 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All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108502"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T21:02:06Z","timestamp":1791666126262,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42230604 and 42275078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42230604 and 42275078"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Atmosphere"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Stratocumulus clouds are cloud systems composed of stratiform clouds with embedded convective clouds, possessing strong catalytic potential and serving as key target cloud systems for weather modification operations. In this study, the parameterization of ice nucleation for silver iodide (AgI) particles was applied to the Thompson microphysics scheme in the WRF model. Numerical experiments were designed for a stratocumulus cloud that occurred over the Hulunbuir region, northeastern China, on 31 May 2021, to investigate how the structure and evolution of cloud macro- and microphysical properties and precipitation formation respond to glaciogenic seeding. The simulation results indicate that AgI nucleation increased ice concentrations at 4\u20135 km altitude, enhancing ice crystal formation through condensation\u2013freezing and deposition nucleation and the growth of ice particles through auto-conversion and riming, leading to increased precipitation. The results also show that owing to the non-uniform distribution of supercooled water within this stratocumulus cloud system, the consumption of AgI and the enhanced ice nucleation release latent heat more strongly in regions with higher supercooled water content. This leads to more pronounced isolated updrafts, altering the structure of shear lines and subsequently influencing regional precipitation distribution after silver iodide seeding concludes. These findings reveal that seeding influences both the microphysical and dynamic structures within clouds and highlight the non-uniform seeding effects within cloud systems. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the effects of artificial seeding on stratocumulus clouds in high-latitude regions and holds significant reference value for artificial weather modification efforts in mixed-phase stratiform clouds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos16121381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T15:11:24Z","timestamp":1764947484000},"page":"1381","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Response of Cloud Dynamic Structure and Microphysical Processes to Glaciogenic Seeding: A Numerical Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Zhuo","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"China Meteorological Administration Aerosol-Cloud and Precipitation Key Laboratory, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8391-2712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Meteorological Administration Aerosol-Cloud and Precipitation Key Laboratory, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Meteorological Administration Aerosol-Cloud and Precipitation Key Laboratory, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeyong","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Meteorological Administration Aerosol-Cloud and Precipitation Key Laboratory, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuran","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tai\u2019an Meteorological Bureau, Tai\u2019an 271000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"899","article-title":"Numerical simulation study on the microphysical characteristics of stratiform clouds with embedded convections in northern China based on aircraft measurements","volume":"44","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. 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Weather Rev."}],"container-title":["Atmosphere"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4433\/16\/12\/1381\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T05:27:17Z","timestamp":1765258037000},"score":25.842352,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4433\/16\/12\/1381"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["atmos16121381"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/atmos16121381","ISSN":["2073-4433"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4433","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]}},{"institution":[{"name":"EGUsphere"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T11:03:02Z","timestamp":1790074982625,"version":"4.0.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"group-title":"Clouds and Precipitation\/Atmospheric Modelling and Data Analysis\/Troposphere\/Physics (physical properties and processes)","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42365011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42365011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract. Rain enhancement by artificial cloud seeding is widely used to increase water resource in arid and semi-arid regions. However, large uncertainties regarding cloud seeding and its effectiveness remain. This study proposes a novel approach for efficient rain enhancement of convective clouds with warm cloud base by combining glaciogenic seeding with silver iodide (AgI) and hygroscopic seeding with cloud condensational nuclei (CCN). The numerical simulation experiments through the WRF model are systematically conducted and indicate that comparing to control (unseeded) experiment, the combination of an earlier hygroscopic CCN seeding in the low warm layers at a seeding rate of 1013 s\u22121 and the subsequent glaciogenic AgI seeding in the upper mixed-phase layers at a seeding rate of 0.09 g s\u22121 can increase the surface rainfall up to 57%, which is seven times higher than 7.97% in a single glaciogenic seeding and nearly three times higher than 20.74% in a single hygroscopic seeding, showing a much stronger rain enhancement rate in the new approach. It is found that the earlier hygroscopic seeding in warm cloud layers can greatly enhance the supercooled liquid water (SLW) content in cold cloud layers through updraft lifting and create a much more advantageous condition suitable for the subsequent glaciogenic cloud seeding. Moreover, the combined cloud seeding approach causes much stronger dynamic effect than any individual cloud seeding approach, and significantly enhances precipitation efficiency of convective clouds with warm cloud base. The novel cloud seeding approach has potential application in rain enhancement operation in middle and high latitudes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/egusphere-2026-5549","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T10:11:04Z","timestamp":1790071864000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A