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Although an important process, the presence or absence of lightning does not completely describe Venus&amp;#8217; electrical environment. Little consideration has been made of other related aspects, such as the possible presence of a global atmospheric electric circuit, as is present on Earth. In this context, lightning would be regarded as the source in a possible global circuit, which distributes charge across a planet. New arguments for and against a global electric circuit in Venus&amp;#8217; atmosphere are presented here which arise from re-analysis of data from the Venera 13 &amp;amp; 14 landers.On Earth, the global atmospheric electric circuit connects regions of disturbed weather to distant regions of fair weather, by current flow between the conducting ionosphere and surface. Disturbed weather regions produce the potential difference between these conducting layers, which drives the current flow. The presence of a similar global circuit on other planets has been proposed, but their existence remains an open question, which motivates further work [2].The Venera 13 &amp;amp; 14 landers descended through Venus&amp;#8217; atmosphere carrying a wealth of instrumentation. Each lander carried a point discharge sensor, which recorded electrical discharges between the spacecraft and the atmosphere [3]. The discharges recorded were difficult to explain using existing models of Venus&amp;#8217; environment, so it was previously proposed that low atmosphere haze layers could have caused them [4]. Further evidence for these haze layers has been provided by spectroscopic data from the Venera landers, which showed significant atmospheric extinction in the same region [5]. We have attempted to investigate whether it would be plausible for haze layers to cause both the electrical and extinction effects, and whether this favours a global electric circuit in Venus&amp;#8217; atmosphere.To investigate this, a model describing electrical interactions in Venus&amp;#8217; atmosphere has been produced. The effects of different haze layers on Venus&amp;#8217; electrical environment were able to be studied, via different inputs to the model. The haze layer properties have been constrained by the spectroscopic observations. Results from the electrical modeling were compared with the electrical discharges recorded by the landers, allowing us to determine the conditions which best recreate these observations. Our investigations show that similar results to the observed Venera data can be produced by the electrical model when the effects of a global atmospheric electric circuit are included, but not when they are neglected. These findings are not definitive, but they do provide supporting evidence for the presence of a global electric circuit in Venus&amp;#8217; atmosphere.References:[1] R.D. Lorenz (2018). Progress in Earth and Planetary Science, 5. [2] K.L. Aplin (2006). Surveys in Geophysics 27. 63-108. [3] L. Ksanfomality et al. (1982). Soviet Astronomy Letters, 8. 230&amp;#8211;232. [4] R.D. Lorenz (2018). Icarus, 307. 146-149. [5] B. Grieger (2003). Proceedings of the International Workshop Planetary Probe Atmospheric Entry and Descent Trajectory Analysis and Science. 63&amp;#8211;70.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/egusphere-egu24-13391","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,9]],"date-time":"2024-03-09T00:35:18Z","timestamp":1709944518000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["New Evidence for a Global Atmospheric Electric Circuit on Venus"],"prefix":"10.5194","author":[{"given":"Blair","family":"McGinness","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0693-347X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giles","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0529-838X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen","family":"Aplin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9784-0043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Airey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keri","family":"Nicoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3145","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T11:45:51Z","timestamp":1737373551000},"score":27.095196,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/meetingorganizer.copernicus.org\/EGU24\/EGU24-13391.html"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/egusphere-egu24-13391","published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]]},"subtype":"other"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T18:24:40Z","timestamp":1789496680282,"version":"build-2803163510"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY","reference-count":72,"publisher":"Springer New York","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780387876634","type":"print"},{"value":"9780387876641","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-87664-1_6","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,17]],"date-time":"2009-03-17T11:19:00Z","timestamp":1237288740000},"page":"83-105","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["An Overview of Earth\u2019s Global Electric Circuit and\u00a0Atmospheric Conductivity"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Rycroft","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. 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(Eds.): Anomalous Radon Concentration prior to an earthquake: a case study on the 1995 Kobe Earthquake, Japan (Collected Papers), Lambert Academic Publishing, Saarbr\u00fccken, 2010."}],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/nhess.copernicus.org\/preprints\/1\/7271\/2013\/nhessd-1-7271-2013.