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All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T11:51:43Z","timestamp":1787313103554,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":161,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]],"date-time":"2021-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618444800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]],"date-time":"2021-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"NSERC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NSERC CRDJ 501081-16."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSERC CRDJ 501081-16."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Fluid Mech"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Visible plumes above wet cooling towers are of great concern due to the associated aesthetic and environmental impacts. The parallel path wet\/dry cooling tower is one of the most commonly used approaches for plume abatement, however, the associated capital cost is usually high due to the addition of the dry coils. Recently, passive technologies, which make use of free solar energy or the latent heat of the hot, moist air rising through the cooling tower fill, have been proposed to minimize or abate the visible plume and\/or conserve water. In this review, we contrast established versus\u00a0novel technologies and give a perspective on the relative merits and demerits of each. Of course, no assessment of the severity of a visible plume can be made without first understanding its atmospheric trajectory. To this end, numerous attempts, being either theoretical or numerical or experimental, have been proposed to predict plume behavior in atmospheres that are either uniform versus\u00a0density-stratified or still versus\u00a0windy (whether highly-turbulent or not). Problems of particular interests are plume rise\/deflection, condensation and drift deposition, the latter consideration being a concern of public health due to the possible transport and spread of Legionella bacteria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10652-021-09790-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]],"date-time":"2021-04-15T12:04:44Z","timestamp":1618488284000},"page":"521-559","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Cooling tower plume abatement and plume modeling: a review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7417-7536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuo","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"120013"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T16:49:50Z","timestamp":1725641390160},"reference-count":5,"publisher":"AIP Publishing LLC","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"DOI":"10.1063\/1.4953698","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]],"date-time":"2016-07-01T02:00:40Z","timestamp":1467338440000},"page":"020004","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Simple model of a cooling tower plume"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"1745","author":[{"given":"Cizek","family":"Jan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nozicka","family":"Jiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"317","reference":[{"key":"10.1063\/1.4953698_c1","unstructured":"M. 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In Korea, coal-fired power plants and nuclear power plants are generally located on the coast, while most combined-power plants are located inland and use cooling towers to condense steam. The operation rate of power plants in Korea highly depends on government energy policies. In the future, it is expected that the need for cooling tower water for inland power plant will increase. Since power plant is one of the massive water-consuming facilities, methods for water saving of cooling tower should be prepared. Also, in the industrial sector, plume is constantly raising social conflicts between residents and manufactures. Basically, similar technologies can be applied to water saving and plume abatement. In this study, the performance of the condensing module (outdoor-air-condensing method) using outside air was tested first. This module has an advantage in that cooling heat source is not necessary. But an excessive increase of fan air volume is required. We tested a membrane-dehumidification method that selectively transfers water vapor by applying a membrane module. The results showed that membrane module required a large amount of energy to generate vapor pressure difference and it had a disadvantage in energy usage. Since the membrane method considered requires a high bypass airflow for higher dehumidification, it also has a disadvantage similar to that of the outdoor air module. Finally, the dehumidification\/regeneration module (heat-pump method) gave the best performance in terms of water saving and plume abatement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ijlct\/ctz078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,18]],"date-time":"2019-12-18T12:09:58Z","timestamp":1576670998000},"page":"421-426","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Experimental evaluations on the outdoor air-based methods for water saving and plume abatement of cooling tower"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Beomjoon","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Thermal Energy Systems Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chul Woo","family":"Roh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thermal Energy Systems Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bong Soo","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thermal Energy Systems Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eunseok","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thermal Energy Systems Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ho-Sang","family":"Ra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thermal Energy Systems Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junhyun","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thermal Energy Systems Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jongjae","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thermal Energy Systems Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 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In this study, a computational fluid dynamics analysis is conducted to predict the scale of a visible plume rising from a cross flow cooling tower with mechanical draft (provided by a rotating fan). The results of computational fluid dynamics analysis are verified by comparing predictions with an actual observed plume. The results show that the predicted visible plume represents the observed plume in an error range of 15%\u201320%, which is permissible for designing a cooling tower. Additionally, the mixing condition of heated dry air and moist air under dry and wet combined operation is examined, and the condition is thought to affect the scale of the visible plume. It is found that, in the case of a mechanical-draft cooling tower, the fan has a mixing function which performs the complete mixing of wet and dry air, and this suggests that the generation of the plume can be determined by the intersection of the operation line and saturation line. 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In order to analyze the impact of heat rejection (HR), we set five scenarios including observed, HR decrease 5% (HR-5) and 10% (HR-10), and increase 5% (HR+5) and 10% (HR+10). Results showed that plume length frequency, plume height frequency and plume radius frequency will present different variation trend when heat rejection increase and decrease scenarios. 