novel approach for efficient rain enhancement through the combined glaciogenic and hygroscopic cloud seeding"],"prefix":"10.5194","author":[{"given":"Weixi","family":"Shu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danhong","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0424h4e32","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institute of Atmospheric Physics (Beijing, China)"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05qbk4x57","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Beijing, China)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"corresponding-author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xueliang","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0424h4e32","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institute of Atmospheric Physics (Beijing, China)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"corresponding-author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaolu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3145","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T10:11:04Z","timestamp":1790071864000},"score":25.752707,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/egusphere.copernicus.org\/preprints\/2026\/egusphere-2026-5549\/"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/egusphere-2026-5549","published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T01:44:40Z","timestamp":1746409480685},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Japan Society of Hydrology and Water Resources","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JOURNAL OF JAPAN SOCIETY OF HYDROLOGY &amp; WATER RESOURCES","JOURNAL OF JAPAN SOCIETY OF HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009]]},"DOI":"10.3178\/jjshwr.22.209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,8]],"date-time":"2009-06-08T05:58:16Z","timestamp":1244440696000},"page":"209-222","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Evaluation of Snow Augmentation by Cloud Seeding for Drought Mitigation"],"prefix":"10.3178","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Yuichi","family":"YOSHIDA","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masataka","family":"MURAKAMI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshikazu","family":"KURUMIZAWA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teruyuki","family":"KATO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akihiro","family":"HASHIMOTO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takeshi","family":"YAMAZAKI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noriyuki","family":"HANEDA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1760","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1999)080<0805:AROCSE>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2151\/sola.2008-018"},{"key":"3","unstructured":"Hashimoto A, Kato T, Hayashi S, Murakami M. 2008b. Numerical experiment on the sensitivity of recipitation enhancement to cloud seeding position for the winter orographic cloud in Japan. CAS\/JSC WGNE Research Activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling 38 : 5.09-5.10."},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1990)047<2784:AODEPM>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"5","unstructured":"\u5efa\u8a2d\u7701\u6cb3\u5ddd\u5c40(1997):\u6539\u8a02\u65b0\u7248 \u5efa\u8a2d\u7701\u6cb3\u5ddd\u7802\u9632\u6280\u8853\u57fa\u6e96(\u6848)\u540c\u89e3\u8aac \u8abf\u67fb\u7de8"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kondo J, Yamazaki T. 1990. A prediction model for snowmelt, snow surface temperature and freezing depth using a heat balance method. <I>Journal of applied meteorology<\/I> 29 : 375-384","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1990)029<0375:APMFSS>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"7","unstructured":"\u6751\u4e0a\u6b63\u9686(2005):\u65e5\u672c\u6d77\u964d\u96ea\u96f2\u306e\u964d\u6c34\u6a5f\u69cb\u3068\u4eba\u5de5\u8abf\u7bc0\u306e\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u7814\u7a76, \u6c17\u8c61\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u6280\u8853\u5831\u544a, 40, 221pp."},{"key":"8","unstructured":"\u6751\u4e0a\u6b63\u9686(2003):\u7b2c8\u56deWMO\u6c17\u8c61\u6539\u5909\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u79d1\u5b66\u4f1a\u8b70\u51fa\u5e2d\u5831\u544a, \u5929\u6c17, 50, pp.715-720."},{"key":"9","unstructured":"\u6751\u4e0a\u6b63\u9686.\u6298\u7b20\u6210\u5b8f.\u6960\u7814\u4e00.\u661f\u672c\u307f\u305a\u307b.\u5c0f\u83c5\u535a.\u6c60\u7530\u660e\u5f18(2002):\u6c34\u8cc7\u6e90\u78ba\u4fdd\u3092\u76ee\u7684\u3068\u3057\u305f\u4eba\u5de5\u964d\u96ea\u6280\u8853\u306e\u73fe\u72b6.\u7b2c6\u56de\u6c34\u8cc7\u6e90\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u30b7\u30f3\u30dd\u30b8\u30a6\u30e0\u8ad6\u6587\u96c6, pp.575-580."},{"key":"10","unstructured":"Murakami M, Orikasa N, Hoshimoto M, Kusunoki K, Kosuge H, Ikeda H, 2003. Present state of Japanese research on orographic snow cloud modification for water resources augmentation. Eighth WMO Scientific Conference on Weather Modification(Casablanca, Morocco, 7-12 April 2003)(TD No.1146)"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR3120.1"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saito K, Ishida J, Aranami K, Hara T, Segawa T, Nareta M, Honda Y. 2007. Nonhydrostatic Atmospheric Models and Operational Development at JMA. <I>J.Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan<\/I> 85B : 271-304.","DOI":"10.2151\/jmsj.85B.271"},{"issue":"1","key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.5331\/seppyo.56.11","volume":"56","author":"TAGUCHI BUNMEI","year":"1994","ISSN":"http:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0373-1006","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"14","unstructured":"WMO, 2007:WMO statement on weather modification. The commission for atmospheric sciences management group, second session, Oslo, Norway, 24-26, September 2007."},{"issue":"2","key":"15","first-page":"71","volume":"41","author":"YAMAZAKI TSUYOSHI","year":"1994","ISSN":"http:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0546-0921","issn-type":"print"}],"container-title":["JOURNAL OF JAPAN SOCIETY OF HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]],"date-time":"2021-05-20T14:39:09Z","timestamp":1621521549000},"score":25.699238,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/jjshwr\/22\/3\/22_3_209\/_article\/-char\/ja\/"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3178\/jjshwr.22.209","ISSN":["1349-2853","0915-1389"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1349-2853","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0915-1389","type":"print"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T06:22:07Z","timestamp":1772259727263,"version":"3.50.