{"status":"ok","message-type":"work-list","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"facets":{},"total-results":495338,"items":[{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T13:48:39Z","timestamp":1725630519187},"publisher-location":"Berlin, Heidelberg","reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9783642706295"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9783642706271"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1986]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-70627-1_8","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,7]],"date-time":"2011-11-07T07:29:20Z","timestamp":1320650960000},"page":"213-226","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Radiation Fog Chemistry and Microphysics"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Sandro","family":"Fuzzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"8_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(83)90303-7","volume":"17","author":"RA Castillo","year":"1983","unstructured":"Castillo R. A., Jiusto J. E. and McLaren E. (1983), The pH and ionic composition of stratiform cloud water. Atmos. Environ. 17, pp. 1997\u20131505.","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ"},{"key":"8_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1038\/302241a0","volume":"302","author":"GJ Dollard","year":"1983","unstructured":"Dollard G. J., Unsworth M. H. and Harve M. J. (1983), Pollutant transfer in upland regions by occult precipitation. Nature 302, pp. 241\u2013243.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"8_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1080\/00431672.1980.9931915","volume":"33","author":"PD Falconer","year":"1980","unstructured":"Falconer P. D. and Kadlecek J. A. (1980), Hurricane chemistry. Weatherwise 33, pp. 162\u2013167.","journal-title":"Weatherwise"},{"key":"8_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7465","DOI":"10.1029\/JC085iC12p07465","volume":"85","author":"RE Falconer","year":"1980","unstructured":"Falconer R. E. and Falconer P. D. (1980), Determination of cloud water acidity at a mountain observatory in the Adirondack Mountains of New York State. J. Geophys. Res. 85, pp. 7465\u20137470.","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"8_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-8502(83)90037-X","volume":"14","author":"S Fuzzi","year":"1983","unstructured":"Fuzzi S., Orsi G. and Mariotti M. (1983a), Radiation fog liquid water acidity at a field station in the Po Valley. J. Aerosol Sci. 14, pp. 135\u2013138.","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci"},{"key":"8_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuzzi S., Castillo R. A., Jiusto J. E, and Lala G. G. (1983 b), Chemical composition of radiation fog water at Albany, New York, and its relationship to fog microphysics. submitted to J. Geophys. Res.","DOI":"10.1029\/JD089iD05p07159"},{"key":"8_CR7","first-page":"150","volume":"3","author":"C Gandino","year":"1976","unstructured":"Gandino C. (1976), The influence of the Alps on the diurnal winds. Riv. Ital. Geofis. Sci. Affini 3, pp. 150\u2013152.","journal-title":"Riv. Ital. Geofis. Sci. Affini"},{"key":"8_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(81)90144-X","volume":"15","author":"DA Hegg","year":"1981","unstructured":"Hegg D. A. and Hobbs. P. V. (1981), Cloud water chemistry and the production of sulfates in clouds. Atmos. Environ. 15, pp. 1597\u20131604.","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ"},{"key":"8_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2663","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(82)90348-1","volume":"16","author":"DA Hegg","year":"1982","unstructured":"Hegg D. A. and Hobbs P. V. (1982), Measurements of sulfate production in natural clouds. Atmos. Environ. 16, pp. 2663\u20132668.","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ"},{"key":"8_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02033247","volume":"27","author":"W Hesse","year":"1954","unstructured":"Hesse W. (1954), Nebel and Sichtverhaeltnisse in Ober- und Mittelitalien. Pageoph 27, pp. 179\u2013189.","journal-title":"Pageoph"},{"key":"8_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1955)012<0355:OTCCOF>2.0.CO;2","volume":"12","author":"HG Houghton","year":"1955","unstructured":"Houghton H. G. (1955), On the chemical composition of fog and cloud water. J. Met. 12, pp. 355\u2013357.","journal-title":"J. Met"},{"key":"8_CR12","volume-title":"Design and calibration of rotating-arm collectors for ambient fog sampling","author":"DJ Jacob","year":"1982","unstructured":"Jacob D. J., Flagan R. C., Waldman J. M. and Hoffmann M. R. (1982), Design and calibration of rotating-arm collectors for ambient fog sampling. 4th International Conference on Precipitation Scavenging, Dry Deposition and Resuspension, Nov. 29 \u2014 Dec. 3, Santa Monica, California."},{"key":"8_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6611","DOI":"10.1029\/JC088iC11p06611","volume":"88","author":"DJ Jacob","year":"1983","unstructured":"Jacob D. J. and Hoffmann M. R. (1983), A dynamic model for the production of H+, NO3\u2212 and SO4= in urban fog. J. Geophys. Res. 88, pp. 6611\u20136621.","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"8_CR14","volume-title":"Clouds: Their Formation, Optical Properties and Effects","author":"JE Jiusto","year":"1981","unstructured":"Jiusto J. E. (1981), Clouds: Their Formation, Optical Properties and Effects. (Edited by Hobbs P. V. and Deepak A.) Academic Press, New York."},{"key":"8_CR15","volume-title":"Radiation fog field programs \u2014 recent studies","author":"JE Jiusto","year":"1983","unstructured":"Jiusto J. E. and Lala G. G. (1983), Radiation fog field programs \u2014 recent studies. Report No. 869, ASRC \u2014 SUNY, Albany, New York."},{"key":"8_CR16","volume-title":"A droplet impactor to collect liquid water from laboratory clouds for chemical analysis","author":"U Katz","year":"1980","unstructured":"Katz U. (1980), A droplet impactor to collect liquid water from laboratory clouds for chemical analysis. VIIIeme Conference Internationale sur la Physique des Nuages, July 15 \u2014 19, Clermont Ferrand, France."},{"key":"8_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(83)90131-2","volume":"17","author":"AL Lazrus","year":"1983","unstructured":"Lazrus A. L., Haagenson P. L., Kok G. L., Huebert B. J., Kreitzberg C. W., Likens G. E., Mohnen V. A., Wilson W. E. and Winchester J. W. (1983), Acidity in air and water in a case of warm frontal precipitation. Atmos. Environ. 17, pp. 581\u2013591.","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ"},{"key":"8_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(82)90266-9","volume":"16","author":"SZ Levine","year":"1982","unstructured":"Levine S. Z. and Schwartz S. E. (1982), In-cloud and below-cloud scavenging of nitric acid vapor. Atmos. Environ. 16, pp. 1725\u20131734.","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ"},{"key":"8_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2153-3490.1966.tb00236.x","volume":"18","author":"H Mrose","year":"1966","unstructured":"Mrose H. (1966), Measurements of pH and chemical analysis of rain-, snow- and fogwater. Tellus 18, pp. 266\u2013270.","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"key":"8_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5109","DOI":"10.1029\/JC088iC09p05109","volume":"88","author":"JW Munger","year":"1983","unstructured":"Munger J. W., Jacob D. J., Waldman J. M. and Hoffmann M. R. (1983), Fogwater chemistry in an urban atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 88, pp. 5109\u20135121.","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"8_CR21","volume-title":"Report on Air Quality in New York State","author":"New York State Department of Conservation","year":"1981","unstructured":"New York State Department of Conservation (1981), Report on Air Quality in New York State. Albany, New York."},{"key":"8_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.2151\/jmsj1965.46.2_120","volume":"46","author":"T Okita","year":"1968","unstructured":"Okita T. (1968), Concentration of sulfate and other inorganic materials in fog and cloud water and in aerosol. J. Met. Soc. Japan 46, pp. 120\u2013126.","journal-title":"J. Met. Soc. Japan"},{"key":"8_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8805","DOI":"10.1029\/JC087iC11p08805","volume":"87","author":"F Parungo","year":"1982","unstructured":"Parungo F., Nagamoto D., Nolt I., Dias M. and Nickerson E. (1982), Chemical analysis of cloud water collected over Hawaii. J. Geophys. Res. 87, pp. 8805\u20138810.","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"8_CR24","unstructured":"Regione Emilia Romagna (1974), Studio globale sullfinquinamento nel territorio regionale. Bologna, Italy."},{"key":"8_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(83)90458-4","volume":"17","author":"LW Richards","year":"1983","unstructured":"Richards L. W., Anderson J. A., Blumenthal D. L., McDonald J. A., Kok G. L. and Lazrus A. L. (1983), Hydrogen peroxide and sulfur (IV) in Los Angeles cloud water. Atmos. Environ. 17, pp. 911\u2013914.","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ"},{"key":"8_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.2307\/209468","volume":"26","author":"RG Stone","year":"1936","unstructured":"Stone R. G. (1936), Fog in the United States and adjacent regions. The Geographical Review 26 pp. 111\u2013134.","journal-title":"The Geographical Review"},{"key":"8_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1080\/03091928108243675","volume":"17","author":"F Tampieri","year":"1981","unstructured":"Tampieri F., Trombetti F. and Scarani C. (1981), Summer daily circulation in the Po Valley, Italy. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dynamics 17, pp. 97-\u2013112.","journal-title":"Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dynamics"},{"key":"8_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(83)90335-9","volume":"17","author":"C Tomasi","year":"1983","unstructured":"Tomasi C. (1983), The nocturnal surface inversion height in the Po Valley. Atmos. Environ. 17 pp. 1123\u20131129.","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ"},{"key":"8_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1126\/science.218.4573.677","volume":"218","author":"JM Waldman","year":"1982","unstructured":"Waldman J. M., Munger J. W., Jacob D. J., Flagan R. C., Morgan J. J. and Hoffmann M. R. (1982), Chemical composition of acid fog. Science 218, pp. 677\u2013680.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"8_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00460104","volume":"17","author":"J Wisniewski","year":"1982","unstructured":"Wisniewski J. (1982), The potential acidity associated with dews, frosts and fogs. Water, Air and Soil Pollut. 17, pp. 361\u2013377.","journal-title":"Water, Air and Soil Pollut"}],"container-title":["Chemistry of Multiphase Atmospheric Systems"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-642-70627-1_8.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]],"date-time":"2020-11-24T22:51:45Z","timestamp":1606258305000},"score":33.45903,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-642-70627-1_8"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1986]]},"ISBN":["9783642706295","9783642706271"],"references-count":30,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-70627-1_8","published":{"date-parts":[[1986]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T09:15:44Z","timestamp":1791191744992,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"American Meteorological Society","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Atmos. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1980,3]]},"DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1980)037<0622:movrar>2.0.co;2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T12:05:48Z","timestamp":1027771548000},"page":"622-629","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Measurements of Visual Range and Radiation-Fog (Haze) Microphysics"],"prefix":"10.1175","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Michael B.","family":"Meyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James E.","family":"Jiusto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. Garland","family":"Lala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"12","container-title":["Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.ametsoc.org\/doi\/pdf\/abs\/10.1175\/1520-0469%281980%29037%3C0622%3AMOVRAR%3E2.0.CO%3B2","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]],"date-time":"2020-12-18T19:35:58Z","timestamp":1608320158000},"score":28.119719,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.ametsoc.org\/doi\/10.1175\/1520-0469(1980)037<0622:MOVRAR>2.0.CO;2"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1980,3]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1980,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1175\/1520-0469(1980)037<0622:MOVRAR>2.0.CO;2"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/1520-0469(1980)037<0622:movrar>2.0.co;2","ISSN":["0022-4928","1520-0469"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-4928","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-0469","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[1980,3]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T06:18:53Z","timestamp":1772259533082,"version":"3.50.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]]},"group-title":"Clouds and Precipitation\/Field Measurements\/Troposphere\/Physics (physical properties and processes)","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]],"date-time":"2023-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract. Fog augments the wet deposition of airborne particles entrained in its hydrometeors. This article aims to characterize fog deposition processes around the Barakah nuclear power plant (BNPP), in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and assess the potential impact of fog on the deposition rate of radionuclides in case of an accidental release. To this end, the microphysics of twelve radiation fog events, typical in such arid climate, were measured during the winter seasons of 2021 and 2022 using a fog monitor that was deployed at the BNPP. The impact of fog deposition on the settling of radionuclides is investigated based on model simulations using the Weather Research Forecasting (WRF) model with the MYJ PBL scheme and FLEXPART. All fog events are found to share a common feature of a bimodal distribution in droplet number concentration (Nc), with modes at 4.5 \u03bcm and 23.16 \u03bcm. It was pointed out that despite the high proportion of smaller droplets in the fog associated with the fine mode, the greatest contribution to the liquid water content (LWC) comes essentially from medium to large droplets between 10 and 35 \u03bcm. The deposition flux of fog water at the site and the fog droplet deposition velocity were estimated using an Eddy Covariance (EC) onsite. Typical mean values for fog droplet deposition velocity are found to range between 2.11 and 7.87 cm s-1. The modeling results show that fog deposition contributed by 30\u201340 % to the total ground deposition of 137Cs, highlighting the importance of incorporating fog deposition as an additional scavenging mechanism in dispersion modeling under foggy conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/egusphere-2023-956","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]],"date-time":"2023-07-25T04:18:13Z","timestamp":1690258693000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Microphysics of radiation fog and estimation of fog deposition velocity for atmospheric dispersion applications"],"prefix":"10.5194","author":[{"given":"Rachid","family":"Abida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0066-6040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Narendra","family":"Nelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7587-0006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Francis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6209-6114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier","family":"Masson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Bosc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0006-2685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marouane","family":"Temimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3145","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]],"date-time":"2023-10-20T06:41:56Z","timestamp":1697784116000},"score":26.930225,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/egusphere.copernicus.org\/preprints\/2023\/egusphere-2023-956\/"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/egusphere-2023-956","relation":{"has-comment":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2023-956-AC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2023-956-AC2","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2023-956-AC3","asserted-by":"subject"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2023-956-RC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2023-956-RC2","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2023-956-RC3","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2023-956-RC2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2023-956-RC3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2023-956-RC1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2023-956-AC3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2023-956-AC1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2023-956-AC2","asserted-by":"object"}]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,8]],"date-time":"2024-09-08T14:25:41Z","timestamp":1725805541172},"reference-count":5,"publisher":"Elsevier","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9780123822253"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]],"date-time":"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420070400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/b978-0-12-382225-3.00111-0","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,18]],"date-time":"2014-09-18T15:51:10Z","timestamp":1411055470000},"page":"133-140","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["CLOUDS AND FOG | Cloud Microphysics"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"given":"D.","family":"Lamb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-382225-3.00111-0_fur1","series-title":"Encyclopedia of Applied Physics","first-page":"3","article-title":"Atmospheric ice","author":"Lamb","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-382225-3.00111-0_fur2","series-title":"Severe Convective Storms","first-page":"299","article-title":"Rain production in convective storms","volume":"vol. 28","author":"Lamb","year":"2001"},{"year":"2011","series-title":"Physics and Chemistry of Clouds","author":"Lamb","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-382225-3.00111-0_fur3"},{"year":"1997","series-title":"Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation","author":"Pruppacher","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-382225-3.00111-0_fur4"},{"year":"1989","series-title":"A Short Course in Cloud Physics","author":"Rogers","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-382225-3.00111-0_fur5"}],"container-title":["Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:B9780123822253001110?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:B9780123822253001110?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,29]],"date-time":"2018-09-29T12:54:22Z","timestamp":1538225662000},"score":25.643456,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/B9780123822253001110"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"ISBN":["9780123822253"],"references-count":5,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/b978-0-12-382225-3.00111-0","published":{"date-parts":[[2015]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:25:24Z","timestamp":1790742324007,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"D5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,21]],"date-time":"2012-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1348185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10259,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Geophys. Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1984,8,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Radiation fog water samples collected at the Albany (NY) County airport show quite low acid content compared with previously published data on fog acidity: the pH ranges from 4.3 to 6.4. This fog water ionic concentration is indicative of low pollution in this area. The leading mechanism responsible for the variability in aqueous concentration of nonvolatile ionic constituents of these fogs is the growth and evaporation of droplets, as reflected by the variation of LWC during the fog evolution. For these reasons the origin and composition of aerosol on which fog droplet condensation takes place is of major importance. Droplet size spectra analysis show that there is a need for improving the collection methods of fog water in order to better describe the chemistry involved, especially to maximize the drop capture efficiency of the collectors and reduce the sampling time for better resolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/jd089id05p07159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,6]],"date-time":"2008-02-06T20:34:21Z","timestamp":1202330061000},"page":"7159-7164","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Chemical composition of radiation fog water at Albany, New York, and its relationship to fog microphysics"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Sandro","family":"Fuzzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond A.","family":"Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James E.","family":"Jiusto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. Garland","family":"Lala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(83)90303-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/JC085iC12p07465"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es60075a005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-8502(83)90037-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(81)90144-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(82)90348-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02033247"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ie50571a037"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1955)012<0355:OTCCOF>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"Jiusto J. E. G. G.Lala Radiation fog field programs\u2014Recent studiesTech. Rep. 869Atmos. Sci. Res. Center State Univ. N.Y. Albany 1983."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","first-page":"391","article-title":"Radiation fog formation and dissipation\u2014A case study","volume":"14","author":"Jiusto J. E.","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Rech. Atmos."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"Langmuir I. K.Blodgett A mathematical investigation of water droplet trajectoriesTech. Rep. 541BU.S. Army Air Force Wash. D.C. 1945."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(83)90131-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(82)90266-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.218.4579.1303"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"Meyer M. B. J. E.Jiusto Radiation fog intensities associated with surface synoptic patterns at Albany New York9th Conference on Weather Forecasting and AnalysisAm. Meteorol. Soc.Seattle Wash.June 28 1982."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2153-3490.1966.tb00236.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2151\/jmsj1965.46.2_120"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.218.4573.677"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00460104"}],"container-title":["Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1029%2FJD089iD05p07159","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1029\/JD089iD05p07159","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]],"date-time":"2023-09-22T23:57:45Z","timestamp":1695427065000},"score":25.59426,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1029\/JD089iD05p07159"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1984,8,20]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"D5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1984,8,20]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1029\/JD089iD05p07159"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/jd089id05p07159","archive":["Portico"],"ISSN":["0148-0227"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-0227","type":"print"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[1984,8,20]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T10:11:16Z","timestamp":1790244676286,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"American Meteorological Society","issue":"18","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Atmos. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,9]]},"DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1990)047<2153:arfmwa>2.0.co;2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T12:12:45Z","timestamp":1027771965000},"page":"2153-2166","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["A Radiation Fog Model with a Detailed Treatment of the Interaction between Radiative Transfer and Fog Microphysics"],"prefix":"10.1175","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Bott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"U.","family":"Sievers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W.","family":"Zdunkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"12","container-title":["Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.ametsoc.org\/doi\/pdf\/abs\/10.1175\/1520-0469%281990%29047%3C2153%3AARFMWA%3E2.0.CO%3B2","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]],"date-time":"2020-12-18T19:24:01Z","timestamp":1608319441000},"score":24.95578,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.ametsoc.org\/doi\/10.1175\/1520-0469(1990)047<2153:ARFMWA>2.0.CO;2"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1990,9]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1175\/1520-0469(1990)047<2153:ARFMWA>2.0.CO;2"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/1520-0469(1990)047<2153:arfmwa>2.0.co;2","ISSN":["0022-4928","1520-0469"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-4928","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-0469","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[1990,9]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T17:29:09Z","timestamp":1790616549036,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2-3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633910400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N00014-18-1-2472"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N00014-18-1-2472"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Boundary-Layer Meteorol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-021-00659-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T15:28:12Z","timestamp":1633966092000},"page":"227-265","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["A Review of Coastal Fog Microphysics During C-FOG"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"181","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8433-5953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I.","family":"Gultepe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. J.","family":"Heymsfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. J. S.","family":"Fernando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Pardyjak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. E.","family":"Dorman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Q.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Creegan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. W.","family":"Hoch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. D.","family":"Flagg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Yamaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Krishnamurthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Gaber\u0161ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W.","family":"Perrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Perelet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. K.","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Nagare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Wagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"659_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6837","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD901161","volume":"105","author":"H Abdul-Razzak","year":"2000","unstructured":"Abdul-Razzak H, Ghan S (2000) A parametrization of aerosol activation: 2. Multiple aerosol type. J Geophys Res 105:6837\u20136844","journal-title":"J Geophys Res"},{"key":"659_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1175\/2009MWR3097.1","volume":"138","author":"SG Benjamin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Benjamin SG, Jamison BD, Moninger WR, Sahm SR, Schwartz BE, Schlatter TW (2010) Relative short-range forecast impact from aircraft, profiler, radiosonde, VAD, GPS-PW, METAR, and mesonet observations via the RUC hourly assimilation cycle. Mon Wea Rev 138:1319\u20131343","journal-title":"Mon Wea Rev"},{"key":"659_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/0079-6611(63)90004-1","volume":"1","author":"DC Blanchard","year":"1963","unstructured":"Blanchard DC (1963) The electrification of the atmosphere by particles from bubbles in the sea. Prog Oceanogr 1:73\u2013202","journal-title":"Prog Oceanogr"},{"key":"659_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1175\/WAF873.1","volume":"20","author":"TD Bergot","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bergot TD, Noilhan CJ, Bougeault P (2005) Improved site-specific numerical prediction of fog and low clouds: a feasibility study. Wea Forecast 20:627\u2013646","journal-title":"Wea Forecast"},{"key":"659_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-7-1443-2014","volume":"7","author":"K Beswick","year":"2014","unstructured":"Beswick K, Baumgardner D, Gallagher M, Thomas AV, Nedelec P, Wang KY, Lance S (2014) The backscatter cloud probe\u2014a compact low-profile autonomous optical spectrometer. Atmos Meas Tech 7:1443\u20131457","journal-title":"Atmos Meas Tech"},{"key":"659_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1990)047<2153:ARFMWA>2.0.CO;2","volume":"47","author":"A Bott","year":"1990","unstructured":"Bott A, Sievers U, Zdunkowski W (1990) A radiation fog model with a detailed treatment of the interaction between radiative transfer and fog microphysics. J Atmos Sci 47:2153\u20132166","journal-title":"J Atmos Sci"},{"key":"659_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-8095(02)00091-1","volume":"64","author":"A Bott","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bott A, Trautmann T (2002) PAFOG\u2014a new efficient forecast model of radiation fog and low-level stratiform clouds. Atmos Res 64:191\u2013203","journal-title":"Atmos Res"},{"key":"659_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Burrows WR, Toth G (2011) Automated fog and stratus forecasts from the Canadian RDPS operational NWP model. Extended Abstracts. In: 24th\u00a0Conference on Weather and Forecasting, 23\u201327 January, 2011, Seattle, WA, USA, 33pp, Amer. Meteorol. Soc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/2.1.4852.0648","DOI":"10.13140\/2.1.4852.0648"},{"key":"659_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s10652-005-1596-7","volume":"5","author":"ST Castelli","year":"2005","unstructured":"Castelli ST, Ferrero E, Anfossi D, Ohba R (2005) Turbulence closure models and their application in RAMS. Environ Fluid Mech 5:169\u2013192","journal-title":"Environ Fluid Mech"},{"key":"659_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3505","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1994)051<3505:TODAMK>2.0.CO;2","volume":"51","author":"JP Chen","year":"1994","unstructured":"Chen JP (1994) Theory of deliquescence and modified kohler curves. J Atmos Sci 51:3505\u20133516","journal-title":"J Atmos Sci"},{"key":"659_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1973)030<0857:NMOTDA>2.0.CO;2","volume":"30","author":"TL Clark","year":"1973","unstructured":"Clark TL (1973) Numerical modeling of the dynamics and microphysics of warm cumulus convection. J Atmos Sci 30:857\u2013878","journal-title":"J Atmos Sci"},{"key":"659_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.309","volume":"134","author":"BM Claxton","year":"2008","unstructured":"Claxton BM (2008) using a neural network to benchmark a diagnostic parametrization: the Met Office\u2019s visibility scheme. Q J R Meteorol Soc 134:1527\u20131537","journal-title":"Q J R Meteorol Soc"},{"key":"659_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3348","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1998)055<3348:ETSAEO>2.0.CO;2","volume":"55","author":"JM Cohard","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cohard JM, Pinty JP, Bedos C (1998) Extending twomey\u2019s analytical estimate of nucleated cloud droplet concentrations from CCN spectra. J Atmos Sci 55:3348\u20133357","journal-title":"J Atmos Sci"},{"key":"659_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0434(1997)012<0545:FFFTSR>2.0.CO;2","volume":"12","author":"PJ Croft","year":"1997","unstructured":"Croft PJ, Pfost RL, Medlin JM, Johnson GA (1997) Fog forecasting for the southern region: a conceptual model approach. Weather Forecast 12:545\u2013556","journal-title":"Weather Forecast"},{"key":"659_CR15","unstructured":"Dimitrova R, Sharma A, Fernando HJS, Gultepe I, Danchovski V, Wagh S Bardoel S, Wang S (2021) WRF model simulations for coastal fog prediction. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. (in Press)"},{"key":"659_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dorman CE, Hoch SW, Gultepe I, Fernando HJS, Krishnamurthy R (2021) Large scale synoptic weather systems and fog during the C-FOG field experiment. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. (in Press)","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-021-00641-1"},{"key":"659_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1988)045<0865:AOTTCM>2.0.CO;2","volume":"45","author":"PG Duynkerke","year":"1988","unstructured":"Duynkerke PG (1988) Application of the E-\u03b5 turbulence closure model to the neutral and stable atmospheric boundary layer. J Atmos Sci 45:865\u2013880","journal-title":"J Atmos Sci"},{"key":"659_CR18","first-page":"1977","volume":"176","author":"HJS Fernando","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fernando HJS, Gultepe I, Dorman C, Pardyjak E, Wang Q, Hoch S, Richter D, Creegan E, Gaber\u0161ek S, Bullock T, Hocut C, Chang R, Alappattu D, Dimitrova R, Flagg D, Grachev A, Krishnamurthy R, Singh DJ, Lozovatsky I, Nagare B, Sharma A, Wagh S, Wainwright C, Wroblewski M, Yamaguchi R, Bardoel S, Coppersmith RS, Chisholm N, Gonzales E, Gunawardena N, Hyde O, Morrison T, Olson A, Perelet A, Perrie W, Wang S, Wauer B (2021) C-FOG: life of coastal fog. Bull AMS 176:1977\u20132017","journal-title":"Bull AMS"},{"key":"659_CR19","first-page":"390","volume-title":"The physics of rainclouds","author":"NH Fletcher","year":"1966","unstructured":"Fletcher NH (1966) The physics of rainclouds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p 390"},{"key":"659_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1998)015<1188:FORCCN>2.0.CO;2","volume":"15","author":"G Feingold","year":"1998","unstructured":"Feingold G, Yang S, Hardesty RM, Cotton WR (1998) Feasibility of retrieving cloud condensation nucleus properties from doppler cloud radar, microwave radiometer, and lidar. J Atmos Ocean Technol 15:1188\u20131195","journal-title":"J Atmos Ocean Technol"},{"key":"659_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3340","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1998)055<3340:CBSSAS>2.0.CO;2","volume":"55","author":"SJ Ghan","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ghan SJ, Guzman G, Abdul-Razzak H (1998) Competition between sea salt and sulfate particles as cloud condensation nuclei. J Atmos Sci 55:3340\u20133347","journal-title":"J Atmos Sci"},{"key":"659_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5295","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900502","volume":"106","author":"SJ Ghan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ghan SJ, Laulainen NS, Easter RC, Wagener R, Nemesure S, Chapman EG, Zhang Y, Leung LR (2001) Evaluation of aerosol direct radiative forcing in MIRAGE. J Geophys Res 106:5295\u20135316","journal-title":"J Geophys Res"},{"key":"659_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-8095(93)90023-H","volume":"30","author":"SJ Ghan","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ghan SJ, Chuang CC, Penner JE (1993) A parametrization of cloud droplet nucleation, part I: single aerosol type. Atmos Res 30:197\u2013221","journal-title":"Atmos Res"},{"key":"659_CR24","first-page":"777","volume":"102","author":"SJ Ghan","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ghan SJ, Leung LR, EasterRC A-R (1997) Prediction of cloud droplet number in a general circulation model. J Geophys Res 102:777\u2013794","journal-title":"J Geophys Res"},{"key":"659_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S1350482798000577","volume":"5","author":"BW Golding","year":"1998","unstructured":"Golding BW (1998) Nimrod: A system for generating automated very short range forecasts. Meteorol Appl 5:1\u201316","journal-title":"Meteorol Appl"},{"key":"659_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1993)121<2529:ASOTIO>2.0.CO;2","volume":"121","author":"BW Golding","year":"1993","unstructured":"Golding BW (1993) A study of the influence of terrain on fog development. Mon Weather Rev 121:2529\u20132541","journal-title":"Mon Weather Rev"},{"key":"659_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grachev AA Krishnamurthy R, Fernando HJS, Fairall CV, Bardoel SL, Wang S (2021) Atmospheric turbulence measurements in coastal zone with and without fog. Boundary-Layer Meteorol., current issue (submitted).","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-021-00655-9"},{"key":"659_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grachev AA Krishnamurthy R, Fernando HJS, Fairall CW, Bardoel SL, Wang S (2021) Atmospheric turbulence measurements at a coastal zone with and without fog. Boundary-Layer Meteorol (in press)","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-021-00655-9"},{"key":"659_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gultepe I, Pardyjak E, Hoch SW, Fernando HJS, Dorman C, Flagg DD, Krishnamurthy R, Wang Q, Gaber\u0161ek S, Creegan E, Scantland N, Desjardins S, Heidinger A, Pavolonis M, Heymsfield AJ (2021) Coastal fog microphysics using in-situ observations and GOES-R retrievals. Boundary-Layer Meteorol (in press)","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-021-00622-4"},{"key":"659_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-007-0212-9","volume":"164","author":"I Gultepe","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gultepe I, Milbrandt J (2007) (2007a) Microphysical observations and mesoscale model simulation of a warm fog case during FRAM project. Pure Appl Geophys 164:1161\u20131178","journal-title":"Pure Appl Geophys"},{"key":"659_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1175\/JAM2423.1","volume":"45","author":"I Gultepe","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gultepe I, M\u00fcller MD, Boybeyi Z (2006) A new warm fog parametrization scheme for numerical weather prediction models. J Appl Meteor 45:1469\u20131480","journal-title":"J Appl Meteor"},{"key":"659_CR32","first-page":"4659","volume":"52","author":"IDOC GultepeStarr","year":"1995","unstructured":"GultepeStarr IDOC (1995) Dynamical structure and turbulence in cirrus clouds: aircraft observations during FIRE. J Atmos Sci 52:4659\u20134182","journal-title":"J Atmos Sci"},{"key":"659_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0088(199608)16:8<941::AID-JOC57>3.0.CO;2-O","volume":"16","author":"I Gultepe","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gultepe I, Isaac GA (1996) The relationship between cloud droplet and aerosol number concentrations for climate models. Inter J Clim 16:941\u2013946","journal-title":"Inter J Clim"},{"key":"659_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1996)009<0345:POMSMB>2.0.CO;2","volume":"9","author":"I Gultepe","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gultepe I, Isaac GA, Leaitch WR, Banic CM (1996) Parametrization of marine stratus microphysics based on in-situ observations: implications for GCMs. J Climate 9:345\u2013357","journal-title":"J Climate"},{"key":"659_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1999)012<1268:SEOAOC>2.0.CO;2","volume":"12","author":"I Gultepe","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gultepe I, Isaac GA (1999) Scale effects on averaging of cloud droplet and aerosol number concentrations: observations and models. J Climate 12:1268\u20131279","journal-title":"J Climate"},{"key":"659_CR36","first-page":"1121","volume":"164","author":"I Gultepe","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gultepe I, Tardif R, Michaelides SC, Cermak J, Bott A, Bendix J, M\u00fcller M, Pagowski M, Hansen B, Ellrod G, Jacobs W, Toth G, Cober SG (2007a) Fog research: a review of past achievements and future perspectives. Pure ApplGeophys., Special issue on fog, edited by I. Gultepe 164:1121\u20131159","journal-title":"Gultepe"},{"key":"659_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1175\/WAF1011.1","volume":"22","author":"I Gultepe","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gultepe I, Pagowski M, Reid J (2007b) Using surface data to validate a satellite based fog detection scheme. J Weather Forecast 22:444\u2013456","journal-title":"J Weather Forecast"},{"key":"659_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1175\/2008BAMS2354.1","volume":"90","author":"I Gultepe","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gultepe I, Pearson G, Milbrandt JA, Hansen B, Platnick S, Taylor P, Gordon M, Oakley JP, Cober SG (2009) The fog remote sensing and modeling (FRAM) field project. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 90:341\u2013359","journal-title":"Bull Am Meteorol Soc"},{"key":"659_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JAMC1927.1","volume":"49","author":"I Gultepe","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gultepe I, Milbrandt JA (2010) Probabilistic parametrizations of visibility using observations of rain precipitation rate, relative humidity, and visibility. J Appl Meteor Climatol 49:36\u201346","journal-title":"J Appl Meteor Climatol"},{"key":"659_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-11-00071.1","volume":"95","author":"I Gultepe","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gultepe I, Kuhn T, Pavolonis M, Calvert C, Gurka J, Isaac GA, Heymsfield AJ, Liu PSK, Zhou B, Ware R, Ferrier B, Milbrandt J, Hansen B, Bernstein B (2014) Ice fog in arctic during FRAM-IF project: aviation and nowcasting applications. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 95:211\u2013226","journal-title":"Bull Am Meteorol Soc"},{"key":"659_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2014.04.014","volume":"151","author":"I Gultepe","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gultepe I, Zhou B, Milbrandt J, Bott A, Li Y, Heymsfield AJ, Ferrier B, Ware R, Pavolonis M, Kuhn T, Gurka J, Liu P, Cermak J (2015) A review on ice fog: observations and modeling. Atmos Res 151:2\u201319","journal-title":"Atmos Res"},{"key":"659_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gultepe I (2019) Low level ice clouds-ice fog. Encylopedia of water: science, technology, and society, edited by Patricia A. Maurice. ISBN: 9781119300755 John Wilesy & Sons Inc., DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781119300762.wsts0140. 19 pp","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119300762.wsts0140"},{"key":"659_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gultepe I, Pardyjak E, Hoch SW, Fernando HJS, Dorman C, Flagg DD, Krishnamurthy R, Wang Q, Gaber\u0161ek S, Creegan E, Scantland N, Desjardins S, Winger A, Pavolonis M, Heymsfield AJ (2021) Coastal fog microphysics using in-situ observations and GOES-R retrievals. Boundary-Layer Meteorol., accepted.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-021-00622-4"},{"key":"659_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1175\/2009BAMS2671.1","volume":"91","author":"M Haeffelin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Haeffelin M, Bergot T, Elias T, Tardif R, Carrer D, Chazette P, Colomb M, Drobinski P, Dupont E, Dupont J, Gomes L, Musson-Genon L, Pietras C, Plana-Fattori A, Protat A, Rangognio J, Raut J, R\u00e9my S, Richard D, Sciare J, Zhang X (2010) Parisfog. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 91:767\u2013783","journal-title":"Bull Am Meteorol Soc"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"659_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-012-0547-8","volume":"171","author":"T Haiden","year":"2014","unstructured":"Haiden T, Kann A, Pistotnik (2014) Nowcastiong with INCA during SNOW-V10. Pure Appl Geophys 171(5\u20136):231\u2013242","journal-title":"Pure Appl Geophys"},{"key":"659_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/370450a0","volume":"370","author":"A Jones","year":"1994","unstructured":"Jones A, Roberts DL, Slingo A (1994) A climate model study of indirect radiative forcing by anthropogenic sulfate aerosols. Nature 370:450\u2013453","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"659_CR47","first-page":"3","volume":"75","author":"SJ Kline","year":"1953","unstructured":"Kline SJ, McClintock FA (1953) Analysis of uncertainty in single-sample experiments. Mech Eng 75:3\u20139","journal-title":"Mech Eng"},{"key":"659_CR48","first-page":"33","volume":"12","author":"H Koschmieder","year":"1924","unstructured":"Koschmieder H (1924) Theorie der horizontalen sichewite. Beitr Phys Atmos 12:33\u201353","journal-title":"Beitr Phys Atmos"},{"key":"659_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1039\/TF9363201152","volume":"32","author":"H K\u00f6hler","year":"1936","unstructured":"K\u00f6hler H (1936) The nucleus in and the growth of hygroscopic droplets. Trans Faraday Soc 32:1152\u20131161","journal-title":"Trans Faraday Soc"},{"key":"659_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1984)023<0034:PODTVA>2.0.CO;2","volume":"23","author":"BA Kunkel","year":"1984","unstructured":"Kunkel BA (1984) 1984 Parametrization of droplet terminal velocity and extinction coefficient in fog models. J Clim Appl Meteorol 23:34\u201341","journal-title":"J Clim Appl Meteorol"},{"key":"659_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9941","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-9941-2012","volume":"12","author":"ZJ Lebo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lebo ZJ, Morrison H, Seinfeld JH (2012) Are simulated aerosol induced effects on deep convective clouds strongly dependent on saturation adjustment? Atmos Chem Phys 12:9941\u20139964","journal-title":"Atmos Chem Phys"},{"key":"659_CR52","unstructured":"LPM (2011) Laser Precipitation Monitor. 5.4110.xx.x00, 2.5x STDNWS. Adolf Thies GmbH&Co. KG. Document # 000904. 66 pp"},{"key":"659_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1994)051<1823:TMAPOE>2.0.CO;2","volume":"51","author":"GM Martin","year":"1994","unstructured":"Martin GM, Johnson DW, Spice A (1994) The measurement and parametrization of effective radius of droplets in warm stratocumulus clouds. J Atmos Sci 51:1823\u20131842","journal-title":"J Atmos Sci"},{"key":"659_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1029\/RG020i004p00851","volume":"26","author":"G Mellor","year":"1982","unstructured":"Mellor G, Yamada T (1982) Development of a turbulence closure model for geophysical fluid problems. Rev Geophys Space Phys 26:851\u2013875","journal-title":"Rev Geophys Space Phys"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"659_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-011-0351-x","volume":"169","author":"Y Miao","year":"2012","unstructured":"Miao Y, Potts R, Huang X, Elliott G, Rivett R (2012) A fuzzy logic fog forecasting model for perth airport. Pure Appl Geophys 169(5\u20136):1107\u20131119","journal-title":"Pure Appl Geophys"},{"key":"659_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moffat RJ (1982) Contributions to the theory of single-sample uncertainty analysis. 250\u2013258 pp.","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3241818"},{"key":"659_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2839","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS3980","volume":"64","author":"H Morrison","year":"2007","unstructured":"Morrison H, Grabowski WW (2007) Comparison of bulk and bin warm-rain microphysics models using a kinematic framework. J Atmos Sci 64:2839\u20132861","journal-title":"J Atmos Sci"},{"key":"659_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3642","DOI":"10.1175\/2008JCLI2105.1","volume":"21","author":"H Morrison","year":"2008","unstructured":"Morrison H, Gettelman A (2008) A new two-moment bulk stratiform cloud microphysics scheme in the community atmosphere model, Version 3 (CAM3). Part I: description and numerical tests. J Climate 21:3642\u20133659","journal-title":"J Climate"},{"key":"659_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.705","volume":"136","author":"MD Muller","year":"2010","unstructured":"Muller MD, Masbou M, Bott A (2010) Three-dimensional fog forecasting in complex terrain. Q J R Meteorol Soc 136:2189\u20132202","journal-title":"Q J R Meteorol Soc"},{"key":"659_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-007-0217-4","volume":"164","author":"MD Muller","year":"2007","unstructured":"Muller MD, Schmutz C, Parlow E (2007) A one dimensional ensemble forecast and assimilation system for fog prediction. Pure Appl Geophys 164:1241\u20131264","journal-title":"Pure Appl Geophys"},{"issue":"6","key":"659_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-010-8192-6","volume":"27","author":"SJ Niu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Niu SJ, Lu CS, Zhao LJ, LuYang JJJ (2010) Analysis of the microphysical structure of heavy fog using a droplet spectrometer: a case study. Adv Atmos Sci 27(6):1259\u20131275","journal-title":"Adv Atmos Sci"},{"key":"659_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1989)046<0261:EAFSMI>2.0.CO;2","volume":"46","author":"IR Paluch","year":"1989","unstructured":"Paluch IR, Baumgardner DG (1989) Entrainment and fine-scale mixing in a continental convective cloud. J Atmos Sci 46:261\u2013278","journal-title":"J Atmos Sci"},{"key":"659_CR63","first-page":"397","volume-title":"The atmosphere turbulence","author":"HA Panofsky","year":"1984","unstructured":"Panofsky HA, Dutton JA (1984) The atmosphere turbulence. Wiley, Hoboken, p 397"},{"key":"659_CR64","unstructured":"Perelet A, Gultepe I, Hoch SW,Pardyjak E (2021) Response of infrared and microwave scintillometer to hydrometeors. Boundary-Layer Meteorol (in Press)"},{"key":"659_CR65","first-page":"19","volume":"50","author":"A Pezzoli","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pezzoli A, Moncalero M, Boscolo A, Cristofori E, Giacometto F, Gastaldi S, Vercelli G (2010) The meteo-hydrological analysis and the sport performance: which are the connections? The case of the XXI Winter Olympic Games, Vancouver 2010. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 50:19\u201320","journal-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness"},{"key":"659_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-16-0299.1","volume":"99","author":"JD Price","year":"2018","unstructured":"Price JD, Lane S, Boutle IA, Smith DK, Bergot T, Lac C, Duconge L, McGregor J, Kerr-Munslow A, Pickering M, Clark R (2018) LANFEX: a field and modeling study to improve our understanding and forecasting of radiation fog. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 99:2061\u20132077","journal-title":"Bull Am Meteorol Soc"},{"key":"659_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-019-00444-5","volume":"172","author":"JD Price","year":"2019","unstructured":"Price JD (2019) On the formation and development of radiation: An observational study. Bound-Layer Meteorol 172:167\u2013197","journal-title":"Bound-Layer Meteorol"},{"key":"659_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pu Z, Chachere C, Hoch S, Pardyjak E, Gultepe I (2016). Numerical prediction of cold season fog events over complex terrain: the performance of the WRF model during MATERHORN-Fog and early evaluation. Pure Appl Geophys., 3165\u20133186.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-016-1375-z"},{"key":"659_CR69","unstructured":"Schemenauer RS, Gultepe I, Witiw M (2016) Fog Studies. Meteorological Technology International. April Issue, 52\u201354."},{"key":"659_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7165","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-19-7165-2019","volume":"19","author":"J Schwenkel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schwenkel J, Maronga B (2019) Large-eddy simulation of radiation fog with comprehensive two-moment bulk microphysics: impact of different aerosol activation and condensation parametrizations. Atmos Chem Phys 19:7165\u20137181","journal-title":"Atmos Chem Phys"},{"key":"659_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JPO4470.1","volume":"41","author":"ME Scully","year":"2011","unstructured":"Scully ME, Geyer WR, Trowbridge JH (2011) The influence of stratification and nonlocal turbulent production on estuarine turbulence: an assessment of turbulence closure with field observations. J Phys Ocean 41:166\u2013185","journal-title":"J Phys Ocean"},{"key":"659_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-011-0340-0","volume":"169","author":"C Shi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shi C, Wang L, Zhang H, Deng X, Li D, Qiu M (2012) Fog simulations based on multi-model system: a feasibility study. Pure Appl Geophys 169:941\u2013960","journal-title":"Pure Appl Geophys"},{"key":"659_CR73","unstructured":"Smirnova TG, Benjamin SG, Brown JM (2000) Case study verification of RUC\/MAPS fog and visibility forecasts. Preprints, 9th Conf. on ARAM, AMS, Orlando, FL, 31\u201336."},{"key":"659_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-5-2237-2012","volume":"5","author":"JK Spiegel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Spiegel JK, Zieger P, Bukowiecki N, Hammer E, Weingartner E, Eugster W (2012) Evaluating the capabilities and uncertainties of droplet measurements for the fog droplet spectrometer (FM-100). Atmos Meas Tech 5:2237\u20132260","journal-title":"Atmos Meas Tech"},{"key":"659_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4995","DOI":"10.1029\/94JC03055","volume":"100","author":"DE Spiel","year":"1995","unstructured":"Spiel DE (1995) On the births of jet drops from bubbles bursting on water surfaces. J Geophys Res 100:4995\u20135006","journal-title":"J Geophys Res"},{"key":"659_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5815","DOI":"10.1029\/96JC03582","volume":"102","author":"DE Spiel","year":"1997","unstructured":"Spiel DE (1997) More on the births of jet drops from bubbles bursting on seawater surfaces. J Geophys Res 102:5815\u20135821","journal-title":"J Geophys Res"},{"key":"659_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24907","DOI":"10.1029\/98JC02233","volume":"103","author":"DE Spiel","year":"1998","unstructured":"Spiel DE (1998) On the births of film drops from bubbles bursting on seawater surfaces. J Geophys Res 103:24907\u201324918","journal-title":"J Geophys Res"},{"key":"659_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1999)038<0385:NMSMSO>2.0.CO;2","volume":"38","author":"TG Stoelinga","year":"1999","unstructured":"Stoelinga TG, Warner TT (1999) Non-hydrostatic, mesobeta-scale model simulations of cloud ceiling and visibility for an east coast winter precipitation event. J Appl Meteor 38:385\u2013404","journal-title":"J Appl Meteor"},{"key":"659_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D24208","DOI":"10.1029\/2005jd006300","volume":"111","author":"TG Storelvmo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Storelvmo TG, Kristjansson JE, Ghan SJ, Kirkevag A, Seland O, Iversen T (2006) Predicting cloud droplet number concentration in Community Atmosphere Model (CAM)-Oslo. J Geophys Res 111:D24208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2005jd006300","journal-title":"J Geophys Res"},{"key":"659_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3636","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS-D-13-0305.1","volume":"71","author":"G Thompson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Thompson G, Eidhammer T (2014) A study of aerosol impacts on clouds and precipitation development in a large winter cyclone. J Atmos Sci 71:3636\u20133658","journal-title":"J Atmos Sci"},{"key":"659_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5095","DOI":"10.1175\/2008MWR2387.1","volume":"136","author":"G Thompson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Thompson G, Field PR, Rasmussen RM, Hall WD (2008) Explicit forecasts of winter precipitation using an improved bulk microphysics scheme. Part II: implementation of a new snow parametrization. Mon Wea Rev 136:5095\u20135115","journal-title":"Mon Wea Rev"},{"issue":"50","key":"659_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1002\/2014EO500001","volume":"95","author":"A Torregrosa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Torregrosa A, O\u2019Brien A, Faloona IC (2014) Coastal fog, climate change, and the environment. Eos 95(50):473","journal-title":"Eos"},{"key":"659_CR83","unstructured":"Toth G, Gultepe I, Milbrandt J, Hansen B, Pearson G, Fogarty C, Burrows W (2011) The environment Canada handbook on fog and fog forecasting. Environment Canada. Tech. Manual. ISBN # 978\u20131\u2013100\u201352518\u20131. Available from Environment Canada, Toronto, Canada. 93 pp"},{"key":"659_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1175\/JPO-D-17-0104.1","volume":"48","author":"Y Troitskaya","year":"2018","unstructured":"Troitskaya Y, Kandaurov A, Ermakova O, Kozlov D, Sergeev D, Zilitinkevich S (2018) The \u2018\u201cBag Breakup\u201d\u2019 spume droplet generation mechanism at high winds. Part I: spray generation function. J Phys Oceanogr 48:2167\u20132188","journal-title":"J Phys Oceanogr"},{"key":"659_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01993560","volume":"43","author":"S Twomey","year":"1959","unstructured":"Twomey S (1959) The nuclei of natural cloud formation. Part II: the supersaturation in natural clouds and the variation of cloud droplet concentration. Pure Appl Geophys 43:243\u2013249","journal-title":"Pure Appl Geophys"},{"key":"659_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(74)90004-3","volume":"8","author":"S Twomey","year":"1974","unstructured":"Twomey S (1974) Pollution and planetary albedo. Atmos Environ 8:1251\u20131256","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"659_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-1686(91)90159-5","volume":"25","author":"S Twomey","year":"1991","unstructured":"Twomey S (1991) Aerosols, clouds and radiation. Atmos Environ 25:2435\u20132442","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"659_CR88","unstructured":"Wagh S, Krishnamurthy R, Wainwright C, Wang S, Fernando HJS, Gultepe I (2020) Microphysics of marine Fog during Stratus cloud lowering. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. In Press."},{"key":"659_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wainwright C, Richter D (2021) Investigating the sensitivity of marine fog to physical and microphysical processes using large-eddy simulation. Boundary-Layer Meteorol., In Press.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-020-00599-6"},{"key":"659_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11040413","volume":"11","author":"S Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang S, Yi S, Zhang S, Shi X, Chen X (2020) The Microphysical properties of a sea-fog event along the west coast of the yellow sea in spring. MDPI Atmos 11:413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/atmos11040413","journal-title":"MDPI Atmos"},{"key":"659_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang Q, Yamaguchi RT, Kalogiros JA, Daniels Z, Alappattu DP, Jonsson H, Alvarenga O, Olson A, Wauer BJ, Ortiz-Suslow DG, Fernando HJS (2021) Microphysics and Optical Attenuation in Fog: Observations from Two Coastal Sites, , BLM, submitted.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-021-00675-5"},{"key":"659_CR92","unstructured":"Wilfried J, Nietosvaara V, Bott A, Bendix J, Cermak J, Silas M, Gultepe I (2008) Short range forecasting methods of fog visibility and low clouds. COST Action 722, Earth System Science and Environmental Management Final report on COST-722 Action. ISBN # 978\u201392\u2013898\u20130038\u20139Available from COST Office, Avenue Louise 149, B-1050 Brussel, Belgium. 489 pp."},{"key":"659_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.1975","volume":"139","author":"JM Wilkinson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wilkinson JM, Porson ANF, Bornemann FJ, Weeks M, Field PR, Lock AP (2013) Improved microphysical parametrization of drizzle and fog for operational forecasting using the Met Office Unified Model. Q J R Meteorol Soc 139:488\u2013500","journal-title":"Q J R Meteorol Soc"},{"key":"659_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1017\/S1350482798000693","volume":"5","author":"BJ Wright","year":"1998","unstructured":"Wright BJ, Thomas N (1998) An objective visibility analysis and very short- range forecasting system. Meteorol Appl 5:157\u2013181","journal-title":"Meteorol Appl"},{"key":"659_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1126\/science.212.4492.324","volume":"212","author":"J Wu","year":"1981","unstructured":"Wu J (1981) Evidence of sea spray produced by bursting bubbles. Science 212:324\u2013326","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"659_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1175\/2009WAF2222337.1","volume":"25","author":"D Yang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yang D, Ritchie H, Desjardins S, Pearson G, MacAfee A, Gultepe I (2009) High Resolution GEM-LAM application in marine fog prediction: evaluation and diagnosis. Weather Forecast 25:727\u2013748","journal-title":"Weather Forecast"},{"key":"659_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1175\/2009WAF2222289.1","volume":"25","author":"B Zhou","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhou B, Du J (2010) Fog prediction from a multi-model mesoscale ensemble prediction system. Wea Forecast 25:303\u2013322","journal-title":"Wea Forecast"},{"key":"659_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JAMC1685.1","volume":"47","author":"B Zhou","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zhou B, Ferrier BS (2008) Asymptotic analysis of equilibrium radiation fog. J App Met Clim 47:1704\u20131722","journal-title":"J App Met Clim"}],"container-title":["Boundary-Layer Meteorology"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10546-021-00659-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10546-021-00659-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10546-021-00659-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,27]],"date-time":"2021-11-27T14:07:12Z","timestamp":1638022032000},"score":24.89644,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10546-021-00659-5"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2-3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["659"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10546-021-00659-5","ISSN":["0006-8314","1573-1472"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-8314","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-1472","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 July 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 August 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 October 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T05:35:52Z","timestamp":1772256952738,"version":"3.50.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,24]]},"group-title":"Clouds and Precipitation\/Atmospheric Modelling and Data Analysis\/Troposphere\/Physics (physical properties and processes)","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,24]],"date-time":"2016-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1477267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract. Large Eddy Simulations (LES) of a radiation fog event occurring during ParisFog experiment have been studied with a view of analyzing the impact of the dynamics on the microphysics. The LES, performed with the Meso-NH model at 5\u2009m resolution horizontally and 1\u2009m vertically, and with a 2-moment microphysical scheme, included the drag effect of a trees barrier and deposition on vegetation. The model shows a good agreement with the measurements of the near surface dynamic and thermodynamic parameters as well as the cloud water content, but overestimates the cloud droplet sizes and concentration. The blocking effect of the trees induced elevated fog formation, like in the observation, and horizontal heterogeneities, and limited the cooling and the cloud water production. The deposition process was found to exert the most significant impact on the fog prediction, as it not only erodes the fog near the surface, but also modifies the fog life cycle and induces vertical heterogeneities. The comparison with the 2\u2009m horizontal resolution simulation exhibited small differences meaning that the grid convergence was achieved. Conversely, increasing numerical diffusion through a wind advection operator of lower order led to an overestimation of the near surface microphysical fields and had almost a similar effect than removing the effect of the trees barrier. This study allows to establish the major dynamical ingredients necessary to perform correctly the fog life cycle prediction at high resolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-2016-900","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,24]],"date-time":"2016-10-24T08:41:09Z","timestamp":1477298469000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Large-eddy simulation of radiation fog: Part 1: Impact of dynamics\non microphysics"],"prefix":"10.5194","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2604-0292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie","family":"Mazoyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Lac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Odile","family":"Thouron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thierry","family":"Bergot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8807-0545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valery","family":"Masson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luc","family":"Musson-Genon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3145","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net\/acp-2016-900\/acp-2016-900.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T17:08:46Z","timestamp":1738948126000},"score":24.528563,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/acp.copernicus.org\/articles\/17\/13017\/2017\/acp-17-13017-2017-discussion.html"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,24]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-2016-900","relation":{"has-comment":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2016-900-AC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2016-900-AC2","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2016-900-AC3","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2016-900-AC4","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2016-900-AC5","asserted-by":"subject"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2016-900-RC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2016-900-RC2","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2016-900-RC3","asserted-by":"subject"}],"is-preprint-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-17-13017-2017","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-17-13017-2017","asserted-by":"object"}]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,24]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T14:00:54Z","timestamp":1789480854306,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"450","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,11]],"date-time":"2007-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1168473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9598,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Quart J Royal Meteoro Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1980,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A model of radiation fog is described containing an explicit formulation of the microphysics of the condensation process. The coupling between the radiative and microphysical processes within the model means that apart from the specification of the turbulence and CCN spectrum it is deterministic.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Results are presented which indicated that:<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"explicit-label\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>\u2003The drop\u2010size distribution is sensitive to the CCN concentration but not to the presence of large CCN.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>\u2003Radiative loss from the drops can have a significant effect upon their growth.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>\u2003The drop\u2010size distribution is very sensitive to reductions in the condensation coefficient to a value below 0.033.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><jats:p>Differences between observed and model drop\u2010size distributions are attributed to an underestimate in the model of the level of mixing within a mature fog.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49710645010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,3]],"date-time":"2007-02-03T04:38:28Z","timestamp":1170477508000},"page":"781-802","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["A numerical study of radiation fog with an explicit formulation of the microphysics"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"R.","family":"Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"335","article-title":"The physics of radiation fog: II \u2013 a numerical study","volume":"102","author":"Brown R.","year":"1976","journal-title":"Quart. J. R. Met. Soc."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1974)031<1351:ADOTCC>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Fitzgerald J. W.1972A study of the initial phase of cloud droplet growth by condensation: Comparison between theory and observation Tech. Note No. 44 Dept. of Geophysical Sciences The University of Chicago 144pp."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1970)027<1160:KOHGFA>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(69)90108-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49708837604"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Howell H. B.1969Angular scattering functions for spherical water droplets Naval Research Laboratory Washington Report No. 6955 116pp.","DOI":"10.21236\/AD0698492"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1969)026<0302:AASFTC>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1969)026<1060:TEOCAC>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1975)032<0720:ANEORF>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49710042304"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1975)014<0364:TLCOVF>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/JC080i024p03386"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49710243207"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49710243204"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49710544508"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"Ryder P.1976The measurement of cloud droplet spectra. Preprint Vol. Int. Conf. Cloud Physics Boulder Colorado 576\u2013580."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2153-3490.1956.tb01246.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1978)035<2111:RPIEWC>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"Stewart K. H.1955Radiation fog: investigations at Cardington 1951\u201354 Air Ministry Met. Res. Paper 912."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"Stewart K. H.1957Some observations on the composition of fogs investigations at Cardington 1951\u201354 Air Ministry Met. Res. Paper 912. 1074."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","first-page":"47","article-title":"Passivation of hygroscopic condensation nuclei by surfactant absorption from a gas phase","volume":"1","author":"Storozhilova A. I.","year":"1971","journal-title":"Advances in Aerosol Physics"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","first-page":"181","article-title":"Water droplet growth in an expansion cloud chamber operating at small supersaturations","volume":"9","author":"Vietti M. A.","year":"1975","journal-title":"Journal de Recherches Atmospherique"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00875062"}],"container-title":["Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fqj.49710645010","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/qj.49710645010","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,4]],"date-time":"2023-11-04T13:49:25Z","timestamp":1699105765000},"score":24.422014,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/qj.49710645010"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1980,10]]},"references-count":24,"aliases":["10.1256\/smsqj.45009"],"journal-issue":{"issue":"450","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1980,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/qj.49710645010"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/qj.49710645010","archive":["Portico"],"ISSN":["0035-9009","1477-870X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0035-9009","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-870X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[1980,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1979-06-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2007-01-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:25:25Z","timestamp":1790742325999,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"American Meteorological Society","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Appl. Meteor."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1975,4]]},"DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1975)014<0364:tlcovf>2.0.co;2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,11]],"date-time":"2002-10-11T17:45:49Z","timestamp":1034358349000},"page":"364-374","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["The Life Cycle of Valley Fog. Part II: Fog Microphysics"],"prefix":"10.1175","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"R. J.","family":"Pili\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. J.","family":"Mack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. C.","family":"Kocmond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. J.","family":"Eadie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. W.","family":"Rogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"12","container-title":["Journal of Applied Meteorology"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.ametsoc.org\/doi\/pdf\/abs\/10.1175\/1520-0450%281975%29014%3C0364%3ATLCOVF%3E2.0.CO%3B2","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,16]],"date-time":"2020-12-16T18:00:40Z","timestamp":1608141640000},"score":24.005177,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.ametsoc.org\/doi\/10.1175\/1520-0450(1975)014<0364:TLCOVF>2.0.CO;2"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1975,4]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1975,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1175\/1520-0450(1975)014<0364:TLCOVF>2.0.CO;2"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/1520-0450(1975)014<0364:tlcovf>2.0.co;2","ISSN":["0021-8952"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-8952","type":"print"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[1975,4]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T06:54:44Z","timestamp":1757314484655},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":194,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9783030335656"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9783030335663"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-33566-3_6","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]],"date-time":"2020-01-29T15:02:55Z","timestamp":1580310175000},"page":"361-414","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Arctic Ice Fog: Its Microphysics and Prediction"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Ismail","family":"Gultepe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Heymsfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Gallagher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"6_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2508","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1980)037<2508:ASOHCF>2.0.CO;2","volume":"37","author":"RJ Anderson","year":"1980","unstructured":"Anderson, R. J., Miller, R. C., Kassner, J. L., & Hagen, D. E. (1980). A study of homogeneous condensation-freezing nucleation of small water droplets in an expansion cloud chamber. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 37, 2508\u20132520.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"issue":"D04210","key":"6_CR2","first-page":"25757","volume":"113","author":"A Ansmann","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ansmann, A., Tesche, M., Althausen, M., M\u00fcller, D., Freudenthaler, V., Heese, B., Wiegner, M., Pisani, G., Knippertz, P., & Dubovik, O. (2008). Influence of Saharan dust on cloud glaciation in southern Morocco during SAMUM. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113(D04210), 25757\u201325761.","journal-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research"},{"issue":"7454","key":"6_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12278","volume":"498","author":"JD Atkinson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Atkinson, J. D., Murray, B. J., Woodhouse, M. T., Whale, T. F., Baustian, K. J., Carslaw, K. S., Dobbie, S., O\u2019Sullivan, D., & Malkin, T. L. (2013). The importance of feldspar for ice nucleation by mineral dust in mixed-phase clouds. Nature, 498(7454), 355\u2013358.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"6_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1175\/JAM2398.1","volume":"45","author":"B Baker","year":"2006","unstructured":"Baker, B., & Lawson, R. P. (2006). Improvement in determination of ice water content from two-dimensional particle imagery. Part I: Image-to-mass relationships. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 45, 1282\u20131290.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology"},{"key":"6_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1175\/WAF886.1","volume":"20","author":"J Bendix","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bendix, J., Thies, B., Cermak, J., & Nau\u00df, T. (2005). Ground fog detection from space based on MODIS daytime data\u2014A feasibility study. Weather and Forecasting, 20, 989\u20131005.","journal-title":"Weather and Forecasting"},{"key":"6_CR6","unstructured":"Benson, C. S. (1965). Ice fog: Low temperature air pollution defined with Fairbanks, Alaska, Geophysical Research Institute, UAG R-173. CRREL Research Report , 121 pp."},{"key":"6_CR7","unstructured":"Benson, C. S., & Rogers, G. W. (1965). Alaskan air pollution-The nature of ice fog and its development and settlement implications. In Proceedings of the 16th AAAS Alaskan Science Conference, Juneau, AL, pp. 233\u2013245."},{"key":"6_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1994)122<1218:NFORFP>2.0.CO;2","volume":"122","author":"T Bergot","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bergot, T., & Guedalia, D. (1994). Numerical forecasting of radiation fog. Part I: Numerical model and sensitivity tests. Monthly Weather Review, 122, 1218\u20131230.","journal-title":"Monthly Weather Review"},{"key":"6_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1175\/WAF873.1","volume":"20","author":"T Bergot","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bergot, T., Carrer, D., Noilhan, J., & Bougeault, P. (2005). Improved site specific numerical prediction of fog and low clouds: A feasibility study. Weather and Forecasting, 20, 627\u2013646.","journal-title":"Weather and Forecasting"},{"key":"6_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1175\/JAM2475.1","volume":"46","author":"T Bergot","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bergot, T., Terradellas, E., Cuxart, J., Mira, A., Liechti, O., Mueller, M., & Nielsen, N. W. (2007). Intercomparison of single-column numerical models for the prediction of radiation fog. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 46, 504\u2013521.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology"},{"key":"6_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH1771.1","volume":"22","author":"L Bianco","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bianco, L., Cimini, D., Marzano, F. S., & Ware, R. (2005). Combining microwave radiometer and wind profiler radar measurements for high-resolution atmospheric humidity profiling. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 22, 949\u2013965.","journal-title":"Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology"},{"key":"6_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1038\/371383a0","volume":"371","author":"J-P Blanchet","year":"1994","unstructured":"Blanchet, J.-P., & Girard, E. (1994). Arctic greenhouse cooling. Nature, 371, 383.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"6_CR13","unstructured":"Bloemink, H. I., & Lanzinger, E. (2005). Precipitation type from the Thies dis- drometer. TECO-2005 Meeting, Bucharest, Romania, 4\u20137 May 2005, IOM 82(TD 1265)."},{"key":"6_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-12-00081.1","volume":"30","author":"R Boers","year":"2013","unstructured":"Boers, R., Baltink, H. K., Hemink, H. J., Bosveld, F. C., & Moerman, M. (2013). Ground-based observations and modeling of the visibility and radar reflectivity in a radiation fog layer. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 30, 288\u2013300.","journal-title":"Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology"},{"key":"6_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00052831","volume":"9","author":"RD Borys","year":"1989","unstructured":"Borys, R. D. (1989). Studies of ice nucleation by arctic aerosols on AGASP-II. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 9, 169\u2013185.","journal-title":"Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry"},{"key":"6_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-8095(02)00091-1","volume":"64","author":"A Bott","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bott, A., & Trautmann, T. (2002). PAFOG\u2014A new efficient forecast model of radiation fog and low-level stratiform clouds. Atmospheric Research, 64, 191\u2013203.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Research"},{"key":"6_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1990)047<2153:ARFMWA>2.0.CO;2","volume":"47","author":"A Bott","year":"1990","unstructured":"Bott, A., Sievers, U., & Zdunkowski, W. (1990). A radiation fog model with a detailed treatment of the interaction between radiative transfer and fog microphysics. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 47, 2153\u20132166.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"6_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1968)007<0961:WPSAIF>2.0.CO;2","volume":"7","author":"SA Bowling","year":"1968","unstructured":"Bowling, S. A., Ohtake, T., & Benson, C. S. (1968). Winter pressure systems and ice fog in Fairbanks, Alaska. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 7, 961\u2013968.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Meteorology"},{"key":"6_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-287-2012","volume":"12","author":"SL Broadley","year":"2012","unstructured":"Broadley, S. L., Murray, B. J., Herbert, R. J., Atkinson, J. D., Dobbie, S., Malkin, T. L., Condliffe, E., & Neve, L. (2012). Immersion mode heterogeneous ice nucleation by al illite rich powder representative of atmospheric mineral dust. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 12, 287\u2013307.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics"},{"key":"6_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2008.02.008","volume":"90","author":"U Bundke","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bundke, U., Nillius, B., Jaenicke, R., Wetter, T., Klein, H., & Bingemer, H. (2008). The fast ice nucleus chamber FINCH. Atmospheric Research, 90, 180\u2013186.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Research"},{"key":"6_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2009.2013205","volume":"47","author":"M Cadeddu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cadeddu, M., Turner, D., & Liljegren, J. (2009). A neural network for real-time retrievals of PWV and LWP from Arctic millimeter-wave ground-based observations. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 47, 1887\u20131900. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TGRS.2009.2013205 .","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing"},{"key":"6_CR22","unstructured":"Calvert, C., & Pavolonis, M. J. (2011). GOES-R Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) algorithm theoretical basis document for fog and low cloud detection, Version 2.0., 67 pp."},{"key":"6_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-007-0213-8","volume":"164","author":"J Cermak","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cermak, J., & Bendix, J. (2007). Dynamical nighttime fog\/low stratus detection based on meteosat SEVIRI data \u2013 A feasibility study. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 164, 1179\u20131192.","journal-title":"Pure and Applied Geophysics"},{"key":"6_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cermak, J., & Bendix, J. (2008). A novel approach to fog\/low stratus detection using meteosat 8 data. Atmospheric Research, 87: 3\u20134, 279\u2013292.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2007.11.009"},{"issue":"12","key":"6_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3345","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161003747505","volume":"32","author":"J Cermak","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cermak, J., & Bendix, J. (2011). Detecting ground fog from space-A microphysics-based approach. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 32(12), 3345\u20133371.","journal-title":"International Journal of Remote Sensing"},{"key":"6_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1039\/B702722M","volume":"137","author":"TW Choularton","year":"2008","unstructured":"Choularton, T. W., Bower, K. N., Weingartner, E., Crawford, I., Coe, H., Gallagher, M. W., Flynn, M., Crosier, J., Connolly, P., Targino, A., Alfarra, M. R., Baltensperger, U., Sjogren, S., Verheggen, B., Cozic, J., & Gysel, M. (2008). The influence of small aerosol particles on the properties of water and ice clouds. Faraday Discussions, 137, 205\u2013222.","journal-title":"Faraday Discussions"},{"key":"6_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS-D-13-0126.1","volume":"71","author":"D Chung","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chung, D., & Matheou, G. (2014). Large-eddy simulation of stratified turbulence. Part I: A vortex-based subgrid-scale model. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 71, 1863\u20131879. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/JAS-D-13-0126.1 .","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"issue":"12","key":"6_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4959","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2154337","volume":"49","author":"D Cimini","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cimini, D., Campos, E., Ware, R., Albers, S., Giuliani, G., Oreamuno, J., Joe, P., Koch, S. E., Cober, S., & Westwater, E. (2010). Thermodynamic atmospheric profiling during the 2010 winter Olympics using ground-based microwave radiometry. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 49(12), 4959\u20134969.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing"},{"key":"6_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2805","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-2805-2009","volume":"9","author":"PJ Connolly","year":"2009","unstructured":"Connolly, P. J., M\u00f6hler, O., Field, P. R., Saathoff, H., Burgess, R., Choularton, T., & Gallagher, M. (2009). Studies of the heterogenous freezing by three different desert dust samples. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 9, 2805\u20132824.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics"},{"key":"6_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cooper, W. A. (1986). Ice initiation in natural clouds. Precipitation enhancement\u2014A scientific challenge (Meteor. Monogr., no. 43, Amer. Meteor. Soc. pp. 29\u201332).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-935704-17-1_4"},{"key":"6_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1981)038<1244:TOOIIM>2.0.CO;2","volume":"38","author":"WA Cooper","year":"1981","unstructured":"Cooper, W. A., & Vali, G. (1981). The origin of ice in mountain cap clouds. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 38, 1244\u20131259.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"6_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1998)126<1373:TOCMGE>2.0.CO;2","volume":"126","author":"J C\u00f4t\u00e9","year":"1998","unstructured":"C\u00f4t\u00e9, J., Gravel, S., M\u00e9thot, A., Patoine, A., Roch, M., & Staniforth, A. (1998). The operational CMC-MRB global environmental multiscale (GEM) model. Part I: Design considerations and formulation. Monthly Weather Review, 126, 1373\u20131395.","journal-title":"Monthly Weather Review"},{"key":"6_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.3370100708","volume":"10","author":"JA Curry","year":"1990","unstructured":"Curry, J. A., Meyers, F. G., Radke, L. F., Brock, C. A., & Ebert, E. E. (1990). Occurrence and characteristics of lower tropospheric ice crystals in the Arctic. International Journal of Climatology, 10, 749\u2013764.","journal-title":"International Journal of Climatology"},{"key":"6_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1994)051<0077:PAIOII>2.0.CO;2","volume":"51","author":"PJ DeMott","year":"1994","unstructured":"DeMott, P. J., Meyers, M. P., & Cotton, W. R. (1994). Parameterization and impact of ice initiation processes relevant to numerical model simulations of cirrus clouds. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 51, 77\u201390.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"6_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19575","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD01138","volume":"102","author":"PJ DeMott","year":"1997","unstructured":"DeMott, P. J., Rogers, D. C., & Kreidenweiss, S. M. (1997). The susceptibility of ice formation in upper tropospheric clouds to insoluble aerosol components. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, 19575\u201319584.","journal-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research"},{"key":"6_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.1029\/1999GL900580","volume":"26","author":"PJ DeMott","year":"1999","unstructured":"DeMott, P. J., Chen, Y., Kreidenweis, S. M., Rogers, D. C., & Sherman, D. E. (1999). Ice formation by black carbon particles. Geophysical Research Letters, 26, 2429\u20132432.","journal-title":"Geophysical Research Letters"},{"key":"6_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GL017410","volume":"30","author":"PJ DeMott","year":"2003","unstructured":"DeMott, P. J., Sassen, K., Poellot, M., Baumgardner, D., Rogers, D. C., Brooks, S., Prenni, A. J., & Kreidenweis, S. M. (2003). African dust aerosols as atmospheric ice nuclei. Geophysical Research Letters, 30, 1732.","journal-title":"Geophysical Research Letters"},{"key":"6_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11217","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0910818107","volume":"107","author":"PJ DeMott","year":"2010","unstructured":"DeMott, P. J., Prenni, A. J., Liu, X., Kreidenweis, S. M., Petters, M. D., Twohy, C. H., Richardson, M. S., Eidhammer, T., & Rogers, D. C. (2010). Predicting global atmospheric ice nuclei distributions and their impacts on climate. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107, 11217\u201311222.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"21","key":"6_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5797","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1514034112","volume":"113","author":"Paul J. DeMott","year":"2015","unstructured":"DeMott, P. J., Hill, T. C. J., McCluskey, C. S., & Franc, G. D. (2015). Sea spray aerosol as a unique source of ice nucleating particles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1514034112 , 7 pp.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"6_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusb.v64i0.15598","volume":"64","author":"VR Despres","year":"2012","unstructured":"Despres, V. R., Huffman, J. A., Burrows, S. M., Hoose, C., Safatov, A. S., Buryak, G., Frohlich-Nowoisky, J., Elbert, W., Andreae, M. O., P\u00f6schl, U., & Jaenicke, R. (2012). Primary biological aerosol particles in the atmosphere: A review. Tellus Series B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 64, 1\u201358.","journal-title":"Tellus Series B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology"},{"key":"6_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-6461-8_7","volume-title":"Kinetics of Reactions in Ionic Systems","author":"W. J. Dunning","year":"1969","unstructured":"Dunning, W. J. (1969). Nucleation and growth processes in the dehydration of salt hydrate crystals. In Proceedings of an International Symposium on Special Topics in Ceramics, held June 18\u201323, 1967, at Alfred University, Alfred, New York, pp. 132\u2013135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4899-6461-8_7 ."},{"key":"6_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11311","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-11311-2015","volume":"15","author":"C Emersic","year":"2015","unstructured":"Emersic, C., Connolly, P. J., Boult, S., Campana, M., & Li, Z. (2015). Investigating the discrepancy between wet-suspension- and dry-dispersion-derived ice nucleation efficiency of mineral particles. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 15, 11311\u201311326.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics"},{"issue":"11","key":"6_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-13-00131.1","volume":"96","author":"H. J. S. Fernando","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fernando, H. J. S., & Co-authors. (2015). The MATERHORN: Unraveling the Intricacies of Mountain Weather. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/BAMS-D-13-00131.1 .","journal-title":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society"},{"key":"6_CR800","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1994)051,0249:ADMMPF.2.0.CO;2","volume":"51","author":"BS Ferrier","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ferrier, B. S. (1994). A double-moment multiple-phase fourclass bulk ice scheme. Part I: Description. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 51, 249\u2013280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/1520-0469(1994)051,0249:ADMMPF.2.0.CO;2 .","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"6_CR45","unstructured":"Ferrier, B. S., Jin, Y., Lin, Y., Black, T., Rogers, E., & DiMego, G. (2002). Implementation of a new grid-scale cloud and precipitation scheme in the NCEP eta model. Preprints, 15th Conference on numerical weather prediction, San Antonio, TX, American Meteor Society, 10.1."},{"key":"6_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH1922.1","volume":"23","author":"PR Field","year":"2006","unstructured":"Field, P. R., Heymsfield, A. J., & Bansemer, A. (2006). Shattering and particle interarrival times measured by optical array probes in ice clouds. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 23, 1357\u20131371.","journal-title":"Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology"},{"key":"6_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13658","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.5b08748","volume":"137","author":"M Fitzner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fitzner, M., Sosso, G. C., Cox, S. J., & Michaelides, A. (2015). The many faces of heterogeneous ice nucleation: Interplay between surface morphology and hydrophobicity. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 137, 13658\u201313669.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Chemical Society"},{"key":"6_CR48","volume-title":"The physics of rainclouds","author":"NH Fletcher","year":"1962","unstructured":"Fletcher, N. H. (1962). The physics of rainclouds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 386 pp."},{"key":"6_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2785","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.15.002785","volume":"15","author":"CJ Flynn","year":"2007","unstructured":"Flynn, C. J., Mendoza, A., Zheng, Y., & Mathur, S. (2007). Novel polarization-sensitive micropulse LiDAR measurement technique. Optics Express, 15, 2785\u20132790.","journal-title":"Optics Express"},{"key":"6_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1982)039<0648:INBAPT>2.0.CO;2","volume":"39","author":"N Fukuta","year":"1982","unstructured":"Fukuta, N., & Schaller, R. C. (1982). Ice nucleation by aerosol particles: Theory of condensation-freezing nucleation. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 39, 648\u2013655.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"6_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4453","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-4453-2010","volume":"10","author":"AM Gabey","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gabey, A. M., Gallagher, M. W., Whitehead, J., Dorsey, J. R., Kaye, P. H., & Stanley, W. R. (2010). Measurements and comparison of primary biological aerosol above and below a tropical forest canopy using a dual channel fluorescence spectrometer. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10, 4453\u20134466.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics"},{"key":"6_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-89-3-299","volume":"89","author":"TJ Garrett","year":"2008","unstructured":"Garrett, T. J., & Verzella, L. L. (2008). Looking back: An evolving history of Arctic aerosols. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 89, 299\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/ BAMS-89-3-299 .","journal-title":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society"},{"key":"6_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(2001)058<1181:MPOADD>2.0.CO;2","volume":"58","author":"E Girard","year":"2001","unstructured":"Girard, E., & Blanchet, J. P. (2001). Microphysical parameterization of Arctic diamond dust, ice fog, and thin stratus for climate models. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 58, 1181\u20131198.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"6_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15165","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-15165-2016","volume":"16","author":"MI Gosselin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gosselin, M. I., Rathnayake, C. M., Crawford, I., P\u00f6hlker, C., Fr\u00f6hlich-Nowoisky, J., Schmer, B., Despr\u00e9s, V. R., Engling, G., Gallagher, M., Stone, E., P\u00f6schl, U., & Huffman, J. A. (2016). Fluorescent bioaerosol particle, molecular tracer, and fungal spore concentrations during dry and rainy periods in a semi-arid forest. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 16, 15165\u201315184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-16-15165-2016 .","journal-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics"},{"key":"6_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1965)004<0446:TEOSIC>2.0.CO;2","volume":"4","author":"Y Gotaas","year":"1965","unstructured":"Gotaas, Y., & Benson, C. S. (1965). The effect of suspended ice crystals on radiative cooling. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 4, 446\u2013453.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Meteorology"},{"key":"6_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D09201","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JD010927","volume":"114","author":"P Grenier","year":"2009","unstructured":"Grenier, P., Blanchet, J. P., & Alpizar, R. M. (2009). Study of polar thin ice clouds and aerosols seen by CloudSat and CALIPSO during midwinter 2007. Journal of Geophysical Research, 114, D09201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2008JD010927 .","journal-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research"},{"key":"6_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.agph.2015.01.001","volume":"56","author":"I Gultepe","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gultepe, I. (2015). Mountain weather: Observations and Modeling. Advances in Geophysics, 56, 229\u2013312.","journal-title":"Advances in Geophysics"},{"key":"6_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-007-0211-x","volume":"164","author":"I Gultepe","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., & Coauthors. (2007a). Fog research: A review of past achievements and future perspectives. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 164, 1121\u20131159.","journal-title":"Pure and Applied Geophysics"},{"key":"6_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., & Isaac, G. A. (2002). The effects of air-mass origin on Arctic cloud microphysical parameters during FIRE.ACE. Journal of Geophysical Research, Oceans, 107(C10)., SHE 4-1 to 4-12.","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JC000440"},{"key":"6_CR591","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4060","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1995)052<4060:DCOCCF>2.0.CO;2","volume":"52","author":"I Gultepe","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., O\u2019C Starr, D., Heymsfield, A. J., Uttal, T., Ackerman, T. P., & Westphal, D. L. (1995). Dynamical characteristics of cirrus clouds from aircraft and radar observations in micro and meso-gamma scales. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 52, 4060\u20134078.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"6_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.642","volume":"21","author":"I Gultepe","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., Isaac, G. A., & Cober, S. G. (2001). Ice crystal number concentration versus temperature for climate studies. International Journal of Climatology, 21, 1281\u20131302.","journal-title":"International Journal of Climatology"},{"key":"6_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3137\/ao.410102","volume":"41","author":"I Gultepe","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., Isaac, G., Williams, A., Marcotte, D., & Strawbridge, K. (2003). Turbulent heat fluxes over leads and polynyas and their effect on Arctic clouds during FIRE-ACE: Aircraft observations for April 1998. Atmosphere-Ocean, 41, 15\u201334.","journal-title":"Atmosphere-Ocean"},{"key":"6_CR612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s00703-003-0009-z","volume":"85","author":"I Gultepe","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., Isaac, G. A., Key, J., Intrieri, J., O\u2019C Starr, D., & Strawbridge, K. B. (2004). Dynamical and microphysical characteristics of the Arctic clouds using integrated observations collected over SHEBA during the April 1998 FIRE.ACE flights of the Canadian Convair. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 85, 235\u2013263.","journal-title":"Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics"},{"key":"6_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1175\/WAF1011.1","volume":"22","author":"I Gultepe","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., Pagowski, M., & Reid, J. (2007b). Using surface data to validate a satellite based fog detection scheme. Weather and Forecasting, 22, 444\u2013456.","journal-title":"Weather and Forecasting"},{"key":"6_CR63","volume-title":"Remote sensing applications for aviation weather hazard detection and decision support","author":"I Gultepe","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., Minnis, P., Milbrandt, J., Cober, S. G., Nguyen, L., Flynn, C., & Hansen, B. (2008). The Fog Remote Sensing and Modeling (FRAM) field project: visibility analysis and remote sensing of fog. In W. F. Feltz & J. J. Murray (Eds.), Remote sensing applications for aviation weather hazard detection and decision support. ISBN: 9780819473080, Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 7088-2, 12 pp."},{"key":"6_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1175\/2008BAMS2354.1","volume":"90","author":"I Gultepe","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., Pearson, G., Milbrandt, J. A., Hansen, B., Platnick, S., Taylor, P., Gordon, M., Oakley, J. P., & Cober, S. G. (2009). The fog remote sensing and modeling (FRAM) field project. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 90, 341\u2013359.","journal-title":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society"},{"key":"6_CR65","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., Kuhn, T., Pavolonis, M., Calver, C., Gurka, J., Isaac, G. A., Heymsfield, A. J., Liu, P., Zhou, B., Ware, R., Sloan, J., Milbrandt, J., & Bernstein, B. (2012). Ice fog (pogonip) and frost in Arctic during FRAM-Ice Fog project: Aviation and nowcasting applications. The 16th International Conference on Clouds and Precipitation (ICCP), 30 July-3 August 2012, Leipzig, Germany. Extended abstract in CD."},{"key":"6_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-11-00071.1","volume":"95","author":"I Gultepe","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., Kuhn, T., Pavolonis, M., Calvert, C., Gurka, J., Heymsfield, A. J., Liu, P. S. K., Zhou, B., Ware, R., Ferrier, B., Milbrandt, J., & Bernstein, B. (2014). Ice fog in Artic during FRAM-ICE for project: Aviation and nowcasting applications. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 95, 211\u2013226.","journal-title":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society"},{"key":"6_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2014.04.014","volume":"151","author":"I Gultepe","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., Zhou, B., Milbrandt, J., Bott, A., Li, Y., Heymsfield, A. J., Ferrier, B., Ware, R., Pavolonis, M., Kuhn, T., Gurka, J., Liu, P., & Cermak, J. (2015). A review on ice fog measurements and Modeling. Atmospheric Research, 151, 2\u201319.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Research"},{"key":"6_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., Rabin, R., Ware, R., & Pavolonis, M. (2016a). Light Snow Precipitation and Effects on Weather and Climate. Advances in Geophysics, 57, 147\u2013210.","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.agph.2016.09.001"},{"key":"6_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2983","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-016-1374-0","volume":"173","author":"I Gultepe","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., Fernando, H. J. S., Pardyjak, E. R., Hoch, S. W., Silver, Z., Creegan, E., Leo, L. S., Pu, Z., De Wekker, S. F. J., & Hang, C. (2016b). An overview of the MATERHORN fog project: Observations and predictability. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 173, 2983\u20133010.","journal-title":"Pure and Applied Geophysics"},{"key":"6_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6.1","DOI":"10.1175\/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D-16-0013.1","volume":"58","author":"I Gultepe","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., Heymsfield, A. J., Field, P. R., & Axisa, D. (2017a). Ice-phase precipitation. Meteorological Monographs, 58, 6.1\u20136.36. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/AMSMONOGRAPHS- D-16-0013.1 .","journal-title":"Meteorological Monographs"},{"key":"6_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4.1","DOI":"10.1175\/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D-17-0002.1","volume":"58","author":"I Gultepe","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., Heymsfield, A. J., Gallagher, M., Ickes, L., & Baumgardner, D. (2017b). Ice fog: The current state of knowledge and future challenges. Meteorological Monographs, 58, 4.1\u20134.24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D-17-0002.1 .","journal-title":"Meteorological Monographs"},{"issue":"5","key":"6_CR711","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-018-1880-3","volume":"176","author":"I Gultepe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., Agelin-Chaab, M., Komar, J., Elfstrom, G., Boudala, F., & Zhou, B. (2019a). A meteorological supersite for aviation and cold weather applications. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 176(5), 1977\u20132017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00024-018-1880-3 .","journal-title":"Pure and Applied Geophysics"},{"issue":"5","key":"6_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-019-02168-6","volume":"176","author":"I Gultepe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., Sharman, R., Williams, P. D., Zhou, B., Ellrod, G., Minnis, P., Trier, S., Griffin, S., Yum, S. S., Gharabaghi, B., Feltz, W., Temini, M., Pu, Z., Storer, L. N., Kneringer, P., Weston, M. J., Chuang, H. Y., Thobois, L., Dimri, A. P., Dietz, S. J., Gutenberg, M. V. A., & Neto, F. L. A. (2019b). A review of high impact weather for aviation meteorology. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 176(5), 1869\u20131923.","journal-title":"Pure and Applied Geophysics"},{"key":"6_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1175\/2009BAMS2671.1","volume":"91","author":"M Haeffelin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Haeffelin, M., & Coauthors. (2010). PARISFOG: Shedding new light on fog physical processes. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 91, 767\u2013783.","journal-title":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society"},{"key":"6_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1038\/249026a0","volume":"249","author":"J Hallett","year":"1974","unstructured":"Hallett, J., & Mossop, S. C. (1974). Production of secondary ice crystals during the riming process. Nature, 249, 26\u201328.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"6_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2003)20<972:AGSDRF>2.0.CO;2","volume":"20","author":"K Hamazu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hamazu, K., Hashiguchi, H., Wakayama, T., Matsuda, T., Doviak, R. J., & Fukao, S. (2003). A 35-GHz scanning doppler radar for fog observations. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 20, 972\u2013986.","journal-title":"Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology"},{"issue":"7","key":"6_CR752","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4007","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GL082311","volume":"46","author":"M. Hartmann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hartmann, M. T., Blunier, S. O., Br\u00fcgger, J., Schmale, M. S., Vogel, A., Wex, H., & Stratmann, F. (2019). Variation of Ice Nucleating Particles in the European Arctic Over the Last Centuries. GRL, 10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2019GL082311 .","journal-title":"Geophysical Research Letters"},{"key":"6_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2975","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-6-2975-2013","volume":"6","author":"J Henneberger","year":"2013","unstructured":"Henneberger, J., Fugal, J. P., Stetzer, O., & Lohman, U. (2013). HOLIMO II, 2013: A digital holographic instrument for ground-based in situ observations of microphysical properties of mixed-phase clouds. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 6, 2975\u20132987.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Measurement Techniques"},{"key":"6_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1972)029<1348:ICTV>2.0.CO;2","volume":"29","author":"A Heymsfield","year":"1972","unstructured":"Heymsfield, A. (1972). Ice crystal terminal velocities. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 29, 1348\u20131357.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"6_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1993)050<2335:HINASL>2.0.CO;2","volume":"50","author":"AJ Heymsfield","year":"1993","unstructured":"Heymsfield, A. J., & Miloshevich, L. M. (1993). Homogenous ice nucleation and supercooled liquid water in orographic wave clouds. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 50, 2335\u20132353.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"6_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1984)041<0846:APOTPS>2.0.CO;2","volume":"41","author":"AJ Heymsfield","year":"1984","unstructured":"Heymsfield, A. J., & Platt, C. M. R. (1984). A parameterization of the particle size spectrum of ice clouds in terms of the ambient temperature and the ice water content. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 41, 846\u2013855.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"6_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1989)046<2252:CCNBHF>2.0.CO;2","volume":"46","author":"AJ Heymsfield","year":"1989","unstructured":"Heymsfield, A. J., & Sabin, R. M. (1989). Cirrus crystal nucleation by homogeneous freezing of solution droplets. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 46, 2252\u20132264.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"6_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2.1","DOI":"10.1175\/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D-16-0010.1","volume":"58","author":"AJ Heymsfield","year":"2017","unstructured":"Heymsfield, A. J., Kr\u00e4mer, M., Luebke, A., Brown, P., Cziczo, D. J., Franklin, C., Lawson, P., Lohmann, U., McFarquhar, G., Ulanowski, Z., & Van Tricht, K. (2017). Cirrus clouds. Meteorological Monographs, 58, 2.1\u20132.26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D- 16-0010.1 .","journal-title":"Meteorological Monographs"},{"key":"6_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1965)022<0296:TAOIPI>2.0.CO;2","volume":"22","author":"PV Hobbs","year":"1965","unstructured":"Hobbs, P. V. (1965). The aggregation of ice particles in clouds and fogs at low temperatures. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 22, 296\u2013300.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"6_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1029\/JC079i015p02199","volume":"79","author":"PV Hobbs","year":"1974","unstructured":"Hobbs, P. V., Chang, S., & Locatelli, J. D. (1974). The dimension and aggregation of ice crystals in natural clouds. Journal of Geophysical Research, 79, 2199\u20132206.","journal-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research"},{"key":"6_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9817","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-9817-2012","volume":"12","author":"C Hoose","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hoose, C., & M\u00f6hler, O. (2012). Heterogeneous ice nucleation on atmospheric aerosols: A review of results from laboratory experiments. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 12, 9817\u20139854.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics"},{"key":"6_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JAS3425.1","volume":"67","author":"C Hoose","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hoose, C., Kristjansson, J. E., Chen, J. P., & Hazra, A. (2010). A classical theory-based parameterization of heterogeneous ice nucleation by mineral dust, soot, and biological particles in a global climate model. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 67, 2483\u20132503.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"6_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9911","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-9911-2011","volume":"11","author":"CR Hoyle","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hoyle, C. R., Pinti, V., Welti, A., Zobrist, B., Marcolli, C., Luo, B., H\u00f6skuldsson, \u00c1., Mattsson, H. B., Stetzer, O., Thorsteinsson, T., Larsen, G., & Peter, T. (2011). Ice nucleation properties of volcanic ash from Eyjafjallajokull. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 11, 9911\u20139926.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics"},{"key":"6_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1973)012<1018:TEOVDO>2.0.CO;2","volume":"12","author":"PJ Huffman","year":"1973","unstructured":"Huffman, P. J., & Vali, G. (1973). The effects of vapor depletion on ice nucleus measurements with membrane filters. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 12, 1018\u20131024.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Meteorology"},{"key":"6_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6151","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-6151-2013","volume":"13","author":"JA Huffman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Huffman, J. A., et al. (2013). High concentrations of biological aerosol particles and ice nuclei during and after rain. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 13, 6151\u20136164.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions"},{"key":"6_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6127","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-6127-2015","volume":"15","author":"M Hummel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hummel, M., Hoose, C., Gallagher, M., Healy, D. A., Huffman, J. A., O\u2019Connor, D., P\u00f6schl, U., P\u00f6hlker, C., Robinson, N. H., Schnaiter, M., Sodeau, J. R., Stengel, M., Toprak, E., & Vogel, H. (2015). Regional-scale simulations of fungal spore aerosols using an emission parameterization adapted to local measurements of fluorescent biological aerosol particles. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 15, 6127\u20136146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-15-6127-2015 .","journal-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics"},{"key":"6_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JTECHA1223.1","volume":"26","author":"WH Hunt","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hunt, W. H., Winker, D. M., Vaughan, M. A., Powell, K. A., Lucker, P. L., & Weimer, C. (2009). CALIPSO lidar description and performance assessment. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 26, 1214\u20131228.","journal-title":"Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology"},{"key":"6_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5514","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CP04184D","volume":"17","author":"L Ickes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ickes, L., Welti, A., Hoose, C., & Lohmann, U. (2015). Classical nucleation theory of homogeneous freezing of water: Thermodynamic and kinetic parameters. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 17, 5514\u20135537.","journal-title":"Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics"},{"key":"6_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3418","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-13-00400.1","volume":"142","author":"M Inoue","year":"2014","unstructured":"Inoue, M., Matheou, G., & Teixeira, J. (2014). LES of a spatially developing atmospheric boundary layer: Application of a fringe method for the stratocumulus to shallow cumulus cloud transition. Monthly Weather Review, 142, 3418\u20133423.","journal-title":"Monthly Weather Review"},{"key":"6_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(89)90530-1","volume":"23","author":"A Jaecker-Voirol","year":"1989","unstructured":"Jaecker-Voirol, A., & Mirabel, P. (1989). Heteromolecular nucleation in the sulfuric acid-water system. Atmospheric Environment, 23, 2053\u20132057.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"key":"6_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1.1","DOI":"10.1175\/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D-16-0006.1","volume":"58","author":"ZA Kanji","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kanji, Z. A., Ladino, L. A., Wex, H., Boose, Y., Burkert-Kohn, M., Cziczo, D. J., & Kr\u00e4mer, M. (2017). Overview of ice nucleating particles. Meteorological Monographs, 58, 1.1\u20131.33. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D-16-0006.1 .","journal-title":"Meteorological Monographs"},{"issue":"2","key":"6_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/07055900.2015.1137857","volume":"54","author":"Scott Kehler","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kehler, S., Hanesiak, J., Curry, M., Sills, D., & Taylor, N. (2016). High Resolution Deterministic Prediction System (HRDPS) Simulations of Manitoba Lake Breezes. Atmosphere-Ocean. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07055900.2015.1137857 .","journal-title":"Atmosphere-Ocean"},{"key":"6_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(2000)128<0229:ANCPPI>2.0.CO;2","volume":"128","author":"M Khairoutdinov","year":"2000","unstructured":"Khairoutdinov, M., & Kogan, Y. (2000). A new cloud physics parameterization in a large-eddy simulation model of marine stratocumulus. Monthly Weather Review, 128, 229\u2013243.","journal-title":"Monthly Weather Review"},{"issue":"D9","key":"6_CR963","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4296","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD001489","volume":"108","author":"VI Khvorostyanov","year":"2003","unstructured":"Khvorostyanov, V. I., Curry, J. A., Gultepe, I., & Strawbridge, K. (2003). A springtime cloud over the Beaufort Sea polynya: 3D simulation with explicit microphysics and comparison with observations. Journal of Geophysical Ressearch-Atmospheres, 108(D9), 4296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2001JD001489 .","journal-title":"Journal of Geophysical Ressearch-Atmospheres"},{"key":"6_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2676","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS3266.1","volume":"61","author":"VI Khvorostyanov","year":"2004","unstructured":"Khvorostyanov, V. I., & Curry, J. A. (2004). The theory of ice nucleation by heterogeneous freezing of deliquescent mixed CCN. Part I: Critical radius, energy, and nucleation rate. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 61, 2676\u20132691.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"6_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS-3367.1","volume":"62","author":"VI Khvorostyanov","year":"2005","unstructured":"Khvorostyanov, V. I., & Curry, J. A. (2005). The theory of ice nucleation by heterogeneous freezing of deliquescent mixed CCN. Part II: Parcel model simulation. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 62, 261\u2013285.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"6_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1990)007<0517:OTUOSI>2.0.CO;2","volume":"7","author":"SQ Kidder","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kidder, S. Q., & Vonder Haar, T. H. (1990). On the use of satellites in Molniya orbits for meteorological observation of middle and high latitudes. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 7, 517\u2013522.","journal-title":"Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology"},{"key":"6_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-013-0766-7","volume":"171","author":"CK Kim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim, C. K., Stuefer, M., Schmitt, C. G., Heymsfield, A. J., & Thompson, G. (2014). A numerical modeling of ice fog in interior Alaska using weather research and forecasting model. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 171, 1963\u20131982.","journal-title":"Pure and Applied Geophysics"},{"key":"6_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2009.08.002","volume":"96","author":"H Klein","year":"2010","unstructured":"Klein, H., Haunold, W., Bundke, U., Nillius, B., Wetter, T., Schallenberg, S., & Bingemer, H. (2010a). A new method for sampling of atmospheric ice nuclei with subsequent analysis in a static diffusion chamber. Atmospheric Research, 96, 218\u2013224.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Research"},{"key":"6_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10211","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-10211-2010","volume":"10","author":"H Klein","year":"2010","unstructured":"Klein, H., Nickovic, S., Haunold, W., Bundke, U., Nillius, B., Eber, M., Weinbruch, S., Schuetz, L., Levin, Z., Barrie, L. A., & Bingemer, H. (2010b). Saharan dust and ice nuclei over Central Europe. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10, 10211\u201310221.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics"},{"key":"6_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1971)028<0226:NMOID>2.0.CO;2","volume":"28","author":"LR Koenig","year":"1970","unstructured":"Koenig, L. R. (1970). Numerical modeling of ice deposition. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 28, 226\u2013237.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"6_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1976)015<0747:IBCCEN>2.0.CO;2","volume":"15","author":"LR Koenig","year":"1976","unstructured":"Koenig, L. R., & Murray, F. W. (1976). Ice bearing cumulus cloud evolution: Numerical simulation and general comparison against observations. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 15, 747\u2013761.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Meteorology"},{"key":"6_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1038\/35020537","volume":"404","author":"T Koop","year":"2000","unstructured":"Koop, T., Luo, B., Tsias, A., & Peter, T. (2000). Water activity as the determinant for homogeneous ice nucleation in aqueous solutions. Letters to Nature, 404, 611\u2013614.","journal-title":"Letters to Nature"},{"key":"6_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(2003)060<1795:RAAROP>2.0.CO;2","volume":"60","author":"AV Korolev","year":"2003","unstructured":"Korolev, A. V., & Isaac, G. A. (2003). Roundness and aspect ratio of particles in ice clouds. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 60, 1795\u20131808.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"6_CR107","unstructured":"Kumai, M, & O\u2019Brien, H. W. (1964). A study of ice fog and ice-fog splintering nuclei at Fairbanks, Alaska. U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab. (USA CRREL) research report, 150 pp."},{"key":"6_CR108","unstructured":"Lanzinger, E., Theel, M., & Windolph, H. (2006). Rainfall amount and intensity measured by the Thies laser precipitation monitor. TECO-2006 Meeting, Geneva, Switzer- land, 4\u20136 December 2006, IOM94 (TD1354)."},{"key":"6_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.5194\/amtd-4-939-2011","volume":"4","author":"RP Lawson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lawson, R. P. (2011). Effects of ice particles shattering on optical cloud particle probes. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions, 4, 939\u2013968.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions"},{"key":"6_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1175\/JAM2421.1","volume":"45","author":"RP Lawson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lawson, R. P., Baker, B. A., Zmarzly, P., O\u2019Connor, D., Mo, Q., Gayet, J. F., & Schherbakov, V. (2006a). Microphysical and optical properties of atmospheric ice crystals at south pole station. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 45, 1505\u20131524.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology"},{"key":"6_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH1927.1","volume":"23","author":"RP Lawson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lawson, R. P., O\u2019Connor, D., Zmarzly, P., Weaver, K., Kaker, B., Mo, Q., & Jonsson, H. (2006b). The 2D-S (stereo) probe: Design and preliminary tests of a new airborne, high-speed, high-resolution particle imaging probe. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 23, 1462\u20131477.","journal-title":"Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology"},{"key":"6_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D00J08","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JD013017","volume":"115","author":"RP Lawson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lawson, R. P., Jensen, E., Mitchell, D., Baker, B., Mo, Q., & Pilson, B. (2010). Microphysical and radiative properties of tropical clouds investigated in TC4 and NAMM. Journal of Geophysical Research, 115, D00J08. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2009JD013017 , 16 pp.","journal-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research"},{"key":"6_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0434(1997)012<0664:SAFPUG>2.0.CO;2","volume":"12","author":"TF Lee","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lee, T. F., Turk, F. J., & Richardson, K. (1997). Stratus and Fog Products Using GOES-8\u20139 3.9-\u03bcm Data. Weather and Forecasting, 12, 664\u2013677.","journal-title":"Weather and Forecasting"},{"key":"6_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1983)022<1065:BPOTSF>2.0.CO;2","volume":"22","author":"YL Lin","year":"1983","unstructured":"Lin, Y. L., Farley, R. D., & Orville, H. D. (1983). Bulk Parameterization of the Snow Field in a Cloud Model. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 22, 1065\u20131092.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology"},{"key":"6_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D00T10","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JD015649","volume":"116","author":"J Lindeman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lindeman, J., Boybeyi, Z., & Gultepe, I. (2011). The aerosol semi-direct effect during a polluted case of the ISDAC field campaign. The aerosol semi-direct effect during a polluted case of the ISDAC field campaign. Journal of Geophysical Research -Atmosphere, 116, D00T10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2011JD015649 .","journal-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research -Atmosphere"},{"key":"6_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12,953","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-12953-2015","volume":"15","author":"G Lloyd","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lloyd, G., Choularton, T. W., Bower, K. N., Gallagher, M. W., Connolly, P. J., Flynn, M., Farrington, R., Crosier, J., Schlenczek, O., Fugal, J., & Henneberger, J. (2015). The origins of ice crystals measured in mixed-phase clouds at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 15, 12,953\u201312,969.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics"},{"key":"6_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS3662.1","volume":"63","author":"U Lohmann","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lohmann, U., & Diehl, K. (2006). Sensitivity studies of the importance of dust ice nuclei for the indirect aerosol effect on stratiform mixed-phase clouds. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 63, 968\u2013982.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"6_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D14201","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JD012959.","volume":"115","author":"F L\u03cb\u00f6nd","year":"2010","unstructured":"L\u03cb\u00f6nd, F., Stetzer, O., Welti, A., & Lohmann, U. (2010). Experimental study on the ice nucleation ability of size-selected kaolinite particles in the immersion mode. Journal of Geophysical Research, 115, D14201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2009JD012959.","journal-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research"},{"key":"6_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3463","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-3463-2015","volume":"15","author":"RE Mamouri","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mamouri, R. E., & Ansmann, A. (2015). Estimated desert-dust ice nuclei profiles from polarization LiDAR: methodology and case studies. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 15, 3463\u20133477.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics"},{"key":"6_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3321","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-3321-2010","volume":"10","author":"SY Matrosov","year":"2010","unstructured":"Matrosov, S. Y. (2010). Synergetic use of millimeter- and centimeter-wavelength radars for retrievals of cloud and rainfall parameters. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10, 3321\u20133331.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics"},{"key":"6_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1997)054<2187:POTCIC>2.0.CO;2","volume":"54","author":"G McFarquhar","year":"1997","unstructured":"McFarquhar, G., & Heymsfield, A. J. (1997). Parameterization of tropical cirrus ice crystal size distributions and implications for radiative transfer: results from CEPEX. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 54, 2187\u20132200.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"6_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11.1","DOI":"10.1175\/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D-16-0007.1","volume":"58","author":"GM McFarquhar","year":"2017","unstructured":"McFarquhar, G. M., Baumgardner, D., Bansemer, A., Abel, S. J., Crosier, J., French, J., Rosenberg, P., Korolev, A., Schwarzoenboeck, A., Leroy, D., Um, J., Wu, W., Heymsfield, A. J., Twohy, C., Detwiler, A., Field, P., Neumann, A., Cotton, R., Axisa, D., & Dong, J. (2017). Processing of ice cloud in situ data collected by bulk water, scattering, and imaging probes: fundamentals, uncertainties, and efforts toward consistency. Meteorological Monographs, 58, 11.1\u201311.33. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D-16-0007.1 .","journal-title":"Meteorological Monographs"},{"key":"6_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1989)006<1090:RSOCAF>2.0.CO;2","volume":"6","author":"JB Mead","year":"1989","unstructured":"Mead, J. B., McIntosh, R. E., Vandemark, D., & Swift, C. T. (1989). Remote Sensing of Clouds and Fog with a 1.4-mm Radar. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 6, 1090\u20131097.","journal-title":"Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology"},{"key":"6_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1992)031<0708:NPINPI>2.0.CO;2","volume":"31","author":"MP Meyers","year":"1992","unstructured":"Meyers, M. P., DeMott, P. J., & Cotton, W. R. (1992). New primary ice-nucleation parameterizations in an explicit cloud model. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 31, 708\u2013721.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Meteorology"},{"key":"6_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3051","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS3534.1","volume":"62","author":"JA Milbrandt","year":"2005","unstructured":"Milbrandt, J. A., & Yau, M. K. (2005a). A multi-moment bulk microphysics parameterization. Part I: Analysis of the role of the spectral shape parameter. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 62, 3051\u20133064.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"6_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3065","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS3535.1","volume":"62","author":"JA Milbrandt","year":"2005","unstructured":"Milbrandt, J. A., & Yau, M. K. (2005b). A multimoment bulk microphysics parameterization. Part II: A proposed three-moment closure and scheme description. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 62, 3065\u20133081.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"6_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1997)014<0753:ABBCCP>2.0.CO;2","volume":"14","author":"LM Miloshevich","year":"1997","unstructured":"Miloshevich, L. M., & Heymsfield, A. J. (1997). A balloon-borne continuous cloud particle replicator for measuring vertical profiles of cloud microphysical properties: Instrument design, performance, and collection efficiency analysis. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 14, 753\u2013768.","journal-title":"Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology"},{"key":"6_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3313","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1998)055<3313:PORAEE>2.0.CO;2","volume":"55","author":"P Minnis","year":"1998","unstructured":"Minnis, P., Garber, D. P., Young, D. F., Arduini, R. F., & Takano, Y. (1998). Parameterization of reflectance and effective emittance for satellite remote sensing of cloud properties. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 55, 3313\u20133339.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"issue":"11","key":"6_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4374","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2144601","volume":"49","author":"P Minnis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Minnis, P., Sun-Mack, S., Young, D. F., Heck, P. W., Garber, D. P., Chen, Y., Spangenberg, D. A., Arduini, R. F., Trepte, Q. Z., Smith, W. L., Jr., Ayers, J. K., Gibson, S. C., Miller, W. F., Chakrapani, V., Takano, Y., Liou, K.-N., Xie, Y., & Yang, P. (2011). CERES Edition-2 cloud property retrievals using TRMM VIRS and Terra and Aqua MODIS data, Part I: Algorithms. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 49(11), 4374\u20134400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2144601 .","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing"},{"key":"6_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1175\/2010MWR3433.1","volume":"139","author":"H Morrison","year":"2011","unstructured":"Morrison, H., & Milbrandt, J. (2011). Comparison of two-moment bulk microphysics schemes in idealized supercell thunderstorm simulations. Monthly Weather Review, 139, 1103\u20131130.","journal-title":"Monthly Weather Review"},{"key":"6_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4255","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002229.","volume":"108","author":"H Morrison","year":"2003","unstructured":"Morrison, H., Shupe, M. D., & Curry, J. A. (2003). Modeling clouds observed at SHEBA using a bulk parameterization implemented into a single-column model. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108, 4255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2002JD002229.","journal-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research"},{"key":"6_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS3446.1","volume":"62","author":"H Morrison","year":"2005","unstructured":"Morrison, H., Curry, J. A., & Khvorostyanov, V. I. (2005). A new double-moment microphysics parameterization for application in cloud and climate models. Part I: Description. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 62, 1665\u20131677.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"6_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.705","volume":"136","author":"MD Mueller","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mueller, M. D., Masbou, M., & Bott, A. (2010). Three-dimensional fog forecasting in complex terrain. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 136, 2189\u20132202.","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society"},{"key":"6_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4191","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-4191-2011","volume":"11","author":"SL Murray","year":"2011","unstructured":"Murray, S. L., Broadley, T. W., Wilson, J. D. A., & Wills, R. H. (2011). Heterogeneous freezing of water droplets containing kaolinite particles. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 11, 4191\u20134207.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics"},{"key":"6_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6519","DOI":"10.1039\/c2cs35200a","volume":"41","author":"BJ Murray","year":"2012","unstructured":"Murray, B. J., O\u2019Sullivan, D., Atkinson, J. D., & Webb, M. E. (2012). Ice nucleation by particles immersed in supercooled cloud droplets. Chemical Society Reviews, 41, 6519\u20136554.","journal-title":"Chemical Society Reviews"},{"key":"6_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3601","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-3601-2010","volume":"10","author":"D Niedermeier","year":"2010","unstructured":"Niedermeier, D., Hartmann, S., Shaw, R. A., Covert, D., Mentel, T. F., Schneider, J., Poulain, L., Reitz, P., Spindler, C., Clauss, T., Kiselev, A., Hallbauer, E., Wex, H. K., Mildenberger, K., & Stratmann, F. (2010). Heterogeneous freezing of droplets with immersed mineral dust particles \u2013 measurements and parameterization. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10, 3601\u20133614.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics"},{"key":"6_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3077","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS-D-11-0249.1","volume":"69","author":"M Niemand","year":"2012","unstructured":"Niemand, M., M\u00f6hler, O., Vogel, B., Vogel, H., Hoose, C., Connolly, P., Klein Bingemer, H., DeMott, P., Skrotzki, J., & Leisner, T. (2012). Parameterization of immersion freezing on mineral dust particles: an application in a regional scale model. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 69, 3077\u20133092.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"6_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JTECHA950.1","volume":"25","author":"D Nowak","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nowak, D., Ruffieux, D., Agnew, J. L., & Vuilleumier, L. (2008). Detection of fog and low cloud boundaries with ground-based remote sensing systems. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 25, 1357\u20131368.","journal-title":"Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology"},{"key":"6_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2445","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-11-054.1","volume":"50","author":"K Nygaard","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nygaard, K., Egil, B., Kristj\u00e1nsson, J. E., & Makkonen, L. (2011a). Prediction of in-cloud icing conditions at ground level using the WRF model. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 50, 2445\u20132459.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology"},{"key":"6_CR141","first-page":"185","volume":"15","author":"K Nygaard","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nygaard, K., Kristj\u00e1nsson, J. E., & Makkonen, L. (2011b). Relationships between road slipperiness, traffic accident risk and winter road activity. Climate Research, 15, 185\u2013193.","journal-title":"Climate Research"},{"key":"6_CR142","unstructured":"Ohtake, T. (1967). Alaskan ice fog. In Proceedings of International Conference on Physics of Snow and Ice, Part I, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, pp. 105\u2013118."},{"key":"6_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1969)008<0499:VRIIF>2.0.CO;2","volume":"8","author":"T Ohtake","year":"1969","unstructured":"Ohtake, T., & Huffman, P. J. (1969). Visual range in ice fog. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 8, 499\u2013501.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Meteorology"},{"key":"6_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(2004)043<0003:AAMOAE>2.0.CO;2","volume":"43","author":"M Pagowski","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pagowski, M., Gultepe, I., & King, P. (2004). Analysis and modeling of an extremely dense fog event in southern Ontario. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 43, 3\u201316.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Meteorology"},{"key":"6_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JAMC2433.1","volume":"49","author":"MJ Pavolonis","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pavolonis, M. J. (2010a). Advances in extracting cloud composition information from spaceborne infrared radiances: A robust alternative to brightness temperatures Part I: Theory. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 49, 1992\u20132012.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology"},{"key":"6_CR146","unstructured":"Pavolonis, M. J. (2010b) GOES-R Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) algorithm theoretical basis document for cloud type and cloud phase, version 2.0. Available from NOAA, Madison, Wisconsin, 86\u00a0pp."},{"key":"6_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-6-987-2009","volume":"6","author":"VTJ Phillips","year":"2009","unstructured":"Phillips, V. T. J., & Coauthors. (2009). Potential impacts from biological aerosols on ensembles of continental clouds simulated numerically. Biogeosciences, 6, 987\u20131014.","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"6_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS3869.1","volume":"64","author":"VT Phillips","year":"2007","unstructured":"Phillips, V. T., Donner, L. J., & Garner, S. (2007). Nucleation processes in deep convection simulated by a cloud-system resolving model with double-moment bulk microphysics. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 64, 738\u2013761.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"6_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2757","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JAS2546.1","volume":"65","author":"VTJ Phillips","year":"2008","unstructured":"Phillips, V. T. J., DeMott, P. J., & Andronache, C. (2008). An empirical parameterization of heterogeneous ice nucleation for multiple chemical species of aerosol. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 65, 2757\u20132783.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"6_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-016-1375-z","volume":"173","author":"Z Pu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pu, Z., Chachere, C., Pardyjak, E., Hoch, S., & Gultepe, I. (2016). Prediction of ice fog with WRF model: performance and early evaluation during MATERHORN-Fog. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 173, 3165\u20133186.","journal-title":"Pure and Applied Geophysics"},{"key":"6_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.14430\/arctic3756","volume":"10","author":"E Robinson","year":"1957","unstructured":"Robinson, E., Thuman, W. C., & Wiggins, E. J. (1957). Ice fog as a problem of air pollution in the Arctic. Arctic, 10, 88\u2013104.","journal-title":"Arctic"},{"key":"6_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1987)026<1152:ICPBMS>2.0.CO;2","volume":"26","author":"DC Rogers","year":"1987","unstructured":"Rogers, D. C., & Vali, G. (1987). Ice crystal production by mountain surfaces. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 26, 1152\u20131168.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology"},{"key":"6_CR153","unstructured":"Rogers E., DiMego, G., Black, T., Ek, M., Ferrier, B., Gayno, G., Janjic, Z., Lin, Y., Pyle, M., Wong, V., Wu, W.-S., & Carley, J. (2009). The NCEP North American Mesoscale Modeling System: Recent changes and future plans. In Proceedings of 23rd conference on weather analysis and forecasting\/19th conference on numerical weather prediction, American Meteorological Society, Omaha, NE. Preprints 2A.4."},{"key":"6_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1991)072<1848:TPLTFC>2.0.CO;2","volume":"72","author":"K Sassen","year":"1991","unstructured":"Sassen, K. (1991). The polarization LiDAR technique for cloud research: a review and current assessment. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 72, 1848\u20131866.","journal-title":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society"},{"key":"6_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D00H07","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JD012279","volume":"114","author":"K Sassen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sassen, K., & Zhu, J. (2009). A global survey of CALIPSO linear depolarization ratios in ice clouds: Initial findings. Journal of Geophysical Research, 114, D00H07. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2009JD012279 , 12\u00a0pp.","journal-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research"},{"key":"6_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-86-8-1079","volume":"86","author":"TJ Schmit","year":"2005","unstructured":"Schmit, T. J., Gunshor, M. M., Menzel, W. P., Li, J., Bachmeier, S., & Gurka, J. J. (2005). Introducing the next-generation Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) on GOES-R. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 86, 1079\u20131096.","journal-title":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society"},{"key":"6_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2696","DOI":"10.1175\/2008JAMC1858.1","volume":"47","author":"TJ Schmit","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schmit, T. J., Li, J., Gurka, J. J., Goldberg, M. D., Schrab, K. J., Li, J., & Feltz, W. F. (2008). The GOES-R Advanced Baseline Imager and the continuation of current sounder products. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 47, 2696\u20132711.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Meteorology"},{"key":"6_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8645","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-8645-2012","volume":"12","author":"A Sesartic","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sesartic, A., Lohmann, U., & Storelvmo, T. (2012). Bacteria in the ECHAM5-HAM Global climate model. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 12, 8645\u20138661.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics"},{"issue":"669","key":"6_CR1581","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.1940","volume":"138","author":"N Shantz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shantz, N., Gultepe, I., Liu, P., Earle, M., & Zelenyuk, A. (2012). Spatial and temporal variability of aerosol particles in Arctic spring. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 138(669), 2229\u20132240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/qj.1940 .","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society"},{"key":"6_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1029\/97RS03656","volume":"33","author":"F Solheim","year":"1998","unstructured":"Solheim, F., Godwin, J., Westwater, E., Han, Y., Keihm, S., Marsh, K., & Ware, R. (1998). Radiometric profiling of temperature, water vapor, and liquid water using various inversion methods. Radio Science, 33, 393\u2013404.","journal-title":"Radio Science"},{"key":"6_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3703","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-3703-2015","volume":"15","author":"I Steinke","year":"2015","unstructured":"Steinke, I., Hoose, C., M\u00f6hler, O., Connolly, P., & Leisner, T. (2015). A new temperature- and humidity-dependent surface site density approach for deposition ice nucleation. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 15, 3703\u20133717.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics"},{"key":"6_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1999)038<0385:NMSMSO>2.0.CO;2","volume":"38","author":"TG Stoelinga","year":"1999","unstructured":"Stoelinga, T. G., & Warner, T. T. (1999). Non-hydrostatic, mesobeta-scale model simulations of cloud ceiling and visibility for an east coast winter precipitation event. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 38, 385\u2013404.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Meteorology"},{"key":"6_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1997)078<0209:BAASOI>2.0.CO;2","volume":"78","author":"W Szyrmer","year":"1997","unstructured":"Szyrmer, W., & Zawadzki, I. (1997). Biogenic and anthropogenic sources of ice forming-ice nuclei: A review. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 78, 209\u2013227.","journal-title":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society"},{"key":"6_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JD011365","volume":"114","author":"AC Targino","year":"2009","unstructured":"Targino, A. C., Coe, H., Cozic, J., Crosier, J., Crawford, I., Bower, K., Flynn, M., Gallagher, M., Allan, J., Verheggen, B., Weingartner, E., Baltensperger, U., & Choularton, T. (2009). Influence of particle chemical composition on the phase of cold clouds at a high-alpine site in Switzerland. Journal of Geophysical Research, 114, 1\u201320.","journal-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research"},{"key":"6_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(2004)132<0519:EFOWPU>2.0.CO;2","volume":"132","author":"G Thompson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Thompson, G., Rasmussen, R. M., & Manning, K. (2004). Explicit forecasts of winter precipitation using an improved bulk microphysics scheme. Part I: Description and sensitivity analysis. Monthly Weather Review, 132, 519\u2013542.","journal-title":"Monthly Weather Review"},{"key":"6_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5095","DOI":"10.1175\/2008MWR2387.1","volume":"136","author":"G Thompson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Thompson, G., Field, P. R., Rasmussen, R. M., & Hall, W. D. (2008). Explicit forecasts of winter precipitation using an improved bulk microphysics scheme. Part II: Implementation of a new snow parameterization. Monthly Weather Review, 136, 5095\u20135115.","journal-title":"Monthly Weather Review"},{"key":"6_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1954)011<0151:SOAIFP>2.0.CO;2","volume":"11","author":"WC Thuman","year":"1954","unstructured":"Thuman, W. C., & Robinson, E. (1954). Studies of Alaskan ice-fog particles. Journal of Meteorology, 11, 151\u2013156.","journal-title":"Journal of Meteorology"},{"key":"6_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L19803","DOI":"10.1029\/2012GL053007","volume":"39","author":"Y Tobo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tobo, Y., DeMott, P. J., Raddatz, M., Niedermeier, D., Hartmann, S., Kreidenweis, S. M., Stratmann, F., & Wex, H. (2012). Impacts of chemical reactivity on ice nucleation of kaolinite particles: a case study of levoglucosan and sulfuric acid. Geophysical Research Letters, 39, L19803. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2012GL053007 .","journal-title":"Geophysical Research Letters"},{"key":"6_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10,100","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrd.50801","volume":"118","author":"Y Tobo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tobo, Y., Prenni, A. J., DeMott, P. J., Huffman, J. A., McCluskey, C. S., Tian, G., P\u00f6hlker, C., P\u00f6schl, U., & Kreidenweis, S. M. (2013). Biological aerosol particles as a key determinant of 5 ice nuclei populations in a forest ecosystem. Journal of Geophysical Research, 118, 10,100\u201310,110.","journal-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research"},{"key":"6_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8205","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-8205-2016","volume":"16","author":"CH Twohy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Twohy, C. H., McMeeking, G. R., DeMott, P. J., McCluskey, C. S., Hill, T. C. J., Burrows, S. M., Kulkarni, G. R., Tanarhte, M., Kafle, D. N., & Toohey, D. W. (2016). Abundance of fluorescent biological aerosol particles at temperatures conducive to the formation of mixed-phase and cirrus clouds. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 16, 8205\u20138225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-16-8205-2016 .","journal-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics"},{"key":"6_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1175\/JAM2274.1","volume":"44","author":"A Uematsu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Uematsu, A., Hashiguchi, H., Teshiba, M., Tanaka, H., Hirashima, K., & Fukao, S. (2005). Moving cellular structure of fog echoes obtained with a millimeter-wave scanning doppler radar at Kushiro, Japan. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 44, 1260\u20131273.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Meteorology"},{"key":"6_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1994)051<1843:FRDTHN>2.0.CO;2","volume":"51","author":"G Vali","year":"1994","unstructured":"Vali, G. (1994). Freezing rate due to heterogeneous nucleation. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 51, 1843\u20131856.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"6_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4237","DOI":"10.1175\/2010MWR3427.1","volume":"138","author":"DVIR Velde","year":"2010","unstructured":"Velde, D. V. I. R., Steeneveld, G. J., Schreur, B. G. J. W., & Holtslag, A. M. (2010). Modeling and Forecasting the onset and duration of severe radiation fog under frost conditions. Monthly Weather Review, 138, 4237\u20134253.","journal-title":"Monthly Weather Review"},{"key":"6_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-9-159-2016","volume":"9","author":"P Vochezer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vochezer, P., J\u00e4rvinen, E., Wagner, R., Kupiszewski, P., Leisner, T., & Schnaiter, M. (2016). In situ characterization of mixed phase clouds using the small ice detector and the particle phase discriminator. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 9, 159\u2013177.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Measurement Techniques"},{"issue":"4","key":"6_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8079","DOI":"10.1029\/2002RS002856","volume":"38","author":"R Ware","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ware, R., Carpenter, R., Guldner, J., Liljegren, J., Nehrkorn, T., Solheim, F., & Vandenberghe, F. (2003). A multichannel radiometric profiler of temperature, humidity, and cloud liquid. Radio Science, 38(4), 8079. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2002RS002856 .","journal-title":"Radio Science"},{"key":"6_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ware, R., Cimini, D., Campos, E., Giuliani, G., Albers, S., Nelson, M., Koch, S. E., Joe, P., & Cober, S. (2013). Thermodynamic and liquid profiling during the 2010 Winter Olympics. Atmospheric Research, 278\u2013290.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2013.05.019"},{"key":"6_CR176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9893","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-9893-2012","volume":"12","author":"A Welti","year":"2012","unstructured":"Welti, A., L\u00fc\u00f6nd, F., Kanji, Z. A., Stetzer, O., & Lohmann, U. (2012). Time dependence of immersion freezing. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 12, 9893\u20139907.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics"},{"key":"6_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1969)097<0512:HBSDAI>2.3.CO;2","volume":"7","author":"G Wendler","year":"1969","unstructured":"Wendler, G. (1969). Heat balance studies an ice fog period in Fairbanks, Alaska. Monthly Weather Review, 7, 512\u2013520.","journal-title":"Monthly Weather Review"},{"key":"6_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1996)035<0810:SMRFLB>2.0.CO;2","volume":"35","author":"MA Wetzel","year":"1996","unstructured":"Wetzel, M. A., Borys, R. D., & Xu, L. E. (1996). Satellite microphysical retrievals for land-based fog with validation by balloon profiling. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 35, 810\u2013829.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Meteorology"},{"key":"6_CR179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5529","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-5529-2014","volume":"14","author":"H Wex","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wex, H., DeMott, P. J., Tobo, Y., Hartmann, S., R\u00f6sch, M., Clauss, T., Tomsche, L., Niedermeier, D., & Stratmann, F. (2014). Kaolinite particles as ice nuclei: Learning from the use of different kaolinite samples and different coatings. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 14, 5529\u20135546.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics"},{"issue":"7","key":"6_CR1792","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5293","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-19-5293-2019","volume":"19","author":"Heike Wex","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wex, H., Huang, L., Zhang, W., Hung, H., Traversi, R., Becagli, S., et al. (2019). Annual variability of ice nucleating particle concentrations at different Arctic locations. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 5293\u20135311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-19-5293-2019 .","journal-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics"},{"key":"6_CR180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1936)64<122:CITLAA>2.0.CO;2","volume":"64","author":"H Wexler","year":"1936","unstructured":"Wexler, H. (1936). Cooling in the lower atmosphere and structure of polar continental air. Monthly Weather Review, 64, 122\u2013136.","journal-title":"Monthly Weather Review"},{"key":"6_CR181","first-page":"368","volume":"6","author":"H Wexler","year":"1949","unstructured":"Wexler, H. (1949). Observations of nocturnal radiation at Fairbanks, Alaska, and Fargo, North Dakota. Monthly Weather Review, 6, 368\u2013369.","journal-title":"Monthly Weather Review"},{"key":"6_CR182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L19803","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL030135","volume":"34","author":"DM Winker","year":"2007","unstructured":"Winker, D. M., Hunt, W. H., & McGill, M. J. (2007). Initial performance assessment of CALIOP. Geophysical Research Letters, 34, L19803. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2007GL030135 .","journal-title":"Geophysical Research Letters"},{"key":"6_CR183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1974)031<0768:TROCNI>2.0.CO;2","volume":"31","author":"CK Young","year":"1974","unstructured":"Young, C. K. (1974). The role of contact nucleation in ice phase initiation in clouds. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 31, 768\u2013776.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"6_CR184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1080\/027868291009242","volume":"39","author":"A Zelenyuk","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zelenyuk, A., & Imre, D. G. (2005). Single particle laser ablation time-of-flight mass spectrometer: An introduction to SPLAT. Aerosol Science and Technology, 39, 554\u2013568.","journal-title":"Aerosol Science and Technology"},{"key":"6_CR1851","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-019-0389-4","volume":"12","author":"B Zhao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhao, B., Wang, Y., Gu, Y., Liou, K. N., Jonathan, H., Jiang, J. H., Fan, J., Liu, X., Huang, L., & Yung, Y. L. (2019). Ice nucleation by aerosols from anthropogenic pollution. Nature Geoscience, 12, 602\u2013607.","journal-title":"Nature Geoscience"},{"key":"6_CR185","unstructured":"Zhou, B. (2011). Introduction to a new fog diagnostic scheme (NCEP Office Technical Note 466) (p. 32). U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, National Weather Service, NCEP."},{"key":"6_CR186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1175\/2009WAF2222289.1","volume":"25","author":"B Zhou","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhou, B., & Du, J. (2010). Fog prediction from a multi-model mesoscale ensemble prediction system. Weather and Forecasting, 25, 303\u2013322.","journal-title":"Weather and Forecasting"},{"key":"6_CR187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JAMC1685.1","volume":"47","author":"B Zhou","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zhou, B., & Ferrier, B. S. (2008). Asymptotic analysis of equilibrium in radiation fog. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 47, 1704\u20131722.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology"}],"container-title":["Springer Polar Sciences","Physics and Chemistry of the Arctic Atmosphere"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-030-33566-3_6","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]],"date-time":"2022-10-13T10:52:05Z","timestamp":1665658325000},"score":23.578016,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-030-33566-3_6"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"ISBN":["9783030335656","9783030335663"],"references-count":194,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-33566-3_6","ISSN":["2510-0475","2510-0483"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2510-0475"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2510-0483"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 January 2020","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}}]},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T15:35:44Z","timestamp":1787585744847,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]],"date-time":"2017-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485907200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Asia-Pacific J Atmos Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s13143-016-0028-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,6]],"date-time":"2017-03-06T09:14:08Z","timestamp":1488791648000},"page":"131-148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Advances in fog microphysics research in China"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Duanyang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zihua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenlian","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"28_CR1","first-page":"114","volume":"18","author":"B. T. Bao","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bao, B. T., J. X. Shu, and B. Q. Zhu, 1995: Study on physicochemical properties of urban fog in Shanghai. J. Nanjing Inst. Meteor., 18, 114\u2013118 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"J. Nanjing Inst. Meteor."},{"key":"28_CR2","first-page":"227","volume":"18","author":"X. J. Deng","year":"2002","unstructured":"Deng, X. J., D. Wu, and Y. X. Ye, 2002: Physical characteristics of dense fog at Nanling Mountain region. J. Trop. Meteorol., 18, 227\u2013236 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"J. Trop. Meteorol."},{"key":"28_CR3","first-page":"881","volume":"26","author":"X. J. Deng","year":"2007","unstructured":"Deng, X. J., D. Wu, H. H. Tang, S. J. Fan, H. H. Huang, W. K. Mao, and Y. X. Ye, 2007a: Analyses on boundary layer structure of a frontal heavy fog process in Nanling Mountain area. Plateau Meteorol., 26, 881\u2013889 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Plateau Meteorol."},{"key":"28_CR4","first-page":"424","volume":"23","author":"X. J. Deng","year":"2007","unstructured":"Deng, X. J., D. Wu, Y. Q. Shi, H. H. Tang, S. J. Fan, H. H. Huang, W. K. Mao, and Y. X. Ye, 2007b: Comprehensive analysis of the macro-and micro-physical characteristics of dense fog in the area south of the Nanling Mountains. J. Trop. Meteorol., 23, 424\u2013434 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"J. Trop. Meteorol."},{"key":"28_CR5","first-page":"330","volume":"25","author":"T. Dilnur","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dilnur, T., A. Ablikim, and Z. C. Pu, 2008: The chemical character of fog water at Nanshan in Urumqi. J. Xinjiang Univ., 25, 330\u2013333 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"J. Xinjiang Univ."},{"key":"28_CR6","first-page":"91","volume":"28","author":"J. Ding","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ding, J., Y. Liu, J. H. Li, B. L. Zhang, and Q. T. Wang, 2012: Dynamical characteristics of aerosol particles from fog to haze weather. J. Meteorol. Environ., 28, 91\u201396 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Environ."},{"key":"28_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-013-4792-1","volume":"57","author":"Y. H. Ding","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ding, Y. H., and Y. J. Liu, 2014: Analysis of long-term variations of fog and haze in China in recent 50 years and their relations with atmospheric humidity. Sci. China Earth Sci., 57, 36\u201346, doi:10.1007\/s11430-013-4792-1.","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"key":"28_CR8","first-page":"175","volume":"11","author":"J. X. Dong","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dong, J. X., H. C. Lei, Z. X. Hu, W. A. Xiao, and X. Q. Zhang, 2006: Numerical simulation and diagnosis of a dense fog in Beijing and its penumbra. Climatic Environ. Res., 11, 175\u2013184 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Climatic Environ. Res."},{"key":"28_CR9","first-page":"1","volume":"24","author":"Q. Fan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fan, Q., A. Y. Wang, S. J. Fan, D. Wu, and J. J. Liang, 2004: Numerical simulation study of a radiation fog in Pearl River Delta regions. Sci. Meteorol. Sin., 24, 1\u20138 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Sci. Meteorol. Sin."},{"key":"28_CR10","first-page":"859","volume":"32","author":"G. Fu","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fu, G., T. Zhang, and F. Zhou, 2002: Three-dimesional numerical simulation of real sea fog event over the Yellow Sea. J. Ocean Univ. Qingdao, 32, 859\u2013867 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"J. Ocean Univ. Qingdao"},{"key":"28_CR11","first-page":"720","volume":"34","author":"G. Fu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fu, G., J. Q. Wang, M. G. Zhang, J. T. Guo, M. K. Guo, and K. C. Guo, 2004: An observational and numerical study of a sea fog event over the Yellow Sea on 11 April, 2004. J. Ocean Univ. Qingdao, 34, 720\u2013726 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"J. Ocean Univ. Qingdao"},{"key":"28_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11949","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-11949-2014","volume":"14","author":"G. Q. Fu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fu, G. Q., W. Y. Xu, R. F. Yang, J. B. Li, and C. S. Zhao, 2014: The distribution and trends of fog and haze in the North China Plain over the past 30 years. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 11949\u201311958, doi:10.5194\/acp-14-11949-2014.","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"28_CR13","first-page":"10","volume":"22","author":"S. X. Gong","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gong, S. X., and S. H. Ling, 1996: Fog decreasing in Xishuangbanna region, China. Meteorol. Mon., 22, 10\u201314 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Meteorol. Mon."},{"key":"28_CR14","first-page":"267","volume":"32","author":"Z. C. Gu","year":"1962","unstructured":"Gu, Z. C., 1962: Recent investigations in the theory of the formation of the cloud-drop spectra. Acta Meteorol. Sin., 32, 267\u2013284 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Acta Meteorol. Sin."},{"key":"28_CR15","unstructured":"Gu, Z. C., 1980: Cloud Precipitation Physical Basis. science press, 219 pp (in Chinese)."},{"key":"28_CR16","first-page":"64","volume":"32","author":"Z. C. Gu","year":"1962","unstructured":"Gu, Z. C., and G. X. Hu, 1962: A linear theory of the influence of condensation feedback on the development of the cloud. Acta Meteorol. Sin., 32, 64\u201370 (in Chinese).","journal-title":"Acta Meteorol. Sin."},{"key":"28_CR17","first-page":"301","volume":"32","author":"Z. C. Gu","year":"1962","unstructured":"Gu, Z. C., and L. S. Zhan, 1962: On the growth of the droplets under gravitational coalescence in a fluctuating environment. Acta Meteorol. Sin., 32, 301\u2013307 (in Chinese).","journal-title":"Acta Meteorol. Sin."},{"key":"28_CR18","first-page":"129","volume":"4","author":"Z. C. Gu","year":"1964","unstructured":"Gu, Z. C., and L. S. Zhan, 1964: On the gravitational coalescence growth of the cloud droplets in a cloud with fluctuating water content. Sci. China Ser. A, 4, 129\u2013135 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Sci. China Ser. A"},{"key":"28_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-007-0211-x","volume":"164","author":"I. Gultepe","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., and Coauthors, 2007: Fog research: A review of past achievements and future perspectives. Pure Appl. Geophys., 164, 1121\u20131159, doi:10.1007\/s00024-007-0211-x.","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"28_CR20","unstructured":"Guo, E. M., X. R. Yu, and Y. H. Li, 1989: A study on macro-and microstructures of fog in Shuangliu airport. Proc. National Cloud Physics and Weather Modication Conf., Huhhot, Mongolia, Committee of Atmos. Phys. Chinese Meteor. Soc., 35\u201335 (in Chinese with English abstract)."},{"key":"28_CR21","first-page":"46","volume":"1","author":"E. M. Guo","year":"1990","unstructured":"Guo, E. M., Y. G. Liu, and J. Shu, 1990: A study on macro-and microstructures of fog in Huangpu River. J. Beijing Inst. Meteor., 1, 46\u201349 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"J. Beijing Inst. Meteor."},{"key":"28_CR22","first-page":"390","volume":"14","author":"H. He","year":"2009","unstructured":"He, H., H. Jin, J. Z. Liu, T. M. Zhang, and Y. H. Gao, 2009a: Simulation and analysis of a radiation fog event in Beijing area. Climatic Environ. Res., 14, 390\u2013398 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Climatic Environ. Res."},{"key":"28_CR23","first-page":"1174","volume":"33","author":"H. He","year":"2009","unstructured":"He, H., X. L. Guo, J. Z. Liu, H. Jin, and S. J. Lou, 2009b: Observation and simulation study of the boundary layer structure and the formation, dispersal mechanism of a heavy fog event in Beijing area. Chinese J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 1174\u20131186 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Chinese J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"28_CR24","first-page":"40","volume":"32","author":"H. J. Huang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Huang, H. J., J. Huang, W. K. Mao, F. Liao, X. N. Li, W. H. Lu, and Y. Q. Yang, 2009: Characteristics of liquid water content of sea fog in Maoming area and its relationship with atmospheric horizontal visibility. Acta Oceanol. Sin., 32, 40\u201353 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Acta Oceanol. Sin."},{"key":"28_CR25","first-page":"3","volume":"24","author":"J. P. Huang","year":"1998","unstructured":"Huang, J. P., Q. Y. Mei, Y. C. Jin, and Z. H. Li, 1998: Micirophysical structure features and evolution processes of radiation fog in Huning region. Meteorol. Mon., 24, 3\u20138 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Meteorol. Mon."},{"key":"28_CR26","first-page":"821","volume":"24","author":"J. P. Huang","year":"2000","unstructured":"Huang, J. P., Z. H. Li, Y. R. Huang, and Y. S. Huang, 2000: A threedimensional model study of complex terrain fog. Chinese J. Atmos. Sci., 24, 821\u2013834 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Chinese J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"28_CR27","first-page":"68","volume":"4","author":"P. Q. Huang","year":"1986","unstructured":"Huang, P. Q., and L. Guo, 1986: Numerical simulation of radiation fog formation. Sci. Meteorol. Sin., 4, 68\u201374 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Sci. Meteorol. Sin."},{"key":"28_CR28","first-page":"186","volume":"20","author":"Y. R. Huang","year":"2001","unstructured":"Huang, Y. R., Y. Shen, Y. S. Huang, and Y. Z. Tan, 2001: Effects of urbanization on radiation fog in Xishuangbanna area. Plateau Meteorol., 20, 186\u2013190 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Plateau Meteorol."},{"key":"28_CR29","first-page":"112","volume":"50","author":"Y. S. Huang","year":"1992","unstructured":"Huang, Y. S., W. R. Xu, Z. H. Li, L. Fan, and W. J. Huang, 1992: An observation and analysis on the radiation fog in Xishuangbanna. Acta Meteorol. Sin., 50, 112\u2013117 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Acta Meteorol. Sin."},{"key":"28_CR30","first-page":"715","volume":"58","author":"Y. S. Huang","year":"2000","unstructured":"Huang, Y. S., Y. R. Huang, Z. H. Li, B. J. Chen, J. P. Huang, and J. X. Gu, 2000: The microphysical structure and evolution of winter fog in Xishuangbanna. Acta Meteorol. Sin., 58, 715\u2013725 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Acta Meteorol. Sin."},{"key":"28_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1080\/16742834.2012.11447022","volume":"5","author":"X. C. Jia","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jia, X. C., and X. L. Guo, 2012: Impacts of secondary aerosols on a persistent fog event in Northern China. Atmos. Ocean. Sci. Lett., 5, 401\u2013407, doi10.1080\/16742834.2012.11447022.","journal-title":"Atmos. Ocean. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"28_CR32","first-page":"450","volume":"32","author":"Y. H. Jiang","year":"1994","unstructured":"Jiang, Y. H., Q. Wang, Z. H. Li, and L. Ma, 1994: Characteristics of fog in Chongqing urban area. Meteorol. Sci. Technol., 32, 450\u2013455 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Meteorol. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"28_CR33","first-page":"357","volume":"19","author":"H. Jin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jin, H., H. He, Q. Zhang, M. Y. Huang, X. C. Ma, L. Zhang, and L. Ji, 2013: Analyses of a microphysical response to the seeding in two artificial fog dissipation. J. Trop. Meteorol., 19, 357\u2013366, doi:1006-8775(2013) 04-0357-10.","journal-title":"J. Trop. Meteorol."},{"key":"28_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2013.12.012","volume":"143","author":"D. Korain","year":"2014","unstructured":"Korain, D., C. E. Dorman, J. M. Lewis, J. G. Hudson, E. M. Wilcox, and A. Torregrosa, 2014: Marine fog: A review. Atmos. Res., 143, 142\u2013175, doi:10.1016\/j.atmosres.2013.12.012.","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"28_CR35","first-page":"140","volume":"22","author":"M. Li","year":"2002","unstructured":"Li, M., W. M. Jiang, and H. N. Liu, 2002: A numerical simulation study of atmospheric transport and dispersion of the spray with considering the microphysics characteristic. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 22, 140\u2013144 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae"},{"key":"28_CR36","first-page":"742","volume":"39","author":"X. B. Li","year":"2009","unstructured":"Li, X. B., C. W. Gong, C. Li, C. D. Xu, X. H. Chen, Q. S. Xu, and H. L. Wei, 2009: Size distribution and attention for infrared radiation of fog particles. Laser. Infrared, 39, 742\u2013745 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Laser. Infrared"},{"key":"28_CR37","first-page":"616","volume":"59","author":"Z. H. Li","year":"2001","unstructured":"Li, Z. H., 2001: Studies of fog in China over the past 40 years. Acta Meteorol. Sin., 59, 616\u2013624 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Acta Meteorol. Sin."},{"key":"28_CR38","first-page":"477","volume":"52","author":"Z. H. Li","year":"1994","unstructured":"Li, Z. H., and Z. G. Peng, 1994: Physical and chemical characteristics of the Chongqing winter fog. Acta Meteorol. Sin., 52, 477\u2013483 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Acta Meteorol. Sin."},{"key":"28_CR39","first-page":"46","volume":"18","author":"Z. H. Li","year":"1995","unstructured":"Li, Z. H., and J. Wu, 1995: Winter fog droplet spectrum features in urban area of Chongqing. J. Nanjing Inst. Meteor., 18, 46\u201351 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"J. Nanjing Inst. Meteor."},{"key":"28_CR40","first-page":"245","volume":"47","author":"Z. H. Li","year":"1992","unstructured":"Li, Z. H., L. X. Zhong, and X. R. Yu, 1992: The temporal-spatial distribution and physical structure of land fog in southwest China and the Changjiang River Basin. Acta Geogr. Sin., 47, 245\u2013251 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Acta Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"28_CR41","first-page":"622","volume":"57","author":"Z. H. Li","year":"1999","unstructured":"Li, Z. H., J. P. Huang, and Y. Q. Zhou, 1999: Physical structures of the fiveday sustained fog around Nanjing in 1996. Acta Meteorol. Sin., 57, 622\u2013631 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Acta Meteorol. Sin."},{"key":"28_CR42","first-page":"41","volume":"35","author":"Z. H. Li","year":"2011","unstructured":"Li, Z. H., D. Y. Liu, and J. Yang, 2011a: The microphysical processes and macroscopic conditions of the radiation fog droplet spectrum broadening. Chinese J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 41\u201354 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Chinese J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"28_CR43","first-page":"706","volume":"69","author":"Z. H. Li","year":"2011","unstructured":"Li, Z. H., D. Y. Liu, J. Yang, and M. J. Pu, 2011b: Physical and chemical characteristics of winter fogs in Nanjing. Acta Meteorol. Sin., 69, 706\u2013718 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Acta Meteorol. Sin."},{"key":"28_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-011-0356-5","volume":"169","author":"Z. H. Li","year":"2012","unstructured":"Li, Z. H., J. Yang, C. E. Shi, and M. J. Pu, 2012: Urbanization effects on fog in china: Field research and modeling. Pure Appl. Geophys., 169, 927\u2013939, doi:10.1007\/s00024-011-0356-5.","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"28_CR45","first-page":"77","volume":"15","author":"C. S. Liu","year":"1979","unstructured":"Liu, C. S., and W. B. Liu, 1979: The measurements of size distribution of fog droplets by laser holography. J. Nanjing Univ., 15, 77\u201383 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"J. Nanjing Univ."},{"key":"28_CR46","first-page":"115","volume-title":"Observational Study on the Winter Fog Macro-Micro-Physical Structures in Nanjing","author":"D. Y. Liu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liu, D. Y., 2011: Observational Study on the Winter Fog Macro-Micro-Physical Structures in Nanjing. Ph.D. Thesis, Nan Jing University of Information Science & Technology, 115 pp (in Chinese with English abstract)."},{"key":"28_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-010-0017-0","volume":"28","author":"D. Y. Liu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liu, D. Y., J. Yang, S. J. Niu, and Z. H. Li, 2011: On the evolution and structure of a radiation fog event in Nanjing. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 28, 223\u2013237, doi:10.1007\/s00376-010-0017-0.","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"28_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-011-0343-x","volume":"169","author":"D. Y. Liu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liu, D. Y., S. J. Niu, J. Yang, L. J. Zhao, J. J. Lu, and C. C. Lu, 2012a: Summary of a 4-year fog field study in northern Nanjing, part 1: Fog boundary layer. Pure Appl. Geophys., 169, 809\u2013819, doi:10.1007\/s00024-011-0343-x.","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"28_CR49","first-page":"104","volume":"24","author":"D. Y. Liu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liu, D. Y., M. J. Pu, J. Yang, G. Z. Zhang, W. L. Yan, and Z. H. Li, 2010a: Microphysical structure and evolution of a four-day persistent fog event in Nanjing in December 2006. Acta Meteorol. Sin., 24, 104\u2013115.","journal-title":"Acta Meteorol. Sin."},{"key":"28_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-015-0076-y","volume":"158","author":"D. Y. Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu, D. Y., W. L. Yan, J. Yang, M. J. Pu, S. J. Niu, and Z. H. Li, 2016: A study of the physical processes of an advection fog boundary layer. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 158, 125\u2013138, doi:10.1007\/s10546-015-0076-y.","journal-title":"Bound.-Layer Meteor."},{"key":"28_CR51","first-page":"846","volume":"30","author":"G. H. Liu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liu, G. H., X. Yu, and Z. G. Yue, 2010b: Analysis of fog microphysical parameters from NOAA\/AVHRR images. Sci. Meteorol. Sin., 30, 846\u2013850 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Sci. Meteorol. Sin."},{"key":"28_CR52","first-page":"103","volume":"35","author":"L. W. Liu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liu, L. W., S. J. Niu, D. Y. Liu, and C. S. Lu, 2012b: Evolution characteristics and burst reinforcement of winter dense fog in Nanjing. Trans. Atmos. Sci., 35, 103\u2013112 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Trans. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"28_CR53","first-page":"520","volume":"31","author":"C. S. Lu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lu, C. S., S. J. Niu, J. Yang, and W. W. Wang, 2008: An observational study on physical mechanism and boundary layer structure of winter advection fog in Nanjing. J. Nanjing Inst. Meteor., 31, 520\u2013529 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"J. Nanjing Inst. Meteor."},{"key":"28_CR54","first-page":"681","volume":"34","author":"C. S. Lu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lu, C. S., S. J. Niu, J. Yang, X. Liu, and L. J. Zhao, 2010a: Jump features and causes of macro and microphysical structures of a winter fog in Nanjing. Chinese J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 681\u2013690 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Chinese J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"28_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007","volume":"97","author":"C. S. Lu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lu, C. S., S. J. Niu, L. L. Tang, J. J. Lu, L. J. Zhao, and B. Zhu, 2010b: Chemical composition of fog water in Nanjing area of China and its related fog microphysics. Atmos. Res., 97, 47\u201369, doi:10.1016\/j. atmosres.2010.03.007","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"28_CR56","first-page":"58","volume":"34","author":"C. S. Lu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lu, C. S., S. J. Niu, P. Yue, Z. G. Yue, and L. Xiang, 2011: Observational research on boundary layer structure during high incidence period of winter fog in Nanjing. Trans. Atmos. Sci., 34, 58\u201365 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Trans. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"28_CR57","first-page":"208","volume":"37","author":"J. J. Lu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lu, J. J., S. J. Niu, L. J. Zhao, Y. Zhang, and F. Xu, 2014a: Microphysical characteristics of a sea fog influenced by a cold front in Zhanjiang. Trans. Atmos. Sci., 37, 208\u2013215 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Trans. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"28_CR58","first-page":"350","volume":"72","author":"J. J. Lu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lu, J. J., S. J. Niu, Y. Zhang, and F. Xu, 2014b: Evolution characteristics of the macro-\/micro-structure and the boundary layer during a spring heavy sea fog episode in Donghai Island in Zhanjiang. Acta Meteorol. Sin., 72, 350\u2013365 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Acta Meteorol. Sin."},{"key":"28_CR59","first-page":"1208","volume":"25","author":"Z. Q. Ma","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ma, Z. Q., X. J. Zhao, W. Meng, Y. J. Meng, D. He, and H. Y. Liu, 2012: Comparison of influence of fog and haze on visibility in Beijing. Res. Environ. Sci., 25, 1208\u20131214 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Res. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"28_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-010-8192-6","volume":"27","author":"S. J. Niu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Niu, S. J., C. S. Lu, Y. G. Liu, L. J. Zhao, J. J. Lu, and J. Yang, 2010a: Analysis of the microphysical structure of heavy fog using a droplet spectrometer: A case study. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 27, 1259\u20131275, doi: 10.1007\/s00376-010-8192-6.","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"28_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-009-8174-8","volume":"27","author":"S. J. Niu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Niu, S. J., C. S. Lu, H. Y. Yu, L. J. Zhao, and J. J. Lu, 2010b: Fog research in China: An overview. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 27, 639\u2013662, doi:10.1007\/s00376-009-8174-8","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"28_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-011-0344-9","volume":"169","author":"S. J. Niu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Niu, S. J., D. Y. Liu, L. J. Zhao, C. S. Lu, J. J. Lu, and J. Yang, 2012: Summary of a 4-year fog field study in northern Nanjing, part 2: Fog microphysics. Pure Appl. Geophys., 169, 1137\u20131155, doi:10.1007\/s00024-011-0344-9","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"28_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-1686(92)90103-R","volume":"26","author":"S. N. Pandis","year":"1992","unstructured":"Pandis, S. N., J. H. Seinfeld, and C. Pilinis, 1992: Heterogeneous sulfate production in an urban fog. Atmos. Environ. A-Gen., 26, 2509\u20132522, doi:10.1016\/0960-1686(92)90103-R.","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ. A-Gen."},{"key":"28_CR64","first-page":"49","volume":"14","author":"H. Peng","year":"1992","unstructured":"Peng, H., and Z. H. Li, 1992: One-dimension numerical model of radiation fog with detailed microphysics. Chongqing Environ. Sci., 14, 49\u201354 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Chongqing Environ. Sci."},{"key":"28_CR65","first-page":"1044","volume":"51","author":"M. J. Pu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pu, M. J., G. Z. Zhang, W. L. Yan, and Z. H. Li, 2008: Features of a rare advection-radiation fog event. Sci. China Ser. D., 51, 1044\u20131052, doi: 10.1007\/s11430-008-0071-y.","journal-title":"Sci. China Ser. D."},{"key":"28_CR66","first-page":"1","volume":"41","author":"L. F. Sheng","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sheng, L. F., W. F. Liang, W. J. Qu, and K. Luo, 2011: Relationship of aerosol size distribution and visibility in a sea fog. J. Ocean Univ. Qingdao, 41, 1\u20138 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"J. Ocean Univ. Qingdao"},{"key":"28_CR67","unstructured":"Sheng, P. X., J. T. Mao, J. G. Li, A. C. Zhang, J. G. Sang, and N. X. Pan, 2003: Atmospheric Physics. Beijing University Press, 522 pp (in Chinese)."},{"key":"28_CR68","first-page":"308","volume":"20","author":"C. E. Shi","year":"1997","unstructured":"Shi, C. E., J. Yang, X. J. Sun, Z. Y. Liang, and Z. H. Li, 1997: 3D model study on fog for complicated terrain. J. Nanjing Inst. Meteor., 20, 308\u2013317 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"J. Nanjing Inst. Meteor."},{"key":"28_CR69","first-page":"485","volume":"6","author":"C. E. Shi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Shi, C. E., K. Y. Yao, and L. Ma, 2001: Numerical studies of effects of aerosols on urban fog. Clim. Environ. Res., 6, 485\u2013492 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Clim. Environ. Res."},{"key":"28_CR70","first-page":"404","volume":"6","author":"H. Y. Shi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Shi, H. Y., H. F. Wang, L. L. Qi, and J. Bai, 2005: Numerical simulation of radiation fog event in Yangtze River. J. PLA Univ. Sci. Technol., 6, 404\u2013408 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"J. PLA Univ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"28_CR71","first-page":"99","volume":"15","author":"X. D. Sun","year":"1991","unstructured":"Sun, X. D., H. Y. Xu, G. C. Li, and M. Y. Huang, 1991: Two-dimension numerical model of advection-radiation fogs. Chinese J. Atmos. Sci., 15, 99\u2013109 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Chinese J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"28_CR72","first-page":"92","volume":"41","author":"H. H. Tang","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tang, H. H., S. J. Fan, D. Wu, and X. J. Deng, 2002: Research of the microphysical structure and evolution of dense fog over Nanling Mountain Area. ACTA Sci. Nat. Univ. Sunyat., 41, 92\u201396 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"ACTA Sci. Nat. Univ. Sunyat."},{"key":"28_CR73","first-page":"99","volume":"37","author":"H. C. Teng","year":"2014","unstructured":"Teng, H. C., J. Yang, D. Y. Liu, and W. Zheng, 2014: Ensemble forecast of visibility based on WRF and one-dimensional fog model: A case study. Trans. Atmos. Sci., 37, 99\u2013107 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Trans. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"28_CR74","first-page":"452","volume":"39","author":"G. C. Wang","year":"1981","unstructured":"Wang, G. C., 1981: An analysis of the microphysical structure of fog. Acta Meteorol. Sin., 39, 452\u2013459 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Acta Meteorol. Sin."},{"key":"28_CR75","first-page":"744","volume":"44","author":"B. G. Wu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wu, B. G., H. S. Zhang, C. C. Zhang, Z. Y. Wang, L. L. Yu, B. X. Liu, and Y. Y. Xie, 2008: Analysis of the micro-meteorologic element during the advection fog period in the South of Tianjin City. Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Pekinensi, 44, 744\u2013750 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Pekinensi"},{"key":"28_CR76","first-page":"179","volume":"15","author":"B. G. Wu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wu, B. G., H. S. Zhang, C. C. Zhang, H. Zhu, and Z. Y. Wang, 2010: Meteorological characteristics of surface layer during fog events in the urban area of Tianjin. Clim. Environ. Res., 15, 179\u2013190 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Clim. Environ. Res."},{"key":"28_CR77","first-page":"105","volume":"44","author":"D. Wu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wu, D., X. J. Deng, S. J. Fan, Y. X. Ye, W. K. Mao, H. H. Huang, and H. H. Tang, 2005: Rain-water chemical composition of frontal rainfall in fog-sector at Dayaoshan of the Nanling Mountains. Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Sunyat., 44, 105\u2013109 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Sunyat."},{"key":"28_CR78","first-page":"417","volume":"22","author":"D. Wu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wu, D., and Coauthors, 2006: Forecast system of visibility at speedway foggy area at Nanling Mountains. J. Trop. Meteorol., 22, 417\u2013422 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"J. Trop. Meteorol."},{"key":"28_CR79","first-page":"649","volume":"26","author":"D. Wu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wu, D., B. Zhao, X. J. Deng, X. Y. Bi, and S. J. Fan, 2007a: A study on bad visibility over foggy section of freeway in Nanling Mountainous Region. Plateau Meteorol., 26, 649\u2013654 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Plateau Meteorol."},{"key":"28_CR80","first-page":"406","volume":"65","author":"D. Wu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wu, D., X. J. Deng, J. T. Mao, W. K. Mao, Y. X. Ye, X. Y. Bi, H. H. Tang, and Q. L. Wan, 2007b: A study on macro-and micro-structures of heavy fog and visibility at freeway in the Nanlingdayaoshan Mountain. Acta Meteorol. Sin., 65, 406\u2013415 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Acta Meteorol. Sin."},{"key":"28_CR81","first-page":"688","volume":"9","author":"X. J. Wu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wu, X. J., Y. H. Chen, and S. M. Li, 2005: Utilizing MODIS data to retrieve the visibility and microphysical properties of fog happens in the northwest China. J. Remote Sens., 9, 688\u2013696 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"28_CR82","first-page":"108","volume":"33","author":"H. Y. Xu","year":"1963","unstructured":"Xu, H. Y., and Z. C. Gu, 1963: On the formation of the precipitation element in a shallow warm-cloud. Acta Meteorol. Sin., 33, 108\u2013114 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Acta Meteorol. Sin."},{"key":"28_CR83","first-page":"174","volume":"2","author":"J. Q. Xu","year":"1994","unstructured":"Xu, J. Q., Z. Zhang, and H. Wei, 1994: Measurement and analysis of droplet spectrum and liquid water content of sea fog. Trans. Oceanol. Limnol., 2, 174\u2013178 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Trans. Oceanol. Limnol."},{"key":"28_CR84","first-page":"776","volume":"32","author":"J. Yang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yang, J., Y. J. Xie, C. E. Shi, D. Y. Liu, S. J. Niu, and Z. H. Li, 2009: Differences in ion compositions of winter fog-water between radiation and advection-radiation fog episodes in Nanjing. Trans. Atmos. Sci., 32, 776\u2013782 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Trans. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"28_CR85","first-page":"998","volume":"68","author":"J. Yang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yang, J., L. Wang, D. Y. Liu, and Z. H. Li, 2010a: The boundary layer structure and the evolution mechanisms of a deep dense fog event. Acta Meteorol. Sin., 68, 998\u20131006 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Acta Meteorol. Sin."},{"key":"28_CR86","first-page":"1425","volume":"31","author":"J. Yang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yang, J., Z. Q. Niu, C. E. Shi, D. Y. Liu, and Z. H. Li, 2010b: Microphysics of atmospheric aerosols during winter haze\/fog events in Nanjing. Environ. Sci., 31, 1425\u20131431 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci."},{"key":"28_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-011-0342-y","volume":"169","author":"J. Yang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yang, J., Y. J. Xie, C. E. Shi, D. Y. Liu, S. J. Niu, and Z. H. Li, 2012: Ion composition of fog water and its relation to air pollutants during winter fog events in Nanjing, China. Pure Appl. Geophys., 169, 1037\u20131052, doi:10.1007\/s00024-011-0342-y.","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"28_CR88","first-page":"49","volume":"9","author":"L. S. Yang","year":"1985","unstructured":"Yang, L. S., 1985: A preliminary observations of the microphysical structure of fog in Qingdao area. Marine Sci., 9, 49\u201350 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Marine Sci."},{"key":"28_CR89","first-page":"431","volume":"11","author":"Z. Q. Yang","year":"1989","unstructured":"Yang, Z. Q., S. Z. Xu, and B. Geng, 1989: Formation and microphysical structures of spring sea fog in Zhoushan area. Acta Oceanol. Sin., 11, 431\u2013438 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Acta Oceanol. Sin."},{"key":"28_CR90","first-page":"87","volume":"34","author":"H. You","year":"2008","unstructured":"You, H., M. Yang, R. F. Guo, and X. W. Bai, 2008: Diagnostic analysis of typical mountainous fog process in Eshan along Kunming-Daluo High way in Yunnan. Meteorol. Mon., 34, 87\u201394 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Meteorol. Mon."},{"key":"28_CR91","first-page":"119","volume":"33","author":"X. R. Yu","year":"1990","unstructured":"Yu, X. R., and M. Su, 1990: Research and analysis of Yangtze River Basin fog. Meteorol. Mon., 33, 119\u2013123 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Meteorol. Mon."},{"key":"28_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-012-0486-4","volume":"169","author":"Y. Y. Yue","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yue, Y. Y., S. J. Niu, L. J. Zhao, Y. Zhang, and F. Xu, 2012: Chemical composition of sea fog water along the South China Sea. Pure Appl. Geophys., 169, 2231\u20132249, doi:10.1007\/s00024-012-0486-4.","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"28_CR93","first-page":"609","volume":"37","author":"Y. Y. Yue","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yue, Y. Y., S. J. Niu, L. J. Zhao, Y. Zhang, and F. Xu, 2013: Study on the synoptic system and macro-micro characteristics of sea fog along the Zhanjiang coastal area. Chinese J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 609\u2013622 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Chinese J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"28_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-013-3059-2","volume":"31","author":"Y. Y. Yue","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yue, Y. Y., S. J. Niu, L. J. Zhao, Y. Zhang, and F. Xu, 2014: The influences of macro-and microphysical characteristics of sea-fog on fog-water chemical composition. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 31, 624\u2013636, doi:10.1007\/s00376-013-3059-2.","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"28_CR95","first-page":"88","volume":"48","author":"G. Z. Zhang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zhang, G. Z., L. G. Bian, J. Z. Wang, Y. Q. Yang, W. Q. Yao, and X. D. Xu, 2005: The boundary layer characteristics in the heavy fog formation process over Beijing and its adjacent areas. Sci. China Ser. D., 48, 88\u2013101, doi:10. 1360\/05yd0029","journal-title":"Sci. China Ser. D."},{"key":"28_CR96","first-page":"311","volume":"39","author":"J. W. Zhang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zhang, J. W., S. P. Zhang, X. J. Wu, Y. C. Liu, and J. W. Liu, 2009: The research on Yellow sea fog based on MODIS data: sea fog properties retrieval and spatial-temporal distribution. J. Ocean Univ. Qingdao, 39, 311\u2013318 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"J. Ocean Univ. Qingdao"},{"key":"28_CR97","first-page":"750","volume":"17","author":"L. M. Zhang","year":"1993","unstructured":"Zhang, L. M., and Z. H. Li, 1993: A two-dimensional time-integral numerical model of Chongqing fog. Chinese J. Atmos. Sci., 17, 750\u2013755 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Chinese J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"28_CR98","first-page":"359","volume":"38","author":"S. P. Zhang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zhang, S. P., and X. W. Bao, 2008: The main advances in sea fog research in China. J. Ocean Univ. Qingdao, 38, 359\u2013366.","journal-title":"J. Ocean Univ. Qingdao"},{"key":"28_CR99","first-page":"552","volume":"37","author":"S. T. Zhang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhang, S. T., S. J. Niu, and L. J. Zhao, 2013: The microphysical structure of fog droplets in a sea fog event in the South China Sea. Chinese J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 552\u2013562 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Chinese J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"28_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-012-1266-x","volume":"30","author":"L. J. Zhao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhao, L. J., S. J. Niu, Y. Zhang, and F. Xu, 2013: Microphysical characteristics of sea fog over the east coast of Leizhou Peninsula, China. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 30, 1154\u20131172, doi:10.1007\/s00376-012-1266-x.","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"28_CR101","first-page":"21","volume":"45","author":"B. B. Zhou","year":"1987","unstructured":"Zhou, B. B., 1987: The numerical modeling of radiation fog. Acta Meteorol. Sin., 45, 21\u201329 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Acta Meteorol. Sin."},{"key":"28_CR102","first-page":"468","volume":"62","author":"L. J. Zhao","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zhao, L. J., S. J. Niu, B. S. Deng, and H. G. Xu, 2004: Numerical simulation on the boundary layer structure during a heavy fog process over Beijing metropolitan area. Acta Meteorol. Sin., 62, 468\u2013475 (in Chinese with English abstract).","journal-title":"Acta Meteorol. Sin."},{"key":"28_CR103","first-page":"97","volume":"33","author":"X. J. Zhou","year":"1963","unstructured":"Zhou, X. J., 1963: Statistical theory on the mechanism of microscopic physical warm cloud precipitation. Acta Meteorol. Sin., 33, 97\u2013107 (in Chinese).","journal-title":"Acta Meteorol. Sin."},{"key":"28_CR104","first-page":"1","volume":"8","author":"X. J. Zhou","year":"1963","unstructured":"Zhou, X. J., and Z. C. Gu, 1963: Theories of fog-cloud microstructure and precipitation process. Chinese Sci. Bull., 8, 1\u20137 (in Chinese).","journal-title":"Chinese Sci. Bull."}],"container-title":["Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13143-016-0028-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13143-016-0028-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13143-016-0028-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,25]],"date-time":"2017-06-25T07:58:02Z","timestamp":1498377482000},"score":23.5458,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13143-016-0028-6"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]}},"alternative-id":["28"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13143-016-0028-6","ISSN":["1976-7633","1976-7951"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1976-7633","type":"print"},{"value":"1976-7951","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T06:07:07Z","timestamp":1781071627270,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Atmospheric Environment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118357","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]],"date-time":"2021-03-23T04:09:08Z","timestamp":1616472548000},"page":"118357","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Microphysics of fog bursting in polluted urban air"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"253","author":[{"given":"Qing","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhao-yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin-gui","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing-le","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao-hao","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"De-hua","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ismail","family":"Gultepe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118357_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-1686(93)90158-U","article-title":"Gonzalez, M. J. Analysis of the relationships between Junge size distribution and Angstrom a turbidity parameter from spectral measurements of atmospheric aerosol extinction","volume":"27","author":"Cachorro","year":"1993","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ. Part A. General Topics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118357_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2014.05.027","article-title":"Vertical distribution of microphysical properties in radiation fogs-A case study","volume":"151","author":"Egli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118357_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1971)028<1183:TRBVAL>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Relationship between visibility and liquid water content in fog","volume":"28","author":"Eldridge","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118357_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.04.006","article-title":"The influence of size-dependent droplet composition on pollutant processing by fogs","volume":"39","author":"Fahey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118357_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1989)028<1303:HVFE>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Hudson valley fog environments","volume":"28","author":"Fitzjarrald","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118357_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusb.v44i5.15561","article-title":"The Po valley fog experiment 1989 an overview","volume":"44","author":"Fuzzi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Tellus Ser. B Chem. Phys. Meteorol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118357_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2016.03.015","article-title":"Potential threat of heavy metals and PAHs in PM2.5 in different urban functional areas of Beijing","volume":"178\u2013179","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"issue":"D20","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118357_bib8","first-page":"116","article-title":"A method for simple and accurate estimation of fog deposition in a mountain forest using a meteorological modeL","volume":"2011","author":"Genki","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118357_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1981)038<0454:MOARF>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Microstructure of a radiation fog","volume":"38","author":"Gerber","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118357_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1175\/JAM2423.1","article-title":"A new visibility parameterization for warm-fog applications in numerical weather prediction models","volume":"45","author":"Gultepe","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"issue":"6\u20137","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118357_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-007-0212-9","article-title":"Microphysical observations and Mesoscale model simulation of a warm fog case during FRAM project","volume":"164","author":"Gultepe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118357_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1175\/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D-17-0002.1","article-title":"Ice fog: the current state of knowledge and future challenges","volume":"58","author":"Gultepe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Meteorol. Monogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118357_bib14","article-title":"A review of coastal fog microphysics during C-fog","author":"Gultepe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bound. Layer. Meteor."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118357_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-014-4924-2","article-title":"Observation analysis on characteristics of formation, evolution and transition of a long-lasting severe fog and haze episode in North China","volume":"58","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118357_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1175\/2009BAMS2671.1","article-title":"PARISFOG: shedding new light on fog physical processes","volume":"91","author":"Haeffelin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118357_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2011.05.0073","article-title":"Effect of aerosols on visibility and radiation in spring 2009 in Tianjin, China. Aerosol","volume":"12","author":"Han","year":"2012","journal-title":"Air. Qual. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118357_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.partic.2014.02.008","article-title":"Long-term trends in fog and boundary layer characteristics in Tianjin, China","volume":"20","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"Particuology"},{"issue":"sep","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118357_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2017.04.020","article-title":"The role of fog in haze episode in Tianjin, China: a case study for November 2015","volume":"194","author":"Hao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118357_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4954","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(01)00301-6","article-title":"The characteristics of PM2.5 in Beijing, China","volume":"35","author":"He","year":"2001","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"issue":"235","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118357_bib21","article-title":"Scavenging efficiency of water soluble inorganic and organic aerosols by fog droplets in the Indo Gangetic Plain","volume":"2019","author":"Izhar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118357_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2016.11.0519","article-title":"Determination of fog-droplet deposition velocity from a simple weighing method","volume":"18","author":"Jackie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aerosol. Air Qual. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118357_bib23","series-title":"Fog Structure. Clouds, Their Formation, Optical Properties, and Effects","first-page":"187","author":"Jiusto","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118357_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2013.12.012","article-title":"Marine fog: a review","volume":"143","author":"Kora\u010din","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118357_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusa.v22i3.10223","article-title":"Distribution of radiative energy in ground fog","volume":"22","author":"Korb","year":"1970","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118357_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1984)023<0034:PODTVA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Parameterization of droplet terminal velocity and extinction coefficient in fog models","volume":"23","author":"Kunkel","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118357_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2010.02.031","article-title":"Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons deposition in PM2.5 and cloud\/fog water at Mount Taishan (China)","volume":"44","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118357_bib28","first-page":"623","article-title":"Burst characteristics during the development of radiation fog","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chin. J. Atmos. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118357_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-010-0017-0","article-title":"On the evolution and structure of a radiation fog event in Nanjing","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118357_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11030258","article-title":"Fog droplet size distribution and the interaction between fog droplets and fine particles during dense fog in Tianjin, China","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118357_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1980)037<0622:MOVRAR>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Measurements of visual range and radiation-fog (haze) microphysics","volume":"37","author":"Meyer","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118357_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-009-8174-8","article-title":"Fog research in China: an overview","volume":"27","author":"Niu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118357_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-7-1961-2007","article-title":"A single parameter representation of hygroscopic growth and cloud condensation nucleus activity","volume":"7","author":"Petters","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118357_bib35","series-title":"WRF Model Sensitivity to Choice of PBL and Microphysics Parameterization for an Advection Fog Event at Barkachha, Rural Site in the Indo-Gangetic Basin","author":"Pithani","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118357_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-018-2053-0","article-title":"WRF model prediction of a dense fog event occurred during the winter fog experiment (WIFEX)","volume":"176","author":"Pithani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118357_bib37","series-title":"Real-time Forecast of Dense Fog Events over Delhi: the Performance of the WRF Model during WiFEX Field Campaign","author":"Pithani","year":"2020"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118357_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-008-0071-y","article-title":"Features of a rare advection-radiation fog event","volume":"51","author":"Pu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"issue":"D20","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118357_bib39","article-title":"Sensitivity of CCN spectra on chemical and physical properties of aerosol: a case study from the Amazon Basin","volume":"107","author":"Roberts","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118357_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2015.11.016","article-title":"Estimating fog-top height through near-surface micrometeorological measurements","volume":"170","author":"Rom\u00e1n-Casc\u00f3n","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118357_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2019.06.011","article-title":"Development of a new visibility parameterization based on long term in-situ measurement of fog (cloud) and drizzle microphysics at a mountainous site in Korea","volume":"229","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118357_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3300","article-title":"Unravelling the relative roles of physical processes in modelling the life cycle of a warm radiation fog","author":"Steeneveld","year":"2018","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118357_bib43","series-title":"An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology","first-page":"666pp","author":"Stull","year":"1988"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118357_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1989)046<1274:TPMIAB>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The parcel method in a baroclinic atmosphere","volume":"46","author":"Thorpe","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118357_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusb.v44i5.15562","article-title":"Meteorological characteristics of the PO Valley fog","volume":"44","author":"Wobrock","year":"1992","journal-title":"Tellus Ser. B Chem. Phys. Meteorol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118357_bib46","series-title":"Characteristics of Low-Level Jets during 2015 -2016 and the Effect on Fog in Tianjin, Atmospheric Research","author":"Wu","year":"2020"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118357_bib47","first-page":"609","article-title":"Study on the synoptic system and macro-micro characteristics of sea fog along the Zhanjiang coastal area","volume":"37","author":"Yue","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118357_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1175\/2009WAF2222337.1","article-title":"High Resolution GEM-LAM application in marine fog prediction: evaluation and diagnosis","volume":"25","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Weather Forecast."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118357_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.5194\/npg-13-185-2006","article-title":"Influence of stability on the flux-profile relationships for wind speed, \u00d8m and temperature, \u00d8h for the stable atmospheric boundary layer","volume":"13","author":"Yag\u00fce","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nonlinear Process Geophys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118357_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2014.03.068","article-title":"A comparison of the parameterization schemes of fog visibility using the in-situ measurements in the North China Plain","volume":"92","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118357_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-013-9894-y","article-title":"On the influence of a simple microphysics parametrization on radiation fog modelling: a case study during ParisFog","volume":"151","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Boundary-Layer Meteorol."}],"container-title":["Atmospheric Environment"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1352231021001758?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1352231021001758?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T23:42:51Z","timestamp":1761176571000},"score":22.552385,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1352231021001758"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["S1352231021001758"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118357","ISSN":["1352-2310"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1352-2310","type":"print"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Microphysics of fog bursting in polluted urban air","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Atmospheric Environment","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118357","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"118357"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T12:55:31Z","timestamp":1725454531484},"edition-number":"1","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Wiley","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9780471332305"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9780471743989"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,17]],"date-time":"2006-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1163721600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"DOI":"10.1002\/0471743984.vse8916","type":"other","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,13]],"date-time":"2006-11-13T20:40:08Z","timestamp":1163450408000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Radiation Fog"],"prefix":"10.1002","member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,17]]},"container-title":["Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/0471743984.vse8916","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]],"date-time":"2023-12-12T16:14:47Z","timestamp":1702397687000},"score":22.311003,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/0471743984.vse8916"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,17]]},"ISBN":["9780471332305","9780471743989"],"references-count":0,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/0471743984.vse8916","10.1002\/9780471743989"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/0471743984.vse8916","archive":["Portico"],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,17]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,16]],"date-time":"2023-11-16T19:10:16Z","timestamp":1700161816764},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,29]],"date-time":"2006-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1167350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":696,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Weather"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,2]]},"DOI":"10.1256\/wea.186.04","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,6]],"date-time":"2005-12-06T21:47:12Z","timestamp":1133905632000},"page":"55-55","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Radiation fog"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Frank","family":"Hill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,29]]},"container-title":["Weather"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1256%2Fwea.186.04","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1256\/wea.186.04","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,16]],"date-time":"2023-11-16T18:46:55Z","timestamp":1700160415000},"score":22.301601,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1256\/wea.186.04"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,2]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1256\/wea.186.04"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1256\/wea.186.04","archive":["Portico"],"ISSN":["0043-1656","1477-8696"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0043-1656","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-8696","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,2]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T14:34:18Z","timestamp":1700577258019},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,25]],"date-time":"2010-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1267056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Weather"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,3]]},"DOI":"10.1002\/wea.560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,25]],"date-time":"2010-02-25T11:43:19Z","timestamp":1267098199000},"page":"83-83","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Radiation fog"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Ian","family":"Jolliffe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,25]]},"container-title":["Weather"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fwea.560","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/wea.560","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T13:34:50Z","timestamp":1700573690000},"score":22.191792,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/wea.560"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,25]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/wea.560"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wea.560","archive":["Portico"],"ISSN":["0043-1656","1477-8696"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0043-1656","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-8696","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,25]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,8]],"date-time":"2024-09-08T13:19:54Z","timestamp":1725801594901},"publisher-location":"Berlin, Heidelberg","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9783642417139"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9783642417146"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-41714-6_180077","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,8]],"date-time":"2014-12-08T15:56:01Z","timestamp":1418054161000},"page":"1070-1070","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["radiation fog"],"prefix":"10.1007","member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,24]]},"container-title":["Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering\/W\u00f6rterbuch GeoTechnik"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-642-41714-6_180077","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,8]],"date-time":"2014-12-08T15:57:55Z","timestamp":1418054275000},"score":22.13849,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-642-41714-6_180077"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"ISBN":["9783642417139","9783642417146"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-41714-6_180077","published":{"date-parts":[[2014]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,18]],"date-time":"2023-11-18T00:03:50Z","timestamp":1700265830690},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,29]],"date-time":"2006-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1167350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1093,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Weather"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]},"DOI":"10.1256\/wea.138.03","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,6]],"date-time":"2005-12-06T21:47:12Z","timestamp":1133905632000},"page":"25-26","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Radiation fog and steam fog"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Rod","family":"Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bill","family":"Roach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1994)122<1218:NFORFP>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"335","article-title":"The physics of radiation fog: II \u2013a numerical study","volume":"102","author":"Brown R.","year":"1976","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"187","article-title":"Field investigations of radiation fog formation at outstations","volume":"114","author":"Findlater J.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Meteorol. Mag."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"391","article-title":"Radiation fog formation and dissipation. A case study","volume":"14","author":"Jiusto J. E.","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Rech. Atmos."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49708335706"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1477-8696.1995.tb06053.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49710243204"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49711347504"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1256\/wea.49.02"}],"container-title":["Weather"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1256%2Fwea.138.03","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1256\/wea.138.03","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]],"date-time":"2023-11-17T17:44:36Z","timestamp":1700243076000},"score":22.105917,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1256\/wea.138.03"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]},"references-count":9,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1256\/wea.138.03"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1256\/wea.138.03","archive":["Portico"],"ISSN":["0043-1656","1477-8696"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0043-1656","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-8696","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]}},{"institution":[{"name":"US Dept of the Navy","acronym":["ONR"],"department":["Funding"]},{"name":"NAVAL RESEARCH LAB MONTEREY CA","department":["Performing"]}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T00:05:16Z","timestamp":1724889916556},"publisher-location":"Fort Belvoir, VA","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Defense Technical Information Center","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,30]]},"DOI":"10.21236\/ada541551","type":"report","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,10]],"date-time":"2017-07-10T22:29:21Z","timestamp":1499725761000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Aerosol Microphysics and Radiation Integration"],"prefix":"10.21236","author":[{"given":"Jeffrey S.","family":"Reid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"9879","original-title":[""],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T19:31:18Z","timestamp":1724873478000},"score":22.051405,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.dtic.mil\/docs\/citations\/ADA541551"}},"subtitle":[""],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,30]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21236\/ada541551","published":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,30]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T05:33:13Z","timestamp":1772256793730,"version":"3.50.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,31]]},"group-title":"Aerosols\/Field Measurements\/Troposphere\/Physics (physical properties and processes)","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,31]],"date-time":"2016-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1464652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract. Comprehensive field campaigns dedicated to fog life cycle observation were conducted during the winters of 2010\u20132013 at the SIRTA observatory in the suburb of Paris. In order to document their properties, in situ microphysical measurements collected during 23 fog events are examined here. They reveal large variability in number, concentration and size of both aerosol background before the fog onset and fog droplets according to the different cases. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the impact of aerosol particles on the fog microphysics.  To derive an accurate estimation of the actual activated fog droplet number concentration N act, we determine the hygroscopicity parameter \u03ba, the dry and the wet critical diameter and the critical supersaturation for each case by using an iterative procedure based on the \u03ba-K\u00f6hler theory that combines cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), dry particle and droplet size distribution measurements. Resulting values of \u03ba = 0.17 \u00b1 0.05 were found typical of continental aerosols. Our study reveals low values of the derived critical supersaturation with a median of 0.043 % and large values for both wet and dry activation diameters. Consequently, the corresponding N act values are low with median concentrations of 53.5 cm\u22123 and 111 cm\u22123 within the percentile 75th.  