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T21:07:41Z","timestamp":1739567261000},"score":26.10855,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/nhess.copernicus.org\/articles\/14\/773\/2014\/nhess-14-773-2014-discussion.html"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,6]]},"references-count":20,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/nhessd-1-7271-2013","relation":{"is-preprint-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/nhess-14-773-2014","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/nhess-14-773-2014","asserted-by":"object"}]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,6]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T20:35:16Z","timestamp":1771274116424,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Meteorological Society","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,1]],"date-time":"2018-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"http:\/\/www.ametsoc.org\/PUBSReuseLicenses"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005108","name":"Australian Antarctic Division","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AAS974"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AAS974"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AGS0855351"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGS0855351"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Programma Nazionale di Ricerche in Antartide","award":["Routine Meteorological Observations at Station Concordia"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Routine Meteorological Observations at Station Concordia"]}]},{"name":"Russian Federal Program","award":["'World Ocean\u2019 - \u2018Study and Research in Antarctica\u2019 \u2013 \u2018Determination of Changes in the Antarctic Environment\u2019 \u2013 \u2018Environmental Monitoring\u2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["'World Ocean\u2019 - \u2018Study and Research in Antarctica\u2019 \u2013 \u2018Determination of Changes in the Antarctic Environment\u2019 \u2013 \u2018Environmental Monitoring\u2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Atmospheric electric field measurements from the Concordia station on the Antarctic Plateau are compared with those from Vostok (560 km away) for the period of overlap (2009\u201311) and to Carnegie (1915\u201329) and extended Vostok (2006\u201311) measurements. 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Lobachevskogo"}],"container-title":["Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022247X17300471?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022247X17300471?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]],"date-time":"2022-06-23T20:31:33Z","timestamp":1656016293000},"score":24.344624,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022247X17300471"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022247X17300471"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmaa.2017.01.025","ISSN":["0022-247X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-247X","type":"print"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Initial-boundary value problems for the equations of the global atmospheric electric circuit","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmaa.2017.01.025","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T17:18:03Z","timestamp":1790356683956,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638230400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Geosciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Basing on the catalogue of earthquakes with a magnitude of M \u2265 4.5 for the period 1973\u20132017, a UT variation with an amplitude of ~10% in the number of earthquakes is revealed and compared with a UT variation in the ionospheric potential (IP) with an amplitude of ~18%. We demonstrate that the amplitude of the UT variation in the number of deep-focus earthquakes is greater compared with that of crustal earthquakes, reaching 19%. The UT of the primary maxima of both the IP (according to modern calculations) and of earthquake incidence coincides (near 17:00 UT) and is, by 2 h, ahead of the classical Carnegie curve representing the UT variation in the atmospheric electric field on the ground surface. The linear regression equation between these UT variations in the number of deep-focus earthquakes and the ionospheric potential is obtained, with a correlation coefficient of R = 0.97. The results support the idea that the processes of earthquake preparation are coupled to the functional processes of the global electric circuit and the generation of atmospheric electric fields. In particular, the observed increase in thunderstorm activity over earthquake preparation areas, provided by air ionization due to radon emanation, yields a clue as to why the global thunderstorm distribution is primarily continental. Another important conclusion is that, in observing the longitudinal distributions of earthquakes against the IP distribution, we automatically observe that all such events occur in local nighttime hours. Considering that the majority of earthquake precursors have their maximums at local night and demonstrating the positive deviation from the undisturbed value, we obtain a clue as to its positive correlation with variations in the ionospheric potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences11120491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T20:29:27Z","timestamp":1638304167000},"page":"491","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["The Global Electric Circuit and Global Seismicity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3944-6686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergey","family":"Pulinets","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Research Institute (IKI), Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3043-1728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Galina","family":"Khachikyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Seismology, Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1921)49<241a:IOLDAO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Investigations on lightning discharges and on the electric field of thunderstorms","volume":"49","author":"Wilson","year":"1921","journal-title":"Mon. 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Geophys. Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,4,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Laboratory, analytical, and simulation studies suggest that Martian dust clouds can become significantly charged via dust\/dust contact electrification. If moderate\u2010size dust clouds on Mars are like their terrestrial counterparts, they are expected to have the capacity to create electric fields in excess of 1 kV\/m. As on Earth, there is an expectation that these storm\u2010generated electric fields terminate into both the ground and the ionosphere, coupling directly to the capacitor created by these bounding surfaces. Such charged dust storms are expected to drive ionospheric and ground currents, which complete their current path through the \u201cfairweather\u201d atmosphere remote from the storm. This system forms a Martian atmospheric electric circuit analogous (but not identical) to that created in the terrestrial atmosphere via thunderstorms. 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A parameterization based on cutting off the grid columns with shallow convection and estimating the area covered by GEC generators (electrified clouds) in each column from the amount of precipitation yields the IP variation of the same shape as the classical Carnegie curve with a correlation coefficient of 0.97, although with a smaller peak\u2010to\u2010peak amplitude (18% against 34% of the mean) and maxima and minima shifted by 1\u20132 hr. It is shown that omission in the IP parameterization of either convective activity or the area covered by electrified clouds (estimated using the calculated precipitation) would result in poor similarity between the modeled IP variation and the classical Carnegie curve. The results of simulation show the best agreement with the Carnegie data during Northern Hemisphere winters; the shape of the simulated diurnal variation of the IP substantially changes throughout the year owing to the decrease of South America's contribution and the increase of Southern Asia's contribution in summer. The discrepancies between the results of modeling and the results of observations are probably caused by the limited ability of large\u2010scale models to differentiate between electrified and nonelectrified clouds. 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Geophys. Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,3,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The global atmospheric electric circuit can be used to constrain the total amount of NO<jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub> produced by lightning (<jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>NO<jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>). Since the global atmospheric electric circuit is regulated by global thunderstorm activity and, more specifically, global lightning currents, we use the global electric circuit to quantify and place limits on the total amount of energy available from lightning. Using a production rate of 10\u00d710<jats:sup>16<\/jats:sup> molecules NO\/J, we have calculated the global <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>NO<jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub> production on monthly, annual, and interannual timescales from 1983 to 1991. The 8\u2010year mean production rate is found to be 13.2 Tg N\/yr and agrees with the independent estimate derived in part 1 of this study (12.2 Tg N\/yr), which is based on lightning physics and global lightning distributions. After considering the various uncertainties in these calculations, we conclude that the annual production rate of NO<jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub> from lightning cannot be less than 5 nor more than 25 Tg N\/yr.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/96jd02551","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,4]],"date-time":"2004-02-04T01:49:11Z","timestamp":1075859351000},"page":"5943-5951","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["NO<sub>x<\/sub> from lightning: 2. 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Memo RAD\u2010TM\u201063\u20107 Wilmington De. 1963.","DOI":"10.21236\/AD0435053"}],"container-title":["Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1029%2F96JD02551","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1029\/96JD02551","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]],"date-time":"2023-09-22T05:12:40Z","timestamp":1695359560000},"score":23.542818,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1029\/96JD02551"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,3]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"D5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,3,20]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1029\/96JD02551"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/96jd02551","archive":["Portico"],"ISSN":["0148-0227"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-0227","type":"print"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,3]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T17:49:38Z","timestamp":1789753778071,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Instituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, INGV","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>An apparent discrepancy is pointed out - at all heights, and by up to an order of magnitude - between the height profiles of atmospheric conductivity derived at AC using ELF propagation studies, especially from information on Schumann resonance of the Earth-ionosphere cavity, and using a model of the DC global atmospheric electric circuit. This serious issue is resolved by creating a hybrid profile of these two mid-latitude profiles, the first of which refers to conditions by day and the second by night. This hybrid profile is thus a first order attempt to represent globally averaged conditions. Close to the Earth\u2019s surface, where the resistance of the atmosphere is largest, the properties of the DC global model exert the greatest influence, whereas in the middle atmosphere, at heights between 40 and 100 km, full wave computations show that the AC results are the more crucial. The globally averaged hybrid profile presented here has some limitations, and the physical reasons for these are addressed. They are due to the presence of aerosol particles of ice and\/or of meteoric material which reduce the ionospheric D-region conductivity by an order of magnitude over only ~2 km of height, thereby causing ledges of ionisation. 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