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These LES were carried out with the Meso\u2010NH research model at a resolution of 4.5 m in the horizontal and 1 m in the vertical, over a domain of dimensions 4.5 \u00d7 1.5 km\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The dissipation phase is characterized by a large scatter of the liquid water path and there is evidence that dry downdraughts at the top of the fog layer have a large impact on the liquid water content (LWC) variability inside the layer. These downdraughts promote an increase in solar radiation reaching the ground over small areas, leading to an increase of turbulence near the ground, through an increase of wind variance and an increase of the convective structure of the fog layer. However, downdraughts can also move strong LWC located at the top of the fog layer, transporting it to the ground. These coupled processes between the ground and the top of the fog layer can explain the spatial variability of fog during dissipation of the layer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Sensitivity studies proved that small\u2010scale surface heterogeneities have no impact on the range of dissipation times, but do have an impact on the horizontal structure of fog at small scales. The wind intensity modifies the balance between warming of the surface and wind shear at the fog top, thus impacting the dissipation time of the fog, but it has little impact on the fog heterogeneity during the dissipation phase.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.2706","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,18]],"date-time":"2015-11-18T00:37:05Z","timestamp":1447807025000},"page":"1029-1040","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Large\u2010eddy simulation study of the dissipation of radiation fog"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"142","author":[{"given":"Thierry","family":"Bergot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe d'\u00e9tude de l'Atmosph\u00e8re M\u00e9t\u00e9orologique, Centre National de Recherches M\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques  Toulouse France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.2051"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.2358"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-011-0365-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49712656202"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026441904734"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0889.1992.t01-4-00002.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Overview of the Po valley experiment 1994 (CHEMDROP)","volume":"71","author":"Fuzzi S","year":"1998","journal-title":"Control Atmos. 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Chem. Phys."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract. Large eddy simulations (LESs) of a radiation fog event occurring during the ParisFog experiment are studied with a view to analyse the impact of the dynamics of the boundary layer on the fog life cycle. The LES, performed with the Meso-NH model at 5\u202fm resolution horizontally and 1\u202fm vertically, and with a 2-moment microphysical scheme, includes the drag effect of a tree barrier and the deposition of droplets on vegetation. The model shows good agreement with measurements of near-surface dynamic and thermodynamic parameters and liquid water path. The blocking effect of the trees induces elevated fog formation, as actually observed, and horizontal heterogeneities during the formation. It also limits cooling and cloud water production. Deposition is found to exert the most significant impact on fog prediction as it not only erodes the fog near the surface but also modifies the fog life cycle and induces vertical heterogeneities. A comparison with the 2\u202fm horizontal resolution simulation reveals small differences, meaning that grid convergence is achieved. Conversely, increasing numerical diffusion through a wind advection operator of lower order leads to an increase in the liquid water path and has a very similar effect to removing the tree barrier. This study allows us to establish the major dynamical ingredients needed to accurately represent the fog life cycle at very high-resolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-13017-2017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,6]],"date-time":"2017-11-06T04:34:53Z","timestamp":1509942893000},"page":"13017-13035","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Large eddy simulation of radiation fog: impact of dynamics on  the fog life cycle"],"prefix":"10.5194","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2604-0292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie","family":"Mazoyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Lac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Odile","family":"Thouron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thierry","family":"Bergot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8807-0545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valery","family":"Masson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc","family":"Musson-Genon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3145","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aumond, P., Masson, V., Lac, C., Gauvreau, B., Dupont, S., and Berengier, M.: Including the drag effects of canopies: real case large-eddy simulation studies, Bound.-Lay. 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Sagaut P.andBelanger A.(2004)A numerical aeroacoustics analysis of a detailed landing gear.10th AIAA\/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference 10\u201312 May Manchester UK AIAA Paper 2004\u20102884."