No detectable trend between the concentration of aerosol particles with diameter &gt; 200 nm and N act was observed. In contrast the CCN data at 0.1 % supersaturation exhibits a strong correlation with these aerosol concentrations. We therefore conclude that the actual supersaturations reached during these fog episodes are too low and no simultaneous increase of aerosols &gt; 200 nm and droplet concentrations can be observed. Moreover our analysis suggests that a high aerosol loading limits the supersaturation values. It is also found that the activated fraction mainly depends on the aerosol size while the hygroscopicity appears to be of a secondary importance.  Although radiative fogs are usually associated with higher aerosol loading rather than to stratus lowering events, our analysis reveals that the activated particle concentrations at the beginning of the event are similar for both types of fog. However the evolution of the droplet concentration during the fog life cycle shows significant differences between both types of fog.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-2016-103","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,31]],"date-time":"2016-05-31T07:27:22Z","timestamp":1464679642000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Experimental study of the aerosol impact on fog microphysics"],"prefix":"10.5194","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Mazoyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Burnet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G. C.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Haeffelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.-C","family":"Dupont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Elias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3145","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net\/acp-2016-103\/acp-2016-103.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]],"date-time":"2021-02-05T21:09:39Z","timestamp":1612559379000},"score":21.826878,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/acp.copernicus.org\/preprints\/acp-2016-103\/"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,31]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-2016-103","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2016-103-RC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2016-103-RC2","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2016-103-RC1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2016-103-RC2","asserted-by":"object"}]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,31]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T08:02:16Z","timestamp":1790841736575,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,4]],"date-time":"2019-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Atmos. Chem. Phys."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Comprehensive field campaigns dedicated to fog life cycle observation were\nconducted during the winters of 2010\u20132013 at the Instrumented Site for\nAtmospheric Remote Sensing Research (SIRTA) observatory in a suburb of Paris.\nIn order to document their properties, in situ microphysical measurements\ncollected during 23 fog events induced by both radiative cooling and stratus\nlowering are examined here. They reveal large variability in number,\nconcentration and size of both aerosol background before the fog onset and\nfog droplets according to the different cases. The objective of this paper is\nto evaluate the impact of aerosol particles on the fog microphysics. To\nderive an accurate estimation of the actual activated fog droplet number\nconcentration\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>act<\/jats:sub>\n                    , we determine the hygroscopicity parameter\n                    <jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the dry and the wet critical diameter and the critical\nsupersaturation for each case by using an iterative procedure based on the\n                    <jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>\n                    -K\u00f6hler theory that combines cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), dry\nparticle and droplet size distribution measurements. Our study reveals low values of the derived critical supersaturation\noccurring in fog with a median of 0.043\u2009%. Consequently, the median dry\nand wet activation diameters are 0.39 and 3.79\u2009\u00b5m, respectively,\nleading to a minor fraction of the aerosol population activated into droplets.\nThe corresponding\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>act<\/jats:sub>\n                    values are low, with median concentrations\nof 53.5 and 111\u2009cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>\n                    within the 75th percentile. The activated fraction\nof aerosols exhibits remarkably low correlation with\n                    <jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>\n                    values, which\nreflects the chemical composition of the aerosols. On the contrary, the\nactivated fraction exhibits a strong correlation with the inferred critical\ndiameter throughout the field campaigns. This suggests that the variability\nin the activated fraction is mostly driven by particle size, while variations\nin aerosol composition are of secondary importance. Moreover, our analysis\nsuggests that the supersaturation reached in fog could be lowered by the\naerosol number concentration, which could contribute to the sink term of\nwater vapor during the radiative cooling. Although radiative fogs are\nusually associated with higher aerosol loading than stratus-lowering events,\nour analysis also reveals that the activated fraction at the beginning of the\nevent is similar for both types of fog. However, the evolution of the droplet\nconcentration during the fog life cycle shows significant differences between\nboth types of fog. This work demonstrates that an accurate calculation of supersaturation is\nrequired to provide a realistic representation of fog microphysical\nproperties in numerical models.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-19-4323-2019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,4]],"date-time":"2019-04-04T01:40:45Z","timestamp":1554342045000},"page":"4323-4344","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Experimental study of the aerosol impact on fog microphysics"],"prefix":"10.5194","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2604-0292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie","family":"Mazoyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"corresponding-author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Burnet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cyrielle","family":"Denjean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory C.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9889-1507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martial","family":"Haeffelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Charles","family":"Dupont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thierry","family":"Elias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3145","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andreae, M. and Rosenfeld, D.: Aerosol\u2013cloud\u2013precipitation interactions. Part 1. The nature and sources of cloud-active aerosols, Earth-Sci. Rev., 89, 13\u201341, 2008.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2008.03.001"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergot, T.: Small-scale structure of radiation fog: a large-eddy simulation study, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 139, 1099\u20131112, 2013.","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.2051"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergot, T.: Large-eddy simulation study of the dissipation of radiation fog, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 1029\u20131040, 2016.","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.2706"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bott, A.: On the influence of the physico-chemical properties of aerosols on the life cycle of radiation fogs, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 56, 1\u201331, 1991.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00119960"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bott, A., Sievers, U., and Zdunkowski, W.: A radiation fog model with a detailed treatment of the interaction between radiative transfer and fog microphysics, J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 2153\u20132166, 1990.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1990)047<2153:ARFMWA>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Boutle, I., Price, J., Kudzotsa, I., Kokkola, H., and Romakkaniemi, S.: Aerosol\u2013fog interaction and the transition to well-mixed radiation fog, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 7827\u20137840, 10.5194\/acp-18-7827-2018, 2018.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-7827-2018"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brenguier, J.-L., Burnet, F., and Geoffroy, O.: Cloud optical thickness and liquid water path \u2013 does the k coefficient vary with droplet concentration?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 9771\u20139786, 10.5194\/acp-11-9771-2011, 2011.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-9771-2011"},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"Burnet, F., Gomes, L., Haeffelin, M., Dupont, J., and Elias, T.: Analysis of the microphysical structures of fog during the ParisFog project, in: Proceedings of the 16th international conference of clouds and precipitation (ICCP), Leipzig, Germany, Vol.\u00a030, 2012."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choularton, T., Fullarton, G., Latham, J., Mill, C., Smith, M., and Stromberg, I.: A field study of radiation fog in Meppen, West Germany, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 107, 381\u2013394, 1981.","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49710745209"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohard, J.-M., Pinty, J.-P., and Bedos, C.: Extending Twomey's analytical estimate of nucleated cloud droplet concentrations from CCN spectra, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 3348\u20133357, 1998.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1998)055<3348:ETSAEO>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Crippa, M., DeCarlo, P. F., Slowik, J. G., Mohr, C., Heringa, M. F., Chirico, R., Poulain, L., Freutel, F., Sciare, J., Cozic, J., Di Marco, C. F., Elsasser, M., Nicolas, J. B., Marchand, N., Abidi, E., Wiedensohler, A., Drewnick, F., Schneider, J., Borrmann, S., Nemitz, E., Zimmermann, R., Jaffrezo, J.-L., Pr\u00e9v\u00f4t, A. S. H., and Baltensperger, U.: Wintertime aerosol chemical composition and source apportionment of the organic fraction in the metropolitan area of Paris, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 961\u2013981, 10.5194\/acp-13-961-2013, 2013.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-961-2013"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Denjean, C., Formenti, P., Picquet-Varrault, B., Katrib, Y., Pangui, E., Zapf, P., and Doussin, J. F.: A new experimental approach to study the hygroscopic and optical properties of aerosols: application to ammonium sulfate particles, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 183\u2013197, 10.5194\/amt-7-183-2014, 2014.","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-7-183-2014"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ditas, F., Shaw, R. A., Siebert, H., Simmel, M., Wehner, B., and Wiedensohler, A.: Aerosols-cloud microphysics-thermodynamics-turbulence: evaluating supersaturation in a marine stratocumulus cloud, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 2459\u20132468, 10.5194\/acp-12-2459-2012, 2012.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-2459-2012"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dupont, J. C., Haeffelin, M., Stolaki, S., and Elias, T.: Analysis of dynamical and thermal processes driving fog and quasi-fog life cycles using the 2010\u20132013 ParisFog dataset, Pure Appl. Geophys., 173, 1337\u20131358, 2016.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-015-1159-x"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elias, T., Haeffelin, M., Drobinski, P., Gomes, L., Rangognio, J., Bergot, T., Chazette, P., Raut, J.-C., and Colomb, M.: Particulate contribution to extinction of visible radiation: Pollution, haze, and fog, Atmos. Res., 92, 443\u2013454, 2009.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2009.01.006"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elias, T., Jolivet, D., Dupont, J.-C., Haeffelin, M., and Burnet, F.: Preliminary results of the PreViBOSS project: description of the fog life cycle by ground-based and satellite observation, in: SPIE Remote Sensing, 853\u202f406\u2013853\u202f406, International Society for Optics and Photonics, 2012.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.974709"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Elias, T., Dupont, J.-C., Hammer, E., Hoyle, C. R., Haeffelin, M., Burnet, F., and Jolivet, D.: Enhanced extinction of visible radiation due to hydrated aerosols in mist and fog, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 6605\u20136623, 10.5194\/acp-15-6605-2015, 2015.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-6605-2015"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Facchini, M.\u00a0C., Decesari, S., Mircea, M., Fuzzi, S., and Loglio, G.: Surface tension of atmospheric wet aerosol and cloud\/fog droplets in relation to their organic carbon content and chemical composition, Atmos. Environ., 34, 4853\u20134857, 2000.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(00)00237-5"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fitzgerald, J.\u00a0W.: Dependence of the supersaturation spectrum of CCN on aerosol size distribution and composition, J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 628\u2013634, 1973.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1973)030<0628:DOTSSO>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref20","unstructured":"Frank, G., Martinsson, B., Cederfelt, S.-I., Berg, O., Swietlicki, E., Wendish, M., Yuskiewicz, B., Heintzenberg, J., Wiedensohler, A., Orsini, D., Stratmann, F., Laj, P., and Ricci, L.: Droplet formation and growth in polluted fogs, Contributions to Atmospheric Physics, 71, 65\u201385, 1998."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Garc\u00eda, F., Virafuentes, U., and Montero-Mart\u00ednez, G.: Fine-scale measurements of fog-droplet concentrations: A preliminary assessment, Atmos. Res., 64, 179\u2013189, 2002.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-8095(02)00090-X"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerber, H.: Supersaturation and droplet spectral evolution in fog, J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 2569\u20132588, 1991.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1991)048<2569:SADSEI>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonser, S.\u00a0G., Klemm, O., Griessbaum, F., Chang, S.-C., Chu, H.-S., and Hsia, Y.-J.: The relation between humidity and liquid water content in fog: An experimental approach, Pure Appl. Geophys., 169, 821\u2013833, 2012.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-011-0270-x"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gultepe, I. and Isaac, G.: The relationship between cloud droplet and aerosol number concentrations for climate models, Int. J. Climatol., 16, 941\u2013946, 1996.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0088(199608)16:8<941::AID-JOC57>3.0.CO;2-O"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gultepe, I. and Milbrandt, J.: Microphysical observations and mesoscale model simulation of a warm fog case during FRAM project, in: Fog and Boundary Layer Clouds: Fog Visibility and Forecasting, 1161\u20131178, Springer, Birkh\u00e4user Basel, 2007a.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7643-8419-7_4"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., Tardif, R., Michaelides, S., Cermak, J., Bott, A., Bendix, J., M\u00fcller, M., Pagowski, M., Hansen, B., Ellrod, G., Jacobs, W., Toth, G., and Cober, S. G.: Fog research: A review of past achievements and future perspectives, Pure Appl. Geophys., 164, 1121\u20131159, 2007b.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7643-8419-7_3"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., Hansen, B., Cober, S., Pearson, G., Milbrandt, J., Platnick, S., Taylor, P., Gordon, M., and Oakley, J.: The fog remote sensing and modeling field project, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 90, 341\u2013359, 2009.","DOI":"10.1175\/2008BAMS2354.1"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Haeffelin, M., Barth\u00e8s, L., Bock, O., Boitel, C., Bony, S., Bouniol, D., Chepfer, H., Chiriaco, M., Cuesta, J., Delano\u00eb, J., Drobinski, P., Dufresne, J.-L., Flamant, C., Grall, M., Hodzic, A., Hourdin, F., Lapouge, F., Lema\u00eetre, Y., Mathieu, A., Morille, Y., Naud, C., No\u00ebl, V., O'Hirok, W., Pelon, J., Pietras, C., Protat, A., Romand, B., Scialom, G., and Vautard, R.: SIRTA, a ground-based atmospheric observatory for cloud and aerosol research, Ann. Geophys., 23, 253\u2013275, 10.5194\/angeo-23-253-2005, 2005.","DOI":"10.5194\/angeo-23-253-2005"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haeffelin, M., Bergot, T., Elias, T., Tardif, R., Carrer, D., Chazette, P., Colomb, M., Drobinski, P., Dupont, E., Dupont, J., Gomes, L., Musson-Genon, L., Pietras, C., Plana-Fattori, A., Protat, A., Rangognio, J., Raut, J.-C., R\u00e9my, S., Richard, D., Sciare, J., and Zhang, X.: PARISFOG: shedding new light on fog physical processes, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 91, 767\u2013783, 2010.","DOI":"10.1175\/2009BAMS2671.1"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hammer, E., Gysel, M., Roberts, G. C., Elias, T., Hofer, J., Hoyle, C. R., Bukowiecki, N., Dupont, J.-C., Burnet, F., Baltensperger, U., and Weingartner, E.: Size-dependent particle activation properties in fog during the ParisFog 2012\/13 field campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 10517\u201310533, 10.5194\/acp-14-10517-2014, 2014.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-10517-2014"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heim, M., Mullins, B.\u00a0J., Umhauer, H., and Kasper, G.: Performance evaluation of three optical particle counters with an efficient \u201cmultimodal\u201d calibration method, J. Aerosol Sci., 39, 1019\u20131031, 2008.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2008.07.006"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoag, K.\u00a0J., Collett\u00a0Jr., J.\u00a0L., and Pandis, S.\u00a0N.: The influence of drop size-dependent fog chemistry on aerosol processing by San Joaquin Valley fogs, Atmos. Environ., 33, 4817\u20134832, 1999.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(99)00268-X"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hudson, J.\u00a0G.: Relationship between fog condensation nuclei and fog microstructure, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 1854\u20131867, 1980.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1980)037<1854:RBFCNA>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hudson, J.\u00a0G. and Yum, S.\u00a0S.: Maritime-continental drizzle contrasts in small cumuli, J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 915\u2013926, 2001.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(2001)058<0915:MCDCIS>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji, Q., Shaw, G.\u00a0E., and Cantrell, W.: A new instrument for measuring cloud condensation nuclei: Cloud condensation nucleus \u201cremover\u201d, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 103, 28013\u201328019, 1998.","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD01884"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jur\u00e1nyi, Z., Tritscher, T., Gysel, M., Laborde, M., Gomes, L., Roberts, G., Baltensperger, U., and Weingartner, E.: Hygroscopic mixing state of urban aerosol derived from size-resolved cloud condensation nuclei measurements during the MEGAPOLI campaign in Paris, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 6431\u20136446, 10.5194\/acp-13-6431-2013, 2013.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-6431-2013"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khain, A., Beheng, K., Heymsfield, A., Korolev, A., Krichak, S., Levin, Z., Pinsky, M., Phillips, V., Prabhakaran, T., Teller, A., van den Heever, S. C., and Yano, J.-I.: Representation of microphysical processes in cloud-resolving models: Spectral (bin) microphysics versus bulk parameterization, Rev. Geophys., 53, 247\u2013322, 2015.","DOI":"10.1002\/2014RG000468"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00f6hler, H.: The nucleus in and the growth of hygroscopic droplets, T. Faraday Soc., 32, 1152\u20131161, 1936.","DOI":"10.1039\/TF9363201152"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levin, Z. and Brenguier, J.-L.: Effects of Pollution and Biomass Aerosols on Clouds and Precipitation: Observational Studies, in: Aerosol Pollution Impact on Precipitation, 205\u2013241, Springer, Dordrecht, 2009.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-8690-8_6"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, D., Yang, J., Niu, S., and Li, Z.: On the evolution and structure of a radiation fog event in Nanjing, Adv. Atmos. Sci., 28, 223\u2013237, 2011.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-010-0017-0"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, D., Li, Z., Yan, W., and Li, Y.: Advances in fog microphysics research in China, Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 131\u2013148, 2017.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13143-016-0028-6"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, C., Liu, Y., Niu, S., Zhao, L., Yu, H., and Cheng, M.: Examination of microphysical relationships and corresponding microphysical processes in warm fogs, Acta Meteorol. Sin., 27, 832\u2013848, 2013.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13351-013-0610-0"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lu, M.-L., Conant, W.\u00a0C., Jonsson, H.\u00a0H., Varutbangkul, V., Flagan, R.\u00a0C., and Seinfeld, J.\u00a0H.: The Marine Stratus\/Stratocumulus Experiment (MASE): Aerosol-cloud relationships in marine stratocumulus, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, D10209, 10.1029\/2006JD007985, 2007.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JD007985"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maalick, Z., K\u00fchn, T., Korhonen, H., Kokkola, H., Laaksonen, A., and Romakkaniemi, S.: Effect of aerosol concentration and absorbing aerosol on the radiation fog life cycle, Atmos. Environ., 133, 26\u201333, 2016.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2016.03.018"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maronga, B. and Bosveld, F.: Key parameters for the life cycle of nocturnal radiation fog: a comprehensive large-eddy simulation study, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 143, 2463\u20132480, 2017.","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3100"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin, G., Johnson, D., and Spice, A.: The measurement and parameterization of effective radius of droplets in warm stratocumulus clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 1823\u20131842, 1994.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1994)051<1823:TMAPOE>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martins, J.\u00a0A., Gon\u00e7alves, F. L.\u00a0T., Morales, C.\u00a0A., Fisch, G.\u00a0F., Pinheiro, F. G.\u00a0M., J\u00fanior, J. B. V.\u00a0L., Oliveira, C.\u00a0J., Silva, E.\u00a0M., Oliveira, J. C.\u00a0P., Costa, A.\u00a0A., and Silva Dias, M. A. F.: Cloud condensation nuclei from biomass burning during the Amazonian dry-to-wet transition season, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 104, 83\u201393, 2009.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00703-009-0019-6"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McFiggans, G., Artaxo, P., Baltensperger, U., Coe, H., Facchini, M. C., Feingold, G., Fuzzi, S., Gysel, M., Laaksonen, A., Lohmann, U., Mentel, T. F., Murphy, D. M., O'Dowd, C. D., Snider, J. R., and Weingartner, E.: The effect of physical and chemical aerosol properties on warm cloud droplet activation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2593\u20132649, 10.5194\/acp-6-2593-2006, 2006.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-2593-2006"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ming, Y. and Russell, L.\u00a0M.: Organic aerosol effects on fog droplet spectra, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D10206, 10.1029\/2003JD004427, 2004.","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD004427"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nenes, A. and Seinfeld, J.\u00a0H.: Parameterization of cloud droplet formation in global climate models, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4415, 10.1029\/2002JD002911, 2003.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002911"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niu, S., Liu, D., Zhao, L., Lu, C., L\u00fc, J., and Yang, J.: Summary of a 4-year fog field study in northern Nanjing, Part 2: Fog microphysics, Pure Appl. Geophys., 169, 1137\u20131155, 2012.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-011-0344-9"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noone, K.\u00a0J., Ogren, J.\u00a0A., Hallberg, A., Heintzenberg, J., Str\u00f6m, J., Hansson, H.-C., Svenningsson, B., Wiedensohler, A., Fuzzi, S., Facchini, M.\u00a0C., Arends, B. G., and Berner, A.: Changes in aerosol size-and phase distributions due to physical and chemical processes in fog, Tellus B, 44, 489\u2013504, 1992.","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0889.1992.t01-4-00004.x"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Noziere, B., Baduel, C., and Jaffrezo, J.-L.: The dynamic surface tension of atmospheric aerosol surfactants reveals new aspects of cloud activation, Nat. Commun., 5, 3335, 10.1038\/ncomms4335, 2014.","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4335"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pandis, S.\u00a0N., Seinfeld, J.\u00a0H., and Pilinis, C.: Chemical composition differences in fog and cloud droplets of different sizes, Atmos. Environ. A-Gen., 24, 1957\u20131969, 1990.","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-1686(90)90529-V"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Petters, M. D. and Kreidenweis, S. M.: A single parameter representation of hygroscopic growth and cloud condensation nucleus activity, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1961\u20131971, 10.5194\/acp-7-1961-2007, 2007.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-7-1961-2007"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pili\u00e9, R., Mack, E., Kocmond, W., Rogers, C., and Eadie, W.: The life cycle of valley fog. Part I: Micrometeorological characteristics, J. Appl. Meteorol., 14, 347\u2013363, 1975.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1975)014<0347:TLCOVF>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Price, J.: Radiation fog. Part I: observations of stability and drop size distributions, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 139, 167\u2013191, 2011.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-010-9580-2"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pruppacher, H.\u00a0R., Klett, J.\u00a0D., and Wang, P.\u00a0K.: Microphysics of clouds and precipitation, Springer, Dordrecht, 10.1007\/978-0-306-48100-0_2, 1998.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-306-48100-0_2"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramanathan, V., Crutzen, P., Kiehl, J., and Rosenfeld, D.: Aerosols, climate, and the hydrological cycle, Science, 294, 2119\u20132124, 2001.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1064034"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberts, G. and Nenes, A.: A continuous-flow streamwise thermal-gradient CCN chamber for atmospheric measurements, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 39, 206\u2013221, 2005.","DOI":"10.1080\/027868290913988"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shen, C., Zhao, C., Ma, N., Tao, J., Zhao, G., Yingli, Y., and Kuang, Y.: Method to Estimate Water Vapor Supersaturation in the Ambient Activation Process using Aerosol and Droplet Measurement Data, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 10606\u201310619, 10.1029\/2018JD028315, 2018.","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JD028315"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Spiegel, J. K., Zieger, P., Bukowiecki, N., Hammer, E., Weingartner, E., and Eugster, W.: Evaluating the capabilities and uncertainties of droplet measurements for the fog droplet spectrometer (FM-100), Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 2237\u20132260, 10.5194\/amt-5-2237-2012, 2012.","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-5-2237-2012"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stolaki, S., Haeffelin, M., Lac, C., Dupont, J.-C., Elias, T., and Masson, V.: Influence of aerosols on the life cycle of a radiation fog event. A numerical and observational study, Atmos. Res., 151, 146\u2013161, 2015.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2014.04.013"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Svenningsson, I., Hansson, H.-C., Wiedensohler, A., Ogren, J., Noone, K., and Hallberg, A.: Hygroscopic growth of aerosol particles in the Po Valley, Tellus B, 44, 556\u2013569, 1992.","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0889.1992.t01-1-00009.x"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, I., Fung, K., Imre, D., and Munkelwitz, H.: Phase transformation and metastability of hygroscopic microparticles, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 23, 443\u2013453, 1995.","DOI":"10.1080\/02786829508965327"},{"key":"ref66","unstructured":"Tardif, R.\u00a0M.: Characterizing fog and the physical mechanisms leading to its formation during precipitation in a coastal area of the northeastern United States, ProQuest, University of Colorado, Boulder, 2007."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thouron, O., Brenguier, J.-L., and Burnet, F.: Supersaturation calculation in large eddy simulation models for prediction of the droplet number concentration, Geosci. Model Dev., 5, 761\u2013772, 10.5194\/gmd-5-761-2012, 2012.","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-5-761-2012"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Twohy, C.\u00a0H., Petters, M.\u00a0D., Snider, J.\u00a0R., Stevens, B., Tahnk, W., Wetzel, M., Russell, L., and Burnet, F.: Evaluation of the aerosol indirect effect in marine stratocumulus clouds: Droplet number, size, liquid water path, and radiative impact, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D08203, 10.1029\/2004JD005116, 2005.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005116"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Twomey, S.: The nuclei of natural cloud formation part II: The supersaturation in natural clouds and the variation of cloud droplet concentration, Geofisica Pura e Applicata, 43, 243\u2013249, 1959.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01993560"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van\u00a0der Velde, I., Steeneveld, G., Wichers\u00a0Schreur, B., and Holtslag, A.: Modeling and forecasting the onset and duration of severe radiation fog under frost conditions, Mon. Weather Rev., 138, 4237\u20134253, 2010.","DOI":"10.1175\/2010MWR3427.1"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"W\u00e6rsted, E. G., Haeffelin, M., Dupont, J.-C., Delano\u00eb, J., and Dubuisson, P.: Radiation in fog: quantification of the impact on fog liquid water based on ground-based remote sensing, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 10811\u201310835, 10.5194\/acp-17-10811-2017, 2017.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-10811-2017"},{"key":"ref72","unstructured":"Wendisch, M., Mertes, S., Heintzenberg, J., Wiedensohler, A., Schell, D., Wobrock, W., Frank, G., Martinsson, B., Fuzzi, S., Orsi, G., Kos, G., and Berner, A.: Drop size distribution and LWC in Po Valley fog, Contributions to Atmospheric Physics, 71, 87\u2013100, 1998."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Musson-Genon, L., Dupont, E., Milliez, M., and Carissimo, B.: On the Influence of a Simple Microphysics Parametrization on Radiation Fog Modelling: A Case Study During ParisFog, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 151, 293\u2013315, 2014.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-013-9894-y"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, L., Niu, S., Zhang, Y., and Xu, F.: Microphysical characteristics of sea fog over the east coast of Leizhou Peninsula, China, Adv. Atmos. Sci., 30, 1154\u20131172, 2013.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-012-1266-x"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, B. and Ferrier, B.\u00a0S.: Asymptotic analysis of equilibrium in radiation fog, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 47, 1704\u20131722, 2008.","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JAMC1685.1"}],"container-title":["Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/acp.copernicus.org\/articles\/19\/4323\/2019\/acp-19-4323-2019.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T16:55:10Z","timestamp":1789404910000},"score":21.822369,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/acp.copernicus.org\/articles\/19\/4323\/2019\/"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,4]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-19-4323-2019","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-875","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-875","asserted-by":"object"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-875-RC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-875-AC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-875-RC2","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-875-AC2","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-875-RC3","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-875-AC3","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-875-RC4","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-875-AC4","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-875-RC1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-875-RC2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-875-RC3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-875-RC4","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-875-AC1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-875-AC2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-875-AC3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-875-AC4","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1680-7324"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1680-7324","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,4]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T05:37:51Z","timestamp":1772257071635,"version":"3.50.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,8]]},"group-title":"Clouds and Precipitation\/Field Measurements\/Troposphere\/Physics (physical properties and processes)","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,8]],"date-time":"2018-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract. Comprehensive field campaigns dedicated to fog life cycle observation were conducted during the winters of 2010\u20132013 at the SIRTA observatory in the suburb of Paris. In order to document their properties, in situ microphysical measurements collected during 23 fog events are examined here. They reveal large variability in number, concentration and size of both aerosol background before the fog onset and fog droplets according to the different cases. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the impact of aerosol particles on the fog microphysics. To derive an accurate estimation of the actual activated fog droplet number concentration Nact we determine the hygro-scopicity parameter \u03ba, the dry and the wet critical diameter and the critical supersaturation for each case by using an iterative procedure based on the \u03ba-K\u00f6hler theory that combines cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), dry particle and droplet size distribution measurements. Resulting values of \u03ba\u2009=\u20090.17\u2009\u00b1\u20090.05 were found typical of continental aerosols. Our study reveals low values of the derived critical supersaturation with a median of 0.043\u2009% and large values for both wet and dry activation diameters. Consequently, the corresponding Nact values are low with median concentrations of 53.5\u2009cm\u22123 and 111\u2009cm\u22123 within the percentile 75th. No detectable trend between the concentration of aerosol particles with diameter\u2009&gt;\u2009200\u2009nm and Nact was observed. In contrast the CCN data at 0.1\u2009% supersaturation exhibits a strong correlation with these aerosol concentrations. We therefore conclude that the actual supersaturations reached during these fog episodes are too low and no simultaneous increase of aerosols\u2009&gt;\u2009200\u2009nm and droplet concentrations can be observed. Moreover our analysis suggests that a high aerosol loading limits the supersaturation values. It is also found that the activated fraction mainly depends on the aerosol size while the hygroscopicity appears to be of a secondary importance. Although radiative fogs are usually associated with higher aerosol loading rather than to stratus lowering events, our analysis reveals that the activated particle concentrations at the beginning of the event are similar for both types of fog. However the evolution of the droplet concentration during the fog life cycle shows significant differences between both types of fog.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-2018-875","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,8]],"date-time":"2018-10-08T04:35:32Z","timestamp":1538973332000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Experimental study of the aerosol impact on fog microphysics"],"prefix":"10.5194","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2604-0292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie","family":"Mazoyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frederic","family":"Burnet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Greg","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9889-1507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martial","family":"Haeffelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean-Charles","family":"Dupont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thierry","family":"Elias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3145","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net\/acp-2018-875\/acp-2018-875.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T06:19:13Z","timestamp":1738390753000},"score":21.789703,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/acp.copernicus.org\/articles\/19\/4323\/2019\/acp-19-4323-2019-discussion.html"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,8]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-2018-875","relation":{"has-comment":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-875-AC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-875-AC2","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-875-AC3","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-875-AC4","asserted-by":"subject"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-875-RC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-875-RC2","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-875-RC3","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-875-RC4","asserted-by":"subject"}],"is-preprint-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-19-4323-2019","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-19-4323-2019","asserted-by":"object"}]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,8]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"institution":[{"name":"Office of Naval Research","acronym":["ONR"],"department":["Funding"]},{"name":"NAVAL RESEARCH LAB MONTEREY CA","department":["Performing"]}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T02:10:59Z","timestamp":1724897459357},"publisher-location":"Fort Belvoir, VA","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Defense Technical Information Center","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,30]]},"DOI":"10.21236\/ada630607","type":"report","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,15]],"date-time":"2017-06-15T22:02:56Z","timestamp":1497564176000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Aerosol Microphysics and Radiation Integration"],"prefix":"10.21236","author":[{"given":"Jeffrey S.","family":"Reid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"9879","original-title":[""],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T01:11:26Z","timestamp":1724893886000},"score":21.742287,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.dtic.mil\/docs\/citations\/ADA630607"}},"subtitle":[""],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,30]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21236\/ada630607","published":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,30]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T00:15:56Z","timestamp":1789172156922,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"KNMI\u2019s multi-annual RP3 project"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Atmosphere"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study concerns the impact of microphysics on the HARMONIE-AROME NWP model. In particular, the representation of cloud droplets in the single-moment bulk microphysics scheme is examined in relation to fog forecasting. We focus on the shape parameters of the cloud droplet size distribution and recent changes to the representation of the cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC). Two configurations of CDNC are considered: a profile that varies with height and a constant one. These aspects are examined together since few studies have considered their combined impact during fog situations. We present a set of six experiments performed for two non-idealised three-dimensional case studies over the Iberian Peninsula and the North Sea. One case displays both low clouds and fog, and the other shows a persistent fog field above sea. The experiments highlight the importance of the considered parameters that affect droplet sedimentation, which plays a key role in modelled fog. We show that none of the considered configurations can simultaneously represent all aspects of both cases. Hence, continued efforts are needed to introduce relationships between the governing parameters and the relevant atmospheric conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos13122127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T06:24:44Z","timestamp":1671431084000},"page":"2127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Impact of the Microphysics in HARMONIE-AROME on Fog"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2746-6364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebasti\u00e1n","family":"Contreras Osorio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research & Development Weather and Climate Models, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), P.O. Box 201, 3730 AE De Bilt, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0384-5730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Mart\u00edn P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agencia Estatal de Meteorolog\u00eda (AEMET), 28071 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl-Ivar","family":"Ivarsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI), SE-601 76 Norrk\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristian Pagh","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI), DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6006-942X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wim C.","family":"de Rooy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research & Development Weather and Climate Models, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), P.O. Box 201, 3730 AE De Bilt, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3795-4321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily","family":"Gleeson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Irish Meteorological Service (Met \u00c9ireann), 67 Glasnevin Hill, Glasnevin, D09 Y921 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"McAufield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Irish Meteorological Service (Met \u00c9ireann), 67 Glasnevin Hill, Glasnevin, D09 Y921 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-007-0211-x","article-title":"Fog research: A review of past achievements and future perspectives","volume":"164","author":"Gultepe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., Milbrandt, J.A., and Zhou, B. (2017). Marine fog: A review on microphysics and visibility prediction. Marine Fog: Challenges and Advancements in Observations, Modeling, and Forecasting, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-45229-6_7"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergot, T., and Koracin, D. (2021). Observation, Simulation and Predictability of Fog: Review and Perspectives. Atmosphere, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos12020235"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-010-9580-2","article-title":"Radiation fog. Part I: Observations of stability and drop size distributions","volume":"139","author":"Price","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bound. Layer Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2013.12.012","article-title":"Marine fog: A review","volume":"143","author":"Dorman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4323","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-19-4323-2019","article-title":"Experimental study of the aerosol impact on fog microphysics","volume":"19","author":"Mazoyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3943","article-title":"Sub-km scale numerical weather prediction model simulations of radiation fog","volume":"147","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11305","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-22-11305-2022","article-title":"Experimental study on the evolution of droplet size distribution during the fog life cycle","volume":"22","author":"Mazoyer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.1975","article-title":"Improved microphysical parametrization of drizzle and fog for operational forecasting using the Met Office Unified Model","volume":"139","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-014-9973-8","article-title":"The challenge of forecasting the onset and development of radiation fog using mesoscale atmospheric models","volume":"154","author":"Steeneveld","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bound. Layer Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.2656","article-title":"The London Model: Forecasting fog at 333 m resolution","volume":"142","author":"Boutle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3300","article-title":"Unravelling the relative roles of physical processes in modelling the life cycle of a warm radiation fog","volume":"144","author":"Steeneveld","year":"2018","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-22-319-2022","article-title":"Demistify: A large-eddy simulation (LES) and single-column model (SCM) intercomparison of radiation fog","volume":"22","author":"Boutle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7893","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-14-7893-2021","article-title":"PARAFOG v2. 0: A near real-time decision tool to support nowcasting fog formation events at local scales","volume":"14","author":"Ribaud","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-20-0077.1","article-title":"A Stochastic Parameter Perturbation Method to Represent Uncertainty in a Microphysics Scheme","volume":"149","author":"Thompson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-21-0099.1","article-title":"Model uncertainty representation in a convection-permitting ensemble-SPP and SPPT in HarmonEPS","volume":"150","author":"Frogner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s12210-022-01060-1","article-title":"A review on factors influencing fog formation, classification, forecasting, detection and impacts","volume":"33","author":"Lakra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rend. Lincei Sci. Fis. Nat."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1175\/2009BAMS2898.1","article-title":"Accelerating progress in global atmospheric model development through improved parameterizations: Challenges, opportunities, and strategies","volume":"91","author":"Jakob","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2018.09.010","article-title":"Empirical values and assumptions in the microphysics of numerical models","volume":"215","author":"Tapiador","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-15-1513-2022","article-title":"Model development in practice: A comprehensive update to the boundary layer schemes in HARMONIE-AROME cycle 40","volume":"15","author":"Siebesma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-16-0417.1","article-title":"The HARMONIE\u2013AROME model configuration in the ALADIN\u2013HIRLAM NWP system","volume":"145","author":"Bengtsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2014.05.027","article-title":"Vertical distribution of microphysical properties in radiation fogs\u2014A case study","volume":"151","author":"Egli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2014.04.013","article-title":"Influence of aerosols on the life cycle of a radiation fog event. A numerical and observational study","volume":"151","author":"Stolaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1002\/wea.3503","article-title":"How important are aerosol\u2013fog interactions for the successful modelling of nocturnal radiation fog?","volume":"74","author":"Poku","year":"2019","journal-title":"Weather"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3283","article-title":"Evaluation of the two-moment scheme LIMA based on microphysical observations from the HyMeX campaign","volume":"144","author":"Taufour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2021MS002742","article-title":"Uncertainty of SW cloud radiative effect in atmospheric models due to the parameterization of liquid cloud optical properties","volume":"13","author":"Jahangir","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1002\/2014RG000468","article-title":"Representation of microphysical processes in cloud-resolving models: Spectral (bin) microphysics versus bulk parameterization","volume":"53","author":"Khain","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-22-2153-2022","article-title":"Importance of aerosols and shape of the cloud droplet size distribution for convective clouds and precipitation","volume":"22","author":"Barthlott","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1983)022<1065:BPOTSF>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Bulk parameterization of the snow field in a cloud model","volume":"22","author":"Lin","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2046","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1994)051<2046:ANSOTS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A numerical study of the stratiform region of a fast-moving squall line. Part I: General description and water and heat budgets","volume":"51","author":"Caniaux","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kessler, E. (1969). On the distribution and continuity of water substance in atmospheric circulations. Meteorological Monographs, American Meteorological Society.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-935704-36-2"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(2000)128<0229:ANCPPI>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A new cloud physics parameterization in a large-eddy simulation model of marine stratocumulus","volume":"128","author":"Khairoutdinov","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Pinty, J.P., and Jabouille, P. (1998, January 24). A mixed-phase cloud parameterization for use in mesoscale non-hydrostatic model: Simulations of a squall line and of orographic precipitations. Proceedings of the Conference on Cloud Physics, Everett, WA, USA."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Seity, Y., Lac, C., Bouyssel, F., Riette, S., and Bouteloup, Y. (2012, January 5\u20138). Cloud and microphysical schemes in ARPEGE and AROME models. Proceedings of the Workshop on Parametrization of Clouds and Precipitation (ECMWF), Reading, UK."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1256\/qj.05.197","article-title":"Numerical simulations of three different MAP IOPs and the associated microphysical processes","volume":"132","author":"Lascaux","year":"2006","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"83","article-title":"Description of the OCND2-option in the ICE3 clouds- and stratiform condensation scheme in AROME","volume":"5","author":"Ivarsson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aladin-Hirlam Newsl."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1175\/WAF-D-16-0099.1","article-title":"AROME-MetCoOp: A Nordic Convective-Scale Operational Weather Prediction Model","volume":"32","author":"Homleid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Weather Forecast."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/16000870.2019.1697603","article-title":"Improving the representation of supercooled liquid water in the HARMONIE-AROME weather forecast model","volume":"72","author":"Engdahl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tellus A"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Bougeault, P., and Mascart, P. (2018). The Meso\u2013NH atmospheric simulation system: Scientific Documentation. Part III: Physics, CNRS, M\u00e9t\u00e9o\u2013France and Universit\u00e9 Paul Sabatier. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Flatau, P.J., Tripoli, G.J., Verlinde, J., and Cotton, W.R. (1989). CSU-RAMS Cloud Microphysics Module: General Theory and Code Documentation, Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Straka, J.M. (2009). Cloud and Precipitation Microphysics: Principles and Parameterizations, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511581168"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khain, A.P., and Pinsky, M. (2018). Physical Processes in Clouds and Cloud Modeling, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/9781139049481"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2801","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS-D-17-0164.1","article-title":"Statistical theory on the functional form of cloud particle size distributions","volume":"75","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1894","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.2494","article-title":"Numerical study of a coastal fog event over Casablanca, Morocco","volume":"141","author":"Bari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2796","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.4100","article-title":"Evaluation of the AROME model\u2019s ability to represent ice crystal icing using in situ observations from the HAIC 2015 field campaign","volume":"147","author":"Wurtz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4929","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-14-4929-2021","article-title":"W-band Radar Observations for Fog Forecast Improvement: An Analysis of Model and Forward Operator Errors","volume":"14","author":"Bell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"1815","article-title":"A comprehensive two-moment warm microphysical bulk scheme. I: Description and tests","volume":"126","author":"Cohard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4835","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-4835-2010","article-title":"Parametric representation of the cloud droplet spectra for LES warm bulk microphysical schemes","volume":"10","author":"Geoffroy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusa.v28i4.10300","article-title":"Size distribution models of fog and cloud droplets in terms of the modified gamma function","volume":"28","author":"Tampieri","year":"1976","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(2000)057<0295:CDSDIL>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Cloud droplet size distributions in low-level stratiform clouds","volume":"57","author":"Miles","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-011-0332-0","article-title":"Simulating Z\u2013LWC relations in natural fogs with radiative transfer calculations for future application to a cloud radar profiler","volume":"169","author":"Maier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4599","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-4599-2017","article-title":"The role of the gamma function shape parameter in determining differences between condensation rates in bin and bulk microphysics schemes","volume":"17","author":"Igel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thies, B., Egli, S., and Bendix, J. (2017). The influence of drop size distributions on the relationship between liquid water content and radar reflectivity in radiation fogs. Atmosphere, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos8080142"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Kettler, T. (2020). Fog Forecasting in HARMONIE: A Case Study to Current Issues with the Overestimation of Fog in HARMONIE. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Utrecht University]."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1984)023<0034:PODTVA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Parameterization of droplet terminal velocity and extinction coefficient in fog models","volume":"23","author":"Kunkel","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1999)038<0385:NMSMSO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Nonhydrostatic, mesobeta-scale model simulations of cloud ceiling and visibility for an East Coast winter precipitation event","volume":"38","author":"Stoelinga","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Kindlundh, E. (2020). Verification of HARMONIE-AROME, ECMWF-IFS and WRF: Visibility and Cloud Base Height. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Uppsala University]."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"(2022, August 29). WMO\u2019s International Cloud Atlas. Available online: https:\/\/cloudatlas.wmo.int\/en\/useful-concepts.html."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7827","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-7827-2018","article-title":"Aerosol\u2013fog interaction and the transition to well-mixed radiation fog","volume":"18","author":"Boutle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1256\/003590002321042072","article-title":"Effects of in-cloud nucleation and turbulence on droplet spectrum formation in cumulus clouds","volume":"128","author":"Pinsky","year":"2002","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1175\/JAM2475.1","article-title":"Intercomparison of single-column numerical models for the prediction of radiation fog","volume":"46","author":"Bergot","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0870.2010.00484.x","article-title":"Description of the sedimentation scheme used operationally in all M\u00e9t\u00e9o\u2013France NWP models","volume":"63","author":"Bouteloup","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tellus A"},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Pruppacher, H.R., and Klett, J.D. (1997). Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation, Springer."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"9","article-title":"The fog above sea problem in Harmonie: Part 1 Analysis","volume":"2","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aladin-Hirlam Newsl."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"59","article-title":"The fog above sea problem in Harmonie Part II: Experiences with the RACMO turbulence scheme","volume":"3","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aladin-Hirlam Newsl."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23895","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD01864","article-title":"Contribution of different aerosol species to the global aerosol extinction optical thickness: Estimates from model results","volume":"102","author":"Tegen","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rontu, L., Gleeson, E., Martin Perez, D., Nielsen, K.P., and Toll, V. (2020). Sensitivity of radiative fluxes to aerosols in the ALADIN-HIRLAM numerical weather prediction system. Atmosphere, 11.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202001.0183.v1"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.5194\/asr-16-129-2019","article-title":"Renewal of aerosol data for ALADIN-HIRLAM radiation parametrizations","volume":"16","author":"Rontu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2839","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS3980","article-title":"Comparison of bulk and bin warm-rain microphysics models using a kinematic framework","volume":"64","author":"Morrison","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5095","DOI":"10.1175\/2008MWR2387.1","article-title":"Explicit forecasts of winter precipitation using an improved bulk microphysics scheme. Part II: Implementation of a new snow parameterization","volume":"136","author":"Thompson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-9-567-2016","article-title":"LIMA (v1. 0): A quasi two-moment microphysical scheme driven by a multimodal population of cloud condensation and ice freezing nuclei","volume":"9","author":"Pinty","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Tsiringakis, A., Frogner, I.L., de Rooy, W.C., Andrae, U., Hally, A., Contreras Osorio, S., van der Veen, S., and Barkmeijer, J. (2022, November 10). An Update to the Stochastically Perturbed Parametrizations Scheme of HarmonEPS. Available online: https:\/\/www.ecmwf.int\/sites\/default\/files\/special_projects\/2019\/spsehlam-2019-finalreport.pdf."}],"container-title":["Atmosphere"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4433\/13\/12\/2127\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:43:51Z","timestamp":1760147031000},"score":21.681232,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4433\/13\/12\/2127"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["atmos13122127"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/atmos13122127","ISSN":["2073-4433"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4433","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T22:15:55Z","timestamp":1791497755795,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Remote Sensing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,20]]},"DOI":"10.1080\/01431161003747505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,9]],"date-time":"2011-07-09T01:21:03Z","timestamp":1310174463000},"page":"3345-3371","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Detecting ground fog from space \u2013 a microphysics-based approach"],"prefix":"10.1080","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Jan","family":"Cermak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"a Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science , ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Bendix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"b Laboratory for Climatology and Remote Sensing (LCRS) , Faculty of Geography, Philipps-Universit\u00e4t Marburg , Marburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"CIT0001","volume-title":"Nebel im Alpenraum \u2013 Eine Untersuchung mit Hilfe digitaler Wettersatellitendaten","volume":"86","author":"Bachmann M.","year":"1993"},{"key":"CIT0002","first-page":"2.9.1","volume-title":"Proceedings of 17th Conference on Probability and Statistics in the Atmospheric Sciences","author":"Baldwin M.E."},{"key":"CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/WAF886.1"},{"key":"CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1350482706002180"},{"key":"CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49707733307","volume":"77","author":"Best A.C.","year":"1951","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society"},{"key":"CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2182","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1982)039<2182:CTMISP>2.0.CO;2","volume":"39","author":"Betts A.K.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1990)047<1480:ACTIAM>2.0.CO;2","volume":"47","author":"Betts A.K.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1988)045<1156:SPSOMS>2.0.CO;2","volume":"45","author":"Boers R.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1991)119<1132:CAODGL>2.0.CO;2","volume":"119","author":"Boers R.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Monthly Weather Review"},{"key":"CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusa.v46i3.15476","volume":"46","author":"Boers R.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"key":"CIT0011","first-page":"CMP 6-1","volume":"108","author":"Brenguier J.L.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research"},{"key":"CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(2000)057<0803:RPOBLC>2.0.CO;2","volume":"57","author":"Brenguier J.L.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"CIT0013","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of 17th Conference on Probability and Statistics in the Atmospheric Sciences","author":"Briggs W.M."},{"key":"CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0434(1996)011<0288:ACOMOA>2.0.CO;2","volume":"11","author":"Brooks H.E.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Weather and Forecasting"},{"key":"CIT0015","first-page":"335","volume":"102","author":"Brown R.","year":"1976","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society"},{"key":"CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49710845508","volume":"108","author":"Caughey S.J.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society"},{"key":"CIT0017","volume-title":"SOFOS \u2013 a new satellite-based operational fog observation scheme","author":"Cermak J.","year":"2006"},{"key":"CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-007-0213-8"},{"key":"CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2007.11.009"},{"key":"CIT0020","first-page":"JP1.8.1","volume-title":"Proceedings of 11th Conference on Cloud Physics","author":"Chang F.L."},{"key":"CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"AAC7-1","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JA000309","volume":"107","author":"Chang F.L.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research"},{"key":"CIT0022","first-page":"AAC3-1","volume":"108","author":"Chang F.L.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research"},{"key":"CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0434(1990)005<0576:OSMOSI>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00120843","volume":"46","author":"Driedonks A.G.M.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Boundary Layer Meteorology"},{"key":"CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018999221303","volume":"99","author":"Durand P.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Boundary Layer Meteorology"},{"key":"CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0434(1995)010<0606:AITDAA>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"CIT0027","first-page":"39","volume":"26","author":"Ellrod G.P.","year":"2002","journal-title":"National Weather Digest"},{"key":"CIT0028","first-page":"266","volume":"113","author":"Eyre J.R.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Meteorological Magazine"},{"key":"CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1989)028<1303:HVFE>2.0.CO;2","volume":"28","author":"Fitzjarrald D.R.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Meteorology"},{"key":"CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3465","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2000)013<3465:TTDOTL>2.0.CO;2","volume":"13","author":"Genio A.D.D.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Climate"},{"key":"CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1981)038<0454:MOARF>2.0.CO;2","volume":"38","author":"Gerber H.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2607","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(2000)081<2607:TGIINT>2.3.CO;2","volume":"81","author":"Greenwald T.J.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society"},{"key":"CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1997)010<0446:LWCATR>2.0.CO;2","volume":"10","author":"Gultepe I.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Climate"},{"key":"CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-007-0211-x"},{"key":"CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450-34.2.460","volume":"34","author":"Hayasaka T.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Meteorology"},{"key":"CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(2000)057<1615:MLAIAS>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"CIT0037","first-page":"21","volume":"71","author":"Heintzenberg J.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Beitr\u00e4ge zur Physik der Atmosph\u00e4re"},{"key":"CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1998)079<0831:OPOAAC>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01026113","volume":"41","author":"Hoffmann H.E.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Meteorological and Atmospheric Physics"},{"key":"CIT0040","first-page":"346","volume":"99","author":"Hunt G.E.","year":"1973","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society"},{"key":"CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160110117391"},{"key":"CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2003.08.005","volume":"88","author":"Iwabuchi H.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sensing of Environment"},{"key":"CIT0043","volume-title":"Short Range Forecasting Methods of Fog, Visibility and Low Clouds","author":"Jacobs W.","year":"2008"},{"key":"CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2054","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2001)014<2054:AGDOCM>2.0.CO;2","volume":"14","author":"Kawamoto K.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Climate"},{"key":"CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49712757614","volume":"127","author":"Korolev A.V.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society"},{"key":"CIT0046","volume-title":"An Introduction to Atmospheric Radiation","author":"Liou K.N.","year":"2002"},{"key":"CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1992)005<1013:TCCCSG>2.0.CO;2","volume":"5","author":"McFarlane N.A.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Climate"},{"key":"CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0034-4885\/46\/12\/001"},{"key":"CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1994)051<1823:TMAPOE>2.0.CO;2","volume":"51","author":"Martin G.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"CIT0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0434(1998)013<0753:SMOPIR>2.0.CO;2","volume":"13","author":"Marzban C.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Weather and Forecasting"},{"key":"CIT0051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/825.1"},{"key":"CIT0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s000240050254","volume":"155","author":"Meyer W.D.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pure and Applied Geophysics"},{"key":"CIT0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(2000)057<0295:CDSDIL>2.0.CO;2","volume":"57","author":"Miles N.L.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"CIT0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1992)031<0317:SCPDFS>2.0.CO;2","volume":"31","author":"Minnis P.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Meteorology"},{"key":"CIT0055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0434(1993)008<0281:WIAGFA>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"CIT0056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1995)052<4043:WADOCM>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"CIT0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2005.02.005","volume":"78","author":"Nauss T.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Atmospheric Research"},{"key":"CIT0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1978)035<0301:TIBTAR>2.0.CO;2","volume":"35","author":"Oliver D.A.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"CIT0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1978)035<2020:VSIAFA>2.0.CO;2","volume":"35","author":"Pinnick R.G.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"CIT0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22919","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900333","volume":"105","author":"Platnick S.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research"},{"key":"CIT0061","volume-title":"Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation","volume":"18","author":"Pruppacher H.R.","year":"1997"},{"key":"CIT0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1477-8696.1995.tb06053.x","volume":"50","author":"Roach W.T.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Weather"},{"key":"CIT0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49710845507","volume":"108","author":"Roach W.T.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society"},{"key":"CIT0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1175\/JAM-2185.1","volume":"44","author":"Sch\u00fcller L.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Meteorology"},{"key":"CIT0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49710845509","volume":"108","author":"Slingo A.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society"},{"key":"CIT0066","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49710845607"},{"key":"CIT0067","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.06.009"},{"key":"CIT0068","volume-title":"Optical Properties of Eight Water Cloud Types","author":"Stephens G.L.","year":"1979"},{"key":"CIT0069","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-83-12-1771"},{"key":"CIT0070","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0434(2000)015<0221:UOTORF>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"CIT0071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1350482701003061"},{"key":"CIT0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1256\/wea.49.02","volume":"58","author":"Walker M.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Weather"},{"key":"CIT0073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.02.012"},{"key":"CIT0074","first-page":"2.8.1","volume-title":"Proceedings of 17th Conference on Probability and Statistics in the Atmospheric Sciences","author":"Wilson L.J."},{"key":"CIT0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1017\/S1350482798000693","volume":"5","author":"Wright B.J.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Meteorological Applications"},{"key":"CIT0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0434(2000)015<0080:VOCPF>2.0.CO;2","volume":"15","author":"Zhang H.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Weather and Forecasting"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Remote Sensing"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/01431161003747505","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T15:41:56Z","timestamp":1712590916000},"score":21.652582,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/01431161003747505"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,20]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,20]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1080\/01431161003747505"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01431161003747505","ISSN":["0143-1161","1366-5901"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0143-1161","type":"print"},{"value":"1366-5901","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,20]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T20:08:25Z","timestamp":1790712505341,"version":"4.1.0"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":169,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783319452272","type":"print"},{"value":"9783319452296","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-45229-6_7","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,31]],"date-time":"2017-01-31T10:06:29Z","timestamp":1485857189000},"page":"345-394","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Marine Fog: A Review on Microphysics and Visibility Prediction"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Ismail","family":"Gultepe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason A.","family":"Milbrandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binbin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"7_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477-58.4.342","volume":"58","author":"HW Albers","year":"1977","unstructured":"Albers, H. W. (1977). ICAS Items-Naval marine fog research program. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 58, 342.","journal-title":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society"},{"key":"7_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1931)59<264:OFAOCA>2.0.CO;2","volume":"59","author":"J Anderson","year":"1931","unstructured":"Anderson, J. (1931). Observations from airplanes of cloud and fog conditions along the southern California coast. Monthly Weather Review, 59, 264\u2013270.","journal-title":"Monthly Weather Review"},{"key":"7_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1175\/2011JTECHA1427.1","volume":"29","author":"PN Antokhin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Antokhin, P. N., Arshinov, M. Y., Belan, B. D., Davydov, D. K., Zhidovkin, E. V., Ivlev, G. A., et al. (2012). Optik-\u00c9 AN-30 aircraft laboratory for studies of the atmospheric composition. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 29, 64\u201375.","journal-title":"Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology"},{"key":"7_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2013.12.020","volume":"315","author":"SA Baguskas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Baguskas, S. A., Peterson, S. H., Bookhagen, B., & Still, C. J. (2014). Evaluating spatial patterns of drought-induced tree mortality in a coastal California pine forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 315, 43\u201353.","journal-title":"Forest Ecology and Management"},{"key":"7_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-7-1733-2014","volume":"7","author":"D Barahona","year":"2014","unstructured":"Barahona, D., Molod, A., Bacmeister, J., Nenes, A., Gettelman, A., Morrison, H., et al. (2014). Development of two-moment cloud microphysics for liquid and ice within the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System Model (GEOS-5). Geoscientific Model Development, 7, 1733\u20131766.","journal-title":"Geoscientific Model Development"},{"key":"7_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1973)030<0903:ASODSI>2.0.CO;2","volume":"30","author":"P Baronti","year":"1973","unstructured":"Baronti, P., & Elzweig, S. (1973). A study of droplet spectra in fogs. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 30, 903\u2013908.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"7_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-8095(94)90020-5","volume":"33","author":"KD Beheng","year":"1994","unstructured":"Beheng, K. D. (1994). A parameterization of warm cloud microphysical conversion processes. Atmospheric Research, 33, 193\u2013206.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Research"},{"key":"7_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1175\/WAF886.1","volume":"20","author":"J Bendix","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bendix, J., Thies, B., Cermak, J., & Nau\u00df, T. (2005). Ground fog detection from space based on MODIS daytime data\u2014A feasibility study. Weather and Forecasting, 20, 989\u20131005.","journal-title":"Weather and Forecasting"},{"key":"7_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1175\/WAF873.1","volume":"20","author":"T Bergot","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bergot, T., Carrer, D., Noilhan, J., & Bougeault, P. (2005). Improved site-specific numerical prediction of fog and low clouds: A feasibility study. Weather and Forecasting, 20, 627\u2013646.","journal-title":"Weather and Forecasting"},{"key":"7_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1994)122<1218:NFORFP>2.0.CO;2","volume":"122","author":"T Bergot","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bergot, T., & Guedalia, D. (1994). Numerical forecasting of radiation fog. Part I: Numerical model and sensitivity tests. Monthly Weather Review, 122, 1218\u20131230.","journal-title":"Monthly Weather Review"},{"key":"7_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-12-00081.1","volume":"30","author":"R Boers","year":"2013","unstructured":"Boers, R., Baltink, H. K., Hemink, H. J., Bosveld, F. C., & Moerman, M. (2013). Ground-based observations and modeling of the visibility and radar reflectivity in a radiation fog layer. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 30, 288\u2013300.","journal-title":"Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology"},{"key":"7_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1990)047<2153:ARFMWA>2.0.CO;2","volume":"47","author":"A Bott","year":"1990","unstructured":"Bott, A., Sievers, U., & Zdunkowski, W. (1990). A radiation fog model with a detailed treatment of the interaction between radiative transfer and fog microphysics. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 47, 2153\u20132166.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"7_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-8095(02)00091-1","volume":"64","author":"A Bott","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bott, A., & Trautmann, T. (2002). PAFOG\u2014A new efficient forecast model of radiation fog and low-level stratiform clouds. Atmospheric Research, 64, 191\u2013203.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Research"},{"key":"7_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1907)35<76b:FOTNB>2.0.CO;2","volume":"35","author":"CT Brodrick","year":"1907","unstructured":"Brodrick, C. T. (1907). Fog on the Newfoundland banks. Monthly Weather Review, 35, 76\u201378.","journal-title":"Monthly Weather Review"},{"key":"7_CR15","unstructured":"Burrows, W. R., & Toth, G. (2011). Automated fog and stratus forecasts from the Canadian RDPS operational NWP model (p. 33). Extended Abstracts, 24th conference on weather and forecasting, 23\u201327 January, 2011, Seattle, WA. American Meteor Society, Ltd. doi: 10.13140\/2.1.4852.0648."},{"issue":"12","key":"7_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3345","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161003747505","volume":"32","author":"J Cermak","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cermak, J., & Bendix, J. (2011). Detecting ground fog from space\u2014A microphysics-based approach. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 32(12), 3345\u20133371. doi: 10.1080\/01431161003747505 .","journal-title":"International Journal of Remote Sensing"},{"issue":"48","key":"7_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18854","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0809816105","volume":"105","author":"BC Christner","year":"2008","unstructured":"Christner, B. C., Cai, R., Morris, C. E., McCarter, K. S., Foreman, C. M., Skidmoref, M. L., et al. (2008). Geographic, seasonal, and precipitation chemistry influence on the abundance and activity of biological ice nucleators in rain and snow. PNAS, 105(48), 18854\u201318859.","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"issue":"12","key":"7_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4959","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2154337","volume":"49","author":"D Cimini","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cimini, D., Campos, E., Ware, R., Albers, S., Giuliani, G., Oreamuno, J., et al. (2010). Thermodynamic atmospheric profiling during the 2010 Winter Olympics using ground-based microwave radiometry. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 49(12), 4959\u20134969.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing"},{"key":"7_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.318","volume":"134","author":"PA Clark","year":"2008","unstructured":"Clark, P. A., Harcourt, S. A., Macpherson, B., Mathison, C. T., Cusack, S., & Naylor, M. (2008). Prediction of visibility and aerosol within the operational Met Office Unified Model. Part 1. Model formulation and variational assimilation. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 134, 1801\u20131816.","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society"},{"key":"7_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.309","volume":"134","author":"BM Claxton","year":"2008","unstructured":"Claxton, B. M. (2008). Using a neural network to benchmark a diagnostic parameterization: The Met Office\u2019s visibility scheme. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 134, 1527\u20131537.","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society"},{"key":"7_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3348","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1998)055<3348:ETSAEO>2.0.CO;2","volume":"55","author":"JM Cohard","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cohard, J. M., Pinty, J.-P., & Bedos, C. (1998). Extending Twomey\u2019s analytical estimate of nucleated cloud droplet concentrations from CCN spectra. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 55, 3348\u20133357.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"7_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0434(1997)012<0545:FFFTSR>2.0.CO;2","volume":"12","author":"PJ Croft","year":"1997","unstructured":"Croft, P. J., Pfost, R. L., Medlin, J. M., & Johnson, G. A. (1997). Fog forecasting for the southern region: A conceptual model approach. Weather and Forecasting, 12, 545\u2013556.","journal-title":"Weather and Forecasting"},{"issue":"5","key":"7_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-011-0334-y","volume":"169","author":"A Dabas","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dabas, A., Remy, S., & Bergot, T. (2011). Use of a sodar to improve the forecast of fogs and low clouds on airports. Journal of Pure and Applied Geophysics, 169(5), 769\u2013781. doi: 10.1007\/s00024-011-0334-y .","journal-title":"Journal of Pure and Applied Geophysics"},{"key":"7_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-13-00292.1","volume":"96","author":"N David","year":"2015","unstructured":"David, N., Sendik, O., Messer, H., & Alpert, P. (2015). Cellular network infrastructure: The future of fog monitoring? Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 96, 1687\u20131698.","journal-title":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society"},{"key":"7_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14655","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2532677100","volume":"100","author":"PJ DeMott","year":"2003","unstructured":"DeMott, P. J., Cziczo, D. J., Prenni, A. J., Murphy, D. M., Kreidenweis, S. M., Thomson, D. S., et al. (2003). Measurements of the concentration and composition of nuclei for cirrus formation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100, 14655\u201314660.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"7_CR26","unstructured":"Deutsche Seewarte zu Hamburg. (1897). Annalen der Hydrographie und Maritimen Meteorologie, p. 390."},{"key":"7_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dorman, C.E., Mejia, J., Kora\u010din, D., & McEvoy, D. (2017). Worldwide marine fog occurrence and climatology (Chap. 2 ). In D. Kora\u010din & C.E. Dorman (Eds.), Marine fog: Challenges and Advancements in Observations, Modeling, and Forecasting (p. 537). New York: Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-45229-6_2"},{"key":"7_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s13131-014-0426-5","volume":"33","author":"J Du","year":"2007","unstructured":"Du, J., Yu, R., Cui, C., & Li, J. (2007). Using a mesoscale ensemble to predict forecast error and perform targeted observation. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 33, 83\u201391.","journal-title":"Acta Oceanologica Sinica"},{"key":"7_CR29","unstructured":"Eastman, R., Warren, S.G., & Hahn, C.J. (2014). Climatic atlas of clouds over land and ocean. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.atmos.washington.edu\/CloudMap\/WebO\/index.html ."},{"key":"7_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0434(1995)010<0606:AITDAA>2.0.CO;2","volume":"10","author":"GP Ellrod","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ellrod, G. P. (1995). Advances in the detection and analysis of fog at night using GOES multispectral infrared imagery. Weather and Forecasting, 10, 606\u2013619.","journal-title":"Weather and Forecasting"},{"key":"7_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-007-0214-7","volume":"164","author":"GP Ellrod","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ellrod, G. P., & Gultepe, I. (2007). Inferring low cloud base heights at night for aviation using satellite infrared and surface temperature data. Journal of Pure and Applied Geophysics, 164, 1193\u20131205.","journal-title":"Journal of Pure and Applied Geophysics"},{"key":"7_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1998)015<1188:FORCCN>2.0.CO;2","volume":"15","author":"G Feingold","year":"1998","unstructured":"Feingold, G., Yang, S., Hardesty, R. M., & Cotton, W. R. (1998). Feasibility of retrieving cloud condensation nucleus properties from Doppler cloud radar, microwave radiometer, and lidar. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 15, 1188\u20131195.","journal-title":"Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology"},{"key":"7_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1994)051<0249:ADMMPF>2.0.CO;2","volume":"51","author":"BS Ferrier","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ferrier, B. S. (1994). A double-moment multiple-phase four-class bulk ice scheme. Part I. Description. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 51, 249\u2013280.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"7_CR34","unstructured":"Ferrier, B. S., Jin, Y., Lin, Y., Black, T., Rogers, E., & DiMego, G. (2002). Implementation of a new grid-scale cloud and precipitation scheme in the NCEP Eta model. Preprints. In 15th Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction, San Antonio, TX, American Meteor Society, Ltd., 10-1."},{"key":"7_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1978)035<1522:ANMOTF>2.0.CO;2","volume":"35","author":"JW Fitzgerald","year":"1978","unstructured":"Fitzgerald, J. W. (1978). A numerical model of the formation of droplet spectra in advection fogs at sea and its applicability to fogs off Nova Scotia. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 35, 1522\u20131535.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"7_CR36","first-page":"390","volume-title":"The physics of rainclouds","author":"NH Fletcher","year":"1966","unstructured":"Fletcher, N. H. (1966). The physics of rainclouds (p. 390). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"7_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-8095(93)90023-H","volume":"30","author":"SJ Ghan","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ghan, S. J., Chuang, C. C., & Penner, J. E. (1993). A parameterization of cloud droplet nucleation. Part I: Single aerosol type. Atmospheric Research, 30, 197\u2013221.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Research"},{"key":"7_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1993)121<2529:ASOTIO>2.0.CO;2","volume":"121","author":"BW Golding","year":"1993","unstructured":"Golding, B. W. (1993). A study of the influence of terrain on fog development. Monthly Weather Review, 121, 2529\u20132541.","journal-title":"Monthly Weather Review"},{"key":"7_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S1350482798000577","volume":"5","author":"BW Golding","year":"1998","unstructured":"Golding, B. W. (1998). Nimrod: A system for generating automated very short range forecasts. Meteorological Applications, 5, 1\u201316.","journal-title":"Meteorological Applications"},{"key":"7_CR40","isbn-type":"print","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-77655-0_3","volume-title":"A chapter in precipitation: Advances in measurement, estimation and prediction","author":"I Gultepe","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gultepe, I. (2008). Measurements of light rain, drizzle and heavy fog. In S. Michaelides (Ed.), A chapter in precipitation: Advances in measurement, estimation and prediction (pp. 59\u201382). Berlin: Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-77654-3.","ISBN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/isbn\/9783540776543"},{"key":"7_CR41","unstructured":"Gultepe, I. (2011). Why are Canada\u2019s coastal regions so foggy? Chapter 5. In Ahrens, C. D., Jackson P. L., and C. E. J. Jackson (Eds.), On condensation: Dew, fog, and clouds in the book of meteorology today (First Canadian Edition, pp. 132\u2013139). Nelson Education, Toronto, ON. ISBN-13# 978-0-17-650039-9."},{"key":"7_CR42","first-page":"229","volume":"55","author":"I Gultepe","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gultepe, I. (2014). Mountain weather: Observations and modeling. Advances in Geophysics, 55, 229\u2013312.","journal-title":"Advances in Geophysics"},{"key":"7_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0088(199608)16:8<941::AID-JOC57>3.0.CO;2-O","volume":"16","author":"I Gultepe","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., & Isaac, G. A. (1996). The relationship between cloud droplet and aerosol number concentrations for climate models. International Journal of Climatology, 16, 941\u2013946.","journal-title":"International Journal of Climatology"},{"key":"7_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1999)012<1268:SEOAOC>2.0.CO;2","volume":"12","author":"I Gultepe","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., & Isaac, G. A. (1999). Scale effects on averaging of cloud droplet and aerosol number concentrations: observations and models. Journal of Climate, 12, 1268\u20131279.","journal-title":"Journal of Climate"},{"issue":"602","key":"7_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1256\/qj.03.120","volume":"130, Part A","author":"I Gultepe","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., & Isaac, G. A. (2004). An analysis of cloud droplet number concentration (Nd) for climate studies: Emphasis on constant Nd. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 130, Part A(602), 2377\u20132390.","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society"},{"key":"7_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL028223","volume":"34","author":"I Gultepe","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., & Isaac, G. A. (2007). Cloud fraction parameterization as a function of mean cloud water content and its variance using in-situ observations. Geophysical Research Letters, 34, L07801. doi: 10.1029\/2006GL028223 .","journal-title":"Geophysical Research Letters"},{"key":"7_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.642","volume":"21","author":"I Gultepe","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., Isaac, G. A., & Cober, S. G. (2001). Ice crystal number concentration versus temperature for climate studies. International Journal of Climatology, 21, 1281\u20131302.","journal-title":"International Journal of Climatology"},{"key":"7_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-012-0582-5","volume":"171","author":"I Gultepe","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., Isaac, G. A., Joe, P., Kucera, P., Th\u00e9riault, J., & Fisico, T. (2014). Roundhouse (RND) mountain top research site: Measurements and uncertainties for winter alpine weather conditions. Journal of Pure and Applied Geophysics, 171, 59\u201385. doi: 10.1007\/s00024-012-0582-5 .","journal-title":"Journal of Pure and Applied Geophysics"},{"key":"7_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1996)009<0345:POMSMB>2.0.CO;2","volume":"9","author":"I Gultepe","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., Isaac, G. A., Leaitch, W. R., & Banic, C. M. (1996). Parameterization of marine stratus microphysics based on in-situ observations: Implications for GCMs. Journal of Climate, 9, 345\u2013357.","journal-title":"Journal of Climate"},{"key":"7_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3137\/ao.410102","volume":"41","author":"I Gultepe","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., Isaac, G., MacPherson, I., Marcotte, D., & Strawbridge, K. (2003). Characteristics of moisture and heat fluxes over leads and polynyas, and their effect on Arctic clouds during FIRE. Atmosphere-Ocean, 41, 15\u201334.","journal-title":"Atmosphere-Ocean"},{"key":"7_CR51","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., Isaac, G. A., Rasmussen, R., & Ungar, K. (2009). A freezing fog\/drizzle event during the FRAM-S project. In SAE International\/AIAA, International Conference on Aircraft and Engine and Ground-De-Icing, Chicago, IL, 13\u201317 June 2011."},{"key":"7_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-11-00071.1","volume":"95","author":"I Gultepe","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., Kuhn, T., Pavolonis, M., Calvert, C., Gurka, J., Isaac, G. A., et al. (2014). Ice fog in Arctic during FRAM-IF project: Aviation and nowcasting applications. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 95, 211\u2013226.","journal-title":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society"},{"key":"7_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-007-0212-9","volume":"164","author":"I Gultepe","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., & Milbrand, J. (2007). Microphysical observations and mesoscale model simulation of a warm fog case during FRAM project. Journal of Pure and Applied Geophysics, 164, 1161\u20131178.","journal-title":"Journal of Pure and Applied Geophysics"},{"key":"7_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JAMC1927.1","volume":"49","author":"I Gultepe","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., & Milbrandt, J. A. (2010). Probabilistic parameterizations of visibility using observations of rain precipitation rate, relative humidity, and visibility. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 49, 36\u201346.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology"},{"key":"7_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1175\/JAM2423.1","volume":"45","author":"I Gultepe","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., M\u00fcller, M. D., & Boybeyi, Z. (2006). A new warm fog parameterization scheme for numerical weather prediction models. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 45, 1469\u20131480.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Meteorology"},{"key":"7_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1175\/WAF1011.1","volume":"22","author":"I Gultepe","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., Pagowski, M., & Reid, J. (2007). Using surface data to validate a satellite based fog detection scheme. Journal of Weather and Forecasting, 22, 444\u2013456.","journal-title":"Journal of Weather and Forecasting"},{"key":"7_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., M. Pavolonis, B. Zhou, R. Ware, R. Rabin, W. Burrows, et al. (2015). Freezing fog and drizzle observations. SAE International Conference on Aircraft and Engine Icing and Ground Icing, 22\u201325 June 2015, Prague, Czech Republic (SAE Technical Paper 2015-01-2113, 2015, doi:10.4271\/2015-01-2113, 15pp).","DOI":"10.4271\/2015-01-2113"},{"key":"7_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1175\/2008BAMS2354.1","volume":"90","author":"I Gultepe","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., Pearson, G., Milbrandt, J. A., Hansen, B., Platnick, S., Taylor, P., et al. (2009). The fog remote sensing and modeling (FRAM) field project. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 90, 341\u2013359.","journal-title":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society"},{"key":"7_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-007-0211-x","volume":"164","author":"I Gultepe","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., Tardif, R., Michaelides, S. C., Cermak, J., Bott, A., Bendix, J., et al. (2007). Fog research: A review of past achievements and future perspectives. Journal of Pure and Applied Geophysics, 164, 1121\u20131159. Special issue on fog, edited by I. Gultepe.","journal-title":"Journal of Pure and Applied Geophysics"},{"key":"7_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2014.04.014","volume":"151","author":"I Gultepe","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., Zhou, B., Milbrandt, J., Bott, A., Li, Y., Heymsfield, A. J., et al. (2015). A review on ice fog: Observations and modeling. Atmospheric Research, 151, 2\u201319. doi: 10.1016\/j.atmosres.2014.04.014 .","journal-title":"Atmospheric Research"},{"key":"7_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1175\/2009BAMS2671.1","volume":"91","author":"M Haeffelin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Haeffelin, M., et al. (2010). PARISFOG: Shedding new light on fog physical processes. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 91, 767\u2013783.","journal-title":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"7_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-012-0547-8","volume":"171","author":"T Haiden","year":"2014","unstructured":"Haiden, T., Kann, A., & Pistotnik, G. (2014). Nowcasting with INCA during SNOW-V10. Journal of Pure and Applied Geophysics, 171(5\u20136), 231\u2013242.","journal-title":"Journal of Pure and Applied Geophysics"},{"key":"7_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2003)20<972:AGSDRF>2.0.CO;2","volume":"20","author":"K Hamazu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hamazu, K., Hashiguchi, H., Wakayama, T., Matsuda, T., Doviak, R. J., & Fukao, S. (2003). A 35-GHz scanning Doppler radar for fog observations. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 20, 972\u2013986.","journal-title":"Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology"},{"key":"7_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1175\/2007WAF2006017.1","volume":"22","author":"B Hansen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hansen, B. (2007). A fuzzy logic-based analog forecasting system for ceiling and visibility. Weather and Forecasting, 22, 1319\u20131330.","journal-title":"Weather and Forecasting"},{"key":"7_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1175\/2009MWR3100.1","volume":"138","author":"KY Heo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Heo, K. Y., & Ha, K. J. (2010). A coupled model study on the formation and dissipation of sea fogs. Monthly Weather Review, 138, 1186\u20131205.","journal-title":"Monthly Weather Review"},{"key":"7_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2014.01.025","volume":"151","author":"P Herckes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Herckes, P., Marcotte, A. R., Wang, Y., & Collett, J. L. (2015). Fog composition in the Central Valley of California over three decades. Atmospheric Research, 151, 20\u201330.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Research"},{"key":"7_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1992)009<0337:CSCDAA>2.0.CO;2","volume":"9","author":"EE Hindman","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hindman, E. E., Carter, E. J., Borys, R. D., & Mitchell, D. L. (1992). Collecting supercooled droplets as a function of droplet size. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 9, 337\u2013353.","journal-title":"Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology"},{"key":"7_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1983)040<0480:EOCCOS>2.0.CO;2","volume":"40","author":"JG Hudson","year":"1983","unstructured":"Hudson, J. G. (1983). Effects of CCN concentrations on stratus clouds. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 40, 480\u2013486.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"7_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3031","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1995)052<3031:MCIAS>2.0.CO;2","volume":"52","author":"JG Hudson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hudson, J. G., & Li, H. (1995). Microphysical contrasts in Atlantic stratus. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 52, 3031\u20133040.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"issue":"6","key":"7_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-011-0191-8","volume":"28","author":"H Huijun","year":"2011","unstructured":"Huijun, H., Liu, H., Jiang, W., Huang, J., & Mao, W. (2011). Characteristics of the boundary layer structure of sea fog on the coast of southern China. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 28(6), 1377\u20131389.","journal-title":"Advances in Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"7_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1994)122<0927:TSMECM>2.0.CO;2","volume":"122","author":"ZI Janjic","year":"1994","unstructured":"Janjic, Z. I. (1994). The step-mountain eta coordinate model: Further developments of the convection, viscous sublayer, and turbulence closure schemes. Monthly Weather Review, 122, 927\u2013945.","journal-title":"Monthly Weather Review"},{"key":"7_CR72","unstructured":"Janjic, Z. I. (1996). The surface layer in the NCEP Eta model. Reprints, 11th conference on numerical weather prediction (pp. 354\u2013355). Norfolk, VA: American Meteor Society."},{"key":"7_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2812","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1989)046<2812:ASMODS>2.0.CO;2","volume":"46","author":"JB Jensen","year":"1989","unstructured":"Jensen, J. B., & Baker, M. B. (1989). A simple model of droplet spectral evolution during turbulent mixing. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 46, 2812\u20132829.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"7_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1980)037<2079:TIOCBT>2.0.CO;2","volume":"37","author":"DB Johnson","year":"1980","unstructured":"Johnson, D. B. (1980). The influence of cloud-base temperature and pressure on droplet concentration. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 37, 2079\u20132085.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"issue":"10","key":"7_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4533","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0915062107","volume":"107","author":"JA Johnstone","year":"2010","unstructured":"Johnstone, J. A., & Dawson, T. E. (2010). Climatic context and ecological implications of summer fog decline in the coast redwood region. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107(10), 4533\u20134538.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"7_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/370450a0","volume":"370","author":"A Jones","year":"1994","unstructured":"Jones, A., Roberts, D. L., & Slingo, A. (1994). A climate model study of indirect radiative forcing by anthropogenic sulphate aerosols. Nature, 370, 450\u2013453.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"7_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2905","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS-D-13-0404.1","volume":"71","author":"B K\u00e4rcher","year":"2014","unstructured":"K\u00e4rcher, B., D\u00f6rnbrack, A., & S\u00f6lch, I. (2014). Supersaturation variability and cirrus ice crystal size distributions. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 71, 2905\u20132926.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"7_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(2000)128<0229:ANCPPI>2.0.CO;2","volume":"128","author":"M Khairoutdinov","year":"2000","unstructured":"Khairoutdinov, M., & Kogan, Y. (2000). A new cloud physics parameterization in a large-eddy simulation model of marine stratocumulus. Monthly Weather Review, 128, 229\u2013243.","journal-title":"Monthly Weather Review"},{"key":"7_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-013-0766-7","volume":"171","author":"CK Kim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim, C. K., Stuefer, M., Schmitt, C. G., Heymsfield, A. J., & Thompson, G. (2014). A numerical modeling of ice fog in Interior Alaska using weather research and forecasting model. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 171, 1963\u20131982.","journal-title":"Pure and Applied Geophysics"},{"key":"7_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-012-9706-9","volume":"143","author":"CK Kim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kim, C. K., & Yum, S. S. (2012). A numerical study of sea-fog formation over cold sea surface using a one-dimensional turbulence model coupled with the weather research and forecasting model. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 143, 481\u2013505.","journal-title":"Boundary-Layer Meteorology"},{"key":"7_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s13280-012-0247-8","volume":"41","author":"O Klemm","year":"2012","unstructured":"Klemm, O., Schemenauer, R. S., Lummerich, A., Cereceda, P., Marzol, V., Corell, D., et al. (2012). Fog as a fresh water resource: Overview and perspectives. Ambio, 41, 221\u2013234.","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"7_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kora\u010din, D., Businger, J. A., Dorman, C. E., & Lewis, J. M. (2005). Formation, evolution, and dissipation of coastal sea fog. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 117, 447\u2013478.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-005-2772-5"},{"key":"7_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2013.12.012","volume":"143","author":"D Kora\u010din","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kora\u010din, D., Dorman, C. E., Lewis, J. M., Hudson, J. G., Wilcox, E. M., & Torregrosa, A. (2014). Marine fog: A review. Atmospheric Research, 143, 142\u2013175.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Research"},{"key":"7_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(2001)058<1714:TOSIFA>2.0.CO;2","volume":"58","author":"D Kora\u010din","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kora\u010din, D., Lewis, J., Thompson, W. T., Dorman, C. E., & Businger, J. A. (2001). Transition of stratus into fog along the California coast: Observations and modeling. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 58, 1714\u20131731.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"issue":"33\u201353","key":"7_CR85","first-page":"171","volume":"12","author":"H Koschmieder","year":"1924","unstructured":"Koschmieder, H. (1924). Therie der horizontalen sichtweite. Beitraege zur Physik der Atmosphaere, 12(33\u201353), 171\u2013181.","journal-title":"Beitraege zur Physik der Atmosphaere"},{"key":"7_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1983)111<2333:EMFPUA>2.0.CO;2","volume":"111","author":"MC Koziara","year":"1983","unstructured":"Koziara, M. C., Renard, R. J., & Thompson, W. J. (1983). Estimating marine fog probability using a model output statistics scheme. Monthly Weather Review, 111, 2333\u20132340.","journal-title":"Monthly Weather Review"},{"key":"7_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3441","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1984)023<0034:PODTVA>2.0.CO;2","volume":"23","author":"BA Kunkel","year":"1984","unstructured":"Kunkel, B. A. (1984). Parameterization of droplet terminal velocity and extinction coefficient in fog models. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, 23, 3441.","journal-title":"Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology"},{"key":"7_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-011-0366-3","volume":"169","author":"S LaDochy","year":"2012","unstructured":"LaDochy, S., & Witiw, M. (2012). The continued reduction in dense fog in the southern California region: Possible causes. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 169, 1157\u20131163.","journal-title":"Pure and Applied Geophysics"},{"key":"7_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0434(1997)012<0664:SAFPUG>2.0.CO;2","volume":"12","author":"TF Lee","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lee, T. F., Turk, F. J., & Richardson, K. (1997). Stratus and fog products using GOES-8\u20139 3.9-\u03bcm data. Weather and Forecasting, 12, 664\u2013677.","journal-title":"Weather and Forecasting"},{"key":"7_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-85-3-395","volume":"85","author":"JM Lewis","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lewis, J. M., Kora\u010din, D., & Redmond, K. T. (2004). Sea fog research in the United Kingdom and United States: A historical essay including outlook. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 85, 395\u2013408.","journal-title":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society"},{"key":"7_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-011-0348-5","volume":"169","author":"P Li","year":"2012","unstructured":"Li, P., Fu, G., & Lu, C. (2012). Large-scale environmental influences on the onset, maintenance, and dissipation of six sea fog cases over the Yellow Sea. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 169, 983\u20131000.","journal-title":"Pure and Applied Geophysics"},{"key":"7_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GL040133","volume":"36","author":"J Lu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lu, J., & Cai, M. (2009). Seasonality of polar surface warming amplification in climate simulations. Geophysical Research Letters, 36, L16704. doi: 10.1029\/2009GL040133 .","journal-title":"Geophysical Research Letters"},{"key":"7_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2002.1082","volume":"357","author":"R Lundheim","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lundheim, R. (2002). Physiological and ecological significance of biological ice nucleators. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 357, 937\u2013943.","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London"},{"issue":"5","key":"7_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-012-1188-7","volume":"29","author":"J Ma","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ma, J., Xu, X., Zhao, C., & Yan, P. (2012). Review of atmospheric chemistry research in China: Photochemical smog, haze pollution, and gas-aerosol interactions. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 29(5), 1006\u20131025.","journal-title":"Advances in Atmospheric Sciences"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"7_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-011-0332-0","volume":"169","author":"F Maier","year":"2012","unstructured":"Maier, F., Bendix, J., & Thies, B. (2012). Simulating Z-LWC relations in natural fogs with radiative transfer calculations for future application to a cloud radar profiler. Journal of Pure and Applied Geophysics, 169(5\u20136), 793\u2013807.","journal-title":"Journal of Pure and Applied Geophysics"},{"key":"7_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5529","DOI":"10.1029\/JC085iC10p05529","volume":"85","author":"S Manabe","year":"1980","unstructured":"Manabe, S., & Stouffer, R. J. (1980). Sensitivity of a global climate model to an increase of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research, 85, 5529\u20135554.","journal-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research"},{"key":"7_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1980)037<0099:OTDOCC>2.0.CO;2","volume":"37","author":"R Manabe","year":"1980","unstructured":"Manabe, R., & Wetherald, T. (1980). On the distribution of climate change resulting from an increase in CO2 content of the atmosphere. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 37, 99\u2013118.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"7_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1994)051<1823:TMAPOE>2.0.CO;2","volume":"51","author":"GM Martin","year":"1994","unstructured":"Martin, G. M., Johnson, D. W., & Spice, A. (1994). The measurement and parameterization of effective radius of droplets in warm stratocumulus clouds. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 51, 1823\u20131842.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"7_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1994)075<0757:IGITFO>2.0.CO;2","volume":"75","author":"WP Menzel","year":"1994","unstructured":"Menzel, W. P., & Purdom, J. F. W. (1994). Introducing GOES-I: The first of a new generation of geostationary operational environmental satellites. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 75, 757\u2013781.","journal-title":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"7_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-011-0351-x","volume":"169","author":"Y Miao","year":"2012","unstructured":"Miao, Y., Potts, R., Huang, X., Elliott, G., & Rivett, R. (2012). A fuzzy logic fog forecasting model for Perth airport. Journal of Pure and Applied Geophysics, 169(5\u20136), 1107\u20131119.","journal-title":"Journal of Pure and Applied Geophysics"},{"key":"7_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3051","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS3534.1","volume":"62","author":"JA Milbrandt","year":"2005","unstructured":"Milbrandt, J. A., & Yau, M. K. (2005a). A multi-moment bulk microphysics parameterization. Part I: Analysis of the role of the spectral shape parameter. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 62, 3051\u20133064.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"7_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3065","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS3535.1","volume":"62","author":"JA Milbrandt","year":"2005","unstructured":"Milbrandt, J. A., & Yau, M. K. (2005b). A multimoment bulk microphysics parameterization. Part II: A proposed three-moment closure and scheme description. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 62, 3065\u20133081.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"7_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.5194\/acpd-6-1539-2006","volume":"6","author":"O Mohler","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mohler, O., Field, P. R., Connolly, P., Benz, S., Saathoff, H., Schnaiter, M., et al. (2006). Efficiency of the deposition mode ice nucleation on mineral dust particles. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 6, 1539\u20131577.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions"},{"key":"7_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS3446.1","volume":"62","author":"H Morrison","year":"2005","unstructured":"Morrison, H., Curry, J. A., & Khvorostyanov, V. I. (2005). A new double-moment microphysics parameterization for application in cloud and climate models. Part I: Description. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 62, 1665\u20131677.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"7_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3642","DOI":"10.1175\/2008JCLI2105.1","volume":"21","author":"H Morrison","year":"2008","unstructured":"Morrison, H., & Gettelman, A. (2008). A new two-moment bulk stratiform cloud microphysics scheme in the community atmosphere model, version 3 (CAM3). Part I: Description and numerical tests. Journal of Climate, 21, 3642\u20133659.","journal-title":"Journal of Climate"},{"key":"7_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1175\/2010MWR3433.1","volume":"139","author":"H Morrison","year":"2011","unstructured":"Morrison, H., & Milbrandt, J. (2011). Comparison of two-moment bulk microphysics schemes in idealized supercell thunderstorm simulations. Monthly Weather Review, 139, 1103\u20131130.","journal-title":"Monthly Weather Review"},{"key":"7_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.705","volume":"136","author":"MD Muller","year":"2010","unstructured":"Muller, M. D., Masbou, M., & Bott, A. (2010). Three-dimensional fog forecasting in complex terrain. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 136, 2189\u20132202.","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society"},{"key":"7_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-007-0217-4","volume":"164","author":"MD Muller","year":"2007","unstructured":"Muller, M. D., Schmutz, C., & Parlow, E. (2007). A one dimensional ensemble forecast and assimilation system for fog prediction. Journal of Pure and Applied Geophysics, 164, 1241\u20131264.","journal-title":"Journal of Pure and Applied Geophysics"},{"key":"7_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2230","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GL018566","volume":"30","author":"DM Murphy","year":"2003","unstructured":"Murphy, D. M. (2003). Dehydration in cold clouds is enhanced by a transition from cubic to hexagonal ice. Geophysical Research Letters, 30, 2230. doi: 10.1029\/2003GL018566 .","journal-title":"Geophysical Research Letters"},{"key":"7_CR110","unstructured":"Neumann, E. (1877). Bemerkung.... fiber die Neufundland bank Nebel. Ann. Hydr. Berlin V., 533p."},{"issue":"6","key":"7_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-010-8192-6","volume":"27","author":"S Niu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Niu, S., Chunsong, L., Yangang, L., Lijuan, Z., Jingjing, L., & Jun, Y. (2010). Analysis of the microphysical structure of heavy fog using a droplet spectrometer: A case study. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 27(6), 1259\u20131275.","journal-title":"Advances in Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"7_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1979)107<0830:CMFISC>2.0.CO;2","volume":"107","author":"VR Noonkester","year":"1979","unstructured":"Noonkester, V. R. (1979). Coastal marine fog in southern California. Monthly Weather Review, 107, 830\u2013851.","journal-title":"Monthly Weather Review"},{"key":"7_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1985)042<1161:POOECC>2.0.CO;2","volume":"42","author":"VR Noonkester","year":"1985","unstructured":"Noonkester, V. R. (1985). Profiles of optical extinction coefficients calculated from droplet spectra observed in marine stratus cloud layers. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 42, 1161\u20131171.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"7_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1991)048<0946:ICEMFS>2.0.CO;2","volume":"48","author":"HT Ochs","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ochs, H. T., Schaufelberger, D. E., & Feng, J. Q. (1991). Improved coalescence efficiency measurements for small precipitation drops. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 48, 946\u2013951.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"7_CR115","first-page":"121","volume":"68","author":"H \u00d8kland","year":"1995","unstructured":"\u00d8kland, H., & Gotaas, Y. (1995). Modelling and prediction of steam fog. Beitraege zur Physik der Atmosphaere, 68, 121\u2013131.","journal-title":"Beitraege zur Physik der Atmosphaere"},{"key":"7_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4597","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-4597-2010","volume":"10","author":"GJV Oldenborgh","year":"2010","unstructured":"Oldenborgh, G. J. V., Yiou, P., & Vautard, R. (2010). On the roles of circulation and aerosols in the decline of mist and dense fog in Europe over the last years. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10, 4597\u20134609.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics"},{"key":"7_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(2004)043<0003:AAMOAE>2.0.CO;2","volume":"43","author":"M Pagowski","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pagowski, M., Gultepe, I., & King, P. (2004). Analysis and modeling of an extremely dense fog event in southern Ontario. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 43, 3\u201316.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Meteorology"},{"key":"7_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1917)45<496:FATCC>2.0.CO;2","volume":"45","author":"AH Palmer","year":"1917","unstructured":"Palmer, A. H. (1917). Fog along the California coast. Monthly Weather Review, 45, 496\u2013499.","journal-title":"Monthly Weather Review"},{"key":"7_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JAMC2433.1","volume":"49","author":"MJ Pavolonis","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pavolonis, M. J. (2010a). Advances in extracting cloud composition information from spaceborne infrared radiances: A robust alternative to brightness temperatures Part I: Theory. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 49, 1992\u20132012.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology"},{"key":"7_CR120","unstructured":"Pavolonis, M. J. (2010b). GOES-R Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document for Cloud Type and Cloud Phase, Version 2.0, available from NOAA, Madison, Wisconsin, 86p."},{"key":"7_CR121","first-page":"505","volume-title":"Weather analysis and forecasting: A textbook on synoptic meteorology","author":"S Petterssen","year":"1940","unstructured":"Petterssen, S. (1940). Weather analysis and forecasting: A textbook on synoptic meteorology (p. 505). New York: McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"7_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1979)018<1275:TFOMFA>2.0.CO;2","volume":"18","author":"RJ Pilie","year":"1979","unstructured":"Pilie, R. J., Mack, E. J., Rogers, C. W., Katz, U., & Kocmond, W. C. (1979). The formation of marine fog and the development of fog-stratus systems along the California coast. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 18, 1275\u20131286.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Meteorology"},{"key":"7_CR123","first-page":"194","volume":"139","author":"A Porson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Porson, A., Price, J., Lock, A., & Clark, P. (2010). Radiation fog. Part II: Large-eddy simulations in very stable conditions. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 139, 194\u2013224.","journal-title":"Boundary-Layer Meteorology"},{"key":"7_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-010-9580-2","volume":"139","author":"J Price","year":"2011","unstructured":"Price, J. (2011). Radiation fog. Part 1: Observations of stability and drop size distributions. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 139, 167\u2013191.","journal-title":"Boundary-Layer Meteorology"},{"key":"7_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JTECHA1375.1","volume":"28","author":"RM Rasmussen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rasmussen, R. M., Hallet, J., Purcell, R., Landolt, S. D., & Cole, J. (2011). The hotplate precipitation gauge. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 28, 148\u2013164.","journal-title":"Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology"},{"key":"7_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1175\/2008JHM992.1","volume":"9","author":"A Ritter","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ritter, A., Regalado, C. M., & Aschan, G. (2008). Fog water collection in a subtropical elfin laurel forest of the Garajonay National Park (Canary Islands): A combined approach using artificial fog catchers and a physically based impaction model. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 9, 920\u2013935.","journal-title":"Journal of Hydrometeorology"},{"key":"7_CR127","first-page":"313","volume":"102","author":"W Roach","year":"1976","unstructured":"Roach, W., Brown, R., Caughey, S. J., Garland, J. A., & Readings, C. J. (1976). The physics of radiation fog: I\u2014A field study. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 102, 313\u2013333.","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society"},{"key":"7_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-8095(94)90018-3","volume":"33","author":"DC Rogers","year":"1994","unstructured":"Rogers, D. C., DeMott, P. J., & Grant, L. O. (1994). Concerning primary ice nuclei concentrations and water supersaturations in the atmosphere. Atmospheric Research, 33, 151\u2013168.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Research"},{"key":"7_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1175\/2009WAF2222213.1","volume":"24","author":"S Roquelaure","year":"2009","unstructured":"Roquelaure, S., Tardif, R., Remy, S., & Bergot, T. (2009). Skill of a ceiling and visibility local ensemble prediction system (LEPS) according to fog-type prediction at Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport. Weather and Forecasting, 24, 1511\u20131523.","journal-title":"Weather and Forecasting"},{"key":"7_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-8095(95)00005-C","volume":"38","author":"J Rosinski","year":"1995","unstructured":"Rosinski, J. (1995). Cloud condensation nuclei as a real source of ice forming nuclei in continental and marine air masses. Atmospheric Research, 38, 351\u2013359.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Research"},{"key":"7_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-8502(86)90004-2","volume":"17","author":"J Rosinski","year":"1986","unstructured":"Rosinski, J., Haagenson, P. L., Nagamoto, C. T., & Parunga, F. (1986). Ice forming nuclei of maritime origin. Journal of Aerosol Science, 17, 23\u201326.","journal-title":"Journal of Aerosol Science"},{"key":"7_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3476","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2003)016<3476:SOTFIA>2.0.CO;2","volume":"16","author":"LD Rotstayn","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rotstayn, L. D., & Liu, Y. (2003). Sensitivity of the first indirect aerosol effect to an increase of cloud droplet spectral dispersion with droplet number concentration. Journal of Climate, 16, 3476\u20133481.","journal-title":"Journal of Climate"},{"key":"7_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1175\/WAF-D-12-00028.1","volume":"28","author":"LV Schalkwyk","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schalkwyk, L. V., & Dyson, L. L. (2013). Climatological characteristics of fog at Cape Town International Airport. Weather and Forecasting, 28, 631\u2013646.","journal-title":"Weather and Forecasting"},{"key":"7_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1992)031<0275:TQOFWC>2.0.CO;2","volume":"31","author":"RS Schemenauer","year":"1992","unstructured":"Schemenauer, R. S., & Cereceda, P. (1992). The quality of fog water collected for domestic and agricultural use in Chile. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 31, 275\u2013290.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Meteorology"},{"key":"7_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-8095(89)90036-7","volume":"24","author":"RS Schemenauer","year":"1989","unstructured":"Schemenauer, R. S., & Joe, P. (1989). The collection efficiency of a massive fog collector. Atmospheric Research, 24, 53\u201369.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Research"},{"issue":"12","key":"7_CR180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124005","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/9\/12\/124005","volume":"9","author":"SA Sejas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sejas, S. A., Albert, O. S., Cai, M., & Deng, Y. (2014). Feedback attribution of the land-sea warming contrast in a global warming simulation of the NCAR CCSM4. Environmental Research Letters, 9(12), 124005.","journal-title":"Environmental Research Letters"},{"key":"7_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-011-0340-0","volume":"169","author":"C Shi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shi, C., Wang, L., Zhang, H., Deng, X., Li, Y., & Qiu, M. (2012). Fog simulations based on multi-model system: A feasibility study. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 169, 941\u2013960.","journal-title":"Pure and Applied Geophysics"},{"key":"7_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1999)038<0385:NMSMSO>2.0.CO;2","volume":"38","author":"TG Stoelinga","year":"1999","unstructured":"Stoelinga, T. G., & Warner, T. T. (1999). Non-hydrostatic, mesobeta-scale model simulations of cloud ceiling and visibility for an east coast winter precipitation event. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 38, 385\u2013404.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Meteorology"},{"key":"7_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1997)078<0209:BAASOI>2.0.CO;2","volume":"78","author":"W Szyrmer","year":"1997","unstructured":"Szyrmer, W., & Zawadzki, I. (1997). Biogenix and anthropogenic sources of ice forming-ice nuclei: A review. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 78, 209\u2013227.","journal-title":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society"},{"key":"7_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00875651","volume":"114","author":"F Tampieri","year":"1976","unstructured":"Tampieri, F., & Tomasi, C. (1976). Size distribution models of fog and cloud droplets and their volume extinction coefficients at visible and infrared wavelengths. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 114, 571\u2013585.","journal-title":"Pure and Applied Geophysics"},{"key":"7_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1175\/JAM2516.1","volume":"46","author":"R Tardif","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tardif, R., & Rasmussen, R. M. (2007). Event-based climatology and typology of fog in the New York City region. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 46, 1141\u20131168.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology"},{"key":"7_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JAMC1734.1","volume":"47","author":"R Tardif","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tardif, R., & Rasmussen, R. M. (2008). Process-oriented analysis of environmental conditions associated with precipitation fog events in the New York City region. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 47, 1681\u20131703.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology"},{"key":"7_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49712555409","volume":"125","author":"J Teixeira","year":"1999","unstructured":"Teixeira, J. (1999). Simulation of fog with the ECMWF prognostic cloud scheme. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 125, 529\u2013552.","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society"},{"key":"7_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3336","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1993)050<3336:MFAIDO>2.0.CO;2","volume":"50","author":"JW Telford","year":"1993","unstructured":"Telford, J. W., & Chai, S. K. (1993). Marine fog and its dissipation over warm water. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 50, 3336\u20133349.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"7_CR143","unstructured":"Toth, G., Gultepe, I., Milbrandt, J., Hansen, B., Pearson, G., Fogarty, C., et al. (2011). The Environment Canada handbook on fog and fog forecasting. Environment Canada. Tech. Manual. ISBN # 978-1-100-52518-1. Available from Environment Canada, Toronto, Canada, 93p."},{"key":"7_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1993)074<2317:EFANTG>2.0.CO;2","volume":"74","author":"Z Toth","year":"1993","unstructured":"Toth, Z., & Kalnay, E. (1993). Ensemble forecasting at the NMC: The generation of perturbations. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 74, 2317\u20132330.","journal-title":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society"},{"key":"7_CR145","unstructured":"Tremant, M. (1987). La pr\u00e9vision du brouillard en mer. M\u00e9t\u00e9orologie Maritime et Activities Oc\u00e9anographique Connexes (Rapport No. 20. TD no. 211). World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland."},{"key":"7_CR182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1980)019<1037:ANIOSF>2.0.CO;2","volume":"19","author":"GJ Tripoli","year":"1980","unstructured":"Tripoli, G. J., & Cotton, W. R. (1980). A numerical investigation of several factors contributing to the observed variable intensity of deep convection over south Florida. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 19, 1037\u20131063.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Meteorology"},{"key":"7_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01993560","volume":"43","author":"S Twomey","year":"1959","unstructured":"Twomey, S. (1959). The nuclei of natural cloud formation. Part II: The supersaturation in natural clouds and the variation of cloud droplet concentration. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 43, 243\u2013249.","journal-title":"Pure and Applied Geophysics"},{"key":"7_CR147","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Agriculture. (1938). Atlas of the Climatic Charts of the Oceans. Publication No. 1247, Prepared under the supervision of W. F. McDonald, 130 charts. U.S. Weather Bureau."},{"key":"7_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1175\/JAM2274.1","volume":"44","author":"A Uematsu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Uematsu, A., Hashiguchi, H., Teshiba, M., Tanaka, H., Hirashima, K., & Fukao, S. (2005). Moving cellular structure of fog echoes obtained with a millimeter-wave scanning Doppler radar at Kushiro. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 44, 1260\u20131273.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Meteorology"},{"key":"7_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo414","volume":"2","author":"R Vautard","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vautard, R., Yiou, P., & van Oldenborgh, G. J. (2009). Decline of fog, mist and haze in Europe over the past 30 years. Nature Geoscience, 2, 115\u2013119.","journal-title":"Nature Geoscience"},{"key":"7_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1996)035<2237:AMFETH>2.0.CO;2","volume":"35","author":"JL Walmsley","year":"1996","unstructured":"Walmsley, J. L., Schemenauer, R., & Bridgman, H. A. (1996). A method for estimating the hydrologic input from fog in mountainous terrain. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 35, 2237\u20132249.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Meteorology"},{"key":"7_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02915575","volume":"21","author":"D Wang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wang, D., Qin, Z., & Shi, P. (2004). Progress in marine meteorology studies in China during 1999\u20132002. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 21, 485\u2013496.","journal-title":"Advances in Atmospheric Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"7_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8079","DOI":"10.1029\/2002RS002856","volume":"38","author":"R Ware","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ware, R., Carpenter, R., Guldner, J., Liljegren, J., Nehrkorn, T., Solheim, F., et al. (2003). A multichannel radiometric profiler of temperature, humidity, and cloud liquid. Radio Science, 38(4), 8079. doi: 10.1029\/2002RS002856 .","journal-title":"Radio Science"},{"key":"7_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49710544616","volume":"105","author":"HRA Wessels","year":"1973","unstructured":"Wessels, H. R. A. (1973). Growth and disappearance of evaporation fog during the transformation of a cold air mass. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 105, 963\u2013977.","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society"},{"key":"7_CR154","unstructured":"Wilfried, J., Nietosvaara, V., Bott, A., Bendix, J., Cermak, J., Silas, M., et al. (2008). Short range forecasting methods of fog visibility and low clouds. COST Action 722, Earth System Science and Environmental Management Final report on COST-722 Action. ISBN # 978-92-898-0038-9Available from COST Office, Avenue Louise 149, B-1050 Brussel, Belgium, 489p."},{"key":"7_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.1975","volume":"139","author":"JM Wilkinson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wilkinson, J. M., Porson, A. N. F., Bornemann, F. J., Weeks, M., Field, P. R., & Lock, A. P. (2013). Improved microphysical parameterization of drizzle and fog for operational forecasting using the Met Office Unified Model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 139, 488\u2013500.","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society"},{"key":"7_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1017\/S1350482798000693","volume":"5","author":"BJ Wright","year":"1998","unstructured":"Wright, B. J., & Thomas, N. (1998). An objective visibility analysis and very short- range forecasting system. Meteorological Applications, 5, 157\u2013181.","journal-title":"Meteorological Applications"},{"issue":"6","key":"7_CR157","first-page":"40","volume":"23","author":"S Xie","year":"2001","unstructured":"Xie, S., Xue, Z., Qu, S., Jiang, D., & Zou, B. (2001). Summer arctic sea fog. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 23(6), 40\u201350.","journal-title":"Acta Oceanologica Sinica"},{"key":"7_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1175\/2009WAF2222337.1","volume":"25","author":"D Yang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yang, D., Ritchie, H., Desjardins, S., Pearson, G., MacAfee, A., & Gultepe, I. (2009). High resolution GEM-LAM application in marine fog prediction: Evaluation and diagnosis. Weather and Forecasting, 25, 727\u2013748.","journal-title":"Weather and Forecasting"},{"key":"7_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2004.10.006","volume":"73","author":"SS Yum","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yum, S. S., & Hudson, J. G. (2005). Adiabatic predictions and observations of cloud droplet spectral broadness. Atmospheric Research, 73, 203\u2013223.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Research"},{"key":"7_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zelenyuk, A., & Imre, D. G. (2005). Single particle laser ablation time-of-flight mass spectrometer: An introduction to SPLAT. Aerosol Science and Technology, 39(6), 554\u2013568","DOI":"10.1080\/027868291009242"},{"key":"7_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-013-9894-y","volume":"151","author":"X Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Genon, L. M., Dupont, E., Milliez, M., & Carissimo, B. (2014). On the influence of a simple microphysics parameterization on radiation fog modelling: A case study during ParisFog. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 151, 293\u2013315.","journal-title":"Boundary-Layer Meteorology"},{"key":"7_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6758","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JCLI2806.1","volume":"22","author":"S-PX Zhang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zhang, S.-P. X., Liu, Q.-Y., Yang, Y.-Q., Wang, X.-G., & Ren, Z.-P. (2009). Seasonal variations of Yellow Sea fog: Observations and mechanisms. Journal of Climate, 22, 6758\u20136772.","journal-title":"Journal of Climate"},{"key":"7_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1175\/2009WAF2222289.1","volume":"25","author":"B Zhou","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhou, B., & Du, J. (2010). Fog prediction from a multi-model mesoscale ensemble prediction system. Weather and Forecasting, 25, 303\u2013322.","journal-title":"Weather and Forecasting"},{"key":"7_CR163","unstructured":"Zhou, B., Du, J., Ferrier, B., McQueen, J., & Dimego, G. (2007). Numerical forecast of fog\u2014Central solutions. Preprints, 18th conference on numerical weather prediction, Park City, UT, American Meteorological Society. 8A.6. Retrieved from http:\/\/ams.confex.com\/ams\/pdfpapers\/123669.pdf ."},{"key":"7_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JAMC1685.1","volume":"47","author":"B Zhou","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zhou, B., & Ferrier, B. S. (2008). Asymptotic analysis of equilibrium in radiation fog. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 47, 1704\u20131722.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology"},{"key":"7_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-011-0327-x","volume":"169","author":"B Zhou","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhou, B., Jun, D., Dimego, G., & Gultepe, I. (2012). Forecast of low visibility and fog from NCEP\u2014Current status and efforts. Journal of Pure and Applied Geophysics, 169, 895\u2013909.","journal-title":"Journal of Pure and Applied Geophysics"}],"container-title":["Springer Atmospheric Sciences","Marine Fog: Challenges and Advancements in Observations, Modeling, and Forecasting"],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-319-45229-6_7","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,18]],"date-time":"2019-09-18T00:02:12Z","timestamp":1568764932000},"score":21.615913,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-319-45229-6_7"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"ISBN":["9783319452272","9783319452296"],"references-count":169,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-45229-6_7","ISSN":["2194-5217","2194-5225"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2194-5217","type":"print"},{"value":"2194-5225","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T23:39:25Z","timestamp":1791329965729,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,4]],"date-time":"2014-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388793600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Boundary-Layer Meteorol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-013-9894-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,3]],"date-time":"2014-01-03T06:46:43Z","timestamp":1388731603000},"page":"293-315","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["On the Influence of a Simple Microphysics Parametrization on Radiation Fog Modelling: A Case Study During ParisFog"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"151","author":[{"given":"Xiaojing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc","family":"Musson-Genon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Dupont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maya","family":"Milliez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bertrand","family":"Carissimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"9894_CR1","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"F Archambeau","year":"2004","unstructured":"Archambeau F, M\u00e9chitoua N, Sakiz M (2004) Code\\_Saturne: a finite volume code for the computation of turbulent incompressible flows\u2014industrial applications. Int J Finite 1:1\u201362","journal-title":"Int J Finite"},{"key":"9894_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6123","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD03735","volume":"103","author":"H Abdul-Razzak","year":"1998","unstructured":"Abdul-Razzak H, Ghan S, Rivora-Carpio C (1998) A parametrization of aerosol activation. 1. Single aerosol types. J Geophys Res 103:6123\u20136131","journal-title":"J Geophys Res"},{"key":"9894_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6837","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD901161","volume":"105","author":"H Abdul-Razzak","year":"2000","unstructured":"Abdul-Razzak H, Ghan S (2000) A parametrization of aerosol activation. 2. Multiple aerosol types. J Geophys Res 105:6837\u20136844","journal-title":"J Geophys Res"},{"key":"9894_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1175\/WAF873.1","volume":"20","author":"T Bergot","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bergot T, Carrer D, Noilhan J, Bougeault P (2005) Improved site-specific numerical prediction of fog and low clouds: a feasibility study. Weather Forecast 20:627\u2013646","journal-title":"Weather Forecast"},{"key":"9894_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1175\/JAM2475.1","volume":"46","author":"T Bergot","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bergot T, Terradellas E, Cuxart J, Mira A, M\u00fcller OLM, Nielsen N (2007) Intercomparison of single-column numerical models for the prediction of radiation fog. J Appl Meteorol Clim 46:504\u2013521","journal-title":"J Appl Meteorol Clim"},{"key":"9894_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.4267\/2042\/19175","volume":"62","author":"T Bergot","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bergot T, Haeffelin M, Musson-Genon L, Tardif R, Colomb M, Boitel C, Bouhours G, Bourriane T, Carrer D, Challet J, Chazette P, Drobinski P, Dupont E, Dupont J-C, Elias T, Fesquet C, Garrouste O, Gomes L, Guerin A, Lapouge F, Lefranc Y, Legain D, Morange P, Pietras C, Plana-Fattori A, Protat A, Rangognio J, Raut J-C, Remy S, Richard D, Romand B, Zhang X (2008) Paris-Fog: des chercheurs dans le brouillard. La M\u00e9t\u00e9orol 62:48\u201358","journal-title":"La M\u00e9t\u00e9orol"},{"key":"9894_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49709941915","volume":"99","author":"AK Betts","year":"1973","unstructured":"Betts AK (1973) Non-precipitating cumulus convection and its parametrization. Q J R Meteorol Soc 99:178\u2013196","journal-title":"Q J R Meteorol Soc"},{"key":"9894_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00119960","volume":"56","author":"A Bott","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bott A (1991) On the influence of the physic-chemical properties of aerosols on the life cycle of radiation fogs. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 56:1\u201331","journal-title":"Boundary-Layer Meteorol"},{"key":"9894_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-8095(02)00091-1","volume":"64","author":"A Bott","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bott A, Trautmann T (2002) PAFOG\u2014a new efficient forecast model of radiation fog and low-level stratiform clouds. Atmos Res 64:191\u2013203","journal-title":"Atmos Res"},{"key":"9894_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2826","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1985)042<2826:TDCOTM>2.0.CO;2","volume":"42","author":"P Bougeault","year":"1985","unstructured":"Bougeault P (1985) The diurnal cycle of the marine stratocumulus layer: a higher-order model study. J Atmos Sci 42:2826\u20132843","journal-title":"J Atmos Sci"},{"key":"9894_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2008.04.006","volume":"90","author":"E Bouzereau","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bouzereau E, Musson-Genon L, Carissimo B (2008) Application of a semi-spectral cloud water parametrization to cooling tower plumes simulations. Atmos Res 90:78\u201390","journal-title":"Atmos Res"},{"key":"9894_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS3842.1","volume":"64","author":"E Bouzereau","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bouzereau E, Musson-Genon L, Carissimo B (2007) On the definition of the cloud water content fluctuations and its effects on the computation of a second-order liquid water correlation. J Atmos Sci 64:665\u2013669","journal-title":"J Atmos Sci"},{"key":"9894_CR13","first-page":"335","volume":"102","author":"R Brown","year":"1976","unstructured":"Brown R, Roach WT (1976) The physic of radiation fog: II\u2014anumerical study. Q J R Meteorol Soc 102:335\u2013354","journal-title":"Q J R Meteorol Soc"},{"key":"9894_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49710645010","volume":"106","author":"R Brown","year":"1980","unstructured":"Brown R (1980) A numerical study of radiation fog with an explicit formulation of the microphysics. Q J R Meteorol Soc 106:781\u2013802","journal-title":"Q J R Meteorol Soc"},{"key":"9894_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3348","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1998)055<3348:ETSAEO>2.0.CO;2","volume":"55","author":"J Cohard","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cohard J, Pinty J, Bedos C (1998) Extending Twomeys analytical estimate of nucleated cloud droplet concentrations from CCN spectra. J Atmos Sci 55:3348\u20133357","journal-title":"J Atmos Sci"},{"key":"9894_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2535","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1980)037<2535:TPOTGW>2.0.CO;2","volume":"37","author":"C Corradini","year":"1980","unstructured":"Corradini C, Tonna G (1980) The parameterization of the gravitational water flux in fog models. J. Atmos Sci 37:2535\u20132539","journal-title":"J. Atmos Sci"},{"key":"9894_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1959)087<0367:AOOAS>2.0.CO;2","volume":"87","author":"GP Cressman","year":"1959","unstructured":"Cressman GP (1959) An operational objective analysis system. Mon Weather Rev 87:367\u2013374","journal-title":"Mon Weather Rev"},{"key":"9894_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1029\/JC083iC04p01889","volume":"83","author":"J Deardorff","year":"1978","unstructured":"Deardorff J (1978) Efficient prediction of ground surface temperature and moisture, with inclusion of a layer of vegetation. J Geophys Res 83:1889\u20131903","journal-title":"J Geophys Res"},{"key":"9894_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2343","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1988)045<2343:TSOASD>2.0.CO;2","volume":"45","author":"P Duynkerke","year":"1987","unstructured":"Duynkerke P, Driedonks K (1987) Turbulent structure of a shear-driven stratus\\_topped atmospheric boundary layer: a comparison of model results with observations. J Atmos Sci 45:2343\u20132451","journal-title":"J Atmos Sci"},{"key":"9894_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1991)119<0324:RFACOM>2.0.CO;2","volume":"119","author":"P Duynkerke","year":"1991","unstructured":"Duynkerke P (1991) Radiation fog: a comparison of model simulation with detailed observations. Mon Weather Rev 119:324\u2013341","journal-title":"Mon Weather Rev"},{"key":"9894_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2009.01.006","volume":"92","author":"T Elias","year":"2009","unstructured":"Elias T, Haeffelin M, Drobinski P, Gomes L, Rangognio J, Bergot T, Chazette P, Raut C, Colomb M (2009) Particulate contribution in extinction of visible radiation: pollution, haze and fog. Atmos Res 92:443\u2013454","journal-title":"Atmos Res"},{"key":"9894_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0889.1992.t01-4-00002.x","volume":"44","author":"S Fuzzi","year":"1992","unstructured":"Fuzzi S, Facchini M, Orsi J, Lind J, Wobrock W, Kessel M, Maser R, Jaeschke W, Enderle K, Arends B, Berner A, Solly I, Kruisz C, Reischl G, Pahd S, Kaminski U, Winkler P, Ogren J, Noone K, Halberg A, Fierlinger O, Oberlinninger H, PuxBaum H, Marzorati A, Hansson H, Wiedensohler A, Svenningsson I, Martinsson B, Schell D, Georggi H (1992) The Po Valley fog experiment 1989: an overview. Tellus 44:448\u2013468","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"key":"9894_CR23","first-page":"3","volume":"71","author":"S Fuzzi","year":"1998","unstructured":"Fuzzi S, Laj P, Ricci L, Orsi G, Heintzenberg J, Wendisch M, Yuskiewicz B, Mertes S, Orsini D, Wiedensohler MSA, Stratmann F, Berg O, Swietlicki E, Frank G, Martinsson B, G\u00fcnther A, Dierssen J, Schell D, Jaeschke W, Berner A, Dusek U, Galambos Z, Kruisz C, Mesfin S, Wobrock W, Arends B, Brink H (1998) Overview of the Po Valley fog experiment 1994 (CHEMDROP). Contrib Atmos Phys 71:3\u201319","journal-title":"Contrib Atmos Phys"},{"key":"9894_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1994)122<1231:NFORFP>2.0.CO;2","volume":"122","author":"D Guedalia","year":"1994","unstructured":"Guedalia D, Bergot T (1994) Numerical forecasting of radiation fog. Part II: a comparison of model simulation with several observed fog events. Mon Weather Rev 122:1231\u20131246","journal-title":"Mon Weather Rev"},{"key":"9894_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1175\/JAM2423.1","volume":"45","author":"I Gultepe","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gultepe I, Muller M, Boybeyi Z (2006) A new visibility parametrization for warm-fog applications in numerical weather prediction models. J Appl Meteorol Clim 45:1469\u20131480","journal-title":"J Appl Meteorol Clim"},{"key":"9894_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-007-0211-x","volume":"164","author":"I Gultepe","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gultepe I, Tardif R, Michaelides SC, Cermak J, Bott A, Bendix J, M\u00fbller MD, Pagowski M, Hansen B, Ellrod G, Jacobs W, Toth G, Cober SG (2007) Fog research: a review of past achievements and perspectives. Pure Appl Geophys 164:1121\u20131159","journal-title":"Pure Appl Geophys"},{"key":"9894_CR27","unstructured":"Gultepe I, Pearson G, Milbrandt JA, Hausen B, Platnick S, Taylor P, Gordon M, Oakley JP, Cober SG (2009) The fog remote sensing and modelling field project. Bull Am Meteorol Soc. doi: 10.1175\/2008BAMS2534 : 341\u2013359"},{"issue":"6","key":"9894_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1175\/2009BAMS2671.1","volume":"91","author":"M Haeffelin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Haeffelin M, Bergot T, Elias T, Carrer D, Chazette P, Colomb M, Drobinski P, Dupont J-C, Dupont E, Gomes L, Musson-Genon L, Pietras C, Plana-Fattori A, Protat A, Rangonio J, Raut J-C, Remy S, Richard D, Sciare J, Zhang X (2010) ParisFog, shedding new light on fog physical processes. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 91(6):767\u2013783","journal-title":"Bull Am Meteorol Soc"},{"key":"9894_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2452","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1976)033<2452:TDEAFR>2.0.CO;2","volume":"33","author":"J Joseph","year":"1976","unstructured":"Joseph J, Wiscombe W, Weinman J (1976) The delta-Eddington approximation for radiative flux transfer. J Atmos Sci 33:2452\u20132459","journal-title":"J Atmos Sci"},{"key":"9894_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.2007.00287.x","volume":"59","author":"O Klemm","year":"2007","unstructured":"Klemm O, Wrzesinsky P (2007) Fog deposition fluxes of water and ions to a mountainous site in Central Europe. Tellus 59:705\u2013714","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"key":"9894_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1984)023<0034:PODTVA>2.0.CO;2","volume":"23","author":"B Kunkel","year":"1984","unstructured":"Kunkel B (1984) Parameterization of droplet terminal velocity and extinction coefficient in fogs model. J Appl Meteorol 23:34\u201341","journal-title":"J Appl Meteorol"},{"key":"9894_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1974)031<0118:APFTAO>2.0.CO;2","volume":"31","author":"A Lacis","year":"1974","unstructured":"Lacis A, Hansen J (1974) A parametrization for the absorption of solar radiation in the earth\u2019s atmosphere. J Atmos Sci 31:118\u2013133","journal-title":"J Atmos Sci"},{"key":"9894_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1986)067<0825:FACFSO>2.0.CO;2","volume":"67","author":"M Meyer","year":"1986","unstructured":"Meyer M, Lala G, Jiusto J (1986) Fog-82: a cooperative field study of radiation fog. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 67:825\u2013832","journal-title":"Bull Am Meteorol Soc"},{"key":"9894_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-007-0217-4","volume":"164","author":"M M\u00fcller","year":"2007","unstructured":"M\u00fcller M, Schmutz C, Parlow E (2007) A one-dimensional ensemble fog forecast and assimilation system for fog prediction. Pure Appl Geophys 164:1241\u20131264","journal-title":"Pure Appl Geophys"},{"key":"9894_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1987)115<0592:NSOAFE>2.0.CO;2","volume":"115","author":"L Musson-Genon","year":"1987","unstructured":"Musson-Genon L (1987) Numerical simulation of a fog event with a one-dimensional boundary layer model. Mon Weather Rev 115:592\u2013607","journal-title":"Mon Weather Rev"},{"key":"9894_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1995)123<0163:CODSTC>2.0.CO;2","volume":"123","author":"L Musson-Genon","year":"1995","unstructured":"Musson-Genon L (1995) Comparison of different simple turbulence closures with an one-dimensional boundary layer model. Mon Weather Rev 123:163\u2013180","journal-title":"Mon Weather Rev"},{"key":"9894_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-007-9178-5","volume":"124","author":"L Musson-Genon","year":"2007","unstructured":"Musson-Genon L, Dupont E, Wendum D (2007) Reconstruction of the surface-layer vertical structure from measurements of wind, temperature and humidity at two levels. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 124:235\u2013250","journal-title":"Boundary-Layer Meteorol"},{"key":"9894_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/07055900.1980.9649076","volume":"18","author":"H Leighton","year":"1980","unstructured":"Leighton H (1980) Application to the delta-Eddington method to the absorption of solar radiation in the atmosphere. Atmos Ocean 18:43\u201352","journal-title":"Atmos Ocean"},{"key":"9894_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1002490423389","volume":"94","author":"M Nakanishi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nakanishi M (2000) Large-eddy simulation of radiation fog. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 94:461\u2013493","journal-title":"Boundary-Layer Meteorol"},{"key":"9894_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-010-9579-8","volume":"139","author":"A Porson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Porson A, Price J, Luck A, Clark P (2011) Radiation fog. Part II: large eddy simulations in very stable conditions. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 139:193\u2013224","journal-title":"Boundary-Layer Meteorol"},{"key":"9894_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-010-9580-2","volume":"139","author":"J Price","year":"2011","unstructured":"Price J (2011) Radiation fog. Part I: observations of stability and drop size distributions. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 139:167\u2013191","journal-title":"Boundary-Layer Meteorol"},{"key":"9894_CR42","volume-title":"Microphysics of clouds and precipitation","author":"HR Pruppacher","year":"1997","unstructured":"Pruppacher HR, Klett JD (1997) Microphysics of clouds and precipitation. Kluwer, Dordrecht"},{"key":"9894_CR43","unstructured":"Rangognio J (2009) Impact des a\u00e9rosols sur le cycle de vie du brouillard, de l\u2019observation \u00e0 la mod\u00e9lisation. Ph.D. Thesis, Universit\u00e9 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse III, 258 pp"},{"key":"9894_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rangognio J, Tullet P, Bergot T, Gomes L, Thouron O, Leriche M (2009) Influence of aerosols on the formation and development of radiation fog. Atmo Phys Chem Dis 9:17963\u201318019","DOI":"10.5194\/acpd-9-17963-2009"},{"key":"9894_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1175\/2008JHM992.1","volume":"9","author":"A Ritter","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ritter A, Regalado CM, Aschan G (2008) Fog water collection in a subtropical Elfin Laurel Forest of the Garajonay National Park (Canary Islands): a combined approach using artificial fog catchers and a physically based impaction model. J Hydrometeorol 9:920\u2013935","journal-title":"J Hydrometeorol"},{"key":"9894_CR46","first-page":"313","volume":"102","author":"WT Roach","year":"1976","unstructured":"Roach WT, Brown R, Caughey SJ, Garland JA, Readings CJ (1976) The physic of radiation fog: I\u2014a field study. Q J R Meteorol Soc 102:313\u2013333","journal-title":"Q J R Meteorol Soc"},{"key":"9894_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3072","DOI":"10.1175\/2008JAMC1783.1","volume":"47","author":"S Roquelaure","year":"2008","unstructured":"Roquelaure S, Bergot T (2008) A local ensemble prediction system for fog and low clouds: construction, Bayesian model averaging calibration, and validation. J Appl Meteorol Clim 47:3072\u20133088","journal-title":"J Appl Meteorol Clim"},{"key":"9894_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sandu I, Tulet P, Brenguier J (2005) Parametrization of the cloud droplet single scattering albedo based on aerosol chemical composition for LES modelling of boundary layer clouds. Geophys Res Lett 32:19814.1\u201319814.4","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL023994"},{"issue":"2","key":"9894_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1080\/02786820500485948","volume":"40","author":"KN Sartelet","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sartelet KN, Hayami H, Albriet B, Sportisse B (2005) Development and preliminary validation of a Modal Aerosol Model for tropospheric chemistry: MAM. Aerosol Sci Technol 40(2):118\u2013127","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci Technol"},{"key":"9894_CR50","unstructured":"Skamarock WC, Klemp JB, Dudhia J, Gill DO, Barker DM, Duda HG, Huang XY, Wang W, Powers JG (2008) A description of the advanced research WRF version 3. NCAR Technical Note, NCAR\/TN-475+STR, 113 pp"},{"key":"9894_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1080\/02786828608959088","volume":"5","author":"C Seigneur","year":"1986","unstructured":"Seigneur C, Hudischewskyj AB, Seinfeld JH, Whitby KT, Whitby ER, Brock JR, Barnes HM (1986) Simulation of aerosol dynamics: a comparative review of mathematical models. Aerosol Sci Technol 5:205\u2013222","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci Technol"},{"key":"9894_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-007-0216-5","volume":"164","author":"R Tardif","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tardif R (2007) The impact of vertical resolution in the explicit numerical forecasting of radiation fog: a case study. Pure Appl Geophys 164:1221\u20131240","journal-title":"Pure Appl Geophys"},{"key":"9894_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7115","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-8-7115-2008","volume":"8","author":"M Tombette","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tombette M, Chazette P, Sportisse B, Roustan Y (2008) Simulation of aerosol optical properties over Europe with a 3-D size-resolved aerosol model: comparisons with AERONET data. Atmos Chem Phys 8:7115\u20137132","journal-title":"Atmos Chem Phys"},{"key":"9894_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(98)00372-0","volume":"33","author":"R Glasow von","year":"1999","unstructured":"von Glasow R, Bott A (1999) Interaction of radiation fog with tall vegetation. Atmos Environ 33:1333\u20131346","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"9894_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-012-9783-9","volume":"147","author":"H Za\u00efdi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Za\u00efdi H, Dupont E, Milliez M, Musson Genon L, Carissimo B (2012) Numerical simulations of the micro-scale heterogeneities of turbulence observed on a complex site. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 147:237\u2013259","journal-title":"Boundary-Layer Meteorol"},{"key":"9894_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1080\/027868299304039","volume":"31","author":"Y Zhang","year":"1999","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Seigneur C, Seinfeld JH, Jacobson MZ, Binkowski F (1999) Simulation of aerosol dynamics: a comparative review of algorithms used in air quality models. Aerosol Sci Technol 31:487\u2013514","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci Technol"},{"key":"9894_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(00)00326-5","volume":"35","author":"L Zhang","year":"2001","unstructured":"Zhang L, Gong S, Padro J, Barrie L (2001) A size-segregated particle dry deposition scheme for an atmospheric aerosol module. Atmos Environ 35:549\u2013560","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"}],"container-title":["Boundary-Layer Meteorology"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10546-013-9894-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10546-013-9894-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10546-013-9894-y","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,5]],"date-time":"2019-08-05T19:31:36Z","timestamp":1565033496000},"score":21.340866,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10546-013-9894-y"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,4]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]}},"alternative-id":["9894"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10546-013-9894-y","ISSN":["0006-8314","1573-1472"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-8314","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-1472","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,4]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T09:15:43Z","timestamp":1791191743050,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5-6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,5]],"date-time":"2011-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1307232000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pure Appl. Geophys."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-011-0344-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,4]],"date-time":"2011-06-04T07:56:33Z","timestamp":1307174193000},"page":"1137-1155","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Summary of a 4-Year Fog Field Study in Northern Nanjing, Part 2: Fog Microphysics"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"169","author":[{"given":"S. J.","family":"Niu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. Y.","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. J.","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. S.","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. J.","family":"L\u00fc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"344_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baronti, P., and Elzweig, S. (1973), A Study of Droplet Spectra in Fogs, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 30(5), 903-908.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1973)030<0903:ASODSI>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"344_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boreux, J. J., and Guiot J. (1993), A method of comparison of two close batches data: Application to analysis of fog formation causes, Geophys. Res. Lett. 20(12), 1179-1182.","DOI":"10.1029\/93GL00075"},{"key":"344_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bott, A. (1990), On the influence of the physico-chemical properties of aerosols on the life cycle of radiation fogs, Boundary-Layer Meteorology 56(1),1-31.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00119960"},{"key":"344_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choularton, T. W., Fullarton, G., Latham, J., Mill, C. S., Smith, M. H., and Stromberg, I. M. (1981), A field study of radiation fog in meppen, West Germany, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 107(452), 381-394.","DOI":"10.1256\/smsqj.45208"},{"key":"344_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donaldson, N.R.and Stewart, R. E., (1993), Fog induced by mixed-phase precipitation, Atmospheric Research 29(1-2), 9-25.","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-8095(93)90035-M"},{"key":"344_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eldridge, R. G. (1961), A few fog drop-size distributions, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 18(5), 671-676.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1961)018<0671:AFFDSD>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"344_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eldridge, R. G. (1966), Haze and fog aerosol distributions, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 23(5), 605-613.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1966)023<0605:HAFAD>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"344_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eldridge, R. G. (1971), The relationship between visibility and liquid water content in fog, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 28(7), 1183-1186.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1971)028<1183:TRBVAL>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"344_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elias, T., Haeffelin, M., Drobinski, P., Gomes, L., Rangognio, J., Bergot, T., Chazette, P., Raut, J.C., and Colomb, M. (2009), Particulate contribution to extinction of visible radiation: Pollution, haze, and fog, Atmospheric Research 92(4), 443-454.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2009.01.006"},{"key":"344_CR66","unstructured":"Frank, G., Martinsson, B., Cederfelt, S., Berg, O., Swietlicki, E., Wendisch, M., Yuskiewicz, B., Heintzenberg, J., Wiedensohler, A., Orsini, D., Stratmann, F., Laj, P., and Ricci, L. (1998), Droplet Formation and Growth in Polluted Fogs, Contributions to Atmosphoric Physics 71: 65-85."},{"key":"344_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuzzi, S., Facchini, M. C., Orsi,G., Lind, J. A., Wobrock, W., Kessel, M., Maser, R., Jaeschke, W., Enderle, K. H., Arends, B. G., Berner, A., Solly, I., Kruisz, C., Reischl, G., Pahl, S., Kaminski, U., Winkler, P., Ogren, J. A., Noone, K. J., Hallberg, A., Fierlingeroberlinninger, H., Puxbaum, H., Marzorati, A., Hansson, H. C., Wiedensohler, A., Svenningsson, I. B., Martinsson, B. G., Schell, D., and Georgii, H. W. (1992), The Po Valley fog experiment 1989, Tellus B 44(5), 448-468.","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0889.1992.t01-4-00002.x"},{"key":"344_CR11","unstructured":"Fuzzi, S., Laj, P., Ricci, L., Orsi, G., Heintzenberg, J., Wendisch, M., Yuekiewicz, B., Mertes, S., Orsini, D., Schwanz, M., Wiedensohler, A., Stratmann, F., Berg, O.H., Swietlicki, E., Frank, G., Martinsson, B.G., Gunther, A., Dierssen, J.P., Schell, D., Jaeschke, W., Berner, A., Dusek, U., Galambos, Z., Kruisz, C., Mesfin, N.S., Wobrock, W., Arends, B., and Brink, H.T.(1998), Overview of the Po Vally Fog Experiment 1994(CHEMDROP), Contributions to Atmosphoric Physics 71: 3-19."},{"key":"344_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, J.,Wang T., Zhou X.H., Wu W.S., and WANG W.X., (2009), Measurement of aerosol number size distributions in the Yangtze River delta in China: Formation and growth of particles under polluted conditions, Atmospheric Environment 43(4), 829-836.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2008.10.046"},{"key":"344_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia, G. F., Virafuentes, U., and Martinez, G. M. (2002), Fine-scale measurements of fog-droplet concentrations: a preliminary assessment, Atmospheric Research 64(1-4), 179-189.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-8095(02)00090-X"},{"key":"344_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerber, H. E. (1981), Microstructure of a Radiation Fog, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 38(2), 454-458.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1981)038<0454:MOARF>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"344_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerber, H. E. (1991), Supersaturation and Droplet Spectral Evolution in Fog, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 48(24), 2569\u20132588.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1991)048<2569:SADSEI>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"344_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goodman, J. (1977), The Microstructure of California Coastal Fog and Stratus, Journal of Applied Meteorology 16(10), 1056-1067.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1977)016<1056:TMOCCF>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"344_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., and Milbrandt, J. A. (2007), Microphysical Observations and Mesoscale Model Simulation of a Warm Fog Case during FRAM Project, Pure and Applied Geophysics 164(6), 1161-1178.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-007-0212-9"},{"key":"344_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., Tardif, R., Michaelides, S. C., Cermak, J., Bott, A., Bendix, J., Muller, M. D., Pagowski, M., Hansen, B., Ellrod, G., Jacobs, W., Toth, G., and Cober, S. G.. (2007), Fog Research: A Review of Past Achievements and Future Perspectives, Pure & Applied Geophysics 164, 1121-1159.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7643-8419-7_3"},{"key":"344_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., Pearson, G., Milbrandt, J. A., Hansen, B., Platnick, S., Taylor, P., Gordon, M., Oakley, J. P., and Cober, S. (2009), the Fog Remote Sensing and Modeling Field Project, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 90, 341-359.","DOI":"10.1175\/2008BAMS2354.1"},{"key":"344_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., and Milbrandt, J. A. (2010), Probabilistic Parameterizations of Visibility Using Observations of Rain Precipitation Rate, Relative Humidity, and Visibility, Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 49(1), 36-46.","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JAMC1927.1"},{"key":"344_CR21","unstructured":"Heintzenberg, J., Wendisch, M., Yuskiewicz, B., Orsini, D., Wiedensohler, A., Stratmann, F., Frand, G., Martrinsson, B.G., Schell, D., Fuzzi, S., and Orsi, G. (1998), Characteristics of Haze, Mist and Fog, Contributions to Atmosphoric Physics 71, 21-31."},{"key":"344_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haeffelin, M., Bergot, T., Elias, T., Tardif, R., Carrer, D., Chazette, P., Colomb, M., Drobinski P., Dupont, E., Dupont, J. C., Gomes, L., Musson-Genon, L., Pietras, C., Plana-Fattori, A., Protat, A., Rangognio, J., Raut, J. C., Remy, S., Richard, D., Sciare, J., and Zhang, X. (2010), PARISFOG: Shedding New Light on Fog Physical Processes, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 91(6), 767-783.","DOI":"10.1175\/2009BAMS2671.1"},{"key":"344_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hudson, J. G. (1980), Relationship Between Fog Condensation Nuclei and Fog Microstructure, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 37(8), 1854\u20131867.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1980)037<1854:RBFCNA>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"344_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hung, R. J. and Liaw G. S. (1980), Advection fog formation associated with atmospheric aerosols due to combustion-related pollutants, Water, Air, & Soil Pollution V14(1), 267-285.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00291841"},{"key":"344_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuroiwa, D. (1951), Electron-M1croscope Study of Fog Nuclei, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 8(3), 157-160.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1951)008<0157:EMSOFN>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"344_CR26","unstructured":"Laj, P., Fuzzi, S., Lazzari, A., Ricci, L., Orsi, G., Berner, A., Dusek, U., Schell, D., Gunther, A., Wendisch, M., Wobrock, W., Frank, G., Martinsson, B.G., and Hillamo, R. (1998), The Size Dependent Composition of Fog Droplets, Contributions to Atmosphoric Physics 71: 115-130."},{"key":"344_CR27","unstructured":"Li, Z.H., Liu, D.Y., and Yang, J. (2011), The microphysical processes and macroscopic conditions of the radiation fog droplet spectrum broadening, Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences (In Chinese) 35(1), in press."},{"key":"344_CR28","unstructured":"Liu, D.Y, Pu, M.J, Yang, J., Zhang, G.Z., Yan, W.L., and Li, Z.H. (2010), Microphysical Structure and Evolution of a Four-Day Persistent Fog Event in Nanjing in December 2006, Acta Meteorologica Sinica 24, 104-115."},{"key":"344_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu D.Y., Yang, J., Niu, S.J., and Li, Z.H. (2011a), On the Evolution and Structures of a Radiation Fog Event in Nanjing, Adv. Atmos. Sci., 28(1), 1-15, doi: 10.1007\/s00376-010-0017-0 .","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-010-0017-0"},{"key":"344_CR30","unstructured":"Liu,D.Y., Niu, S.J., Pu, M.J., Yang, J., and Li, Z.H. (2011b), On the physical process of advection fog influenced by cold & warm advection, Chinese Journal of Geophysics, in press (In Chinese)."},{"key":"344_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu D.Y., Niu S.J., Yang J., Zhao L.J., L\u00fc J.J., and Lu C.S. (2011c) A\u00a0Summary\u00a0of\u00a0Four-Year Fog\u00a0Field\u00a0Study\u00a0in\u00a0Northern\u00a0Nanjing-Part\u00a01: Fog\u00a0Boundary\u00a0Layer, Pure and Applied Geophysics, in submitted.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-011-0343-x"},{"key":"344_CR32","unstructured":"Liu, D.Y., (2008), The Micro-physical Characteristic of Winter\u2019s Fog in Nanjing Area, Master Thesis, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, China."},{"key":"344_CR33","unstructured":"Lu, C.S., Niu, S.J., Yang, J., and Wang, W.W. (2008), An observational study on physical mechanism and boundary layer structure of winter advection fog in Nanjing, Journal of Nanjing Institute of Meteorology 31, 520-529.(In Chinese)."},{"key":"344_CR34","unstructured":"Lu, C.S., Niu, S.J., Yang, J., Liu, X., and Zhao, L.J. (2010a), Jump features and causes of macro and microphysical structures fog a winter fog in Nanjing, Chinese Journal of Atomospheric Sciences 34, 681-690. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"344_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, C.S. Niu, S.J., Tang, L.L., Lv, J.J., Zhao, L.J., and Zhu, B. (2010b). Chemical composition of fog water in Nanjing area of China and its related fog microphysics. Atmospheric Research 97(1-2): 47-69.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007"},{"key":"344_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meyer, M. B., Jiusto, J. E., and Lala, G.G. (1980), Measurements of Visual Range and Radiation-Fog (Haze) Microphysics, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 37(3), 622-629.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1980)037<0622:MOVRAR>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"344_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ming, Y., and Russell, L. M. (2004), Organic aerosol effects on fog droplet spectra, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D10206, doi: 10.1029\/2003JD004427 .","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD004427"},{"key":"344_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niu, S.J., Lu, C.S., Yu, H.Y., Zhao, L.J., and Zhao, L.J. (2010a), Fog research in China: an overview, Adv. Atmos. Sci. 27(3),639-662.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-009-8174-8"},{"key":"344_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niu, S.J., Lu, C.S., Zhao, L.J., Lu, J.J, and Yang, J. (2010b), Analysis of the microphysical structure of heavy fog using a droplet spectrometer: a case study, Adv. Atmos. Sci. 27(6), 1259-1275, doi: 10.1007\/s00376-010-8192-6 .","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-010-8192-6"},{"key":"344_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogren, J. A., Noone, K. J., Hallberg, A., Heintzenberg, J., Schell, D., Berner, A., Solly, I., Kruisz, C., Reischl, G., Arends, B.G., and Wobrock, W. (1992), Measurements of the size dependence of the concentration of nonvolatile material in fog droplets,Tellus B 44(5), 570-580.","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0889.1992.t01-1-00010.x"},{"key":"344_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pandis, S. N., Seinfeld, J. H., and Pilinis, C. (1990),Chemical composition differences in fog and cloud droplets of different sizes, Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics 24(7),1957-1969.","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-1686(90)90529-V"},{"key":"344_CR42","unstructured":"Pickering, K. E. and Jiusto J. E. (1978), Observations of the Relationship Between Dew and Radiation Fog, J. Geophys. Res. 83, 2430-2436."},{"key":"344_CR43","unstructured":"Pilie, R. J., Mack, E. J., Eadie, W.J., and Rogers, C.W. (1975), The Life Cycle of Valley Fog. Part II: Fog Microphysics, Journal of Applied Meteorology 14(3), 364\u2013374."},{"key":"344_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinnick, R. G., Hoihjelle, D. L., Fernandez, G., Stenmark, E.B., Lindberg, J.D., and Hoidale G.B. (1978), Vertical Structure in Atmospheric Fog and Haze and Its Effects on Visible and Infrared Extinction, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 35(10), 2020-2032.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1978)035<2020:VSIAFA>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"344_CR45","unstructured":"Podzimek, J. (1997), Droplet Concentration and Size Distribution in Haze and Fog, Studia Geoph. et Geod. 41, 277-296."},{"key":"344_CR46","unstructured":"Pu, M.J., Yan, W.L., Shang, Z.T., Yang, J., and Li, Z.H. (2008a), Study on the physical characteristics of burst reinforcement during the winter fog of Nanjing, Plateau Meteorology 27, 1-8. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"344_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pu, M.J., Zhang, G.Z., Yan, W.L., and Li, Z.H. (2008b), Features of a rare advection-radiation fog event, Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences 51, 1044-1052.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-008-0071-y"},{"key":"344_CR48","unstructured":"Ricci, L., Fuzzi, S., Laj, P., Lazzari, A., Orsi, G., Berner, A., Gunther, A., Jaeschke, W., Wendisch, M., and Arends, B.G. (1998), Gas-Liquid Equilibria in Polluted Fog, Contributions to Atmosphoric Physics 71: 159-170."},{"key":"344_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roach, W. T. (1976a), On some quasi-periodic oscillations observed during a field investigation of radiation fog, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 102(432), 355-359.","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49710243206"},{"key":"344_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roach, W. T. (1976b), On the effect of radiative exchange on the growth by condensation of a cloud or fog droplet, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 102(432), 361-372.","DOI":"10.1256\/smsqj.43206"},{"key":"344_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schumann, T. E. W. (1940), Theoretical aspects of the size distribution of fog particles, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 66(285), 195-208.","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49706628508"},{"key":"344_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spencer, W. P., Johnson, R. A., and Vietti, M.A. (1976), On fog formation in a coronal discharge: effects of the discharge on droplet growth, Journal of Aerosol Science 7(6), 441-445.","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-8502(76)90048-3"},{"key":"344_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tardif, R. and Rasmussen, R. M. (2008), Process-Oriented Analysis of Environmental Conditions Associated with Precipitation Fog Events in the New York City Region, Journal of Applied Meteorology & Climatology 47(6), 1681-1703.","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JAMC1734.1"},{"key":"344_CR54","unstructured":"Tardif, R. and Rasmussen, R. M. (2009), Evaporation of non-equilibrium raindrops as a fog formation mechanism, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 49(6), 1247-1267."},{"key":"344_CR55","unstructured":"Wendisch, M., Mertes, S., Heintzenberg, J., Wiedensohler, A., Schell, D., Wobrock, W., Frank, G., Martinsson, B.G., Fuzzi, S., Orsi, G., Kos, G., and Berner, A. (1998), Drop Size Distribution and LWC in Po Vally Fog, Contributions to Atmosphoric Physics 71: 87-100."},{"key":"344_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woodcock, A. H. (1978), Marine Fog Droplets and Salt Nuclei-Part I, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 35(4), 657-664.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1978)035<0657:MFDASN>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"344_CR57","unstructured":"Yan, W. L., Liu, D.Y., Pu, M.J., and Li, Z.H. (2010), The Formation and Structure Characteristics of Precipitation Fog in Nanjing, Meteorological Monthly, in press. (in Chinese)."},{"key":"344_CR65","unstructured":"Yan, W.L., Pu, M.J., Wang, W.W., Yang, J., and Liu, D.Y. (2009), A study on a rare radiation-advection fog (I): the analysis of physical process of genesis and dissipation, Scientia Meteorologica Sinica 29, 9-16. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"344_CR58","unstructured":"Yang, J., Niu, Z.Q., Shi, C.E., Liu, D.Y., Li, Z.H., (2010), Microphysics of atmospheric aerosols during winter haze\/fog events in Nanjing, Environmental Science 31(7),17-23."},{"key":"344_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou B.B. and Ferrier B.S. (2008), Asymptotic Analysis of Equilibrium in Radiation Fog, Journal of Applied Meteorology & Climatology, 47(6), 1704-1722.","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JAMC1685.1"}],"container-title":["Pure and Applied Geophysics"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00024-011-0344-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00024-011-0344-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00024-011-0344-9","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,11]],"date-time":"2019-06-11T08:08:09Z","timestamp":1560240489000},"score":21.032612,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00024-011-0344-9"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,5]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5-6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]}},"alternative-id":["344"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00024-011-0344-9","ISSN":["0033-4553","1420-9136"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-4553","type":"print"},{"value":"1420-9136","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,5]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T12:51:13Z","timestamp":1789476673538,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]],"date-time":"2021-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Bo 998\/15-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Bo 998\/15-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Atmospheric Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105787","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]],"date-time":"2021-07-31T10:59:09Z","timestamp":1627729149000},"page":"105787","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Comparison of a spectral microphysics and a two-moment cloud scheme: Numerical simulation of a radiation fog event"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"262","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9747-9406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Bott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105787_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1976)033<0851:TVASOC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Terminal velocity and shape of cloud and precipitation drops aloft","volume":"33","author":"Beard","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105787_bb0206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00119960","article-title":"On the influence of the physico-chemical properties of aerosols on the life cycle of radiation fogs","volume":"56","author":"Bott","year":"1991","journal-title":"Bound.-Layer Meteorol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105787_bib0010","first-page":"631","article-title":"A numerical model of the cloud-topped planetary boundary-layer: impact of aerosol particles on radiative forcing of stratiform clouds","volume":"123","author":"Bott","year":"1997","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105787_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-8095(01)00125-9","article-title":"A new method for the solution of the stochastic collection equation in cloud models with spectral aerosol and cloud drop microphysics","volume":"59","author":"Bott","year":"2001","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105787_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-020-00501-4","article-title":"Comparison of a spectral microphysics and a two-moment cloud scheme: numerical simulations of the cloud-topped marine boundary layer","volume":"175","author":"Bott","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bound.-Layer Meteorol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105787_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-8095(02)00091-1","article-title":"PaFog \u2013 a new efficient forecast model of radiation fog and low-level stratiform clouds","volume":"64","author":"Bott","year":"2002","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105787_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1990)047<2153:ARFMWA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A radiation fog model with a detailed treatment of the interaction between radiative transfer and fog microphysics","volume":"47","author":"Bott","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105787_bib0035","first-page":"27","article-title":"A numerical model of the cloud-topped planetary boundary-layer: radiation, turbulence and spectral microphysics in marine stratus","volume":"132","author":"Bott","year":"1996","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105787_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7827","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-7827-2018","article-title":"Aerosol-fog interaction and the transition to well-mixed radiation fog","volume":"18","author":"Boutle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105787_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3114","DOI":"10.1029\/JD092iD03p03114","article-title":"Sulfur scavenging in a mesoscale model with quasi-spectral microphysics: two-dimensional results for continental and maritime clouds","volume":"92","author":"Chaumerliac","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105787_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1029\/WR014i004p00601","article-title":"Empirical relations for some soil hydraulic properties","volume":"14","author":"Clapp","year":"1978","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105787_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2820","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1985)042<2820:ROCSTR>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Response of cloud supersaturation to radiative forcing","volume":"42","author":"Davies","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105787_bib0060","series-title":"Parameterisation of Radiative Processes in Vertically Non-homogeneous Multiple Scattering Atmospheres","author":"Fu","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105787_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1992)049<2139:OTCDMF>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"On the correlated k-distribution method for radiative transfer in nonhomogeneous atmospheres","volume":"49","author":"Fu","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105787_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1175\/JAM2423.1","article-title":"A new visibility parameterization for warm-fog applications in numerical weather prediction models","volume":"45","author":"Gultepe","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105787_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-007-0211-x","article-title":"Fog research: a review of past achievements and future perspectives","volume":"164","author":"Gultepe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105787_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2687(08)60142-9","article-title":"The properties of atmospheric aerosol particles as functions of the relative humidity at thermodynamic equilibrium with the surrounding moist air","volume":"19","author":"H\u00e4nel","year":"1976","journal-title":"Adv. Geophys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105787_bib0085","series-title":"Landolt Bornstein, Zahlenwerte und Funktionen aus Naturwissenschaft und Technik","first-page":"391","article-title":"Aerosol physics and chemistry","author":"Jaenicke","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105787_bib0090","first-page":"1","article-title":"Numerical simulation of sea fog over the Yellow Sea: comparison between UM+PAFOG and WRF+PAFOG coupled systems","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105787_bib0095","first-page":"33","article-title":"Theorie der horizontalen Sichtweite","volume":"12","author":"Koschmieder","year":"1924","journal-title":"Beitr. Phys. Atmos."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105787_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9027","DOI":"10.1029\/90JD01945","article-title":"A description of the correlated k-distribution method for modelling nongray gaseous absorption, thermal emission, and multiple scattering in vertically inhomogeneous atmospheres","volume":"96","author":"Lacis","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105787_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49712354311","article-title":"The effects of different radiation parametrizations on cloud evolution","volume":"123","author":"Loughlin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105787_bib0110","series-title":"LM-PAFOG: A New Three-Dimensional Fog Forecast Model With Parametrised Microphysics. Oc\u00e9an, Atmosph\u00e8re","author":"Masbou","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105787_bib0115","series-title":"A Numerical Simulation of the Influence of Heat Sand Moisture Fluxes Upon Mesoscale Circulations","author":"McCumber","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105787_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1029\/RG020i004p00851","article-title":"Development of a turbulence closure model for geophysical fluid problems","volume":"20","author":"Mellor","year":"1982","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys. Space Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105787_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.705","article-title":"Three-dimensional fog forecasting in complex terrain","volume":"136","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105787_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1986)114<0398:TNSOCR>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The numerical simulation of clouds, rain, and airflow over the Vosges and Black Forest mountains: a meso-h model with parameterized microphysics","volume":"114","author":"Nickerson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105787_bib0135","series-title":"Mesoscale Meteorologial Modeling","author":"Pielke","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105787_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-16-0299.1","article-title":"LANFEX: a field and modelling study to improve our understanding and forecasting of radiation fog","volume":"99","author":"Price","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105787_bib0150","series-title":"Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation","author":"Pruppacher","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105787_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0434(1989)004<0461:TIOWOF>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The influence of weather on flight operations at the Atlanta Hartsfield International Airport","volume":"4","author":"Robinson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Weather Forecast"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105787_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00120684","article-title":"A one-dimensional simulation of the interaction between land surface processes and the atmosphere","volume":"59","author":"Siebert","year":"1992","journal-title":"Bound.-Layer Meteorol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105787_bib0165","first-page":"93","article-title":"Influence of a vegetation-soil model on the simulation of radiation fog","volume":"65","author":"Siebert","year":"1992","journal-title":"Beitr. Phys. Atmos."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105787_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-014-9973-8","article-title":"The challenge of forecasting the onset and development of radiation fog using mesoscale atmospheric models","volume":"154","author":"Steeneveld","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bound.-Layer Meteorol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105787_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-9-1541-2009","article-title":"Fog characteristics at the airport of Thessaloniki","volume":"9","author":"Stolaki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Greece Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105787_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01993560","article-title":"The nuclei of natural cloud formation part II: The supersaturation in natural clouds and the variation of cloud droplet concentration","volume":"43","author":"Twomey","year":"1959","journal-title":"Geofis. Pura Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105787_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4237","DOI":"10.1175\/2010MWR3427.1","article-title":"Modeling and forecasting the onset and duration of severe radiation fog under frost conditions","volume":"138","author":"Van der Velde","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105787_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo414","article-title":"Decline of fog, mist and haze in Europe over the past 30 years","volume":"2","author":"Vautard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105787_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1175\/WAF990.1","article-title":"Some aspects of dense fog in the Midwestern United States","volume":"22","author":"Westcott","year":"2007","journal-title":"Weather Forecast."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105787_bib0205","series-title":"International Meteorological Vocabulary","author":"WMO","year":"1992"}],"container-title":["Atmospheric Research"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0169809521003434?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0169809521003434?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T15:51:25Z","timestamp":1759247485000},"score":20.945662,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0169809521003434"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["S0169809521003434"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105787","ISSN":["0169-8095"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0169-8095","type":"print"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Comparison of a spectral microphysics and a two-moment cloud scheme: Numerical simulation of a radiation fog event","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Atmospheric Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105787","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105787"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T17:14:21Z","timestamp":1790615661260,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,1]],"date-time":"2010-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1277942400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Atmospheric Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,17]],"date-time":"2010-03-17T05:25:32Z","timestamp":1268803532000},"page":"47-69","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Chemical composition of fog water in Nanjing area of China and its related fog microphysics"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Chunsong","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengjie","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijuan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013945905410","article-title":"Fog and precipitation chemistry at Mt. Rokko in Kobe, April 1997\u2013March 1998","volume":"130","author":"Aikawa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2006.01.011","article-title":"Seven-year trend and the time and seasonal dependence of fog water collected near an industrialized area in Japan","volume":"83","author":"Aikawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmospheric Research"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2006.10.049","article-title":"Separate chemical characterizations of fog water, aerosol, and gas before, during, and after fog events near an industrialized area in Japan","volume":"41","author":"Aikawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2004.02.055","article-title":"Fog and precipitation chemistry at Delhi, North India","volume":"38","author":"Ali","year":"2004","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"issue":"30","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5105","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(99)00193-4","article-title":"Cloud chemistry in the eastern United States, as sampled from three high-elevation sites along the Appalachian Mountains","volume":"33","author":"Anderson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013801805621","article-title":"Chemical and statistical analysis of precipitation in Singapore","volume":"130","author":"Balasubramanian","year":"2001","journal-title":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28071","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD02306","article-title":"Cloud chemistry varies with drop size","volume":"102","author":"Bator","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.5194\/hessd-2-863-2005","article-title":"Chemical characterization of fog and rain water collected at the eastern Andes cordillera","volume":"2","author":"Beiderwieden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(01)00388-0","article-title":"Aerosol, precipitation and cloud water chemistry observations on the Czech Krusne Hory plateau adjacent to a heavily industrialised valley","volume":"36","author":"Bridges","year":"2002","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib10","series-title":"Global Air Pollution","first-page":"261","author":"Bridgman","year":"1994"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(03)00360-6","article-title":"Characterization of atmospheric PM10 and related chemical species in southern Taiwan during the episode days","volume":"53","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib12","series-title":"The guide to surface meteorological observation (in Chinese)","author":"China Meteorological Bureau","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1029\/94GL02480","article-title":"Acidity variations across the cloud drop size spectrum and their influence on rates of atmospheric sulfate production","volume":"21","author":"Collett","year":"1994","journal-title":"Geophysical Research Letters"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(98)00136-8","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variations in San Joaquin Valley fog chemistry","volume":"33","author":"Collett","year":"1999","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013175709931","article-title":"Aerosol particle processing and removal by fogs: observations in chemically heterogeneous central California radiation fogs","volume":"1","author":"Collett","year":"2001","journal-title":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus"},{"issue":"1\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-8095(02)00077-7","article-title":"The chemical composition of fogs and intercepted clouds in the United States","volume":"64","author":"Collett","year":"2002","journal-title":"Atmospheric Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-7788(96)00992-9","article-title":"Influence of some meteorological factors on air pollution in Trabzon city","volume":"25","author":"Cuhadaroglu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Energy and Buildings"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib18","series-title":"Precipitation Scavenging, Dry Deposition, and Resuspension","first-page":"31","article-title":"Studies of the gas- and aqueous-phase composition of stratiform clouds","author":"Daum","year":"1983"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2671","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(84)90332-9","article-title":"Measurements of the chemical composition of stratiform clouds","volume":"18","author":"Daum","year":"1984","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-8095(95)00044-5","article-title":"On the Caltech active strand cloudwater collectors","volume":"41","author":"Demoz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Atmospheric Research"},{"issue":"D17","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22869","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD01818","article-title":"Role of mineral aerosol as a reactive surface in the global troposphere","volume":"101","author":"Dentener","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib22","first-page":"190","article-title":"Characters of cloud-fog water in Lu Shan Mountain (in Chinese)","volume":"49","author":"Ding","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Meteorologica Sinica"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(99)00351-9","article-title":"Control of solute concentrations in cloud and fog water by liquid water content","volume":"34","author":"Elbert","year":"2000","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"issue":"1\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-8095(02)00081-9","article-title":"Pollutant concentrations in fog and low cloud water at selected sites of the Czech Republic","volume":"64","author":"Fisak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Atmospheric Research"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2007.12.002","article-title":"Mechanism of formation of the heaviest pollution episode ever recorded in the Yangtze River Delta, China","volume":"42","author":"Fu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8809(86)90038-1","article-title":"Chemistry of fogwater and estimated rates of occult deposition in an agricultural area of central Switzerland","volume":"17","author":"Fuhrer","year":"1986","journal-title":"Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment"},{"issue":"D5","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7159","DOI":"10.1029\/JD089iD05p07159","article-title":"Chemical composition of radiation for water at Albany, New York, and its relationship to Fog microphysics","volume":"89","author":"Fuzzi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research"},{"issue":"6\/7","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-007-0211-x","article-title":"Fog research: a review of past achievements and future perspectives","volume":"164","author":"Gultepe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pure & Applied Geophysics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib29","first-page":"426","article-title":"Acid deposition chemistry in Japan","volume":"42","author":"Hara","year":"1993","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Institution of Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01186178","article-title":"Precipitation chemistry in Japan 1989\u20131993","volume":"85","author":"Hara","year":"1995","journal-title":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4145","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(02)00198-X","article-title":"Trends of Hungarian air pollution levels on a long time-scale","volume":"36","author":"Havasi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"issue":"C15","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10883","DOI":"10.1029\/JC088iC15p10883","article-title":"Effects of heterogeneous processes on NO3, HONO, and HNO3 chemistry in the troposphere","volume":"88","author":"Heikes","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-006-9276-x","article-title":"Air pollution processing by radiation fogs","volume":"181","author":"Herckes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4817","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(99)00268-X","article-title":"The influence of drop size-dependent fog chemistry on aerosol processing by San Joaquin Valley Fogs","volume":"33","author":"Hoag","year":"1999","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2006.02.015","article-title":"A model evaluation of coarse-mode nitrate heterogeneous formation on dust particles","volume":"40","author":"Hodzic","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib36","first-page":"66","article-title":"The chemical composition of radiative fog-water industrial and non-industrial districts (in Chinese)","volume":"47","author":"Huang","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Geographica Sinica"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib37","first-page":"3","article-title":"Microphysical structure features and evolution processes of radiation fog in Huning Region (in Chinese)","volume":"24","author":"Huang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Meteorological Monthly"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013867620159","article-title":"Fog water chemistry at Mt. Oyama and its dominant factors","volume":"130","author":"Igawa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2939","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(98)00017-X","article-title":"High sulfate and nitrate concentrations in precipitation at Nagasaki impacted by long-distant and local sources","volume":"32","author":"Ishikawa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"issue":"C11","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6611","DOI":"10.1029\/JC088iC11p06611","article-title":"A dynamic model for the production of H+, NO3\u2212 , and SO42\u2212 in urban fog","volume":"88","author":"Jacob","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.1984.tb00247.x","article-title":"A field investigation of physical and chemical mechanisms affecting pollutant concentrations in fog droplets","volume":"36B","author":"Jacob","year":"1984","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1021\/es00138a013","article-title":"Chemical composition of fog water collected along the California coast","volume":"19","author":"Jacob","year":"1985","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s10874-005-9004-8","article-title":"Cloud\/fog water chemistry at a high elevation site in South Korea","volume":"55","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.2007.00287.x","article-title":"Fog deposition fluxes of water and ions to a mountainous site in Central Europe","volume":"59","author":"Klemm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tellus: Series B"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.2005.00165.x","article-title":"Deposition fluxes of chemical components of fog water at a rural site in north-east India","volume":"57","author":"Kulshrestha","year":"2005","journal-title":"Tellus: Series B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib46","first-page":"115","article-title":"The size dependent composition of fog droplets","volume":"71","author":"Laj","year":"1998","journal-title":"Contributions to Atmospheric Physics"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3731","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(03)00350-9","article-title":"Fog frequency and chemical composition of fog water \u2014 a relevant contribution to atmospheric deposition in the eastern Erzgebirge, Germany","volume":"37","author":"Lange","year":"2003","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2008.09.047","article-title":"Vegetation fire emissions and their impact on air pollution and climate","volume":"43","author":"Langmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.1029\/91JD02739","article-title":"The relationship between cloud droplet number concentrations and anthropogenic pollution: observations and climatic implications","volume":"97","author":"Leaitch","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib50","first-page":"616","article-title":"Study of fog in China over the past 40years (in Chinese)","volume":"59","author":"Li","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Meteorologica Sinica"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-1686(92)90085-Y","article-title":"Regional analysis of cloud chemistry at high elevations in the eastern United States","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"1992","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment. Part A"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib52","first-page":"477","article-title":"Physical and chemical characteristics of the Chongqing winter fog (in Chinese)","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Meteorologica Sinica"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib53","first-page":"63","article-title":"Spatial\/temporal variabilities of chemical constituents fog water sampled in Chongqing (in Chinese)","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Nanjing Institute of Meteorology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib54","first-page":"623","article-title":"Burst characteristics during the development of radiation fog (in Chinese)","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Atmospheric Sciences"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib55","first-page":"622","article-title":"Physical structures of the five-day sustained fog around Nanjing in 1996 (in Chinese)","volume":"57","author":"Li","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Meteorologica Sinica"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(02)00193-0","article-title":"Characterization of the major chemical species in PM2.5 in the Kaohsiung City, Taiwan","volume":"36","author":"Lin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005021209478","article-title":"Evaluation of the characteristics of acid precipitation in Taipei, Taiwan using cluster analysis","volume":"113","author":"Lin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib58","first-page":"30","article-title":"Preliminary study on the characteristics of acid fog in Minnan area (in Chinese)","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Research of Environmental Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-1686(92)90073-T","article-title":"Nitrate formation on sea salts and mineral particles \u2014 a single particle approach","volume":"26A","author":"Mamane","year":"1992","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"issue":"D7","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8391","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD900025","article-title":"Global emissions of hydrogen chloride and chloromethane from coal combustion, incineration and industrial activities: reactive chlorine emissions inventory","volume":"104","author":"McCulloch","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(2000)039<0887:CHACDS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Chemical heterogeneity across cloud droplet size spectra in continental and marine air masses","volume":"39","author":"Menon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Meteorology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0269-7491(96)00064-4","article-title":"Chemical composition of fogwater in an urban area: Strasbourg (France)","volume":"94","author":"Millet","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3363","DOI":"10.1016\/1352-2310(96)00029-5","article-title":"Evaluation of chemical composition in fog water near the summit of a high mountain in Japan","volume":"30","author":"Minami","year":"1996","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib64","first-page":"22","article-title":"The fog water acidity and chemical composition in Zhoushan region (in Chinese)","volume":"8","author":"Mo","year":"1989","journal-title":"Shanghai Environmental Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2003.12.013","article-title":"Drop size-dependent chemical composition in clouds and fogs. Part I. Observations","volume":"38","author":"Moore","year":"2004","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-8095(97)00071-9","article-title":"Inorganic water soluble ions in atmospheric particles over Maracaibo Lake Basin in the western region of Venezuela","volume":"46","author":"Morales","year":"1998","journal-title":"Atmospheric Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2153-3490.1966.tb00236.x","article-title":"Measurement of pH and chemical analysis of rain, snow and fog water","volume":"18","author":"Mrose","year":"1966","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5109","DOI":"10.1029\/JC088iC09p05109","article-title":"Fog water chemistry in an urban atmosphere","volume":"88","author":"Munger","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0957-1272(90)90025-P","article-title":"Fogwater chemistry at Riverside, California","volume":"24","author":"Munger","year":"1990","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2003.10.012","article-title":"Influence of coal particle size distribution on particulate matter emission and its chemical species produced during coal combustion","volume":"85","author":"Ninomiya","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fuel Processing Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib71","unstructured":"Niu, S., Lu, C., Liu, Y., Zhao, L., Lv, J., Yang, J., 2010. A Case Study of Heavy Fog Microphysical Structure with a Droplet Spectrometer. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences. (Accepted)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9477","DOI":"10.1029\/JD093iD08p09477","article-title":"Cloud droplets: solute concentration is size-dependent","volume":"93","author":"Noone","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0889.1992.t01-1-00010.x","article-title":"Measurements of the size dependence of the concentration of non-volatile material in fog droplets","volume":"44B","author":"Ogren","year":"1992","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"issue":"D10","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12911","DOI":"10.1029\/JD094iD10p12911","article-title":"Mathematical modeling of acid deposition due to radiation fog","volume":"94","author":"Pandis","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-1686(90)90529-V","article-title":"Chemical composition differences in fog and cloud droplets of different sizes","volume":"24","author":"Pandis","year":"1990","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment Part A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1080\/10473289.1991.10466903","article-title":"Continuous PM10 Measurement using the tapered element oscillating microbalance","volume":"47","author":"Patashnick","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Air and Waste Management Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib77","volume":"vol. 2","author":"Petterssen","year":"1956"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00696620","article-title":"Mass transfer at the air\/water interface: mass accommodation coefficients of SO2, HNO3, NO2 and NH3","volume":"16","author":"Ponche","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(83)90057-4","article-title":"Comments on the oxidation of NO2 to nitrate \u2014 day and night","volume":"17","author":"Richards","year":"1983","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"issue":"432","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib80","first-page":"313","article-title":"The physics of radiation fog: I \u2014 a field study","volume":"102","author":"Roach","year":"1976","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2004.11.039","article-title":"Relative contribution of chemical composition to acidification of sea fog (stratus) over the northern North Pacific and its marginal seas","volume":"39","author":"Sasakawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2671","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(96)00218-X","article-title":"A two-stage impactor for fog droplet collection: design and performance","volume":"31","author":"Schell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2561","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(96)00286-5","article-title":"The size-dependent chemical composition of cloud droplets","volume":"31","author":"Schell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.1016\/1352-2310(95)00153-P","article-title":"High elevation fog and precipitation chemistry in southern Quebec, Canada","volume":"29","author":"Schemenauer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib85","series-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change","author":"Seinfeld","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib86","volume":"vol. 219","author":"Seinfield","year":"1986"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013818209255","article-title":"Source identification of rural precipitation chemistry in japan","volume":"130","author":"Seto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib88","first-page":"305","article-title":"Acid precipitation in Eastern Asia","volume":"59","author":"Tsuruta","year":"1989","journal-title":"Kagaku"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(96)00337-8","article-title":"Ionic and trace element composition of cloud water collected on the Olympic peninsula of Washington state","volume":"31","author":"Vong","year":"1997","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib90","series-title":"Advances in Chemistry Series No. 216 Sources and Fates of Aquatic Pollutants","first-page":"79","article-title":"Depositional aspects of pollutant behavior in fog and intercepted clouds","author":"Waldman","year":"1987"},{"issue":"4573","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1126\/science.218.4573.677","article-title":"Chemical composition of acid fog","volume":"218","author":"Waldman","year":"1982","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.1985.tb00058.x","article-title":"Chemical characterization of stratus cloud-water and its role as a vector for pollutant deposition in a Los Angeles pine forest","volume":"37B","author":"Waldman","year":"1985","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(01)00550-7","article-title":"Characterization of water-soluble species of PM10 and PM2.5 aerosols in urban area in Nanjing, China","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2893","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(03)00271-1","article-title":"Chemical characterization of water-soluble components of PM10 and PM2.5 atmospheric aerosols in five locations of Nanjing, China","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib95","first-page":"134","article-title":"The distribution and seasonal variations of fog in China (in Chinese)","volume":"60","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Geographica Sinica"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2006.02.021","article-title":"Fog and rain water chemistry at Mt. Fuji: a case study during the September 2002 campaign","volume":"82","author":"Watanabe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmospheric Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(00)00171-5","article-title":"PM2.5 chemical source profiles for vehicle exhaust, vegetative burning, geological material, and coal burning in Northwestern Colorado during 1995","volume":"43","author":"Watson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(84)90073-8","article-title":"On the nature of nitrate in coarse continental aerosols","volume":"18","author":"Wolff","year":"1984","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(99)00348-9","article-title":"Summertime fog chemistry at a mountainous site in central Europe","volume":"34","author":"Wrzesinsky","year":"2000","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib100","first-page":"476","article-title":"The study of fog-water chemical composition in Dayaoshan of Nanling Mountain (in Chinese)","volume":"62","author":"Wu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Meteorologica Sinica"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.03.010","article-title":"The chemical composition of inorganic and carbonaceous materials in PM2.5 in Nanjing, China","volume":"39","author":"Yang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4223","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(02)00342-4","article-title":"The water-soluble ionic composition of PM2.5 in Shanghai and Beijing, China","volume":"36","author":"Yao","year":"2002","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(77)90113-5","article-title":"Meteorological factors affecting SO2 pollution levels in venice","volume":"11","author":"Zannetti","year":"1977","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-007-9467-0","article-title":"Chemical characterization of rain and fog water in the Cervenohorske sedlo (Hruby Jesenik Mountains, Czech Republic)","volume":"186","author":"Zapletal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007_bib105","first-page":"316","article-title":"Chemical compositions of the city and suburban of Xishuangbanna (in Chinese)","volume":"20","author":"Zhu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae"}],"container-title":["Atmospheric Research"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0169809510000566?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0169809510000566?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,12]],"date-time":"2018-12-12T09:53:34Z","timestamp":1544608414000},"score":20.926105,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0169809510000566"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0169809510000566"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.03.007","ISSN":["0169-8095"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0169-8095","type":"print"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T15:11:32Z","timestamp":1790781092831,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Atmospheric Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T20:23:59Z","timestamp":1720470239000},"page":"107570","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"special_numbering":"C","title":["In-situ measurements of fog microphysics: Visibility parameterization and estimation of fog droplet sedimentation velocity"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"309","author":[{"given":"Narendra","family":"Nelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Francis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachid","family":"Abida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Masson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Bosc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos8120242","article-title":"Analysis of the long-term variability of poor visibility events in the UAE and the link with climate dynamics","volume":"8","author":"Aldababseh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"issue":"499","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0010","first-page":"623","article-title":"Size-resolved measurements of cloud droplet deposition velocity to a forest canopy using an eddy correlation technique","volume":"117","author":"Beswick","year":"1991","journal-title":"Q.J Royal Met. Soc."