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For that reason, lightning inception is typically hidden from sight of camera systems used in research. Other technology such as lightning mapping systems based on radio waves can typically detect only some aspects of the lightning initiation process and subsequent development of positive and negative leaders. We report here a serendipitous recording of bidirectional lightning initiation in virgin air under the cloud base at ~11,000 images per second and the differences in characteristics of opposite polarity leader sections during the earliest stages of the discharge. 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Geophys. Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,11,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Assuming that transient values of an electric field and of a concentration of particles can be much higher in small local regions of a cloud than the maximum values measured within the thundercloud, the authors attempt to explain the lightning initiation mechanism. The discharges on neighbouring particles are considered in relation to the intensity of the ambient field and the distance between particles. It is shown that the electric field threshold for the appearance of breakdown discharge between close particles has lower values at certain distances between the particles than in the case of distant, well\u2010separated particles. The first breakdown discharge between two close, slightly conducting particles enhances the electric field in the nearest space outside the discharged particles along the direction of the ambient field, so the breakdown discharge to another nearest particle in this direction is privileged. The breakdown process in a densely populated area may proceed in chain with the increasing field at the tip of the progressing discharge. Such initiating mechanism might be expected in a limited volume with reduced electric field E\/<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=30 V cm<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> Tr<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> and with the concentration of about 15\u2013500 l<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> of particles from about 0.1 to few millimeters in diameter. The suggested reasoning seems to be in a fairly good agreement with the recent observations of in\u2010cloud discharges, the structure of the cloud related to the initiation, and development of lightning flashes, and other features.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/96jd02338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,4]],"date-time":"2004-02-04T01:54:06Z","timestamp":1075859646000},"page":"26675-26680","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["On the initiation of lightning discharge in a cloud: 2. 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This paper presents an integrated alternative framework. We hypothesize that the atmosphere exhibits a vertical electrostatic potential gradient where static charge density increases with altitude. Clouds, acting as large-scale macroscopic conductors, accumulate this ambient charge on their outer surfaces due to electrostatic distribution laws. 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We first confirm that our implementation is accurate by reproducing the original results. The model describes how a system of positive streamers exhibits an initial exponential charge growth, as a function of position or time, which rapidly transitions into a quadratic steady state. The charge growth is accompanied by substantial electric field enhancement near the onset location, creating favorable conditions for lightning initiation. Due to the relatively low conductivity of streamers (effectively zero in this model), the electric field enhancement is created by the charge deposited in the first few meters of propagation, in the scale length where the charge growth transitions from exponential to quadratic. The quadratic growth of charge, combined with conical system expansion, makes the surface charge density of the moving front constant. The resulting electric field ahead of the streamer system remains nearly constant during its propagation, consistent with the observations of fast breakdown, which reveal a nearly constant propagation velocity, independently of discharge polarity. Minimal changes to the model allow for simulation of narrow bipolar events, reproducing very well their characteristic bipolar electric field change waveform. Despite its simplicity, the Griffiths and Phelps model provides valuable physical insights in the relationship between fast positive breakdown and lightning initiation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2019jd030399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,15]],"date-time":"2019-07-15T16:41:58Z","timestamp":1563208918000},"page":"8076-8094","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Griffiths and Phelps Lightning Initiation Model, Revisited"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"124","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3780-2288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex","family":"Attanasio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Langmuir Laboratory New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology  Socorro NM USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2963-1837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul R.","family":"Krehbiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Langmuir Laboratory New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology  Socorro NM USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3728-3035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caitano L.","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Langmuir Laboratory New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology  Socorro NM USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2017JD027931"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/27.602514"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","volume-title":"Spark discharge","author":"Bazelyan E. 