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/1.36856"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0263034600008557"}],"container-title":["Encyclopedia of Aerospace Engineering"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/9780470686652.eae055","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]],"date-time":"2024-04-02T06:43:17Z","timestamp":1712040197000},"score":27.182173,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/9780470686652.eae055"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,15]]},"ISBN":["9780470754405","9780470686652"],"references-count":23,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/9780470686652.eae055","10.1002\/9780470686652"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9780470686652.eae055","archive":["Portico"],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,15]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T10:52:59Z","timestamp":1770634379150,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"American Meteorological Society","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Over the midlatitude northwest Pacific Ocean, summer fog frequents the Kuroshio-Oyashio front as a result of the warm advection by the prevailing southerly to southwesterly winds, and stratus clouds are prevalent downstream of the fog regime in the subpolar northwest Pacific. The present study tracks a boundary-layer air column along a typical northeastward trajectory along which fog on the sea surface temperature (SST) front makes its transition to stratus clouds. A turbulence-closure large-eddy simulation model can capture the evolution of the air column forced by the time-varying SST along the trajectory. Results show that the surface cooling effects across the SST front and the longwave radiative cooling (LRC) at the cloud top dominate the evolution of the boundary layer and the related turbulent processes. The sharp SST decrease across the SST front cools the surface layer, leading to condensation through shear-induced turbulence. Once the fog forms, the LRC at the fog top cools the boundary layer strongly through thermal turbulent mixing. The buoyancy-induced turbulence near the fog top entrains the warm and dry air from the free atmosphere into the boundary layer, reducing surface humidity and ultimately lifting the cloud base away from the sea surface to form stratus clouds. Sensitivity simulations also suggest that neither the latent heat flux from ocean nor and the diurnal solar variation is essential for the summer fog-to-stratus transition over the northwestern Pacific.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1175\/mwr-d-20-0420.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]],"date-time":"2021-07-08T17:30:31Z","timestamp":1625765431000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Transition from Fog to Stratus over the Northwest Pacific Ocean: Large-eddy Simulation"],"prefix":"10.1175","author":[{"given":"Liu","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Qingdao Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, and Ocean\u2013Atmosphere Interaction and Climate Laboratory, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing-Wu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Qingdao Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, and Ocean\u2013Atmosphere Interaction and Climate Laboratory, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shang-Ping","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2 Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel S. 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Large Eddy Simulations (LES) of a radiation fog event occurring during ParisFog experiment have been studied with a view of analyzing the impact of the dynamics on the microphysics. The LES, performed with the Meso-NH model at 5\u2009m resolution horizontally and 1\u2009m vertically, and with a 2-moment microphysical scheme, included the drag effect of a trees barrier and deposition on vegetation. The model shows a good agreement with the measurements of the near surface dynamic and thermodynamic parameters as well as the cloud water content, but overestimates the cloud droplet sizes and concentration. The blocking effect of the trees induced elevated fog formation, like in the observation, and horizontal heterogeneities, and limited the cooling and the cloud water production. The deposition process was found to exert the most significant impact on the fog prediction, as it not only erodes the fog near the surface, but also modifies the fog life cycle and induces vertical heterogeneities. The comparison with the 2\u2009m horizontal resolution simulation exhibited small differences meaning that the grid convergence was achieved. Conversely, increasing numerical diffusion through a wind advection operator of lower order led to an overestimation of the near surface microphysical fields and had almost a similar effect than removing the effect of the trees barrier. 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This benchmark case is a first step toward studying engineering applications related to flow-induced vibrations. We examine the influence of both grid resolution and the subgrid model using implicit and explicit LES. The methodology used, LES based on a finite-volume method capable of handling moving meshes, are found to provide force predictions that agree well with experimentally measured data, with respect both to the overall flow development and force magnitude.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4005766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,24]],"date-time":"2012-03-24T06:39:11Z","timestamp":1332571151000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Numerical Simulation of an Oscillating Cylinder Using Large Eddy Simulation and Implicit Large Eddy Simulation"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"134","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Feymark","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shipping and Marine Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Alin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shipping and Marine Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden;"},{"name":"The Swedish Defense Research Agency \u2013 FOI, 147 25 Tumba, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Bensow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shipping and Marine Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Fureby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shipping and Marine Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden;"},{"name":"The Swedish Defense Research Agency \u2013 FOI, 147 25 Tumba, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,23]]},"reference":[{"edition":"3rd ed.","volume-title":"Large Eddy Simulation for Incompressible Flows","author":"Sagaut","key":"2019100412522203400_c1"},{"issue":"3","key":"2019100412522203400_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.2514\/2.1003","article-title":"Large Eddy Simulation of the Flow Around a Square Prism","volume":"38","author":"Fureby","journal-title":"AIAA J."},{"key":"2019100412522203400_c3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2003-965","article-title":"LES Computation of the Flow over a Smoothly Contoured Ramp","volume-title":"41st AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit","author":"Svennberg"},{"issue":"4","key":"2019100412522203400_c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/14685240500543165","article-title":"Numerical Investigation of the Flow over an Axisymmetric Hill Using LES, DES, and RANS","volume":"7","author":"Persson","journal-title":"J. Turbul."