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7827","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-7827-2018","article-title":"Aerosol\u2013fog interaction and the transition to well-mixed radiation fog","volume":"18","author":"Boutle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"6\u20137","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-007-0213-8","article-title":"Dynamical nighttime fog\/low stratus detection based on meteosat SEVIRI data: a feasibility study","volume":"164","author":"Cermak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2014.05.027","article-title":"Vertical distribution of microphysical properties in radiation fogs \u2014 a case study","volume":"151","author":"Egli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"issue":"6\u20137","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-007-0214-7","article-title":"Inferring low cloud base heights at night for aviation using satellite infrared and surface temperature data","volume":"164","author":"Ellrod","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.7291","article-title":"Climatology of the heat low and the intertropical discontinuity in the Arabian Peninsula","volume":"42","author":"Fonseca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2022.106506","article-title":"Regional atmospheric circulation patterns driving consecutive fog events in the United Arab Emirates","volume":"282","author":"Fonseca","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-17-0278.1","article-title":"The Aerosols, Radiation and Clouds in southern Africa (AEROCLO-sA) field campaign in Namibia: overview, illustrative observations and way forward","author":"Formenti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105364","article-title":"Summertime dust storms over the Arabian Peninsula and impacts on radiation, circulation, cloud development and rain","volume":"250","author":"Francis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2022.119539","article-title":"On the Middle East\u2019s severe dust storms in spring 2022: Triggers and impacts","volume":"296","author":"Francis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-21-0197.1","article-title":"WiFEX: walk into the warm fog over Indo Gangetic Plain region","author":"Ghude","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc."},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-011-0270-x","article-title":"The relation between humidity and liquid water content in fog: an experimental approach","volume":"169","author":"Gonser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1256\/qj.03.120","article-title":"Aircraft observations of cloud droplet number concentration: Implications for climate studies","volume":"130","author":"Gultepe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"issue":"6\u20137","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-007-0212-9","article-title":"Microphysical observations and mesoscale model simulation of a warm fog case during FRAM project","volume":"164","author":"Gultepe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0080","first-page":"4182","article-title":"Dynamical structure and turbulence in cirrus clouds: Aircraft observations during FIRE","volume":"52","author":"Gultepe","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1996)009<0345:POMSMB>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Parameterizations of Marine Stratus Microphysics based on in Situ Observations: Implications for GCMS","volume":"9","author":"Gultepe","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.582","article-title":"Variability of cloud microphysical and optical parameters obtained from aircraft and satellite remote sensing during RACE","volume":"21","author":"Gultepe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1175\/JAM2423.1","article-title":"A new visibility parameterization for warm-fog applications in numerical weather prediction models","volume":"45","author":"Gultepe","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1175\/2008BAMS2354.1","article-title":"The fog remote sensing and modeling field project","volume":"90","author":"Gultepe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0110","series-title":"Marine Fog: A Review on Microphysics and Visibility Prediction, in Marine Fog: Challenges and Advancements in Observations, Modeling, and Forecasting","first-page":"345","author":"Gultepe","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-018-1880-3","article-title":"A meteorological supersite for aviation and cold weather applications","volume":"176","author":"Gultepe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-021-00659-5","article-title":"A review of coastal fog microphysics during C-FOG","author":"Gultepe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bound.-Layer Meteorol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-021-00622-4","article-title":"Coastal-fog microphysics using in-situ observations and Goes-R retrievals","volume":"181","author":"Gultepe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bound.-Layer Meteorol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0130","series-title":"Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS)","article-title":"ERA5 hourly data on pressure levels from 1979 to present [Dataset]","author":"Hersbach","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0135","series-title":"Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS)","article-title":"ERA5 hourly data on single levels from 1979 to present [Dataset]","author":"Hersbach","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0140","series-title":"Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS)","article-title":"ERA5 monthly averaged data on pressure levels from 1979 to present [Dataset]","author":"Hersbach","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0145","series-title":"Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS)","article-title":"ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1979 to present [Dataset]","author":"Hersbach","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2020.117339","article-title":"Fogwater deposition of radiocesium in the forested mountains of East Japan during the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident: a key process in regional radioactive contamination","volume":"224","author":"Imamura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1984)023<0034:PODTVA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Parameterization of droplet terminal velocity and extinction coefficient in fog models","volume":"23","author":"Kunkel","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s12210-022-01060-1","article-title":"A review on factors influencing fog formation, classification, forecasting, detection and impacts","volume":"33","author":"Lakra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rend. Fis. Acc. Lincei"},{"issue":"2019","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0165","article-title":"Dense fog burst reinforcement over Eastern China: a review","volume":"230","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos12121666","article-title":"Review on Parameterization Schemes of Visibility in fog and Brief Discussion of applications Performance","volume":"12","author":"Long","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JD031155","article-title":"Does ERA-5 outperform other reanalysis products for hydrologic applications in India?","author":"Mahto","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4323","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-19-4323-2019","article-title":"Experimental study of the aerosol impact on fog microphysics","volume":"19","author":"Mazoyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3181","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-20-0073.1","article-title":"On the investigation of the typology of fog events in an Arid Environment and the link with climate patterns","volume":"148","author":"Mohan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0190","article-title":"Characteristics of atmospheric aerosols over the UAE inferred from CALIPSO and Sun Photometer Aerosol Optical Depth","author":"Nelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earth Space Sci. Open Archive"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105788","article-title":"The atmospheric controls of extreme convective events over the southern Arabian Peninsula during the spring season","volume":"262","author":"Nelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2020.3003084","article-title":"Anatomy of the annular solar eclipse of 26 december 2019 and its impact on land\u2013 atmosphere interactions over an arid region","volume":"18","author":"Nelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2022.972380","article-title":"Characterization of the atmospheric circulation near the empty quarter Desert during major weather events","volume":"10","author":"Nelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0210","article-title":"First measurements of electric field variability during fog events in the United Arab Emirates","volume":"220","author":"Nelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceano.2021.07.001","article-title":"Validation and statistical analysis of the Group for High Resolution Sea Surface Temperature data in the Arabian Gulf","volume":"63","author":"Nesterov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oceanologia"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-010-8192-6","article-title":"Analysis of the microphysical structure of heavy fog using a droplet spectrometer: a case study","volume":"27","author":"Niu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0225","article-title":"Fog scavenging of particulate matters in air pollution events: observation and simulation in the Yangtze River Delta, China","volume":"2023","author":"Qian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jastp.2018.03.014","article-title":"Surface layer structure for ten categories of land surfaces of the Indian region with instrumented Mini Boundary Layer Mast Network (MBLM-Net) establishment during PRWONAM","volume":"173","author":"Rao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.1029\/2018GL080392","article-title":"On moisture flux of the indian summer monsoon: a new perspective","volume":"46","author":"Rao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jastp.2013.01.001","article-title":"Near surface atmospheric response to the Total Solar Eclipse at Dibrugarh on 22 July 2009","volume":"95\u201396","author":"Rao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jastp.2017.11.017","article-title":"Contrasting variations in the surface layer structure between the convective and non-convective periods in the summer monsoon season for Bangalore location during PRWONAM","volume":"167","author":"Reddy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2004.12.005","article-title":"A network suitable microwave radiometer for operational monitoring of the cloudy atmosphere","volume":"75","author":"Rose","year":"2005","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-83-7-Schmetz-2","article-title":"Supplement to an introduction to meteosat second generation (MSG)","volume":"83","author":"Schmetz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2019.06.011","article-title":"Development of a new visibility parameterization based on the measurement of fog microphysics at a Mountain Site in Korea","volume":"229","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5135381","article-title":"Evaluation of the reanalysis surface solar radiation from NCEP, ECMWF, NASA, and JMA using surface observations for Balochistan, Pakistan","volume":"12","author":"Tahir","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Renew. Sustain. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2021JD034648","article-title":"WRF gray-zone simulations of precipitation over the Middle-East and the UAE: impacts of physical parameterizations and resolution","volume":"126","author":"Taraphdar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2016.11.0519","article-title":"Determination of fog-droplet deposition velocity from a simple weighing method","volume":"18","author":"Tav","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Qual. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2019.104652","article-title":"On the analysis of ground-based microwave radiometer data during fog conditions","volume":"231","author":"Temimi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2993","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-15-2993-2022","article-title":"Intercomparison of holographic imaging and single-particle forward light scattering in situ measurements of liquid clouds in changing atmospheric conditions","volume":"15","author":"Tiitta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(96)00056-8","article-title":"Fog deposition on a coniferous forest in the Netherlands","volume":"31","author":"Vermeulen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb9062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12142281","article-title":"Application of a nighttime fog detection method using SEVIRI over an arid environment, , 12(14), 2281","volume":"12","author":"Weston","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens (Basel)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-20-0168.1","article-title":"A fog climatology at Abu Dhabi international airport","volume":"60","author":"Weston","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2020.2972597","article-title":"On the analysis of the low-level double temperature inversion over the United Arab Emirates: a case study during April 2019","volume":"18","author":"Weston","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0310","article-title":"The first characterization of fog microphysics in the United Arab Emirates, an arid region on the Arabian Peninsula, Earth and Space","volume":"9","author":"Weston","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570_bb0315","series-title":"Aerodrome Reports and Forecasts: A User\u2019s Handbook to the Codes","first-page":"81","author":"WMO","year":"2008"}],"container-title":["Atmospheric Research"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0169809524003521?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0169809524003521?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T22:26:24Z","timestamp":1724711184000},"score":20.826809,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0169809524003521"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"references-count":62,"alternative-id":["S0169809524003521"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570","ISSN":["0169-8095"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0169-8095","type":"print"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"In-situ measurements of fog microphysics: Visibility parameterization and estimation of fog droplet sedimentation velocity","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Atmospheric Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107570","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107570"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T04:27:46Z","timestamp":1742358466210,"version":"3.40.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]]},"group-title":"display","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Similar to other types of clouds, the properties and evolution of fog are potentially sensitive to the interaction withaerosols. Assuming constant liquid water content, an increase in the aerosol concentration leads to water vapor competition, resulting in smaller droplet sizes and higher cloud droplet number concentrations. These changes can further influence the microphysical processes of fog, such as droplet sedimentation and aerosol regeneration (aerosol release upon droplet evaporation). However, substantial uncertainties in the representation of these processes pose challenges for accurately simulating fog evolution and for investigating the impact of aerosols on fog characteristics in climate models.This study employs the large-eddy model MISU-MIT Cloud and Aerosol (MIMICA) to conduct case studies on wintertime radiation fog in the Po Valley, Italy. Observational data from the Fog and Aerosol InteRAction Research Italy (FAIRARI) campaign during the winter of 2021\/22 were used as model input and simulation evaluation. Improvements of the parameterisation schemes in MIMICA were implemented, including surface forcing, warm air advection, droplet sedimentation, and aerosol hygroscopic growth. A series of one-at-a-time sensitivity experiments were performed based on the reference case.Preliminary results indicate that the lifecycle and microphysical properties of wintertime radiation fog (e.g., droplet concentration, droplet size, and liquid water content) are sensitive to the representation of aerosol size distribution. Furthermore, an accurate description of microphysical processes is critical for capturing fog characteristics. For instance, neglecting droplet sedimentation can lead to a significant overestimation (by approximately an order of magnitude) of fog liquid water; the fog layer structure shows a significant response to different predefined parameters of droplet size distribution; aerosol hygroscopic growth plays a pivotal role in reproducing the water vapor budget and fog liquid water. We also find that an accurate representation of the meteorological conditions, such as surface temperature and humidity variations, is key for capturing the timing of fog onset and dissipation.Financial support from the European Union&amp;#8217;s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (project FORCeS No 821205) and the Swedish Research council (No 2020-04158) is gratefully acknowledged.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/egusphere-egu25-12588","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]],"date-time":"2025-03-15T00:43:01Z","timestamp":1741999381000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The importance of aerosol and cloud microphysics on the properties and lifecycle of wintertime radiation fog in Po Valley"],"prefix":"10.5194","author":[{"given":"Hao","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9697-3058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Almuth","family":"Neuberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7141-9060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rahul","family":"Ranjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7837-967X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liine","family":"Heikkinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0588-9411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karam","family":"Mansour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6486-3786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Decesari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilona","family":"Riipinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7000-6879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Zieger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5940-2114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annica","family":"M. L. Ekman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3145","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T13:10:59Z","timestamp":1742303459000},"score":20.441677,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/meetingorganizer.copernicus.org\/EGU25\/EGU25-12588.html"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/egusphere-egu25-12588","published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]]},"subtype":"other"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T22:17:54Z","timestamp":1785536274010,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2-3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]],"date-time":"2021-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622073600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]],"date-time":"2021-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"name":"US ONR","award":["N00014-18-2472"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N00014-18-2472"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Boundary-Layer Meteorol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-021-00622-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]],"date-time":"2021-05-27T15:30:31Z","timestamp":1622129431000},"page":"203-226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Coastal-Fog Microphysics Using In-Situ Observations and GOES-R Retrievals"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"181","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8433-5953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I.","family":"Gultepe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Pardyjak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. W.","family":"Hoch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. J. S.","family":"Fernando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Dorman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. D.","family":"Flagg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Krishnamurthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Q.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Gaber\u0161ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Creegan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Scantland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Desjardins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Heidinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Pavolonis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. J.","family":"Heymsfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"622_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2018.1483085","author":"SH Arun","year":"2018","unstructured":"Arun SH, Chaurasia S, Misra A, Kumar A (2018) Fog stability index: a novel technique for fog\/low clouds detection using multi-satellites data over the Indo-Gangetic plains during winter season. Int J Remote Sens. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01431161.2018.1483085","journal-title":"Int J Remote Sens"},{"key":"622_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH1771.1","volume":"22","author":"L Bianco","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bianco L, Cimini D, Marzano FS, Ware R (2005) Combining microwave radiometer and wind profiler radar measurements for high-resolution atmospheric humidity profiling. J Atmos Oceanic Technol 22:949\u2013965. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/JTECH1771.1","journal-title":"J Atmos Oceanic Technol"},{"key":"622_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2018.11.030","volume":"265","author":"PRL Bittencourt","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bittencourt PRL, Barros FV, Eller CB, Muller CS, Oliveira RS (2019) The fog regime in a tropical montane cloud forest in Brazil and its effects on, water, light and microclimate. Agric For Meteorol 265:359\u2013369","journal-title":"Agric For Meteorol"},{"key":"622_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3348","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1998)055<3348:ETSAEO>2.0.CO;2","volume":"55","author":"JM Cohard","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cohard JM, Pinty JP, Bedos C (1998) Extending Twomey\u2019s analytical estimate of nucleated cloud droplet concentrations from CCN spectra. J Atmos Sci 55:3348\u20133357","journal-title":"J Atmos Sci"},{"key":"622_CR5","unstructured":"Dimitrova R, Sharma A, Fernando HJS, Gultepe I, Danchovski V, Wagh S, Bardoel S, Wang S (2021) WRF model simulations for coastal fog prediction. Boundary-Layer Meteorol (in press)"},{"key":"622_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16029","DOI":"10.1029\/95JC00964","volume":"100","author":"CE Dorman","year":"1995","unstructured":"Dorman CE, Winant CD (1995) Buoy observations of the atmosphere along the west coast of the United States, 1981\u20131990. J Geophys Res 100:16029\u201316044","journal-title":"J Geophys Res"},{"key":"622_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dorman CE, Hoch SW, Gultepe I, Fernando HJS, Krishnamurthy R (2021) Large scale synoptic weather systems and fog during the C-FOG field experiment. Boundary-Layer Meteorol (in press).","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-021-00641-1"},{"key":"622_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.6200","volume":"40","author":"CE Dorman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dorman CE, Mejia J, Koracin D, McEvoy D (2019) World marine fog analysis based on 58 years of ship observations. Int J Climatol 40:145\u2013168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/joc.6200","journal-title":"Int J Climatol"},{"key":"622_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-007-0214-7","volume":"164","author":"GP Ellrod","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ellrod GP, Gultepe I (2007) Inferring low cloud base heights at night for aviation using satellite infrared and surface temperature data. Pure Appl Geophys 164:1193\u20131205","journal-title":"Pure Appl Geophys"},{"key":"622_CR10","first-page":"266","volume":"113","author":"JR Eyre","year":"1984","unstructured":"Eyre JR, Brownscombe JL, Allam RJ (1984) Detection of fog at night using AVHRR imagery. Meteorol Mag 113:266\u2013271","journal-title":"Meteorol Mag"},{"issue":"5","key":"622_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.23.000652","volume":"23","author":"FG Fernald","year":"1984","unstructured":"Fernald FG (1984) Analysis of atmospheric Lidar observations: some comments. Appl Opt 23(5):652\u2013653","journal-title":"Appl Opt"},{"key":"622_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-13-00131.1","volume":"96","author":"HJS Fernando","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fernando HJS, Pardyjak ER, Sabatino SD, Chow FK, De Wekker SF, Hoch SW, Hacker J, Pace JC, Pratt T, Pu Z, Steenburgh WJ, Whiteman CD, Wang Y, Zajic D, Balsley B, Dimitrova R, Emmitt GD, Higgins CW, Hunt JC, Knievel JC, Lawrence D, Liu Y, Nadeau DF, Kit E, Blomquist BW, Conry P, Coppersmith RS, Creegan E, Felton M, Grachev A, Gunawardena N, Hang C, Hocut CM, Huynh G, Jeglum ME, Jensen D, Kulandaivelu V, Lehner M, Leo LS, Liberzon D, Massey JD, McEnerney K, Pal S, PriceT T, Sghiatti M, Silver Z, Thompson M, Zhang H, Zsedrovits Z (2015) The MATERHORN: unraveling the intricacies of mountain weather. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 96:1945\u20131967. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/BAMS-D-13-00131.1","journal-title":"Bull Am Meteorol Soc"},{"key":"622_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-19-0070.11880-3,176,1977-2017","author":"HJS Fernando","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fernando HJS, Gultepe I, Dorman C, Pardyjak E, Wang Q, Hoch S, Richter D, Creegan E, Gaber\u0161ek S, Bullock T, Hocut C, Chang R, Alappattu D, Dimitrova R, Flagg D, Grachev A, Krishnamurthy R, Singh DJ, Lozovatsky I, Nagare B, Sharma A, Wagh S, Wainwright C, Wroblewski M, Yamaguchi R, Bardoel S, Coppersmith RS, Chisholm N, Gonzales E, Gunawardena N, Hyde O, Morrison T, Olson A, Perelet A, Perrie W, Wang S, Wauer B (2021) C-FOG: life of coastal fog. Bull AMS. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/BAMS-D-19-0070.11880-3,176,1977-2017","journal-title":"Bull AMS"},{"key":"622_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-007-0212-9","volume":"164","author":"I Gultepe","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gultepe I, Milbrandt J (2007) Microphysical observations and mesoscale model simulation of a warm fog case during FRAM project. Pure Appl Geophys 164:1161\u20131178","journal-title":"Pure Appl Geophys"},{"key":"622_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1175\/JAM2423.1","volume":"45","author":"I Gultepe","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gultepe I, M\u00fcller MD, Boybeyi Z (2006) A new warm fog parametrization scheme for numerical weather prediction models. J Appl Meteorol 45:1469\u20131480","journal-title":"J Appl Meteorol"},{"key":"622_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1175\/WAF1011.1","volume":"22","author":"I Gultepe","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gultepe I, Pagowski M, Reid J (2007) Using surface data to validate a satellite based fog detection scheme. J Weather Forecast 22:444\u2013456","journal-title":"J Weather Forecast"},{"key":"622_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1175\/2008BAMS2354.1","volume":"90","author":"I Gultepe","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gultepe I, Pearson G, Milbrandt J, Hansen B, Platnick S, Taylor P, Gordon M, Oakley J, Cober S (2009) The fog remote sensing and modeling field project. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 90:341\u2013359","journal-title":"Bull Am Meteorol Soc"},{"key":"622_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-012-0582-5,171,59-85","author":"I Gultepe","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gultepe I, Isaac GA, Joe P, Kucera P, Th\u00e9riault J, Fisico T (2014) Roundhouse (RND) mountain top research site: measurements and uncertainties for winter alpine weather conditions. J Pure Appl Geophys. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00024-012-0582-5,171,59-85","journal-title":"J Pure Appl Geophys"},{"issue":"9","key":"622_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2983","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-016-1374-0","volume":"173","author":"I Gultepe","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gultepe I, Fernando HJS, Pardyjak ER, Hoch SW, Silver Z, Creegan E, Leo LS, Pu Z, De Wekker SFJ, Hang C (2016) An overview of the MATERHORN fog project: observations and predictability. Pure Appl Geophys 173(9):2983\u20133010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00024-016-1374-0","journal-title":"Pure Appl Geophys"},{"key":"622_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gultepe I, Milbrandt JA, Zhou B (2017a) Marine fog a review on microphysics and visibility prediction: A chapter. In: The book of Marine fog challenges and advancements in observations, modeling, and forecasting. Springer, Berlin, pp 537 345\u2013394","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-45229-6_7"},{"key":"622_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gultepe I, Heymsfield AJ, Gallagher M, Ickes L, Baumgardner D (2017b) Ice fog: the current state of knowledge and future challenges. Chapter 4, Ice formation and Evolution in Clouds and Precipitation: Measurement and Modelling Challenges. AMS Meteorological Monographs. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D-17-0002.1, 58, 4.1\u20134.24","DOI":"10.1175\/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D-17-0002.1"},{"key":"622_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-019-02168-6","volume":"176","author":"I Gultepe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gultepe I, Sharman R, Williams PD, Zhou B, Ellrod G, Minnis P, Trier S, Griffin S, Yum SS, Gharabaghi B, Feltz F, Temini M, Pu Z, Storer LN, Kneringer P, Weston MJ, Chuang HY, Thobois L, Dimri AP, Dietz SJ, Gutenberg BF, SJ, Almeida MV, Neto FLA (2019a) A review of high impact weather for aviation meteorology. Pure Appl Geophy 176:1869\u20131923","journal-title":"Pure Appl Geophy"},{"key":"622_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-018-1880-3","volume":"176","author":"I Gultepe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gultepe I, Agelin-Chaab M, J. Komar J, Elfstrom G, Boudala F, Zhou B (2019b) A meteorological supersite for aviation and cold weather applications. Pure Appl Geophys 176:1977\u20132017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00024-018-1880-3","journal-title":"Pure Appl Geophys"},{"key":"622_CR21","unstructured":"Gultepe I, Fernando HJS, Pardyjak E, Hoch ES, Heymsfield AJ (2020a) Hurricane impact on visibility, Paper # 8.2, 18th symposium on the coastal environment, american meteorological society 100th annual meeting. Boston, 12\u201316 January, 2020"},{"key":"622_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gultepe I, Heymsfield AJ, Gallagher M (2020b) Arctic ice fog: its microphysics and prediction, Chapter 6 in the book of Physics and Chemistry of the Arctic Atmosphere, Edited by A. Kokhanovsky and Claudio Tomasi. Springer Nature, Switzerland AG. pp 361\u2013414. ISBN 978-3-030-33565-6. https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-33566-3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-33566-3"},{"key":"622_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gultepe I, Fernando HJS, Pardyjak E, Wang Q, Hocut C, Creegan E, Hoch SW, Dorman C, Flagg DD, Bullock T, Yamaguchi R, Krishnamurthy R, Wagh S, Heymsfield AJ, Gaber\u0161ek S, Perrie W (2021) A review of coastal fog microphysics during C-FOG. Boundary-Layer Meteorol (in Press)","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-021-00659-5"},{"key":"622_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1175\/2009BAMS2671.1","volume":"91","author":"M Haeffelin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Haeffelin M, Bergot T, Elias T, Tardif R, Carrer D, Chazette P, Colomb M, Drobinski P, Dupont E, Dupont J, Gomes L, Musson-Genon L, Pietras C, Plana-Fattori A, Protat A, Rangognio J, Raut J, R\u00e9my S, Richard D, Sciare J, Zhang X (2010) Parisfog. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 91:767\u2013783. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/2009BAMS2671.1","journal-title":"Bull Am Meteorol Soc"},{"key":"622_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heidinger AK, Goldberg MD, Tarpley D, Jelenak A,, Pavolonis MJ (2005) A new AVHRR cloud climatology. Applications with weather satellites II, vol 5658, Bellingham, SPIE, pp 197\u2013205","DOI":"10.1117\/12.579047"},{"key":"622_CR25","unstructured":"Holtslag MC, Steeneveld GJ, Holtslag AAM (2010) Fog forecasting: \u201cold fashioned\u201d semi-empirical methods from radio sounding observations versus \u201cmodern\u201d numerical models. In: 5th International conference on fog, fog collection and dew M\u00fcnster, Germany, 25\u201330 July 2010"},{"key":"622_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS-D-15-0383.1","volume":"74","author":"AL Igel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Igel AL, Van den Heever SC (2017) The importance of the shape of cloud droplet size distributions in shallow cumulus clouds. Part II: bulk microphysics simulations. J Atmos Sci 74:259\u2013273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/JAS-D-15-0383.1","journal-title":"J Atmos Sci"},{"key":"622_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2246","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-13-0363.1","volume":"53","author":"H Ishida","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ishida H, Miura HK, Matsuda T, Ogawara K, Goto A, Matsuura K, Sato Y, Nakajima TY (2014) Investigation of low-cloud characteristics using mesoscale numerical model data for improvement of fog-detection performance by satellite remote sensing. J Appl Meteorol Climatol 53:2246\u20132263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/JAMC-D-13-0363.1","journal-title":"J Appl Meteorol Climatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"622_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.20.000211","volume":"20","author":"JD Klett","year":"1981","unstructured":"Klett JD (1981) Stable analytical inversion solution for processing lidar returns. Appl Opt 20(2):211\u2013220","journal-title":"Appl Opt"},{"key":"622_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1175\/2008JTECHA1150.1","volume":"26","author":"KR Knupp","year":"2009","unstructured":"Knupp KR, Coleman T, Phillips D, Ware R, Cimini D, VandenbergheF VJ, Westwater E (2009) Ground-based passive microwave profiling during dynamic weather conditions. J Atmos Oceanic Technol 26:1057\u20131073. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/2008JTECHA1150.1","journal-title":"J Atmos Oceanic Technol"},{"key":"622_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1984)023<0034:PODTVA>2.0.CO;2","volume":"23","author":"BA Kunkel","year":"1984","unstructured":"Kunkel BA (1984) Parameterization of droplet terminal velocity and extinction coefficient in fog models. J Appl Meteorol 23:34\u201341","journal-title":"J Appl Meteorol"},{"issue":"2004","key":"622_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266467404001890","volume":"20","author":"WM Liu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Liu WM (2004) Water input from fog drip in the tropical seasonal rain forest of Xishuangbanna. South-West China J Trop Ecol 20(2004):517\u2013524","journal-title":"South-West China J Trop Ecol"},{"key":"622_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-2016-103","volume":"1","author":"M Mazoyer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mazoyer M, Burnet F, Roberts GC, Haeffelin M, Dupont JCxElias T (2016) Experimental study of the aerosol impact on fog microphysics. Atmos Chem Phys Discuss 1:21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-2016-103","journal-title":"Atmos Chem Phys Discuss"},{"key":"622_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-88-10-1589","volume":"88","author":"JR Mecikalski","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mecikalski JR, Feltz WF, Murray JJ, Johnson DB, Bedka KM, Bedka ST, Wimmers AJ, Pavolonis M, Berendes TA, Haggerty J, Minnis P, Bernstein B, Williams E (2007) Aviation applications for satellite-based observations of cloud properties, convection initiation, in-flight icing, turbulence, and volcanic ash. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 88:1589\u20131607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/BAMS-88-10-1589","journal-title":"Bull Am Meteorol Soc"},{"key":"622_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3051","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS3534.1","volume":"62","author":"JA Milbrandt","year":"2005","unstructured":"Milbrandt JA, Yau MK (2005) A multimoment bulk microphysics parametrization. Part I: analysis of the role of the spectral shape parameter. J Atmos Sci 62:3051\u20133064. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/JAS3534.1","journal-title":"J Atmos Sci"},{"key":"622_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3313","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1998)055<3313:PORAEE>2.0.CO;2","volume":"55","author":"P Minnis","year":"1998","unstructured":"Minnis P, Garber DP, Young DF, Arduini RF, Takano Y (1998) Parameterizations of reflectance and effective emittance for satellite remote sensing of cloud properties. J Atmos Sci 55:3313\u20133339","journal-title":"J Atmos Sci"},{"key":"622_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1980)037<0622:MOVRAR>2.0.CO;2","volume":"37","author":"MB Meyer","year":"1980","unstructured":"Meyer MB, Jiusto JE, Lala GG (1980) Measurements of visual range and radiation-fog (haze) microphysics. J Atmos Sci 37:622\u2013629","journal-title":"J Atmos Sci"},{"key":"622_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS3446.1","volume":"62","author":"H Morrison","year":"2005","unstructured":"Morrison H, Curry JA, Khvorostyanov VI (2005) A new double-moment microphysics parameterization for application in cloud and climate models Part I: description. J Atmos Sci 62:1665\u20131677","journal-title":"J Atmos Sci"},{"key":"622_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JAMC2433.1","volume":"49","author":"MJ Pavolonis","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pavolonis MJ (2010) Advances in extracting cloud composition information from spaceborne infrared radiances\u2014a robust alternative to brightness temperatures. Part I: theory. J Appl Meteorol Climatol 49:1992\u20132012","journal-title":"J Appl Meteorol Climatol"},{"key":"622_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-16-0299.1","volume":"99","author":"JD Price","year":"2018","unstructured":"Price JD, Lane S, Boutle IA, Smith DK, Bergot T, Lac C, Duconge L, McGregor J, Kerr-Munslow A, Pickering M, Clark R (2018) LANFEX: a field and modeling study to improve our understanding and forecasting of radiation fog. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 99:2061\u20132077. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/BAMS-D-16-0299.1","journal-title":"Bull Am Meteorol Soc"},{"key":"622_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-016-1375-z","author":"Z Pu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pu Z, Chachere C, Hoch S, Pardyjak E, Gultepe I (2016) Numerical prediction of cold season fog events over complex terrain: the performance of the WRF model during MATERHORN-Fog and early evaluation. Pure Appl Geophys. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00024-016-1375-z","journal-title":"Pure Appl Geophys"},{"key":"622_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3929","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.24.003929","volume":"24","author":"Y Sasano","year":"1985","unstructured":"Sasano Y, Browell EV, Ismail S (1985) Error caused by using a constant extinction\/backscatter ratio in the lidar solution. Appl Opt 24:3929\u20133932","journal-title":"Appl Opt"},{"key":"622_CR39","unstructured":"Schemenauer RS, Gultepe I, Witiw M (2016) Fog studies. Meteorological Technology International. April Issue, pp 52\u201354"},{"key":"622_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(2004)132<0519:EFOWPU>2.0.CO;2","volume":"132","author":"G Thompson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Thompson G, Rasmussen G, Roy M, Manning K (2004) Explicit forecasts of winter precipitation using an improved bulk microphysics scheme. Part I: description and sensitivity analysis. Mon Weather Rev 132:519\u2013542","journal-title":"Mon Weather Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"622_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8079","DOI":"10.1029\/2002RS002856","volume":"38","author":"CR Ware","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ware CR, Guldner J, Liljegren J, Nehrkorn T, Solheim F, Vandenberghe F (2003) A multichannel radiometric profiler of temperature, humidity, and cloud liquid. Radio Sci 38(4):8079. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2002RS002856","journal-title":"Radio Sci"},{"key":"622_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1175\/2009WAF2222337.1","volume":"25","author":"D Yang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yang D, Ritchie H, Desjardins S, Pearson G, MacAfee A, Gultepe I (2009) High Resolution GEM-LAM application in marine fog prediction: Evaluation and diagnosis. Weather Forecast 25:727\u2013748","journal-title":"Weather Forecast"}],"container-title":["Boundary-Layer Meteorology"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10546-021-00622-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10546-021-00622-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10546-021-00622-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,27]],"date-time":"2021-11-27T14:05:48Z","timestamp":1638021948000},"score":20.194878,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10546-021-00622-4"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2-3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["622"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10546-021-00622-4","ISSN":["0006-8314","1573-1472"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-8314","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-1472","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 April 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 March 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 May 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T15:35:45Z","timestamp":1787585745617,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2-3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,30]],"date-time":"2021-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635552000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,30]],"date-time":"2021-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N00014-18-1-2472"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N00014-18-1-2472"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009910","name":"Naval Postgraduate School","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NPS-18-N343"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NPS-18-N343"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009910","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Joint Directed Energy Transition Office","award":["F2KBAB9092G002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F2KBAB9092G002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Boundary-Layer Meteorol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 15 fog events from two field campaigns are investigated: the High Energy Laser in Fog (HELFOG) project (central California) and the Toward Improving Coastal Fog Prediction (C-FOG) project (Ferryland Newfoundland). Nearly identical sensors were used in both projects to sample fog droplet-size spectra, wind, turbulence, and thermodynamic properties near the surface. Concurrent measurements of visibility were made by the present weather detector in both experiments, with the addition of a two-ended transmissometer in the HELFOG campaign. The analyses focused first on contrasting the observed fog microphysics and the associated thermodynamics from fog events in the two locations. The optical attenuation by fog was investigated using three methods: (1) derived from Mie theory using the measured droplet-size distribution, (2) parametrized as a function of fog liquid water content, and (3) parametrized in terms of total fog droplet number concentration. The consistency of these methods was investigated. The HELFOG data result in an empirical relationship between the meteorological range and liquid water content. Validation of such relationship is problematic using the C-FOG data due to the presence of rain and other factors. The parametrization with droplet number concentration only does not provide a robust visibility calculation since it cannot represent the effects of droplet size on visibility. Finally, a preliminary analysis of the mixed fog\/rain case is presented to illustrate the nature of the problem to promote future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-021-00675-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,30]],"date-time":"2021-10-30T11:02:42Z","timestamp":1635591762000},"page":"267-292","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Microphysics and Optical Attenuation in Fog: Observations from Two Coastal Sites"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"181","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8441-1912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qing","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan T.","family":"Yamaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Kalogiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary","family":"Daniels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denny P.","family":"Alappattu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haflidi","family":"Jonsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oswaldo","family":"Alvarenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Olson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin J.","family":"Wauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David G.","family":"Ortiz-Suslow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harindra Joseph","family":"Fernando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"675_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arnon S, Barry J, Karagiannidis G, Schober R, Uysal R (2012) Advanced optical wireless communication systems. Cambridge University Press","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511979187"},{"key":"675_CR30","unstructured":"American Meteorological Society (2020) Fog. Glossary of meteorology. http:\/\/glossary.ametsoc.org\/wiki\/fog"},{"key":"675_CR1","volume-title":"Absorption and scattering of light by small particles","author":"CF Bohren","year":"1983","unstructured":"Bohren CF, Huffman DR (1983) Absorption and scattering of light by small particles. Wiley, New York"},{"key":"675_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470612095","volume-title":"Free-space optics propagation and communication","author":"O Bouchet","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bouchet O, Sizun H, Boisrobert C, de Fornel F, Favennec PN (2006) Free-space optics propagation and communication, 1st edn. ISTE, London","edition":"1"},{"key":"675_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.318","volume":"134","author":"PA Clark","year":"2008","unstructured":"Clark PA, Harcourt SA, Macpherson B, Mathison CT, Cusack S, Naylor M (2008) Prediction of visibility and aerosol within the operational Met Office Unified Model. I: model formulation and variational assimilation. Q J R Meteorol Soc 134:1801\u20131816","journal-title":"Q J R Meteorol Soc"},{"key":"675_CR4","unstructured":"Daniels ZD (2019) Quantifying HEL weapon system performance in a coastal fog environment. MS thesis, The Naval Postgraduate School"},{"key":"675_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demers F, Yanikomeroglu H, St-Hilaire M (2011) A survey of opportunities for free space optics in next generation cellular networks. The Ninth Annual Communication Networks and Services Research Conference (CNSR), Ottawa, ON, 2011, pp. 210-216","DOI":"10.1109\/CNSR.2011.38"},{"key":"675_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2843","DOI":"10.3390\/app9142843","volume":"9","author":"P Duthon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Duthon P, Colomb M, Bernardin F (2019) Light transmission in fog: the influence of wavelength on the extinction coefficient. Appl Sci 9:2843","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"675_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e244","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-19-0070.1","volume":"102","author":"HJS Fernando","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fernando HJS et al (2021) C-FOG: life of coastal fog. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 102:e244\u2013e272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/BAMS-D-19-0070.1","journal-title":"Bull Am Meteorol Soc"},{"key":"675_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-007-0212-9","volume":"164","author":"I Gultepe","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gultepe I, Milbrandt JA (2007) Microphysical observations and mesoscale model simulation of a warm fog case during FRAM Project. Pure Appl Geophys 164:1161\u20131178","journal-title":"Pure Appl Geophys"},{"key":"675_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JAMC1927.1","volume":"49","author":"I Gultepe","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gultepe I, Milbrandt JA (2010) Probabilistic parametrizations of visibility using observations of rain precipitation rate, relative humidity, and visibility. J Appl Meteorol Climatol 49:36\u201346","journal-title":"J Appl Meteorol Climatol"},{"key":"675_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1175\/JAM2423.1","volume":"45","author":"I Gultepe","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gultepe I, Miller MD, Boybeyi Z (2006) A new visibility parametrization for warm fog applications in numerical weather prediction models. J Appl Meteorol 45:1469\u20131480","journal-title":"J Appl Meteorol"},{"key":"675_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1175\/2008BAMS2354.1","volume":"90","author":"I Gultepe","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gultepe I, Pearson G, Milbrandt JA, Hansen B, Platnick S, Taylor P, Gordon M, Oakley JP, Cober SJ (2009) The fog remote sensing and modelling field project. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 90:341\u2013359","journal-title":"Bull Am Meteorol Soc"},{"key":"675_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gultepe I et al (2021) A review of coastal fog microphysics during C-FOG. Bound-Layer Meteorol (this issue)","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-021-00659-5"},{"key":"675_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00168069","volume":"14","author":"JE Hansen","year":"1974","unstructured":"Hansen JE, Travis LD (1974) Light scattering in planetary atmospheres. Space Sci Rev 14:527\u2013610","journal-title":"Space Sci Rev"},{"key":"675_CR13","unstructured":"IAPWS (1997) Release on the refractive index of ordinary water substance as a function of wavelength, temperature and pressure. The International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS), Erlangen, Germany, September 1997 (7 pages). http:\/\/www.iapws.org"},{"key":"675_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Isaac K, McArthur B, Korevaar E (2001) Comparison of laser beam propagation at 785 nm and 1550 nm in fog and haze for optical wireless communications. In: Proceedings of SPIE 4214, Optical Wireless Communications III, 6 February 2001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/12.417512","DOI":"10.1117\/12.417512"},{"issue":"2","key":"675_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-019-02288-z","volume":"177","author":"M Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim M, Lee K, Lee LY (2020) Visibility data assimilation and prediction using an observation network in South Korea. Pure Appl Geophys 177(2):1125\u20131141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00024-019-02288-z","journal-title":"Pure Appl Geophys"},{"key":"675_CR16","unstructured":"Kunkel BA (1981) Comparison of fog drop size spectra measured by light scattering and impaction techniques. Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, AFGL-TR-81-0049, AD A100252, Hanscom AFB, 38 pp. https:\/\/apps.dtic.mil\/sti\/pdfs\/ADA100252.pdf"},{"key":"675_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1984)023<0034:PODTVA>2.0.CO;2","volume":"23","author":"BA Kunkel","year":"1984","unstructured":"Kunkel BA (1984) Parametrization of droplet terminal velocity and extinction coefficient in fog models. J Clim Appl Meteorol 23:34\u201341","journal-title":"J Clim Appl Meteorol"},{"key":"675_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1980)037<0622:MOVRAR>2.0.CO;2","volume":"37","author":"MB Meyer","year":"1980","unstructured":"Meyer MB, Jiusto JE, Lala GG (1980) Measurements of visual range and radiation-fog (haze) microphysics. J Atmos Sci 37:622\u2013629","journal-title":"J Atmos Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"675_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"066001","DOI":"10.1117\/1.2749502","volume":"46","author":"SS Muhammad","year":"2007","unstructured":"Muhammad SS, Flecker B, Leitgeb E, Gebhart M (2007) Characterization of fog attenuation in terrestrial free space optical links. Opt Eng 46(6):066001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/1.2749502","journal-title":"Opt Eng"},{"key":"675_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD000281","author":"Y Peng","year":"2002","unstructured":"Peng Y, Lohmann U, Leaitch R, Banic C, Couture M (2002) The cloud albedo-cloud droplet effective radius relationship for clean and polluted clouds from RACE and FIRE.ACE. J Geophys Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2000JD000281","journal-title":"J Geophys Res"},{"key":"675_CR22","unstructured":"Petty GW (2004) A first course in atmospheric radiation. Sundog Publishing, ISBN 0-9729033-0-5"},{"key":"675_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Reid JS, Hobbs PV, Rangno AL, Hegg DA (1999) Relationships between cloud droplet effective radius, liquid water content, and droplet concentration for warm clouds in Brazil embedded in biomass smoke. J Geophys Res 104(D6):6145\u20136153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/1998JD200119","DOI":"10.1029\/1998JD200119"},{"key":"675_CR24","unstructured":"Schaarsberg MA (2021) Water and steam refractive index (https:\/\/www.mathworks.com\/matlabcentral\/fileexchange\/46179-water-and-steam-refractive-index). MATLAB Central File Exchange. Retrieved March 25, 2021"},{"issue":"4","key":"675_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1999)038<0385:NMSMSO>2.0.CO;2","volume":"38","author":"MT Stoelinga","year":"1999","unstructured":"Stoelinga MT, Warner TT (1999) Nonhydrostatic, mesobeta-scale model simulations of cloud ceiling and visibility for an east coast winter precipitation event. J Appl Meteorol 38(4):385\u2013404","journal-title":"J Appl Meteorol"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-021-00680-8","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,21]],"date-time":"2021-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637452800000}}],"container-title":["Boundary-Layer Meteorology"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10546-021-00675-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10546-021-00675-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10546-021-00675-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]],"date-time":"2023-01-14T05:35:46Z","timestamp":1673674546000},"score":20.163631,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10546-021-00675-5"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,30]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2-3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["675"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10546-021-00675-5","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1007\/s10546-021-00680-8","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0006-8314","1573-1472"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-8314","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-1472","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 August 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 September 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 October 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 November 2021","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10546-021-00680-8","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10546-021-00680-8","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T16:38:31Z","timestamp":1788280711569,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"United States National Science Foundation","award":["#2049100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2049100"]}]},{"name":"United States National Science Foundation","award":["221N057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["221N057"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004410","name":"Scientific and Technological Research Council of T\u00fcrkiye (TUBITAK)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#2049100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2049100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004410","name":"Scientific and Technological Research Council of T\u00fcrkiye (TUBITAK)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["221N057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["221N057"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of this study is to analyze microphysical parameters affecting visibility parameterizations of a freezing fog case that occurred on 19 February 2022, during the Cold Fog Amongst Complex Terrain (CFACT) project conducted in a high-elevation alpine valley in Utah, USA. Observations are collected using visibility, droplet spectra, ice crystal spectra, and aerosol spectral instruments, as well as in-situ meteorological instruments. Particle phase is determined from relative humidity with respect to water (RHw) as well as ground cloud imaging probe (GCIP), ceilometer (CL61) depolarization ratio, and icing accumulation on the platforms. Results showed that freezing droplet density can affect visibility (Vis) up to 100 m during Vis less than 1 km. In addition, increasing volume can lead to up to a 2 \u03bcm increase in droplet radius due to a change in the chemical composition of aerosols from Sodium Chloride (NaCl) to Ammonium Nitrate (NH4NO3). Overall, comparisons suggested that Vis parameterizations are highly variable, and freezing fog conditions resulted in lower Vis values compared to warm fog microphysical parameterizations. Furthermore, riming of freezing fog conditions can lead to more than 50% uncertainty in Vis. It is concluded that changing aerosol composition and freezing fog droplet density and riming can play a major role in Vis simulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs17152728","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T09:25:52Z","timestamp":1754558752000},"page":"2728","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Freezing Fog Microphysics and Visibility Based on CFACT Feb 19 Case"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9075-9106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Onur","family":"Durmus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Meteorological Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34467, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Ankara Aviation Vocational School, University of Turkish Aeronautical Association, Ankara 06790, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8433-5953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ismail","family":"Gultepe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Ontario Technical University, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Aeronautical Engineering, University of Turkish Aeronautical Association, Ankara 06790, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Science, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5449-3862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orhan","family":"Sen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Meteorological Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34467, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4461-1789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhaoxia","family":"Pu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0180-0857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric R.","family":"Pardyjak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8079-4052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian W.","family":"Hoch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"},{"name":"National Center for Atmospheric Research, Earth Observing Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80301, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6474-914X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexei","family":"Perelet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9972-0056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna G.","family":"Hallar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9481-8406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerardo","family":"Carrillo-Cardenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2240-9029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simla","family":"Durmus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Meteorological Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34467, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Department of Flight Training, University of Turkish Aeronautical Association, Ankara 06790, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"AMS (American Meteorological Society) (2024). Glossary of Meteorology, AMS. Available online: https:\/\/glossary.ametsoc.org."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1175\/2008BAMS2354.1","article-title":"The Fog Remote Sensing and Modeling Field Project","volume":"90","author":"Gultepe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kokhanovsky, A., and Tomasi, C. (2020). Arctic Ice Fog: Its Microphysics and Prediction. Physics and Chemistry of the Arctic Atmosphere, Springer International Publishing. Springer Polar Sciences.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-33566-3"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1989)046<2252:CCNBHF>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Cirrus Crystal Nucleation by Homogeneous Freezing of Solution Droplets","volume":"46","author":"Heymsfield","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1988)045<1357:HNRFHS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Homogeneous Nucleation Rate for Highly Supercooled Cirrus Cloud Droplets","volume":"45","author":"Sassen","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., Heymsfield, A.J., Gallagher, M., Ickes, L., and Baumgardner, D. (2017). Ice Fog: The Current State of Knowledge and Future Challenges. Meteorol. Monogr., 58.","DOI":"10.1175\/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D-17-0002.1"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2030","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-22-0030.1","article-title":"Cold Fog Amongst Complex Terrain","volume":"104","author":"Pu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1979)107<0830:CMFISC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Coastal Marine Fog in Southern California","volume":"107","author":"Noonkester","year":"1979","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1994)075<0229:FOTUWC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Fog on the U.S. West Coast: A Review","volume":"75","author":"Leipper","year":"1994","journal-title":"Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1992)073<1581:AYHOMS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A 70-Year History of Marine Stratocumulus Cloud Field Experiments off the Coast of California","volume":"73","author":"Kloesel","year":"1992","journal-title":"Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JAMC1927.1","article-title":"Probabilistic Parameterizations of Visibility Using Observations of Rain Precipitation Rate, Relative Humidity, and Visibility","volume":"49","author":"Gultepe","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2014.04.014","article-title":"A Review on Ice Fog Measurements and Modeling","volume":"151","author":"Gultepe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-11-00255.1","article-title":"The Persistent Cold-Air Pool Study","volume":"94","author":"Lareau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paci, A., Staquet, C., Allard, J., Barral, H., Canut, G., Cohard, J.-M., Jaffrezo, J.-L., Martinet, P., Sabatier, T., and Troude, F. (2016). La Campagne Passy-2015: Dynamique Atmosph\u00e9rique et Qualit\u00e9 de l\u2019air Dans La Vall\u00e9e de l\u2019Arve. Pollut. Atmos., 231\u2013232.","DOI":"10.4267\/pollution-atmospherique.5903"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-16-0299.1","article-title":"LANFEX: A Field and Modeling Study to Improve Our Understanding and Forecasting of Radiation Fog","volume":"99","author":"Price","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-13-00131.1","article-title":"The MATERHORN: Unraveling the Intricacies of Mountain Weather","volume":"96","author":"Fernando","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2983","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-016-1374-0","article-title":"An Overview of the MATERHORN Fog Project: Observations and Predictability","volume":"173","author":"Gultepe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-11-00071.1","article-title":"Ice Fog in Arctic During FRAM\u2013Ice Fog Project: Aviation and Nowcasting Applications","volume":"95","author":"Gultepe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., Isaac, G.A., Rasmussen, R.M., and Ungar, K. (2011, January 13\u201317). A Freezing Fog\/Drizzle Event during the FRAM-S Project. Proceedings of the SAE 2011 International Conference on Aircraft and Engine Icing and Ground Deicing, Chicago, IL, USA. SAE Technical Paper 2011-38-0028.","DOI":"10.4271\/2011-38-0028"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.18520\/cs\/v112\/i04\/767-784","article-title":"Winter Fog Experiment Over the Indo-Gangetic Plains of India","volume":"112","author":"Ghude","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1175\/WAF-D-19-0104.1","article-title":"Real-Time Forecast of Dense Fog Events over Delhi: The Performance of the WRF Model during the WiFEX Field Campaign","volume":"35","author":"Pithani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Weather Forecast."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JAMC1685.1","article-title":"Asymptotic Analysis of Equilibrium in Radiation Fog","volume":"47","author":"Zhou","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-019-00444-5","article-title":"On the Formation and Development of Radiation Fog: An Observational Study","volume":"172","author":"Price","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bound.-Layer Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-021-00659-5","article-title":"A Review of Coastal Fog Microphysics During C-FOG","volume":"181","author":"Gultepe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bound.-Layer Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11305","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-22-11305-2022","article-title":"Experimental Study on the Evolution of Droplet Size Distribution during the Fog Life Cycle","volume":"22","author":"Mazoyer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3011","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-016-1370-4","article-title":"A Case Study of the Mechanisms Modulating the Evolution of Valley Fog","volume":"173","author":"Hang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4329","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.4818","article-title":"Evaluation of Near-surface and Boundary-layer Meteorological Conditions That Support Cold-fog Formation Using Cold Fog Amongst Complex Terrain Field Campaign Observations","volume":"150","author":"Beal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7165","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-19-7165-2019","article-title":"Large-Eddy Simulation of Radiation Fog with Comprehensive Two-Moment Bulk Microphysics: Impact of Different Aerosol Activation and Condensation Parameterizations","volume":"19","author":"Schwenkel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1296","article-title":"A new visibility parameterization for warm-fog applications in numerical weather prediction models","volume":"44","author":"Gultepe","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1175\/WAF1011.1","article-title":"A Satellite-Based Fog Detection Scheme Using Screen Air Temperature","volume":"22","author":"Gultepe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Weather Forecast."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1984)023<0034:PODTVA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Parameterization of Droplet Terminal Velocity and Extinction Coefficient in Fog Models","volume":"23","author":"Kunkel","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Climate Appl. Meteor."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1999)038<0385:NMSMSO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Nonhydrostatic, Mesobeta-Scale Model Simulations of Cloud Ceiling and Visibility for an East Coast Winter Precipitation Event","volume":"38","author":"Stoelinga","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteor."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-007-0211-x","article-title":"Fog Research: A Review of Past Achievements and Future Perspectives","volume":"164","author":"Gultepe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kora\u010din, D., and Dorman, C.E. (2017). Marine Fog: A Review on Microphysics and Visibility Prediction. Marine Fog: Challenges and Advancements in Observations, Modeling, and Forecasting, Springer International Publishing. Springer Atmospheric Sciences.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-45229-6"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1007\/s13351-017-6187-2","article-title":"Numerical Simulations of an Advection Fog Event over Shanghai Pudong International Airport with the WRF Model","volume":"31","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-016-1375-z","article-title":"Numerical Prediction of Cold Season Fog Events over Complex Terrain: The Performance of the WRF Model During MATERHORN-Fog and Early Evaluation","volume":"173","author":"Pu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-018-1770-8","article-title":"Numerical Simulations of an Inversion Fog Event in the Salt Lake Valley during the MATERHORN-Fog Field Campaign","volume":"176","author":"Chachere","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2024JD042307","DOI":"10.1029\/2024JD042307","article-title":"Elucidating New Particle Formation in Complex Terrain During the Winter 2022 Cold Fog Amongst Complex Terrain (CFACT) Campaign","volume":"130","author":"Hoch","year":"2025","journal-title":"JGR Atmos."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3187","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-016-1316-x","article-title":"Connections Between Cold Air Pools and Mountain Valley Fog Events in Salt Lake City","volume":"173","author":"Chachere","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pruppacher, H.R., and Klett, J.D. (1978). Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-9905-3"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-7-1961-2007","article-title":"A Single Parameter Representation of Hygroscopic Growth and Cloud Condensation Nucleus Activity","volume":"7","author":"Petters","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-015-0338-3","article-title":"Mass Reconstruction Methods for PM2.5: A Review","volume":"8","author":"Chow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Air Qual. Atmos. Health"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1971)028<1455:AWTIOT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A Wind Tunnel Investigation of the Rate of Evaporation of Small Water Drops Falling at Terminal Velocity in Air","volume":"28","author":"Beard","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"33","article-title":"Theorie der horizontalen Sichtweite","volume":"12","author":"Koschmieder","year":"1924","journal-title":"Beitr\u00e4ge Physik Freien Atmosph\u00e4re"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(2001)058<1199:SOADDI>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Simulation of Arctic Diamond Dust, Ice Fog, and Thin Stratus Using an Explicit Aerosol\u2013Cloud\u2013Radiation Model","volume":"58","author":"Girard","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.3454","article-title":"Assessment of the Effects of Acid-coated Ice Nuclei on the Arctic Cloud Microstructure, Atmospheric Dehydration, Radiation and Temperature during Winter","volume":"33","author":"Girard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lohmann, U., L\u00fc\u00f6nd, F., and Mahrt, F. (2016). An Introduction to Clouds: From the Microscale to Climate, Cambridge University Press. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139087513"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1256\/qj.03.120","article-title":"Aircraft Observations of Cloud Droplet Number Concentration: Implications for Climate Studies","volume":"130","author":"Gultepe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Toth, G., Gultepe, I., Milbrandt, J., Hansen, B., Pearson, G., Fogarty, C., and Burrows, W. (2010). The Environment Canada Handbook on Fog and Fog Forecasting, Environment Canada."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1175\/2009WAF2222289.1","article-title":"Fog Prediction from a Multimodel Mesoscale Ensemble Prediction System","volume":"25","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Weather Forecast."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.309","article-title":"Using a Neural Network to Benchmark a Diagnostic Parametrization: The Met Office\u2019s Visibility Scheme","volume":"134","author":"Claxton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-011-0351-x","article-title":"A Fuzzy Logic Fog Forecasting Model for Perth Airport","volume":"169","author":"Miao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1990)047<2153:ARFMWA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A Radiation Fog Model with a Detailed Treatment of the Interaction between Radiative Transfer and Fog Microphysics","volume":"47","author":"Bott","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-8095(02)00091-1","article-title":"PAFOG\u2014A New Efficient Forecast Model of Radiation Fog and Low-Level Stratiform Clouds","volume":"64","author":"Bott","year":"2002","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1993)121<2529:ASOTIO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A Study of the Influence of Terrain on Fog Development","volume":"121","author":"Golding","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-012-0547-8","article-title":"Nowcasting with INCA During SNOW-V10","volume":"171","author":"Haiden","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gultepe, E., Wang, S., Blomquist, B., Fernando, H.J.S., Kreidl, O.P., Delene, D.J., and Gultepe, I. (2024). Machine Learning Analysis and Nowcasting of Marine Fog Visibility Using FATIMA Grand Banks Campaign Measurements. Front. Earth Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2023.1321422"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107869","article-title":"Standard Fog Collector and Dual FM-120 Comparisons","volume":"315","author":"Fernandez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/17\/15\/2728\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:25:14Z","timestamp":1760034314000},"score":20.139296,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/17\/15\/2728"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rs17152728"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs17152728","ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T08:47:57Z","timestamp":1725612477332},"publisher-location":"Berlin, Heidelberg","reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9783642646720"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9783642610516"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-61051-6_3","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,20]],"date-time":"2011-09-20T11:50:51Z","timestamp":1316519451000},"page":"29-55","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Interactions of Radiation and Microphysics in Cirrus"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Heintzenberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Y.","family":"Fouquart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Heymsfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Str\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Brogniez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"3_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.19.000962","volume":"19","author":"S Asano","year":"1980","unstructured":"Asano, S., and Sato, M. 1980. Light scattering by randomly oriented spheroidal particles. Appi. Opt. 19, 962\u2013974.","journal-title":"Appi. Opt."