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cloud\u2010to\u2010ground flashes are used to identify a thunderstorm region in which the preflash E exceeded the threshold for runaway breakdown. The maximum measured E in the region was 186 kV m<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> at 5.77 km altitude, which for runaway electrons is equivalent to 370 kV m<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> at sea level; this E value is \u223c130% of the estimated threshold for an avalanche of runaway electrons. In addition, the volume where E exceeded the runaway threshold was estimated to be 1\u20134 km<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>, with a vertical depth of about 1000 m. At least within part of this volume the characteristic scale height for exponential growth of runaway electrons was 100 m or less. Thus for these three flashes the electric field conditions necessary for runaway breakdown existed, and runaway breakdown could have initiated the flashes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2004gl021802","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,11]],"date-time":"2005-02-11T09:37:06Z","timestamp":1108114626000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":112,"title":["Observed electric fields associated with lightning initiation"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"T. C.","family":"Marshall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Mississippi  University Mississippi USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Stolzenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Mississippi  University Mississippi USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. R.","family":"Maggio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Mississippi  University Mississippi USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. M.","family":"Coleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Mississippi  University Mississippi USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. R.","family":"Krehbiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Langmuir Laboratory for Atmospheric Research New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology  Socorro New Mexico USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Hamlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Langmuir Laboratory for Atmospheric Research New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology  Socorro New Mexico USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. 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We show that the first lightning source in the flash increases exponentially in intensity by two orders of magnitude in 15\u00a0\u03bcs, while propagating 88\u00a0m away from the initiation location at a constant speed of 4.8\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.1\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010\n                    <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00a0m\/s. A second source replaces the first source at the initiation location, and subsequent propagation of the lightning leader follows. We interpret the first source to be a rapidly propagating and intensifying positive streamer discharge that subsequently produces a hot leader channel near the initiation point. How lightning initiates is one of the greatest unsolved problems in the atmospheric sciences, and these results shed light on this longstanding mystery.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2021gl095511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]],"date-time":"2021-11-19T21:04:42Z","timestamp":1637355882000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The Spontaneous Nature of Lightning Initiation Revealed"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8217-0836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"Sterpka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy Space Science Center (EOS) University of New Hampshire  Durham NH USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3581-1503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.","family":"Dwyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy Space Science Center (EOS) University of New Hampshire  Durham NH USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8626-6218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N.","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy Space Science Center (EOS) University of New Hampshire  Durham NH USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5138-1235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B. M.","family":"Hare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kapteyn Astronomical Institute University Groningen  Groningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3649-1254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"O.","family":"Scholten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kapteyn Astronomical Institute University Groningen  Groningen The Netherlands"},{"name":"KVI Center for Advanced Radiation Technology University of Groningen  Groningen The Netherlands"},{"name":"Interuniversity Institute for High\u2010Energy Vrije Universiteit Brussel  Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Buitink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Astrophysics\/IMAPP Radboud University Nijmegen  Nijmegen The Netherlands"},{"name":"Astrophysical Institute Vrije Universiteit Brussel  Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. ter","family":"Veen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON)  Dwingeloo The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Nelles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Erlangen Center for Astroparticle Physics Friedrich\u2010Alexander\u2010Univerist\u00e4t Erlangen\u2010N\u00fcrnberg  Erlangen Germany"},{"name":"DESY  Zeuthen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","volume-title":"LOFAR long Term Archive access","author":"ASTRON L.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JD030399"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","volume-title":"Matplotlib\/matplotlib v3.1.2","author":"Caswell T. 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Weather and climate on these planets, along with the implications of the observed atmospheric composition for extraterrestrial life, remain hotly debated. Using photochemical modelling data based on JWST observations as inputs for a thoroughly validated plasma simulation code, we present the first simulations of streamers, precursors of lightning, in an exoplanetary atmosphere. We find the electrical breakdown field magnitude in this atmosphere to be approximately half that of Earth, indicative of an atmosphere more susceptible to lightning than our own. We show that lightning can incept on K2-18b in all three tested atmospheric configurations, and that variations in atmospheric composition, in particular in the presence of water vapour, affect the rate of streamer inception.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-57486-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T09:44:24Z","timestamp":1781948664000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lightning initiation on the exoplanet K2-18b"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ello\u00efse","family":"Fangel-Lloyd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sa\u0161a","family":"Dujko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilija","family":"Simonovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Diamond-Lowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Karlsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"K\u00f6hn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"57486_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-69813-2","volume-title":"Atmospheric Electrodynamics","author":"H Volland","year":"1984","unstructured":"Volland, H. Atmospheric Electrodynamics (Springer, 1984). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-69813-2."},{"key":"57486_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-8938-7","volume-title":"An Introduction to Lightning","author":"V Cooray","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cooray, V. An Introduction to Lightning 1st edn. (Springer, 2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-017-8938-7.","edition":"1st edn"},{"issue":"10","key":"57486_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1038\/s41567-025-03050-0","volume":"21","author":"YI Sobolev","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sobolev, Y. I. From bending to lightning. Nature Physics 21(10), 1518\u20131519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41567-025-03050-0 (2025).","journal-title":"Nature Physics"},{"key":"57486_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.1937.0148","author":"GC Simpson","year":"1937","unstructured":"Simpson, G. C. & Scrase, F. J. The distribution of electricity in thunderclouds i. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspa.1937.0148 (1937).","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"57486_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo168","volume":"1","author":"ER Williams","year":"2008","unstructured":"Williams, E. R. Predictable lightning paths?. Nature Geoscience 1(4), 216\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ngeo168 (2008).","journal-title":"Nature Geoscience"},{"issue":"D12","key":"57486_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14097","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD03545","volume":"103","author":"M Stolzenburg","year":"1998","unstructured":"Stolzenburg, M., Rust, W. D. & Marshall, T. C. Electrical structure in thunderstorm convective regions: 3. Synthesis. 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How lightning initiates is one of the greatest\nunsolved problems in the atmospheric sciences, and these results shed\nlight on this longstanding mystery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/essoar.10508882.1","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]],"date-time":"2021-11-24T13:20:56Z","timestamp":1637760056000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Spontaneous Nature of Lightning Initiation Revealed"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8217-0836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Sterpka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New Hampshire"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3581-1503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J","family":"Dwyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New Hampshire"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8626-6218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New Hampshire"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5138-1235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B M","family":"Hare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Groningen"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3649-1254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"O","family":"Scholten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Groningen"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Buitink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radboud University Nijmegen"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S Ter","family":"Veen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Nelles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Erlangen Center for Astroparticle Physics"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/essopenarchive.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/essoar.10508882.1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T15:33:31Z","timestamp":1778772811000},"score":19.56468,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/essopenarchive.org\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/essoar.10508882.1"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/essoar.10508882.1","relation":{"is-preprint-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1029\/2021GL095511","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T04:08:15Z","timestamp":1751515695255,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1963,11,1]],"date-time":"1963-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":-194659200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.nrcresearchpress.com\/page\/about\/CorporateTextAndDataMining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Can. 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W.","family":"Currie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"family":"Bhartendu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"155","container-title":["Canadian Journal of Physics"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/cdnsciencepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1139\/p63-193","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T14:26:56Z","timestamp":1751466416000},"score":19.560799,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/cdnsciencepub.com\/doi\/10.1139\/p63-193"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1963,11,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1963,11,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1139\/p63-193"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/p63-193","ISSN":["0008-4204","1208-6045"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0008-4204"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1208-6045"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[1963,11,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T12:51:46Z","timestamp":1747227106380,"version":"3.40.5"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,23]]},"group-title":"oral","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n        &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;In [1] it was established that collective dynamics of charged hydrometeors that involved in turbulent motion play a fundamental role in thundercloud electrostatic energy redistribution and dissipation. The main reservoirs for accumulating electrostatic energy in thunderclouds are i) the large-scale field of the main charged layers that appear due to the large-scale separation of oppositely charged hydrometers, ii) the intermediate-scale field of charged hydrometeors distributed in the turbulent flow, and finally iii) the small-scale field of net and polarization charges on the surface of individual solid and liquid water particles. Since three different spatial scales are involved into the process of