},{"key":"2019100412522203400_c5","unstructured":"Cetiner, O.\n          , 1998, \u201cFlow Structure and Loading Due to an Oscillating Cylinder in a Steady Current,\u201d Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 1998."},{"key":"2019100412522203400_c6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112000002214","article-title":"Streamwise Oscillations of a Cylinder in a Steady Current. Part 1: Locked-on States of Vortex Formation and Loading","volume":"427","author":"Cetiner","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"2019100412522203400_c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112000002226","article-title":"Streamwise Oscillations of a Cylinder in a Steady Current. Part 2: Free-Surface Effects on Vortex Formation and Loading","volume":"427","author":"Cetiner","journal-title":"J. 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Fluids Struct."},{"article-title":"Flow Structure and Loading Due to an Oscillating Cylinder in Steady Current","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Fluid Control, Measurement and Visualization","author":"Saritas","key":"2019100412522203400_c12"},{"key":"2019100412522203400_c13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2010-560","article-title":"LES of an Oscillating Cylinder in a Steady Flow","volume-title":"48th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting Including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition","author":"Feymark"},{"volume-title":"Turbulent Flows","author":"Pope","key":"2019100412522203400_c14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511840531"},{"edition":"1st ed.","volume-title":"Implicit Large Eddy Simulation: Computing Turbulent Fluid Dynamics","author":"Grinstein","key":"2019100412522203400_c15"},{"key":"2019100412522203400_c16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.fl.28.010196.000401","article-title":"New Trends in Large Eddy Simulations of Turbulence","volume":"28","author":"Lesieur","journal-title":"Annu. 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Fluid Mech."},{"key":"2019100412522203400_c29","article-title":"On LES and DES of Wall Bounded Flows","volume":"72","author":"Fureby","journal-title":"Ercoftac Bull."},{"issue":"6","key":"2019100412522203400_c30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1063\/1.168744","article-title":"A Tensorial Approach to Computational Continuum Mechanics Using Object Oriented Techniques","volume":"12","author":"Weller","journal-title":"Comput. Phys."},{"edition":"1st ed.","volume-title":"Computational Methods in Ordinary Differential Equations","author":"Lambert","key":"2019100412522203400_c31"},{"issue":"11","key":"2019100412522203400_c32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.2514\/3.8284","article-title":"Numerical Study of the Turbulent Flow Past an Airfoil with Trailing Edge Separation","volume":"21","author":"Rhie","journal-title":"AIAA J."},{"issue":"9","key":"2019100412522203400_c33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1002\/(ISSN)1097-0363","article-title":"Space Conservation Law in Finite Volume Calculations of Fluid Flow","volume":"8","author":"Demirdzic","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Methods Fluids"},{"key":"2019100412522203400_c34","unstructured":"Lourenco, L., and Shih, C., 1993, \u201cCharacteristics of the Plane Turbulent Near, Wake of a Circular Cylinder. A Particle Image Velocimetry Study,\u201d Private communication by Beaudan, P. and Moin, P."},{"key":"2019100412522203400_c35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112099007934","article-title":"Dynamics and Low-Dimensionality of a Turbulent Near Wake","volume":"410","author":"Ma","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"issue":"6","key":"2019100412522203400_c36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00189383","article-title":"The Velocity Field of the Turbulent Very Near Wake of a Circular Cylinder","volume":"20","author":"Ong","journal-title":"Exp. Fluids"},{"key":"2019100412522203400_c37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tremblay, F.\n          , 2001, \u201cDirect and Large-Eddy Simulation of Flow around a Circular Cylinder at Subcritical Reynolds Number,\u201d Ph.D. dissertation, Fachgebiet Str\u00f6mungsmechanik, Technische Univerit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-1263-7_40"}],"container-title":["Journal of Fluids Engineering"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/fluidsengineering\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1115\/1.4005766\/5906781\/031205_1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/fluidsengineering\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1115\/1.4005766\/5906781\/031205_1.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,4]],"date-time":"2019-10-04T16:52:32Z","timestamp":1570207952000},"score":25.385628,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/fluidsengineering\/article\/doi\/10.1115\/1.4005766\/428147\/Numerical-Simulation-of-an-Oscillating-Cylinder"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,1]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4005766","ISSN":["0098-2202","1528-901X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0098-2202"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1528-901X"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,1]]},"article-number":"031205"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,11]],"date-time":"2022-06-11T09:11:22Z","timestamp":1654938682110},"edition-number":"1","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,11]],"date-time":"2011-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1302480000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":438,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,28]]},"DOI":"10.1017\/cbo9780511840524.007","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,20]],"date-time":"2011-07-20T10:36:45Z","timestamp":1311158205000},"page":"115-144","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Large-eddy dynamics, the energy cascade, and large-eddy simulation"],"prefix":"10.1017","member":"56","container-title":["Turbulence in the