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]]},"group-title":"Clouds and Precipitation\/Atmospheric Modelling and Data Analysis\/Troposphere\/Physics (physical properties and processes)","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFC3007600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3007600"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42230604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42230604"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42475201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42475201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002885","name":"China Meteorological Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMA2022ZD10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMA2022ZD10"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002885","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract. Detecting an unambiguous radar reflectivity signature is vital to investigate cloud seeding impacts. Radar reflectivity change attributed to seeding depends on both the cloud conditions and on the concentration of silver iodide (AgI) particles. In this study, the reflectivity change induced by glaciogenic seeding using different AgI particle concentrations is investigated under various cloud conditions, using a 1D ice growth model coupled with an AgI nucleation parameterization. In addition, an algorithm is developed to estimate the minimum AgI particle concentration needed for a measurable glaciogenic cloud seeding signature. The results show that the 1D model captures the ice growth habit compared to available observations, and yields an unambiguous reflectivity change that is consistent with 3D model simulations and previous observational studies. Simulations indicate that seeding at a temperature of about -15 \u00b0C has the highest probability of detecting the radar seeding signature. This finding is consistent with the fact that the seeding temperature was about -15 \u00b0C or slightly warmer in most documented unambiguous seeding signature cases. Using the 1D model, 1000 numerical experiments are conducted, and the outputs are used to develop a parameterization to estimate the AgI particle concentration that is needed to detect an unambiguous seeding signature. Application of this parameterization to a real case suggests that seeding between -21 \u00b0C and -11 \u00b0C can possibly produce unambiguous seeding signatures, and seeding at about -15 \u00b0C requires the least AgI particle concentration. Seeding at warmer temperatures in precipitating clouds requires an extremely high AgI amount and supercooled liquid water content. The results shown in this study deepen our understanding of the relationship between the AgI particle concentration and radar seeding signature under different cloud conditions. The parameterization can be used in operational seeding decision making of the optimal amount of AgI dispersed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/egusphere-2024-2301","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T05:20:22Z","timestamp":1722835222000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Estimating the concentration of silver iodide needed to detect unambiguous signatures of glaciogenic cloud seeding"],"prefix":"10.5194","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaojiao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meilian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqin","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8391-2712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1508-6121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bart","family":"Geerts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3871-3834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhien","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yubao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baojun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6307-7991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaofeng","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaobo","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8795-5605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ping","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3145","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T04:03:05Z","timestamp":1734062585000},"score":25.508347,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/egusphere.copernicus.org\/preprints\/2024\/egusphere-2024-2301\/"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/egusphere-2024-2301","relation":{"has-comment":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2024-2301-AC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2024-2301-AC2","asserted-by":"subject"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2024-2301-RC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2024-2301-RC2","asserted-by":"subject"}],"is-preprint-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-24-13833-2024","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-24-13833-2024","asserted-by":"object"}]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T21:22:34Z","timestamp":1789507354373,"version":"build-2803163510"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]]},"group-title":"Aerosols\/In Situ Measurement\/Instruments and Platforms","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]],"date-time":"2023-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019180","name":"HORIZON EUROPE European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101021272 CLOUDLAB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101021272 CLOUDLAB"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019180","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract. Uncrewed Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have become widely used in a range of atmospheric science research applications. Because of their small size, flexible range of motion, adaptability, and low cost, multirotor UAVs are especially well-suited for probing the lower atmosphere. However, their use so far has been limited to conditions outside of clouds, first because of the difficulty of flying beyond visual line of sight, and second because of the challenge of flying in icing conditions in supercooled clouds. Here, we present two UAVs for cloud microphysical research: one UAV (the measurement UAV) equipped with a Portable Optical Particle Spectrometer (POPS) and meteorological sensors to probe the aerosol and meteorological properties in the boundary layer, and one UAV (the seeding