electrostatic energy dissipation, we represent the lightning initiation scenario as a sequence of two transitions of discharge activity to progressively larger spatial scales: the first one is from small-scale avalanches to intermediate-scale streamers; and the second one is from streamers to the lightning seed. At the first stage of the proposed scenario, the essentially non-conducting cloud becomes seeded by elevated ion conductivity regions with spatial extent of 0.1 - 1 m and a lifetime of 1 - 10 s. These regions can serve to promote the intermediate electric field enhancements and increase in pre-ionization level that is sufficient for the initiation and development of streamers. Due to the positive the proposed streamer generation mechanism has an important feature: streamers in our scenario are not exponentially rare events, but continuously fill the entire volume. The collective dynamics of such a nearly continuous, volume filling streamer network appears to be very sensitive to both the magnitude of external large-scale electric field and longitudinal extent of the region occupied by the field. Moving in the course of its development along the external field, a positive streamer can get into the negative trails left by other streamers (relay race effect). In this way, the size of the streamer discharge along the external field can grow, providing the emergence of a kind of streamer trees, thereby tapping electrostatic energy from a relatively large cloud volume. Over time, many streamer trees are feeding their current into narrow channels, where the heating occurs (the bottleneck effect). The hot segments of the network can get polarized and grow within its overall channel system even if the ambient field amplitude is much smaller than the critical field of streamer propagation. Successful initiation of lightning also requires that potential difference across the layer occupied by the large-scale electric field makes about three megavolts. The proposed scenario can possibly lead to a paradigm shift in our approaches to the still unsolved mystery of lightning initiation, because it does not require the presence of super-energetic cosmic ray particles, unrealistic potential difference inside the cloud, or unrealistically large hydrometeors.&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;amp;#160;&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;1. Iudin, D.I., Rakov, V.A., Syssoev, A.A. et al. Formation of decimeter-scale, long-lived elevated ionic conductivity regions in thunderclouds. npj Clim Atmos Sci 2, 46 (2019) doi:10.1038\/s41612-019-0102-8.&amp;lt;\/p&amp;gt;\n        <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/egusphere-egu2020-12799","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,9]],"date-time":"2020-03-09T23:44:00Z","timestamp":1583797440000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Streamer network critical behavior and lightning initiation"],"prefix":"10.5194","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8416-9377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitry","family":"Iudin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Rakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8786-6744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artem","family":"Syssoev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexey","family":"Bulatov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3145","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,23]],"date-time":"2020-03-23T18:53:41Z","timestamp":1584989621000},"score":19.54329,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/meetingorganizer.copernicus.org\/EGU2020\/EGU2020-12799.html"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,23]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/egusphere-egu2020-12799","published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,23]]},"subtype":"other"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T17:15:16Z","timestamp":1769879716691,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"578","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,19]],"date-time":"2006-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1166486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1905,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Quart J Royal Meteoro Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We evaluate two candidate mechanisms for the onset of lightning in the relatively low electric fields measured inside thunderstorms. The first is conventional dielectric breakdown due to local enhancement of the electric field in the vicinity of hydrometeors. The second is runaway breakdown, due to extended acceleration of high\u2010energy electrons (from cosmic rays or terrestrial sources of ionizing radiation) by the in\u2010cloud electric field. We compare the electric fields required for lightning onset by each mechanism with those observed inside lightning\u2010producing clouds, and we examine the sensitivity of the computed results to input parameters and assumptions. The conclusion of our analysis is that the conventional breakdown mechanism alone cannot trigger lightning while the runaway breakdown mechanism appears a more likely candidate. We identify the parameters on which each mechanism depends and emphasize the impact of observational uncertainties on our conclusions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49712757809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,3]],"date-time":"2007-02-03T04:02:15Z","timestamp":1170475335000},"page":"2683-2704","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Lightning initiation\u2013conventional and runaway\u2010breakdown hypotheses"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"127","author":[{"given":"R.","family":"Solomon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Schroeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. 