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Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100139"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]],"date-time":"2022-04-05T02:34:54Z","timestamp":1649126094035},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1978,1,1]],"date-time":"1978-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":252460800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Atmospheric Environment (1967)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1978,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(78)90133-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,6]],"date-time":"2003-08-06T15:12:56Z","timestamp":1060182776000},"page":"1969-1980","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A mathematical model of drift deposition from a bifurcated cooling tower plume"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Norbert C.J.","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lincoln","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/0004-6981(78)90133-6_BIB1","series-title":"A simple model for bent-over plume rise","author":"Briggs","year":"1970"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-6981(78)90133-6_BIB2","article-title":"A review of cooling tower drift deposition models","author":"Chen","year":"1977","journal-title":"ORNL\/TM-5357"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-6981(78)90133-6_BIB3","series-title":"Paper presented at Cooling Tower Institute","article-title":"Drift \u2014 modeling and monitoring comparisons","author":"Chen","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-6981(78)90133-6_BIB4","article-title":"A mathematical model of drift deposition from a bifurcated cooling tower plume","author":"Chen","year":"1977","journal-title":"ORNL\/CF-CF-77\/357"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-6981(78)90133-6_BIB5","series-title":"Secondary motions in cooling tower plumes","author":"Hanna","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-6981(78)90133-6_BIB6","series-title":"Lectures on Air Pollution and Environmental Impact Analyses","year":"1975"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-6981(78)90133-6_BIB7","first-page":"283","article-title":"Determination of salt deposition rates from drift from evaporative cooling towers","volume":"96","author":"Hosler","year":"1974","journal-title":"Trans. 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(1976) Private communication."},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-6981(78)90133-6_BIB10","series-title":"Boundary Layer Theory","author":"Schlichting","year":"1968"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-6981(78)90133-6_BIB11","series-title":"Notes on bifurcated plumes","author":"Smith","year":"1976"}],"container-title":["Atmospheric Environment (1967)"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:0004698178901336?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:0004698178901336?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,16]],"date-time":"2019-03-16T22:25:02Z","timestamp":1552775102000},"score":24.706408,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/0004698178901336"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1978,1]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1978,1]]}},"alternative-id":["0004698178901336"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0004-6981(78)90133-6","ISSN":["0004-6981"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0004-6981","type":"print"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[1978,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T01:09:22Z","timestamp":1648516162169},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"CIRWOLRD","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAC"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A cooling tower is a heat rejection device which rejects waste heat to the atmosphere through the cooling of a water stream to a lower temperature. The stream of saturated exhaust air leaving the cooling tower called the plume is visible when water vapor it contains condenses in contact with cooler ambient air, like the saturated air in one's breath fogs on a cold day. Under certain conditions, the cooling tower plume may present fogging or icing hazards to its surroundings and gives some environmental problems. To find the solution for this problem a cooling tower has been analysed based on air flow rate through the tower and the cooling load to obtain fresh water yield by utilising plume from cooling tower top. The theoretical analysis gives the values of important parameters Theoretical analysis has been done on wet cooling tower by varying the water flow rate through which affect the performance of a cooling tower such as the cooling range, effectiveness, approach, fresh water yield etc. Then with the conditions of a trials from the analysis, the mass flow rate of water in the cooling tower was scaled up to match the mass flow rate of water in an industrial cooling tower. This helps in obtaining the mass flow rate of the air and fresh water yield through the industrial cooling tower.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.24297\/jac.v13i10.5870","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,5]],"date-time":"2018-09-05T11:14:44Z","timestamp":1536146084000},"page":"5892-5898","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF A WET COOLING TOWER FOR FRESH WATER FROM PLUME AND ANALYZING AN INDUSTRIAL COOLING TOWER BASED ON RESULTS"],"prefix":"10.24297","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Sella","family":"Muthu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Manoharan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Senthilkumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"10399","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,4]]},"container-title":["JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY"],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/rajpub.com\/index.php\/jac\/article\/download\/5870\/5889","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/rajpub.com\/index.php\/jac\/article\/download\/5870\/5889","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]],"date-time":"2020-05-01T13:16:18Z","timestamp":1588338978000},"score":24.648424,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/rajpub.com\/index.php\/jac\/article\/view\/5870"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,4]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24297\/jac.v13i10.5870","ISSN":["2321-807X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2321-807X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,4]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T13:52:56Z","timestamp":1762005176244,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,22]],"date-time":"2019-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Science and Technology Program of Henan Province of China","award":["No.172102310747"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.172102310747"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Atmosphere"],"abstract":"<jats:p>While the visible plume from a cooling tower is not a pollutant, it can affect the surrounding environment. Moreover, the accompanied evaporation loss has a great potential for wastewater recovery. In the present study, a novel coupling technology for water conservation and plume abatement was proposed, and its feasibility was verified by using thermodynamic analysis. A surface-type heat exchanger was designed and a thermodynamic calculation model was established. Next, based on the principle of \u201cno plume,\u201d the effect of the number of heat exchanger units (N) and the circulating water volume (G) on the water conservation and plume abatement was evaluated under design condition. Results showed that the optimized parameters for the operation of the cooling towers were N = 8 and G &lt; 3000 m3\/h, which have a good effect on water conservation and plume abatement. Furthermore, as per the condensation calculation model, the average water conservation amount was 1.105 kg\/s and the annual water conservation amount reached 2.8641 \u00d7 107 kg.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos10120734","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,22]],"date-time":"2019-11-22T09:02:52Z","timestamp":1574413372000},"page":"734","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Novel Approach for Water Conservation and Plume Abatement in Mechanical Draft Cooling Towers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Weishu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electric Power, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, China"},{"name":"Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuewen","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, China"},{"name":"School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shifei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electric Power, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haonan","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electric Power, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, China"},{"name":"Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weihui","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electric Power, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, China"},{"name":"Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiatong","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ge","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electric Power, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2017.04.042","article-title":"A novel approach for performance assessment of mechanical draft wet cooling towers","volume":"121","author":"Nalik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. 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