UAV) equipped with seeding flares to produce a plume of particles that can initiate ice in supercooled clouds. A propeller heating mechanism on both UAVs allows for operating in supercooled clouds with icing conditions. These UAVs are an integral part of the CLOUDLAB project in which glaciogenic cloud seeding of supercooled low stratus clouds is utilized for studying aerosol-cloud interactions and ice crystal formation and growth. In this paper, we first show validations of the POPS onboard the measurement UAV, demonstrating that the rotor turbulence has a negligible effect on aerosol measurements. We exemplify its applicability for profiling the planetary boundary layer, as well as for sampling and characterizing aerosol plumes, in this case, the seeding plume. We explain the different flight patterns that are possible for both UAVs, namely horizontal or vertical leg patterns or hovering, with an extensive and flexible parameter space for designing the flight patterns according to our scientific goals. Finally, we show two examples of seeding experiments: first characterizing an out-of-cloud seeding plume with the measurement UAV flying horizontal transects through the plume, and second, characterizing an in-cloud seeding plume with downstream measurements with POPS on a tethered balloon. Particle concentrations and size distributions of the seeding plume from the experiments reveal that we can successfully produce and measure the seeding plume, both in-cloud and out-of-cloud. The methods presented here will be useful for probing the lower atmosphere, for characterizing aerosol plumes, and for deepening our cloud microphysical understanding through cloud seeding experiments, all of which have the potential to benefit the atmospheric science community.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-2023-157","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]],"date-time":"2023-08-23T05:41:17Z","timestamp":1692769277000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Two new multirotor UAVs for glaciogenic cloud seeding and aerosol measurements within the CLOUDLAB project"],"prefix":"10.5194","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9921-8477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna J.","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiola","family":"Ramelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5669-4301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Fuchs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6252-5131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadja","family":"Omanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Spirig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5336-3724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huiying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8885-3785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrike","family":"Lohmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8610-3921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zamin A.","family":"Kanji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6979-3174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Henneberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3145","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T15:15:48Z","timestamp":1737558948000},"score":25.31784,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/amt.copernicus.org\/articles\/17\/601\/2024\/amt-17-601-2024-discussion.html"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/amt-2023-157","relation":{"has-comment":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/amt-2023-157-AC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/amt-2023-157-AC2","asserted-by":"subject"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/amt-2023-157-RC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/amt-2023-157-RC2","asserted-by":"subject"}],"is-preprint-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/amt-17-601-2024","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/amt-17-601-2024","asserted-by":"object"}]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T15:31:54Z","timestamp":1771687914468,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"0","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SOLA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"DOI":"10.2151\/sola.2016-005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,11]],"date-time":"2016-02-11T17:04:50Z","timestamp":1455210290000},"page":"22-26","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Numerical Simulations of Glaciogenic Cloud Seeding with Dry Ice Pellets and Liquid Carbon Dioxide under Simplified Conditions"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Akihiro","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masataka","family":"Murakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deardorff, J. 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It is remarkable that notwithstanding all the data collected and the high level of experimental control compared to typical research on cloud and precipitation processes, the effectiveness of cloud seeding in enhancing precipitation remains uncertain (Bruintjes, 1999; National Research Council, 2003). Numerous statistical studies have been conducted to assess changes in surface precipitation, often with mixed or questionable results. The level of noise in natural systems compared to the magnitude of the signal makes verification of precipitation enhancement extremely difficult (Garstang et al., 2005). Numerous studies and reports have pointed to the need for field measurements that document the cloud microphysical \u201cchain of events\u201d that lead to an alteration of surface precipitation<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.54782\/001c.133066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T15:19:02Z","timestamp":1769786342000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Impact of Glaciogenic Seeding on Orographic Cloud Processes: Preliminary Results from the Wyoming Weather Modification Pilot Project"],"prefix":"10.54782","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Bart","family":"Geerts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qun","family":"Mia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roy","family":"Rasmussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barry","family":"Lawrence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"33285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,1]]},"container-title":["The Journal of Weather Modification"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journalofweathermodification.scholasticahq.com\/article\/133066-the-impact-of-glaciogenic-seeding-on-orographic-cloud-processes-preliminary-results-from-the-wyoming-weather-modification-pilot-project.