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The\npropagation speeds of these discharges are orders of magnitude slower\nthan leader or streamer speeds, but faster than the ion drift speed. For\none particular event, a lightning leader forms about 40 ms later within\n50 m of the discharge, likely within the same high field region. A\nsecond slow event forms 9 ms prior to the initiation, and leads into the\nnegative leader. Most slow events appear to not be directly involved\nwith lightning initiation. This suggests that the classic streamer\ncascade model of initiation is not always a definitive process. In this\nwork we describe these discharge events displaying unique behavior,\ntheir relation to common lightning discharges, and their implications\nfor lightning initiation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/essoar.10512580.1","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]],"date-time":"2022-10-09T14:57:16Z","timestamp":1665327436000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Ultra-Slow Discharges That Precede Lightning Initiation"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8217-0836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher Francis","family":"Sterpka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New Hampshire"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3581-1503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dwyer Joseph","family":"R","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New Hampshire"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8626-6218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liu","family":"Ningyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of New Hampshire"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Demers Nicholas","family":"R","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New Hampshire"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5138-1235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Hare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Groningen"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3649-1254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olaf","family":"Scholten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Groningen"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sander ter","family":"Veen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ASTRON"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/essopenarchive.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/essoar.10512580.1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T15:55:18Z","timestamp":1778774118000},"score":19.479174,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/essopenarchive.org\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/essoar.10512580.1"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/essoar.10512580.1","relation":{"is-preprint-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1029\/2022GL101597","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T02:39:16Z","timestamp":1790390356963,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,2]],"date-time":"2017-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1493683200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,2]],"date-time":"2017-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1493683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The relationship of lightning and elementary particle fluxes in the thunderclouds is not fully understood to date. Using the particle beams (the so-called Thunderstorm Ground Enhancements \u2013 TGEs) as a probe we investigate the characteristics of the interrelated atmospheric processes. The well-known effect of the TGE dynamics is the abrupt termination of the particle flux by the lightning flash. With new precise electronics, we can see that particle flux decline occurred simultaneously with the rearranging of the charge centers in the cloud. The analysis of the TGE energy spectra before and after the lightning demonstrates that the high-energy part of the TGE energy spectra disappeared just after lightning. The decline of particle flux coincides on millisecond time scale with first atmospheric discharges and we can conclude that Relativistic Runaway Electron Avalanches (RREA) in the thundercloud assist initiation of the negative cloud to ground lightning. Thus, RREA can provide enough ionization to play a significant role in the unleashing of the lightning flash.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-01288-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,25]],"date-time":"2017-04-25T15:33:35Z","timestamp":1493134415000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["On the initiation of lightning in thunderclouds"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2018-9715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashot","family":"Chilingarian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suren","family":"Chilingaryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tigran","family":"Karapetyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lev","family":"Kozliner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeghia","family":"Khanikyants","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gagik","family":"Hovsepyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Pokhsraryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suren","family":"Soghomonyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"1288_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2013.09.004","volume":"534","author":"JR Dwyer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dwyer, J. 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The propagation speeds of these discharges are orders of magnitude slower than leader or streamer speeds, but faster than the ion drift speed. For one particular event, a lightning leader forms about 40\u00a0ms later within 50\u00a0m of the discharge, likely within the same high field region. A second slow event forms 9\u00a0ms prior to the initiation, and leads into the negative leader. Most slow events appear to not be directly involved with lightning initiation. This suggests that the classic streamer cascade model of initiation is not always a definitive process. In this work we describe these discharge events displaying unique behavior, their relation to common lightning discharges, and their implications for lightning initiation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2022gl101597","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,24]],"date-time":"2022-12-24T01:16:05Z","timestamp":1671844565000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Ultra\u2010Slow Discharges That Precede Lightning Initiation"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8217-0836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"Sterpka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Science Center (EOS) Department of Physics and Astronomy University of New Hampshire  Durham NH USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3581-1503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.","family":"Dwyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Science Center (EOS) Department of Physics and Astronomy University of New Hampshire  Durham NH USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8626-6218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N.","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Science Center (EOS) Department of Physics and Astronomy University of New Hampshire  Durham NH USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Demers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Science Center (EOS) Department of Physics and Astronomy University of New Hampshire  Durham NH USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5138-1235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B. 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