Atmosphere"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/A6E23ABA8C857B599D929748AAB9AA3B","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,11]],"date-time":"2022-06-11T08:45:13Z","timestamp":1654937113000},"score":25.268414,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/CBO9780511840524A048\/type\/book_part"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,28]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/cbo9780511840524.007","published":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,28]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T06:04:36Z","timestamp":1791266676244,"version":"4.1.0"},"edition-number":"1","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780521871440","type":"print"},{"value":"9780511546143","type":"electronic"},{"value":"9781107406339","type":"print"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,2]],"date-time":"2009-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1251849600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":961,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Noise pollution around airports, trains, and industries increasingly attracts environmental concern and regulation. Designers and researchers have intensified the use of large-eddy simulation (LES) for noise reduced industrial design and acoustical research. This 2007 book, written by 30 experts, presents the theoretical background of acoustics and of LES, followed by details about numerical methods, e.g. discretization schemes, boundary conditions, coupling aspects. Industrially relevant, hybrid RANS\/LES techniques for acoustic source predictions are presented in detail. Many applications are featured ranging from simple geometries for mixing layers and jet flows to complex wing and car geometries. 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The combination of turbulence mixing effects, mountain\u2010valley flow, and ultra\u2010cold valley temperature lead to fog formation in the LES simulation. The omission of the turbulent eddies in the PBL parameterization results in a weak mixing effect in the PBL and weakens the near\u2010surface air cooling, thus failing to reproduce the fog in the simulation. This study indicates the essential role of turbulence in fog formation over complex terrain. 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Chem. Phys."],"abstract":"<jats:p>An intercomparison between 10 single-column (SCM) and 5 large-eddy\nsimulation (LES) models is presented for a radiation fog case study\ninspired by the Local and\nNon-local Fog Experiment (LANFEX) field campaign. Seven of the SCMs represent\nsingle-column equivalents of operational numerical weather\nprediction (NWP) models, whilst three are research-grade SCMs designed\nfor fog simulation, and the LESs are designed to reproduce in the\nbest manner currently possible the underlying physical processes\ngoverning fog formation. The LES model results are of variable\nquality and do not provide a consistent baseline against which to\ncompare the NWP models, particularly under high aerosol or cloud\ndroplet number concentration (CDNC) conditions. The main SCM bias\nappears to be toward the overdevelopment of fog, i.e.\u00a0fog which is too\nthick, although the inter-model variability is large. In reality\nthere is a subtle balance between water lost to the surface and\nwater condensed into fog, and the ability of a model to accurately\nsimulate this process strongly determines the quality of its\nforecast. Some NWP SCMs do not represent fundamental components of\nthis process (e.g.\u00a0cloud droplet sedimentation) and therefore are\nnaturally hampered in their ability to deliver accurate\nsimulations. Finally, we show that modelled fog development is as\nsensitive to the shape of the cloud droplet size distribution, a\nrarely studied or modified part of the microphysical\nparameterisation, as it is to the underlying aerosol or CDNC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-22-319-2022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]],"date-time":"2022-01-10T09:29:58Z","timestamp":1641806998000},"page":"319-333","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Demistify: a large-eddy simulation (LES) and single-column model (SCM) intercomparison of radiation fog"],"prefix":"10.5194","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1485-4475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian","family":"Boutle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"corresponding-author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8021-7116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wayne","family":"Angevine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2015-9898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian-Wen","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thierry","family":"Bergot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ritthik","family":"Bhattacharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Bott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leo","family":"Ducong\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3596-8287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Forbes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5575-0106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobias","family":"Goecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelyn","family":"Grell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4845-594X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adele L.","family":"Igel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2103-650X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Innocent","family":"Kudzotsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Lac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bjorn","family":"Maronga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9414-3093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sami","family":"Romakkaniemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6322-6512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juerg","family":"Schmidli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3985-4498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"Schwenkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5922-8179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gert-Jan","family":"Steeneveld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6021-0603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beno\u00eet","family":"Vi\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3145","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahlgrimm, M. and Forbes, R.: Improving the representation of low clouds and drizzle in the ECMWF model based on ARM observations from the Azores, Mon. 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