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T15:10:17Z","timestamp":1776179417000},"score":24.37021,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journalofweathermodification.scholasticahq.com\/article\/133066-the-impact-of-glaciogenic-seeding-on-orographic-cloud-processes-preliminary-results-from-the-wyoming-weather-modification-pilot-project"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.54782\/001c.133066","ISSN":["3071-2874","0739-1781"],"issn-type":[{"value":"3071-2874","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0739-1781","type":"print"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T00:04:29Z","timestamp":1777334669435,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Society of Agricultural Meteorology of Japan","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. 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Fixed flight tracks were flown downstream of ground-based silver iodide (AgI) generators in the Medicine Bow Mountains of Wyoming. Composite data from seven flights, each with a no-seeding period followed by a seeding period, indicate that radar reflectivity was higher near the ground during the seeding periods. Several physical considerations argue in favor of the hypothesis that the increase in near-surface reflectivity is attributed to AgI seeding. 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Meas. Tech."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) have become widely used in a range of atmospheric science research applications. Because of their small size, flexible range of motion, adaptability, and low cost, multirotor UAVs are especially well-suited for probing the lower atmosphere. However, their use so far has been limited to conditions outside of clouds, first because of the difficulty of flying beyond visual line of sight and second because of the challenge of flying in icing conditions in supercooled clouds. Here, we present two UAVs for cloud microphysical research: one UAV (the measurement UAV) equipped with a Portable Optical Particle Spectrometer (POPS) and meteorological sensors to probe the aerosol and meteorological properties in the boundary layer and one UAV (the seeding UAV) equipped with seeding flares to produce a plume of particles that can nucleate ice in supercooled clouds. A propeller heating mechanism on both UAVs allows for operating in supercooled clouds with icing conditions. These UAVs are an integral part of the CLOUDLAB project in which glaciogenic cloud seeding of supercooled low stratus clouds is utilized for studying aerosol\u2013cloud interactions and ice crystal formation and growth. In this paper, we first show validations of the POPS on board the measurement UAV, demonstrating that the rotor turbulence has a small effect on measured particle number concentrations. We then exemplify the applicability for profiling the planetary boundary layer, as well as for sampling and characterizing aerosol plumes, in this case, the seeding plume. We also present a new method for filtering out high-concentration data to ensure good data quality of POPS. We explain the different flight patterns that are possible for both UAVs, namely horizontal or vertical leg patterns or hovering, with an extensive and flexible parameter space for designing the flight patterns according to our scientific goals. Finally, we show two examples of seeding experiments: first characterizing an out-of-cloud seeding plume with the measurement UAV flying horizontal transects through the plume and, second, characterizing an in-cloud seeding plume with downstream measurements from a POPS and a holographic imager mounted on a tethered balloon. Particle number concentrations and particle number size distributions of the seeding plume from the experiments reveal that we can successfully produce and measure the seeding plume, both in-cloud (with accompanying elevated ice crystal number concentrations) and out-of-cloud. The methods presented here will be useful for probing the lower atmosphere, for characterizing aerosol plumes, and for deepening our cloud microphysical understanding through cloud seeding experiments, all of which have the potential to benefit the atmospheric science community.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-17-601-2024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]],"date-time":"2024-01-26T06:23:09Z","timestamp":1706250189000},"page":"601-625","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Two new multirotor uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) for glaciogenic cloud seeding and aerosol measurements within the CLOUDLAB project"],"prefix":"10.5194","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9921-8477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna J.","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"corresponding-author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabiola","family":"Ramelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5669-4301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Fuchs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6252-5131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadja","family":"Omanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0868-2806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Spirig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5336-3724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huiying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8885-3785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrike","family":"Lohmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8610-3921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zamin A.","family":"Kanji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6979-3174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Henneberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"corresponding-author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3145","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alaoui-Sosse, S., Durand, P., Medina, P., Pastor, P., Lothon, M., and Cernov, I.: OVLI-TA: An Unmanned Aerial System for Measuring Profiles and Turbulence in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer, Sensors, 19, 581\u2013602, 10.3390\/s19030581, 2019.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19030581"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Albadra, A., Wood, K., Berthoud, L., Calway, A., Watson, M., Thomas, H., Richardson, T., Liu, E., and Chigna, G.: Determining the Three-Dimensional Structure of a Volcanic Plume Using Unoccupied Aerial System (UAS) Imagery, J. 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