},{"key":"3_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3569","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.21.003569","volume":"21","author":"Brogniez, G., Buriez, J. C., Giraud, V., Parol, F., and Vanbauce, C. 1994. A radiatively equivalent microphysical model of cirrus cloud from ground-based and satellite observations during the International Cirrus Experiment. Mon. Weather Rev. (submitted). Cai, Q., and Liou, K.-N","year":"1982","unstructured":"Brogniez, G., Buriez, J. C., Giraud, V., Parol, F., and Vanbauce, C. 1994. A radiatively equivalent microphysical model of cirrus cloud from ground-based and satellite observations during the International Cirrus Experiment. Mon. Weather Rev. (submitted).","journal-title":"Appi. Opt."},{"key":"3_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3569","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.21.003569","volume":"21","author":"Q Cai","year":"1982","unstructured":"Cai, Q., and Liou, K.-N. 1982. Polarized light scattering by hexagonal ice crystals: theory. Appi. Opt. 21,3569\u20133580.","journal-title":"Appi. Opt."},{"key":"3_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1981)038<1260:LSBHIC>2.0.CO;2","volume":"38","author":"RF Coleman","year":"1982","unstructured":"Coleman, R. F., and Liou, K. N. 1982. Light scattering by hexagonal ice crystals. J. Atmos. Sci. 38,1260\u20131271.","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"3_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2344","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1989)046<2344:CONRFH>2.0.CO;2","volume":"46","author":"A Detwiler","year":"1989","unstructured":"Detwiler, A. 1989. Comments on Homogeneous nucleation rate for highly supercooled cirrus cloud droplets. J. Atmos. Sci. 46, 2344\u20132345.","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"3_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1990)029<0970:ASOTPP>2.0.CO;2","volume":"29","author":"DR Dowling","year":"1990","unstructured":"Dowling, D. R., and Radke, L. F. 1990. A summary of the physical properties of cirrus clouds. J. Appi. Meteor. 29, 970\u2013978.","journal-title":"J. Appi. Meteor."},{"key":"3_CR7","first-page":"72","volume-title":"Scattering on hexagonal ice crystals: discrete dipole and anomalous diffraction approximations","author":"PJ Flatau","year":"1988","unstructured":"Flatau, P. J., Stephens, G. L., and Draine, B. T. 1988. Scattering on hexagonal ice crystals: discrete dipole and anomalous diffraction approximations. International Radiation Symposium, Lille, France, p. 72\u201375."},{"key":"3_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1993)050<2008:POTRPO>2.0.CO;2","volume":"50","author":"Q Fu","year":"1993","unstructured":"Fu, Q., and Liou, K. N. 1993. Parameterization of the radiative properties of cirrus clouds. J. Atmos. Sci. 50, 2008\u20132025.","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"3_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1985)002<0171:DOICFS>2.0.CO;2","volume":"2","author":"BA Gardiner","year":"1985","unstructured":"Gardiner, B. A., and Hallett, J. 1985. Degradation of in-cloud forward scattering spectrometer probe measurements in the presence of ice particles. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 2, 171\u2013180.","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol."},{"key":"3_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heintzenberg, J. 1994. Properties of the log-normal particle size distribution. Aerosol Sci. Technol. (in print).","DOI":"10.1080\/02786829408959695"},{"key":"3_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1986)043<0851:IPOIAC>2.0.CO;2","volume":"43","author":"AJ Heymsfield","year":"1986","unstructured":"Heymsfield, A. J. 1986. Ice particles observed in a cirriform cloud at -83\u00b0C and implications for polar stratospheric clouds. J. Atmos. Sci. 43, 851\u2013855.","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"3_CR12","first-page":"84","volume":"41","author":"AJ Heymsfield","year":"1984","unstructured":"Heymsfield, A. J., and Piatt, C. M. R. 1984. A parameterization of the particle size spectrum of ice clouds in terms of the ambient temperature and the ice water content. J. Atmos. Sci. 41, 84\u2013855.","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"3_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.2151\/jmsj1965.63.1_88","volume":"63","author":"T Inoue","year":"1985","unstructured":"Inoue, T. 1985. On the temperature and effective emissivity determination of semitransparent cirrus clouds by bispectral measurements in the 10 micrometer window region. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan 63, 88\u201398.","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan"},{"key":"3_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4073(71)90047-1","volume":"11","author":"H Jacobowitz","year":"1971","unstructured":"Jacobowitz, H. 1971. A method for computing the transfer of solar radiation through clouds of hexagonal ice crystals. J. Quant. Spectrosc Radiative Transfer 11, 691\u2013695.","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc Radiative Transfer"},{"key":"3_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-8095(89)90049-5","volume":"24","author":"S Kinne","year":"1989","unstructured":"Kinne, S., and Liou, K. N. 1989. The effects of nonsphericity and size distribution of ice crystals on the radiative properties of cirrus clouds. Atmos. Res. 24, 273\u2013284.","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"3_CR16","first-page":"554","volume-title":"Three new instruments for cloud physics measurements: the 2-D spectrometer, the Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe, and the Active Aerosol Spectrometer","author":"RG Knollenberg","year":"1976","unstructured":"Knollenberg, R. G. 1976. Three new instruments for cloud physics measurements: the 2-D spectrometer, the Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe, and the Active Aerosol Spectrometer. International Conference on Cloud Physics, Boulder, CO, p. 554\u2013561."},{"key":"3_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8639","DOI":"10.1029\/92JD02525","volume":"98","author":"RG Knollenberg","year":"1993","unstructured":"Knollenberg, R. G., Kelly, K., and Wilson, J. C. 1993. Measurements of high number densities of ice crystals in the tops of tropical cumulonimbus. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 8639\u20138664.","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"3_CR18","volume-title":"Holographic measurements of ice crystals in cirrus clouds during the International Cirrus Experiment Ice 89","author":"C Krupp","year":"1991","unstructured":"Krupp, C. 1991. Holographic measurements of ice crystals in cirrus clouds during the International Cirrus Experiment Ice 89. Fourth Workshop of the International Cirrus Experiment, Reading, U.K.,"},{"key":"3_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18501","DOI":"10.1029\/93JD01793","volume":"98D","author":"X Lin","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lin, X., and Coakley Jr, J. A. 1993. Retrieval of properties for semitransparent clouds from multispectral infrared imagery data. J. Geophys. Res. 98D, 18501\u201318514.","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"3_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.11.000667","volume":"11","author":"KN Liou","year":"1972","unstructured":"Liou, K. N. 1972. Electromagnetic scattering by arbitrarily oriented ice cylinders. Appi. Opt. 11, 667\u2013674.","journal-title":"Appi. Opt."},{"key":"3_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3001","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.22.003001","volume":"22","author":"KN Liou","year":"1983","unstructured":"Liou, K. N., Cai, Q., Pollak, J. B., and Cuzzi, J. N. 1983. Light scattering by randomly oriented cubes and parallelepipeds. Appi. Opt. 22, 3001\u20133008.","journal-title":"Appi. Opt."},{"key":"3_CR22","first-page":"191","volume-title":"High spectral Resolution Infrared Remote Sensing for Earth\u2019s Weather and Climate Studies","author":"A Macke","year":"1994","unstructured":"Macke, A. 1994. Spectral variability of light scattering by atmospheric ice crystals. In M. T. C. and N. A. S. A. Chedin (Ed.), High spectral Resolution Infrared Remote Sensing for Earth\u2019s Weather and Climate Studies. Springer, Berlin: p. 191\u2013204."},{"key":"3_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(90)90077-Y","volume":"31","author":"K Masuda","year":"1990","unstructured":"Masuda, K., and Takashima, T. 1990. Deriving cirrus information using the visible and near-IR channels of the future NOAA-AVHRR radiometer. Remote Sens. Environ. 31, 65\u201381.","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"3_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1002\/andp.19083300302","volume":"25","author":"G Mie","year":"1908","unstructured":"Mie, G. 1908. Beitr\u00e4ge zur Optik tr\u00fcber Medien, speziell kolloidaler Metall\u00f6sungen. Ann. Phys. 25, 377\u2013445.","journal-title":"Ann. Phys."},{"key":"3_CR25","first-page":"1279","volume":"50","author":"P Minnis","year":"1993","unstructured":"Minnis, P., Liou, K.-N., and Takano, Y. 1993. Inference of cirrus cloud properties using satellite-observed visible and infrared radiances. Part I: Parameterization of radiance fields. J. Atmos. Sci. 50, 1279\u20131304.","journal-title":"Part I: Parameterization of radiance fields. J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"3_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1993)010<0294:ISOOCC>2.0.CO;2","volume":"10","author":"KB Noone","year":"1993","unstructured":"Noone, K. B., Noone, K. J., Heintzenberg, J., Str\u00f6m, J., and Ogren, J. A. 1993. In-situ observations of cloud microphysical properties using the counterflow virtual impactor. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 10, 294\u2013303.","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol."},{"key":"3_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1029\/GL012i003p00121","volume":"12","author":"JA Ogren","year":"1985","unstructured":"Ogren, J. A., Heintzenberg, J., and Charlson, R. J. 1985. In-situ sampling of clouds with a droplet to aerosol converter. Geophys. Res. Lett. 12,121\u2013124.","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"3_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450-30.7.973","volume":"30","author":"F Parol","year":"1991","unstructured":"Parol, F., Buriez, J. C., Brogniez, G., and Fouquart, Y. 1991. Information content of AVHRR channels 4 and 5 with respect to the effective radius of cirrus cloud particles. J. Appi. Meteor. 30, 973\u2013984.","journal-title":"J. Appi. Meteor."},{"key":"3_CR29","first-page":"973","volume":"30","author":"CMR Platt","year":"1978","unstructured":"Platt, C. M. R. 1978. Lidar backscatter from horizontal ice crystal plates. J. Appi. Meteor. 30, 973\u2013984.","journal-title":"J. Appi. Meteor."},{"key":"3_CR30","first-page":"729","volume":"44","author":"CMR Platt","year":"1987","unstructured":"Platt, C. M. R., Scott, J. C., and Dilley, A. C. 1987. Remote sounding of high clouds. Part VI: Optical properties of midlatitude and tropical cirrus. J. Atmos. Sci. 44, 729\u2013747.","journal-title":"Part VI: Optical properties of midlatitude and tropical cirrus. J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"3_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1086\/152538","volume":"186","author":"EM Purcell","year":"1973","unstructured":"Purcell, E. M., and Pennypaker, C. R. 1973. Scattering and absorption of light by non-spherical dielectric grains. Astrophys. J. 186, 705\u2013714.","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"3_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1080\/14786441108635843","volume":"36","author":"L Rayleigh","year":"1918","unstructured":"Lord Rayleigh 1918. The dispersal of light by a dielectric cylinder. Phil. Mag. 36,365\u2013376.","journal-title":"Phil. Mag."},{"key":"3_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1992)031<1275:STCLDF>2.0.CO;2","volume":"31","author":"K Sassen","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sassen, K., and Cho, B. S. 1992. Subvisual thin cirrus lidar dataset for satellite verification and climatological research. J. Appi. Meteor. 31, 1275\u20131285.","journal-title":"J. Appi. Meteor."},{"key":"3_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1989)028<0091:OSAMPO>2.0.CO;2","volume":"28","author":"K Sassen","year":"1989","unstructured":"Sassen, K., Griffin, M. K., and Dodd, G. C. 1989. Optical scattering and microphysical properties of subvisual cirrus clouds, and climatic implications. J. Appi. Meteor. 28, 91\u201398.","journal-title":"J. Appi. Meteor."},{"key":"3_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1980)037<0435:RPOCCI>2.0.CO;2","volume":"37","author":"GL Stephens","year":"1980","unstructured":"Stephens, G. L. 1980. Radiative properties of cirrus clouds in the infrared region. J. Atmos. Sci. 37, 435\u2013446.","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"3_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1990)047<1742:TROTMA>2.0.CO;2","volume":"47","author":"GL Stephens","year":"1990","unstructured":"Stephens, G. L., Tsay, S.-C, Stackhouse, P. W., and Flatau, P. J. 1990. The relevance of the microphysical and radiative properties of cirrus clouds to climate and climatic feedback. J. Atmos. Sci. 47, 1742\u20131753.","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"3_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Str\u00f6m, J., and Heintzenberg, J. 1993. Water vapour, condensed water and crystal concentration in orographically influenced cirrus clouds. J. Atmos. Sci. (in print).","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1994)051<2368:WVCWAC>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"3_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Z., and Shine, K. 1994. Studies of the radiative properties of ice and mixed-phase clouds. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 111\u2013137.","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49712051508"},{"key":"3_CR39","first-page":"3","volume":"46","author":"Y Takano","year":"1989","unstructured":"Takano, Y., and Liou, K.-N. 1989. Solar Radiative Transfer in Cirrus Clouds. Part I: Single- Scattering and Optical Properties of Hexagonal Ice Crystals. J. Atmos. Sci. 46, 3\u201319.","journal-title":"Part I: Single- Scattering and Optical Properties of Hexagonal Ice Crystals. J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"3_CR40","volume-title":"Light Scattering by Small Particles","author":"HC Hulst Van de","year":"1957","unstructured":"Van de Hulst, H. C. 1957. Light Scattering by Small Particles. John Wiley and Sons, New York"},{"key":"3_CR41","first-page":"2663","volume-title":"Appi. Opt. 18","author":"P Wendling","year":"1979","unstructured":"Wendling, P., Wendling, R., and Weickmann, H. K. 1979. Scattering of solar radiation by hexagonal ice crystals. Appi. Opt. 18, 2663\u20132671."},{"key":"3_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1987)026<0225:AMFRST>2.0.CO;2","volume":"26","author":"MC Wu","year":"1987","unstructured":"Wu, M. C. 1987. A method for remote sensing the emissivity, fractional cloud cover, and cloud top temperature of high-level, thin clouds. J. Climate Appi. Meteor. 26, 225\u2013233.","journal-title":"J. Climate Appi. Meteor."}],"container-title":["Clouds, Chemistry and Climate"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-642-61051-6_3.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]],"date-time":"2020-11-24T21:48:02Z","timestamp":1606254482000},"score":20.088228,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-642-61051-6_3"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1996]]},"ISBN":["9783642646720","9783642610516"],"references-count":42,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-61051-6_3","published":{"date-parts":[[1996]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T15:02:55Z","timestamp":1786978975920,"version":"build-2736575974"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783319452272","type":"print"},{"value":"9783319452296","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-45229-6_5","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,31]],"date-time":"2017-01-31T10:06:29Z","timestamp":1485857189000},"page":"273-290","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Radiation in Marine Fog"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Chang Ki","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seong Soo","family":"Yum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"5_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1982)039<0864:TNSIAI>2.0.CO;2","volume":"39","author":"JC Andre","year":"1982","unstructured":"Andre, J. C., & Mahrt, L. (1982). The nocturnal surface inversion and influence of clear-air radiative cooling. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 39, 864\u2013878.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"5_CR2","unstructured":"Atwater, M. A. (1970). Investigation of the radiation balance for polluted layers of the urban environment, Ph.D Thesis, New York University, New York, 116p."},{"key":"5_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2107","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1991)119<2107:MMEFOT>2.0.CO;2","volume":"119","author":"SP Ballard","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ballard, S. P., Golding, B. W., & Smith, R. N. B. (1991). Mesoscale model experimental forecasts of the Haar of northeast Scotland. Monthly Weather Review, 119, 2107\u20132123.","journal-title":"Monthly Weather Review"},{"key":"5_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02186082","volume":"11","author":"E Barker","year":"1977","unstructured":"Barker, E. (1977). A maritime boundary-layer model for the prediction of fog. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 11, 267\u2013294.","journal-title":"Boundary-Layer Meteorology"},{"key":"5_CR5","first-page":"335","volume":"102","author":"R Brown","year":"1976","unstructured":"Brown, R., & Roach, W. T. (1976). The physics of radiation fog: II\u2014A numerical study. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 102, 335\u2013354.","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society"},{"key":"5_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02186030","volume":"1","author":"M Coantic","year":"1971","unstructured":"Coantic, M., & Seguin, B. (1971). On the interaction of turbulent and radiative transfers in the surface layer. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 1, 245\u2013263.","journal-title":"Boundary-Layer Meteorology"},{"key":"5_CR7","first-page":"133","volume":"65","author":"C Douglas","year":"1930","unstructured":"Douglas, C. (1930). Cold fogs over the sea. Meteorological Magazine, 65, 133\u2013135.","journal-title":"Meteorological Magazine"},{"key":"5_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1002006919256","volume":"92","author":"PG Duynkerke","year":"1999","unstructured":"Duynkerke, P. G., Jonker, P. J., Chlond, A., Van Zanten, M. C., Cuxart, J., Clark, P., et al. (1999). Intercomparison of three- and one-dimensional model simulations and aircraft observations of stratocumulus. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 92, 453\u2013487.","journal-title":"Boundary-Layer Meteorology"},{"key":"5_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00120908","volume":"34","author":"C Estournel","year":"1986","unstructured":"Estournel, C., Vehil, R., & Guedalia, D. (1986). An observational study of radiative and turbulent cooling in the nocturnal boundary layer (ECLATS experiment). Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 34, 55\u201362.","journal-title":"Boundary-Layer Meteorology"},{"key":"5_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49711548709","volume":"115","author":"J Findlater","year":"1989","unstructured":"Findlater, J., Roach, W. T., & McHugh, B. C. (1989). The Haar of north-east Scotland. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 115, 581\u2013608.","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society"},{"key":"5_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2730","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1981)038<2730:RCEWAA>2.0.CO;2","volume":"38","author":"JR Garratt","year":"1981","unstructured":"Garratt, J. R., & Brost, R. A. (1981). Radiative cooling effects within and above the nocturnal boundary layer. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 38, 2730\u20132746.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"5_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1998)055<0954:SORATP>2.0.CO;2","volume":"55","author":"SG Gopalakrishnan","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gopalakrishnan, S. G., Sharan, M., McNider, R. T., & Singh, M. P. (1998). Study of radiative and turbulent processes in the stable boundary layer under weak wind conditions. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 55, 954\u2013960.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"5_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1987)044<1287:RTIILC>2.0.CO;2","volume":"44","author":"HP Hanson","year":"1987","unstructured":"Hanson, H. P. (1987). Radiative\/turbulent transfer interactions in layer clouds. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 44, 1287\u20131295.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"5_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-011-0325-z","volume":"169","author":"CK Kim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kim, C. K., & Yum, S. S. (2012a). Marine boundary layer structure for the sea fog formation off the west coast of the Korean peninsula. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 169, 1121\u20131135.","journal-title":"Pure and Applied Geophysics"},{"key":"5_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-012-9706-9","volume":"143","author":"CK Kim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kim, C. K., & Yum, S. S. (2012b). A numerical study of sea-fog formation over cold sea surface using a one-dimensional turbulence model coupled with the weather research and forecasting model. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 143, 481\u2013505.","journal-title":"Boundary-Layer Meteorology"},{"key":"5_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s13143-013-0024-z","volume":"49","author":"CK Kim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kim, C. K., & Yum, S. S. (2013). A study on the transition mechanism of a stratus cloud into a warm sea fog using a single column model PAFOG coupled with WRF. Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 49, 245\u2013257.","journal-title":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"5_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-005-2772-5","volume":"117","author":"D Kora\u010din","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kora\u010din, D., Businger, J. A., Dorman, C. E., & Lewis, J. (2005). Formation, evolution, and dissipation of coastal sea fog. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 117, 447\u2013478.","journal-title":"Boundary-Layer Meteorology"},{"key":"5_CR18","first-page":"59","volume":"22","author":"D Kora\u010din","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kora\u010din, D., Leipper, D. F., & Lewis, J. M. (2005). Modeling sea fog on the U.S. California coast during a hot spell event. Geofizika, 22, 59\u201382.","journal-title":"Geofizika"},{"key":"5_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(2001)058<1714:TOSIFA>2.0.CO;2","volume":"58","author":"D Kora\u010din","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kora\u010din, D., Lewis, J. M., Thompson, W. T., Dorman, C. E., & Businger, J. A. (2001). Transition of stratus into fog along the California coast: Observations and modeling. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 58, 1714\u20131731.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"5_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(2003)042<0952:MSOTNB>2.0.CO;2","volume":"42","author":"TBPSRV Krishna","year":"2003","unstructured":"Krishna, T. B. P. S. R. V., Sharan, M., Gopalakrishnan, S. G., & Aditi. (2003). Mean structure of the nocturnal boundary layer under strong and weak wind conditions: EPRI case study. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 42, 952\u2013969.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Meteorology"},{"key":"5_CR21","unstructured":"Lamb, H. (1943). Haars or North Sea fogs on the coasts of Great Britain. Meteorology Office Publication M. O. 504, 24p."},{"key":"5_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1978)035<0301:TIBTAR>2.0.CO;2","volume":"35","author":"DA Oliver","year":"1978","unstructured":"Oliver, D. A., Lewellen, W. S., & Williamson, G. G. (1978). The interaction between turbulent and radiative transport in the development of fog and low-level stratus. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 35, 301\u2013316.","journal-title":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"},{"key":"5_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1979)018<1275:TFOMFA>2.0.CO;2","volume":"18","author":"RJ Pili\u00e9","year":"1979","unstructured":"Pili\u00e9, R. J., Mack, E. J., Rogers, C. W., Katz, U., & Kocmond, W. C. (1979). The formation of marine fog and the development of fog-stratus systems along the California coast. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 18, 1275\u20131286.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Meteorology"},{"key":"5_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1256\/qj.05.61","volume":"132","author":"H Savijarvi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Savijarvi, H. (2006). Radiative and turbulent heating rates in the clear-air boundary layer. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 132, 147\u2013161.","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society"},{"key":"5_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JD013074","volume":"115","author":"GJ Steeneveld","year":"2010","unstructured":"Steeneveld, G. J., Wokke, M. J. J., Groot Zwaaftink, C. D., Pijlman, S., Heusinkveld, B. G., Jacobs, A. F. G., et al. (2010). Observations of the radiation divergence in the surface layer and its implication for its parameterization in numerical weather prediction models. Journal of Geophysical Research, 115, D06107.","journal-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research"},{"key":"5_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-3027-8","volume-title":"An introduction to boundary layer meteorology","author":"RB Stull","year":"1988","unstructured":"Stull, R. B. (1988). An introduction to boundary layer meteorology. Dordrecht: Kluwer. 666p."},{"key":"5_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02033916","volume":"3","author":"WG Zdunkowski","year":"1972","unstructured":"Zdunkowski, W. G., & Barr, A. E. (1972). A radiative-conductive model for the prediction of radiation fog. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 3, 152\u2013177.","journal-title":"Boundary-Layer Meteorology"},{"key":"5_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00875062","volume":"75","author":"WG Zdunkowski","year":"1969","unstructured":"Zdunkowski, W. G., & Nielsen, B. C. (1969). A preliminary prediction analysis of radiation fog. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 75, 278\u2013299.","journal-title":"Pure and Applied Geophysics"}],"container-title":["Springer Atmospheric Sciences","Marine Fog: Challenges and Advancements in Observations, Modeling, and Forecasting"],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-319-45229-6_5","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,25]],"date-time":"2017-06-25T05:25:39Z","timestamp":1498368339000},"score":20.084015,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-319-45229-6_5"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"ISBN":["9783319452272","9783319452296"],"references-count":28,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-45229-6_5","ISSN":["2194-5217","2194-5225"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2194-5217","type":"print"},{"value":"2194-5225","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017]]}},{"institution":[{"name":"US Dept of the Navy","acronym":["NRLMMD7500"],"department":["Funding"]},{"name":"SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY LA JOLLA CA","department":["Performing"]}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T00:05:33Z","timestamp":1724889933569},"publisher-location":"Fort Belvoir, VA","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Defense Technical Information Center","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,16]]},"DOI":"10.21236\/ada546822","type":"report","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,10]],"date-time":"2017-07-10T22:45:31Z","timestamp":1499726731000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["High Resolution Cloud Microphysics and Radiation Studies"],"prefix":"10.21236","author":[{"given":"Piotr J.","family":"Flatau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"9879","original-title":[""],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T19:34:02Z","timestamp":1724873642000},"score":20.019972,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.dtic.mil\/docs\/citations\/ADA546822"}},"subtitle":[""],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,16]]},"references-count":0,"alternative-id":["SIO26352A,SIO-26352A"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21236\/ada546822","published":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,16]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T12:08:10Z","timestamp":1789214890169,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007601","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["821205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["821205"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007601","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"H2020 European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["865799"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["865799"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018693","name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101137680"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101137680"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018693","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004063","name":"Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015.0162"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015.0162"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004063","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004063","name":"Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021.0169"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.0169"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004063","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004063","name":"Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021.0298"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.0298"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004063","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004063","name":"Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022.0104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.0104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004063","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020\u201304158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\u201304158"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022-06725"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-06725"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Atmos. Chem. Phys."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Employing high-resolution Large Eddy Simulation (LES) coupled with interactive aerosol and cloud microphysics schemes, this study investigates the influence of aerosol and droplet microphysics on the life cycle and properties of wintertime radiation fog in the Po Valley, Italy. For the simulated case, the results show that the main drivers of radiation fog onset and dissipation are nocturnal longwave cooling and surface warming, respectively. Increasing aerosol loading increases droplet number concentration, liquid water content, and fog optical thickness, which reduces droplet sedimentation rates and prolongs fog duration by up to 54\u2009min. Overall, the microphysical influence of aerosols and droplets weakens under heavily polluted conditions. We also show that non-activated hydrated aerosols have a limited influence on total liquid water content and fog-layer mixing. However, they critically affect visibility and fog duration prediction, underscoring the importance of explicitly incorporating hydrated particles in fog forecasting and accurately representing aerosol composition. Additional sensitivity experiments reveal that the prescribed droplet spectral shape parameters significantly influence fog characteristics. Parameter settings that represent a broad droplet size spectrum overestimate the number of large droplets compared to observations, which increases mean droplet sedimentation rates and decreases mean liquid water content by up to 104\u2009% and 78\u2009%, respectively, compared to the settings that best represent the observed spectrum.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-26-9721-2026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T04:37:44Z","timestamp":1783658264000},"page":"9721-9739","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The importance of aerosol and droplet microphysics for the properties and life cycle of radiation fog in the Po Valley"],"prefix":"10.5194","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Hao","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05f0yaq80","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Stockholm University (Stockholm, Sweden)"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/058zxsr17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Bolin Centre for Climate Research (Stockholm, Sweden)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"corresponding-author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9697-3058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Almuth","family":"Neuberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7141-9060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rahul","family":"Ranjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1850-2760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fredrik","family":"Mattsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7837-967X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liine","family":"Heikkinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0588-9411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karam","family":"Mansour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6486-3786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Decesari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3291-9295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Mohr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro Bar\u00f3","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nazario","family":"Mastroianni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7000-6879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Zieger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilona","family":"Riipinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5940-2114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annica M. L.","family":"Ekman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05f0yaq80","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Stockholm University (Stockholm, Sweden)"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/058zxsr17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Bolin Centre for Climate Research (Stockholm, Sweden)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"corresponding-author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3145","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Albrecht, B.\u00a0A.: Aerosols, cloud microphysics, and fractional cloudiness, Science, 245, 1227\u20131230, 10.1126\/science.245.4923.1227, 1989.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.245.4923.1227"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alduchov, O.\u00a0A. and Eskridge, R.\u00a0E.: Improved Magnus form approximation of saturation vapor pressure, J. Appl. Meteorol. Cimatol., 35, 601\u2013609, 10.1175\/1520-0450(1996)0352.0.CO;2, 1996.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1996)0352.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bari, D., Bergot, T., and El\u00a0Khlifi, M.: Numerical study of a coastal fog event over Casablanca, Morocco, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 141, 1894\u20131905, 10.1002\/qj.2494, 2015.","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.2494"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bergot, T.: Small-scale structure of radiation fog: a large-eddy simulation study, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 139, 1099\u20131112, 10.1002\/qj.2051, 2013.","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.2051"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bergot, T. and Koracin, D.: Observation, simulation and predictability of fog: Review and perspectives, Atmosphere, 12, 235, 10.3390\/atmos12020235, 2021.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos12020235"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bott, A.: On the influence of the physico-chemical properties of aerosols on the life cycle of radiation fogs, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 56, 1\u201331, 10.1016\/0021-8502(90)90238-s, 1991.","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-8502(90)90238-s"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bott, A., Sievers, U., and Zdunkowski, W.: A radiation fog model with a detailed treatment of the interaction between radiative transfer and fog microphysics, J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 2153\u20132166, 10.1175\/1520-0469(1990)0472.0.co;2, 1990.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1990)0472.0.co;2"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Boutle, I., Price, J., Kudzotsa, I., Kokkola, H., and Romakkaniemi, S.: Aerosol\u2013fog interaction and the transition to well-mixed radiation fog, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 7827\u20137840, 10.5194\/acp-18-7827-2018, 2018.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-7827-2018"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Boutle, I., Angevine, W., Bao, J.-W., Bergot, T., Bhattacharya, R., Bott, A., Ducong\u00e9, L., Forbes, R., Goecke, T., Grell, E., Hill, A., Igel, A. L., Kudzotsa, I., Lac, C., Maronga, B., Romakkaniemi, S., Schmidli, J., Schwenkel, J., Steeneveld, G.-J., and Vi\u00e9, B.: Demistify: a large-eddy simulation (LES) and single-column model (SCM) intercomparison of radiation fog, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 319\u2013333, 10.5194\/acp-22-319-2022, 2022.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-22-319-2022"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brenguier, J.-L., Burnet, F., and Geoffroy, O.: Cloud optical thickness and liquid water path \u2013 does the k coefficient vary with droplet concentration?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 9771\u20139786, 10.5194\/acp-11-9771-2011, 2011.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-9771-2011"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Contreras\u00a0Osorio, S., Mart\u00edn\u00a0P\u00e9rez, D., Ivarsson, K.-I., Nielsen, K.\u00a0P., de\u00a0Rooy, W.\u00a0C., Gleeson, E., and McAufield, E.: Impact of the Microphysics in HARMONIE-AROME on Fog, Atmosphere, 13, 2127, 10.3390\/atmos13122127, 2022.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos13122127"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Decesari, S., Sowlat, M. H., Hasheminassab, S., Sandrini, S., Gilardoni, S., Facchini, M. C., Fuzzi, S., and Sioutas, C.: Enhanced toxicity of aerosol in fog conditions in the Po Valley, Italy, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 7721\u20137731, 10.5194\/acp-17-7721-2017, 2017.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-7721-2017"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dimitrelos, A., Ekman, A. M.\u00a0L., Caballero, R., and Savre, J.: A sensitivity study of Arctic air-mass transformation using large Eddy simulation, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 125, e2019JD031738, 10.1029\/2019jd031738, 2020.","DOI":"10.1029\/2019jd031738"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ding, H., Neuberger, A., Ranjan, R., Mattsson, F., Heikkinen, L., Mansour, K., Decesari, S., Mohr, C., Bar\u00f3 P\u00e9rez, A., Mastroianni, N., Zieger, P., Riipinen, I., and Ekman, A. M. L.: Large-eddy simulation of droplet and aerosol microphysics role in radiation fog from FAIRARI campaign, Po Valley, February 2022, Dataset version 1, Bolin Centre Database [data set], 10.17043\/fairari-2021-2022-les2-1, 2026.","DOI":"10.17043\/fairari-2021-2022-les2-1","type":"dataset"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dusek, U., Frank, G.\u00a0P., Hildebrandt, L., Curtius, J., Schneider, J., Walter, S., Chand, D., Drewnick, F., Hings, S., Jung, D., Borrmann, S., and Andreae, M.\u00a0O.: Size matters more than chemistry for cloud-nucleating ability of aerosol particles, Science, 312, 1375\u20131378, 10.1126\/science.1125261, 2006.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1125261"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ekman, A. M.\u00a0L., Wang, C., Str\u00f6m, J., and Krejci, R.: Explicit simulation of aerosol physics in a cloud-resolving model: Aerosol transport and processing in the free troposphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 682\u2013696, 10.1175\/jas3645.1, 2006.","DOI":"10.1175\/jas3645.1"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elias, T., Haeffelin, M., Drobinski, P., Gomes, L., Rangognio, J., Bergot, T., Chazette, P., Raut, J.-C., and Colomb, M.: Particulate contribution to extinction of visible radiation: Pollution, haze, and fog, Atmos. Res., 92, 443\u2013454, 2009.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2009.01.006"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Elias, T., Dupont, J.-C., Hammer, E., Hoyle, C. R., Haeffelin, M., Burnet, F., and Jolivet, D.: Enhanced extinction of visible radiation due to hydrated aerosols in mist and fog, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 6605\u20136623, 10.5194\/acp-15-6605-2015, 2015.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-6605-2015"},{"key":"ref19","unstructured":"Frank, G., Martinsson, B.\u00a0G., Cederfelt, S.-I., Berg, O.\u00a0H., Swietlicki, E., Wendisch, M., Yuskiewicz, B., Heintzenberg, J., Wiedensohler, A., Orsini, D., Stratmann, F., Laj, P., and Ricci, L.: Droplet formation and growth in polluted fogs, Contribut. Atmos. Phys., 71, 65\u201385, 1998."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fu, Q. and Liou, K.: Parameterization of the radiative properties of cirrus clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 2008\u20132025, 10.1175\/1520-0469(1993)0502.0.CO;2, 1993.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1993)0502.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fuzzi, S., Facchini, M.\u00a0C., Orsi, G., Lind, J.\u00a0A., Wobrock, W., Kessel, M., Maser, R., Jaeschke, W., Enderle, K.\u00a0H., Arends, B.\u00a0G., Berner, A., Solly, I., Kruisz, C., Reischl, G., Pahl, S., Kaminski, U., Winkler, P., Ogren, J.\u00a0A., Noone, K.\u00a0J., Hallberg, A., Fierlinger-Oberlinninger, H., Puxbaum, H., Marzorati, A., Hansson, H.-C., Wiedensohler, A., Svenningsson, I.\u00a0B., Martinsson, B.\u00a0G., Schell, D., and Georgii, H.\u00a0W.: The Po Valley Fog Experiment 1989, Tellus B, 44, 448\u2013468, 10.3402\/tellusb.v44i5.15561, 1992.","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusb.v44i5.15561"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Geoffroy, O., Brenguier, J.-L., and Burnet, F.: Parametric representation of the cloud droplet spectra for LES warm bulk microphysical schemes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4835\u20134848, 10.5194\/acp-10-4835-2010, 2010.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-4835-2010"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., M\u00fcller, M.\u00a0D., and Boybeyi, Z.: A new visibility parameterization for warm-fog applications in numerical weather prediction models, J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 45, 1469\u20131480, 10.1175\/jam2423.1, 2006.","DOI":"10.1175\/jam2423.1"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., Tardif, R., Michaelides, S.\u00a0C., Cermak, J., Bott, A., Bendix, J., M\u00fcller, M.\u00a0D., Pagowski, M., Hansen, B., Ellrod, G., Jacobs, W., Toth, G., and Cober, S.\u00a0G.: Fog research: A review of past achievements and future perspectives, Pure Appl. Geophys., 164, 1121\u20131159, 10.1007\/978-3-7643-8419-7_3, 2007.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7643-8419-7_3"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Haeffelin, M., Bergot, T., Elias, T., Tardif, R., Carrer, D., Chazette, P., Colomb, M., Drobinski, P., Dupont, E., Dupont, J.-C., Gu\u00e9dalia, D., van\u00a0der Hage, P. J.\u00a0H., and Cammas, J.-P.: PARISFOG: Shedding new light on fog physical processes, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 91, 767\u2013783, 10.1175\/2009bams2671.1, 2010.","DOI":"10.1175\/2009bams2671.1"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hamed, A., Joutsensaari, J., Mikkonen, S., Sogacheva, L., Dal Maso, M., Kulmala, M., Cavalli, F., Fuzzi, S., Facchini, M. C., Decesari, S., Mircea, M., Lehtinen, K. E. J., and Laaksonen, A.: Nucleation and growth of new particles in Po Valley, Italy, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 355\u2013376, 10.5194\/acp-7-355-2007, 2007.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-7-355-2007"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hammer, E., Gysel, M., Roberts, G. C., Elias, T., Hofer, J., Hoyle, C. R., Bukowiecki, N., Dupont, J.-C., Burnet, F., Baltensperger, U., and Weingartner, E.: Size-dependent particle activation properties in fog during the ParisFog 2012\/13 field campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 10517\u201310533, 10.5194\/acp-14-10517-2014, 2014.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-10517-2014"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Heikkinen, L., \u00c4ij\u00e4l\u00e4, M., Riva, M., Luoma, K., D\u00e4llenbach, K., Aalto, J., Aalto, P., Aliaga, D., Aurela, M., Keskinen, H., Makkonen, U., Rantala, P., Kulmala, M., Pet\u00e4j\u00e4, T., Worsnop, D., and Ehn, M.: Long-term sub-micrometer aerosol chemical composition in the boreal forest: inter- and intra-annual variability, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 3151\u20133180, 10.5194\/acp-20-3151-2020, 2020.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-3151-2020"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Hor\u00e1nyi, A., Mu\u00f1oz\u00a0Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., and Th\u00e9paut, J.-N.: ERA5 hourly data on pressure levels from 1940 to present, Copernicus climate change service (c3s) climate data store (cds), 10, 24381, 10.24381\/cds.bd0915c6, 2023.","DOI":"10.24381\/cds.bd0915c6"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Igel, A.\u00a0L. and van\u00a0den Heever, S.\u00a0C.: The importance of the shape of cloud droplet size distributions in shallow cumulus clouds. Part II: Bulk microphysics simulations, J. Atmos. Sci., 74, 259\u2013273, 10.1175\/jas-d-15-0383.1, 2017.","DOI":"10.1175\/jas-d-15-0383.1"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jia, X., Quan, J., Zheng, Z., Liu, X., Liu, Q., He, H., and Liu, Y.: Impacts of anthropogenic aerosols on fog in North China Plain, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124, 252\u2013265, 10.1029\/2018jd029437, 2019.","DOI":"10.1029\/2018jd029437"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Katata, G.: Fogwater deposition modeling for terrestrial ecosystems: A review of developments and measurements, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 8137\u20138159, 10.1002\/2014jd021669, 2014.","DOI":"10.1002\/2014jd021669"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kokkola, H., Romakkaniemi, S., and Laaksonen, A.: On the formation of radiation fogs under heavily polluted conditions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 581\u2013589, 10.5194\/acp-3-581-2003, 2003.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-3-581-2003"},{"key":"ref34","unstructured":"Koschmieder, H.: Theorie der horizontalen sichtweite, Beitrage zur Physik der Freien Atmosphare, Meteorol. Z., 12, 3353, 1924."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lakra, K. and Avishek, K.: A review on factors influencing fog formation, classification, forecasting, detection and impacts, Rend. Lincei.-Sci. Fis., 33, 319\u2013353, 10.1007\/s12210-022-01060-1, 2022.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12210-022-01060-1"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Leung, A.\u00a0C., Gough, W.\u00a0A., and Butler, K.\u00a0A.: Changes in fog, ice fog, and low visibility in the Hudson Bay Region: Impacts on aviation, Atmosphere, 11, 186, 10.3390\/atmos11020186, 2020.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11020186"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maalick, Z., K\u00fchn, T., Korhonen, H., Kokkola, H., Laaksonen, A., and Romakkaniemi, S.: Effect of aerosol concentration and absorbing aerosol on the radiation fog life cycle, Atmos. Environ., 133, 26\u201333, 10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2016.03.018, 2016.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2016.03.018"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maronga, B. and Bosveld, F.: Key parameters for the life cycle of nocturnal radiation fog: a comprehensive large-eddy simulation study, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 143, 2463\u20132480, 10.1002\/qj.3100, 2017.","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3100"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mazoyer, M., Burnet, F., Denjean, C., Roberts, G. C., Haeffelin, M., Dupont, J.-C., and Elias, T.: Experimental study of the aerosol impact on fog microphysics, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 4323\u20134344, 10.5194\/acp-19-4323-2019, 2019.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-19-4323-2019"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mazoyer, M., Burnet, F., and Denjean, C.: Experimental study on the evolution of droplet size distribution during the fog life cycle, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 11305\u201311321, 10.5194\/acp-22-11305-2022, 2022.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-22-11305-2022"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Miles, N.\u00a0L., Verlinde, J., and Clothiaux, E.\u00a0E.: Cloud droplet size distributions in low-level stratiform clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 295\u2013311, 10.1175\/1520-0469(2000)0572.0.co;2, 2000.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(2000)0572.0.co;2"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Morrison, H. and Grabowski, W.\u00a0W.: Comparison of bulk and bin warm-rain microphysics models using a kinematic framework, J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 2839\u20132861, 10.1175\/jas3980, 2007.","DOI":"10.1175\/jas3980"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Morrison, H. and Grabowski, W.\u00a0W.: Modeling supersaturation and subgrid-scale mixing with two-moment bulk warm microphysics, J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 792\u2013812, 10.1175\/2007JAS2374.1, 2008.","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JAS2374.1"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Neuberger, A., Ranjan, R., Ding, H., Mattsson, F., Haberstock, L., Baumgardner, D., Decesari, S., Ekman, A. M. L., Hughes, D. D., Mohr, C., Paglione, M., Riipinen, I., Rinaldi, M., and Zieger, P.: Importance of hydrated aerosol particles for aerosol-fog relationships in the Italian Po Valley, EGUsphere [preprint], 10.5194\/egusphere-2025-5419, 2025a.","DOI":"10.5194\/egusphere-2025-5419","type":"preprint"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Neuberger, A., Decesari, S., Aktypis, A., Andersen, H., Baumgardner, D., Bianchi, F., Busetto, M., Cai, J., Cermak, J., Dipu, S., Ekman, A. M.\u00a0L., Fuzzi, S., Gramlich, Y., Haslett, S.\u00a0L., Heikkinen, L., Joutsensaari, J., Kaltsonoudis, C., Kangasluoma, J., Krejci, R., Lupi, A., Marinoni, A., Matrali, A., Mattsson, F., Mohr, C., Nenes, A., Paglione, M., Pandis, S.\u00a0N., Patel, A., Riipinen, I., Rinaldi, M., Steimer, S.\u00a0S., Stolzenburg, D., Sulo, J., Vasilakopoulou, C.\u00a0N., and Zieger, P.: From Molecules to Droplets: The Fog and Aerosol Interaction Research Italy (FAIRARI) 2021\/22 Campaign, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 106, E23\u2013E50, 10.1175\/bams-d-23-0166.1, 2025b.","DOI":"10.1175\/bams-d-23-0166.1"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Neuberger, A., Decesari, S., Aktypis, A., Andersen, H., Baumgardner, D., Bianchi, F., Busetto, M., Cai, J., Cermak, J., Dipu, S., Ekman, A., Fuzzi, S., Gramlich, Y., Haslett, S. L., Heikkinen, L., Joutsensaari, J., Kaltsonoudis, C., Kangasluoma, J., Krejci, R., Lupi, A., Marinoni, A., Matrali, A., Mattsson, F., Mohr, C., Nenes, A., Paglione, M., Pandis, S. N., Patel, A., Riipinen, I., Rinaldi, M., Steimer, S. S., Stolzenburg, D., Sulo, J., Vasilakopoulou, C. N., and Zieger, P.: The fog and aerosol interaction research Italy (FAIRARI) campaign, November 2021 to May 2022. Dataset version 3, Bolin Centre Database [data set], 10.17043\/fairari-2021-2022-3, 2026.","DOI":"10.17043\/fairari-2021-2022-3","type":"dataset"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Noone, K.\u00a0J., Ogren, J.\u00a0A., Hallberg, A., Heintzenberg, J., Str\u00f6m, J., Hansson, H.-C., Svenningsson, B., Wiedensohler, A., Fuzzi, S., Facchini, M.\u00a0C., Arends, B.\u00a0G., and Berner, A.: Changes in aerosol size- and phase distributions due to physical and chemical processes in fog, Tellus B, 44, 489\u2013504, 10.3402\/tellusb.v44i5.15563, 1992.","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusb.v44i5.15563"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Paglione, M., Gilardoni, S., Rinaldi, M., Decesari, S., Zanca, N., Sandrini, S., Giulianelli, L., Bacco, D., Ferrari, S., Poluzzi, V., Scotto, F., Trentini, A., Poulain, L., Herrmann, H., Wiedensohler, A., Canonaco, F., Pr\u00e9v\u00f4t, A. S. H., Massoli, P., Carbone, C., Facchini, M. C., and Fuzzi, S.: The impact of biomass burning and aqueous-phase processing on air quality: a multi-year source apportionment study in the Po Valley, Italy, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 1233\u20131254, 10.5194\/acp-20-1233-2020, 2020.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-1233-2020"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Petters, M. D. and Kreidenweis, S. M.: A single parameter representation of hygroscopic growth and cloud condensation nucleus activity, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1961\u20131971, 10.5194\/acp-7-1961-2007, 2007.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-7-1961-2007"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pope, N.\u00a0H. and Igel, A.\u00a0L.: Identifying Important Microphysical Properties and Processes for Marine Fog Forecasts, Mon. Weather Rev., 151, 2427\u20132441, 10.1175\/mwr-d-22-0294.1, 2023.","DOI":"10.1175\/mwr-d-22-0294.1"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Price, J.: Radiation fog. Part I: observations of stability and drop size distributions, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 139, 167\u2013191, 10.1007\/s10546-010-9580-2, 2011.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-010-9580-2"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Riipinen, I., Talvinen, S., Chassaing, A., Georgakaki, P., Li, X., P\u00e9rez Garcia-Pando, C., Bergman, T., Kommula, S., Proske, U., Gkouvousis, A., Tsimpidi, A., Chatziparaschos, M., Neuberger, A., Karydis, V., Calder\u00f3n, S., Romakkaniemi, S., Partridge, D., Khadir, T., Dada, L., Van\u00a0Noije, T., Decesari, S., Seland, O., Zieger, P., Bender, F., Carslaw, K., Cermak, J., Costa-Sur\u00f3s, M., Ageitos, M., Gramlich, Y., Haugvaldstad, O., Holopainen, E., Hoose, C., Jorba, O., Kakavas, S., Kanakidou, M., Kokkola, H., Krejci, R., K\u00fchn, T., Kulmala, M., Le\u00a0Sager, P., Makkonen, R., Manavi, S., Mentel, T., Milousis, A., Myriokefalitakis, S., Nenes, A., Nieminen, T., Pandis, S., Patoulias, D., Pet\u00e4j\u00e4, T., Quaas, J., Regayre, L., Scholz, S., Schulz, M., Skyllakou, K., Sousse, R., Stier, P., Thomas, M., Villinger, J., Virtanen, A., Wyser, K., and Ekman, A. M.\u00a0L.: Treatment of key aerosol and cloud processes in Earth System Models \u2013 Recommendations from the FORCeS Project, Tellus B, 78, 1\u201366, 10.16993\/tellusb.1883, 2026.","DOI":"10.16993\/tellusb.1883"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rose, D., Nowak, A., Achtert, P., Wiedensohler, A., Hu, M., Shao, M., Zhang, Y., Andreae, M. O., and P\u00f6schl, U.: Cloud condensation nuclei in polluted air and biomass burning smoke near the mega-city Guangzhou, China \u2013 Part 1: Size-resolved measurements and implications for the modeling of aerosol particle hygroscopicity and CCN activity, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 3365\u20133383, 10.5194\/acp-10-3365-2010, 2010.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-3365-2010"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Savre, J., Ekman, A. M.\u00a0L., and Svensson, G.: Technical note: Introduction to MIMICA, a large-eddy simulation solver for cloudy planetary boundary layers, J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 6, 630\u2013649, 10.1002\/2013MS000292, 2014.","DOI":"10.1002\/2013MS000292"},{"key":"ref55","unstructured":"Savre, J. and Brakebusch, M.: MIMICA LES model v5, Bitbucket [code], https:\/\/bitbucket.org\/matthiasbrakebusch\/mimicav5\/src\/master (last access: 3 June 2025), 2024.","type":"software"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schwarz, M., Savre, J., Sudhakar, D., Quaas, J., and Ekman, A. M.\u00a0L.: The Transition from Aerosol-to Updraft-Limited Susceptibility Regime in Large-Eddy Simulations with Bulk Microphysics, Tellus B, 76, 10.16993\/tellusb.94, 2024.","DOI":"10.16993\/tellusb.94"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schwenkel, J. and Maronga, B.: Large-eddy simulation of radiation fog with comprehensive two-moment bulk microphysics: impact of different aerosol activation and condensation parameterizations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 7165\u20137181, 10.5194\/acp-19-7165-2019, 2019.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-19-7165-2019"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Seifert, A. and Beheng, K.\u00a0D.: A double-moment parameterization for simulating autoconversion, accretion and selfcollection, Atmos. Res., 59, 265\u2013281, 10.1016\/S0169-8095(01)00126-0, 2001.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-8095(01)00126-0"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Seifert, A. and Beheng, K.\u00a0D.: A two-moment cloud microphysics parameterization for mixed-phase clouds. Part 1: Model description, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 92, 45\u201366, 10.1007\/s00703-005-0112-4, 2006.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00703-005-0112-4"},{"key":"ref60","unstructured":"Seinfeld, J.\u00a0H. and Pandis, S.\u00a0N.: Atmospheric chemistry and physics: from air pollution to climate change, John Wiley & Sons, 2016."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stokes, R.\u00a0H. and Robinson, R.\u00a0A.: Interactions in Aqueous Nonelectrolyte Solutions. I. Solute-Solvent Equilibria, The J. Phys. Chem., 70, 2126\u20132131, 10.1021\/j100879a010, 1966.","DOI":"10.1021\/j100879a010"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stolaki, S., Haeffelin, M., Lac, C., Dupont, J.-C., Elias, T., and Masson, V.: Influence of aerosols on the life cycle of a radiation fog event. A numerical and observational study, Atmos. Res., 151, 146\u2013161, 10.1016\/j.atmosres.2014.04.013, 2015.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2014.04.013"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stull, R.\u00a0B.: An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 10.1007\/978-94-009-3027-8, 1988.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-3027-8"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Twomey, S.: The influence of pollution on the shortwave albedo of clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 1149\u20131152, 10.1175\/1520-0469(1977)0342.0.co;2, 1977.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1977)0342.0.co;2"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wainwright, C., Chang, R. Y.-W., and Richter, D.: Aerosol activation in radiation fog at the atmospheric radiation program Southern Great Plains site, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 126, e2021JD035358, 10.1029\/2021jd035358, 2021.","DOI":"10.1029\/2021jd035358"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Lu, C., Niu, S., Lv, J., Jia, X., Xu, X., Xue, Y., Zhu, L., and Yan, S.: Diverse dispersion effects and parameterization of relative dispersion in urban fog in eastern China, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 128, e2022JD037514, 10.1029\/2022jd037514, 2023.","DOI":"10.1029\/2022jd037514"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wobrock, W., Schell, D., Maser, R., Kessel, M., Jaeschke, W., Fuzzi, S., Facchini, M.\u00a0C., Orsi, G., Marzorati, A., Winkler, P., Arends, B.\u00a0G., and Bendix, J.: Meteorological characteristics of the Po Valley fog, Tellus B, 44, 469\u2013488, 10.3402\/tellusb.v44i5.15562, 1992.","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusb.v44i5.15562"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wurtz, J., Bouniol, D., Vi\u00e9, B., and Lac, C.: Evaluation of the AROME model's ability to represent ice crystal icing using in situ observations from the HAIC 2015 field campaign, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 147, 2796\u20132817, 10.1002\/qj.4100, 2021.","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.4100"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yan, S., Zhu, B., Huang, Y., Zhu, J., Kang, H., Lu, C., and Zhu, T.: To what extents do urbanization and air pollution affect fog?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 5559\u20135572, 10.5194\/acp-20-5559-2020, 2020.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-5559-2020"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yan, S., Zhu, B., Zhu, T., Shi, C., Liu, D., Kang, H., Lu, W., and Lu, C.: The effect of aerosols on fog lifetime: Observational evidence and model simulations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2020GL61803, 10.1029\/2020gl091156, 2021.","DOI":"10.1029\/2020gl091156"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Musson-Genon, L., Dupont, E., Milliez, M., and Carissimo, B.: On the influence of a simple microphysics parametrization on radiation fog modelling: A case study during parisfog, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 151, 293\u2013315, 10.1007\/s10546-013-9894-y, 2014.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-013-9894-y"}],"container-title":["Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/acp.copernicus.org\/articles\/26\/9721\/2026\/acp-26-9721-2026.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T11:29:35Z","timestamp":1789212575000},"score":19.905703,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/acp.copernicus.org\/articles\/26\/9721\/2026\/"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-26-9721-2026","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2025-6435","asserted-by":"subject"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2025-6435-RC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2025-6435-AC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2025-6435-RC2","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2025-6435-AC2","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2025-6435-AC2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2025-6435-AC1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2025-6435-RC1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2025-6435-RC2","asserted-by":"object"}],"is-part-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.17043\/fairari-2021-2022-3","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.17043\/fairari-2021-2022-les2-1","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["1680-7324"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1680-7324","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]],"date-time":"2022-04-04T19:10:32Z","timestamp":1649099432817},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"American Meteorological Society","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Appl. Meteor."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1979,4]]},"DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1979)018<0487:otrotp>2.0.co;2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T12:27:51Z","timestamp":1027772871000},"page":"487-494","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["On the Reliability of the Parameterization of Microphysics in Fog Models"],"prefix":"10.1175","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"C.","family":"Corradini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Tonna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"12","container-title":["Journal of Applied Meteorology"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.ametsoc.org\/doi\/pdf\/abs\/10.1175\/1520-0450%281979%29018%3C0487%3AOTROTP%3E2.0.CO%3B2","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,16]],"date-time":"2020-12-16T17:46:49Z","timestamp":1608140809000},"score":19.864697,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.ametsoc.org\/doi\/10.1175\/1520-0450(1979)018<0487:OTROTP>2.0.CO;2"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1979,4]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1979,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1175\/1520-0450(1979)018<0487:OTROTP>2.0.CO;2"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/1520-0450(1979)018<0487:otrotp>2.0.co;2","ISSN":["0021-8952"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-8952","type":"print"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[1979,4]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T05:40:40Z","timestamp":1772257240832,"version":"3.50.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,6]]},"group-title":"Clouds and Precipitation\/Atmospheric Modelling and Data Analysis\/Troposphere\/Physics (physical properties and processes)","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,6]],"date-time":"2018-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541462400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract. In this paper we study the influence of the cloud microphysical parameterization on large-eddy simulations of radiation fog. A deep fog case as observed at Cabauw (Netherlands) is investigated using high-resolution large-eddy simulations with different microphysics treatments for activation and diffusional growth. A comparison of the results indicates that the commonly applied assumption of saturation adjustment produces at maximum 6.9\u2009% higher liquid water paths compared to the explicit diffusional growth method but has no significant influence on the general life cycle of the fog layer. Differences are found to be the most pronounced at the top of the fog layer where the highest supersaturations occurs. Furthermore, the effect of different cloud droplet number concentrations is investigated by using a selection of common activation schemes. We find, in line with previous studies, a positive feedback between the cloud droplet number concentration and both the optical thickness and the strength of the fog layer. Furthermore, we perform an explicit analysis of the budgets of microphysical quantities in order to assess which processes have the largest spatial and temporal influence on the development of the fog layer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-2018-1139","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,6]],"date-time":"2018-11-06T01:21:48Z","timestamp":1541467308000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Large-eddy simulation of radiation fog with comprehensive two-moment bulk microphysics: Impact of different aerosol activation and condensation parameterizations"],"prefix":"10.5194","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3985-4498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"Schwenkel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bj\u00f6rn","family":"Maronga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3145","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net\/acp-2018-1139\/acp-2018-1139.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T05:52:43Z","timestamp":1738389163000},"score":19.706085,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/acp.copernicus.org\/articles\/19\/7165\/2019\/acp-19-7165-2019-discussion.html"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,6]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-2018-1139","relation":{"has-comment":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-1139-AC2","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-1139-AC1","asserted-by":"subject"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-1139-RC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-1139-RC2","asserted-by":"subject"}],"is-preprint-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-19-7165-2019","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-19-7165-2019","asserted-by":"object"}]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,6]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:25:37Z","timestamp":1790742337936,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,29]],"date-time":"2019-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Atmos. Chem. Phys."],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper we study the influence of the cloud microphysical\nparameterization, namely the effect of different methods for calculating the\nsupersaturation and aerosol activation, on the structure and life cycle of\nradiation fog in large-eddy simulations. For this purpose we investigate a\nwell-documented deep fog case as observed at Cabauw (the Netherlands) using\nhigh-resolution large-eddy simulations with a comprehensive bulk cloud\nmicrophysics scheme. By comparing saturation adjustment with a diagnostic and\na prognostic method for calculating supersaturation (while neglecting the\nactivation process), we find that, even though assumptions for saturation\nadjustment are violated, the expected overestimation of the liquid water\nmixing ratio is negligible. By additionally considering activation, however,\nour results indicate that saturation adjustment, due to approximating the\nunderlying supersaturation, leads to a higher droplet concentration and hence\nsignificantly higher liquid water content in the fog layer, while diagnostic\nand prognostic methods yield comparable results. Furthermore, the effect of\ndifferent droplet number concentrations is investigated, induced by using\ndifferent common activation schemes. We find, in line with previous studies,\na positive feedback between the droplet number concentration (as a\nconsequence of the applied activation schemes) and strength of the fog layer\n(defined by its vertical extent and amount of liquid water). Furthermore, we\nperform an explicit analysis of the budgets of condensation, evaporation,\nsedimentation and advection in order to assess the height-dependent\ncontribution of the individual processes on the development phases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-19-7165-2019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,29]],"date-time":"2019-05-29T07:58:19Z","timestamp":1559116699000},"page":"7165-7181","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Large-eddy simulation of radiation fog with comprehensive two-moment bulk microphysics: impact of different aerosol activation and condensation parameterizations"],"prefix":"10.5194","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3985-4498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"Schwenkel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"corresponding-author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bj\u00f6rn","family":"Maronga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3145","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdul-Razzak, H. and Ghan, S.\u00a0J.: A parameterization of aerosol activation: 2. Multiple aerosol types, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 105, 6837\u20136844, 2000.","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD901161"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ackerman, A.\u00a0S., VanZanten, M.\u00a0C., Stevens, B., Savic-Jovcic, V., Bretherton, C.\u00a0S., Chlond, A., Golaz, J.-C., Jiang, H., Khairoutdinov, M., Krueger, S.\u00a0K., Lewellen, D. C., Lock, A., Moeng, C.-H., Nakamura, K., Petters, M. D., Snider, J. R., Weinbrecht, S., and Zulauf, M.: Large-eddy simulations of a drizzling, stratocumulus-topped marine boundary layer, Mon. Weather Rev., 137, 1083\u20131110, 2009.","DOI":"10.1175\/2008MWR2582.1"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c1rnason, G. and Brown\u00a0Jr., P.\u00a0S.: Growth of cloud droplets by condensation: A problem in computational stability, J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 72\u201377, 1971.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1971)028<0072:GOCDBC>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beare, R.\u00a0J., Macvean, M.\u00a0K., Holtslag, A.\u00a0A., Cuxart, J., Esau, I., Golaz, J.-C., Jimenez, M.\u00a0A., Khairoutdinov, M., Kosovic, B., Lewellen, D., Lund, T. S., Lundquist, J. K., Mccabe, A., Moene, A. F., Noh, Y., Raasch, S., and Sullivan, P.: An intercomparison of large-eddy simulations of the stable boundary layer, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 118, 247\u2013272, 2006.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-004-2820-6"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergot, T.: Small-scale structure of radiation fog: a large-eddy simulation study, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 139, 1099\u20131112, 2013.","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.2051"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boers, R., Baltink, H.\u00a0K., Hemink, H., Bosveld, F., and Moerman, M.: Ground-based observations and modeling of the visibility and radar reflectivity in a radiation fog layer, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 30, 288\u2013300, 2013.","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-12-00081.1"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bott, A.: On the influence of the physico-chemical properties of aerosols on the life cycle of radiation fogs, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 56, 1\u201331, 1991.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00119960"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bott, A. and Trautmann, T.: PAFOG \u2013 a new efficient forecast model of radiation fog and low-level stratiform clouds, Atmos. Res., 64, 191\u2013203, 2002.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-8095(02)00091-1"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bougeault, P.: Modeling the trade-wind cumulus boundary layer. Part I: Testing the ensemble cloud relations against numerical data, J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 2414\u20132428, 1981.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1981)038<2414:MTTWCB>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Boutle, I., Price, J., Kudzotsa, I., Kokkola, H., and Romakkaniemi, S.: Aerosol-fog interaction and the transition to well-mixed radiation fog, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 7827\u20137840, 10.5194\/acp-18-7827-2018, 2018.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-7827-2018"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clark, T.\u00a0L.: Numerical modeling of the dynamics and microphysics of warm cumulus convection, J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 857\u2013878, 1973.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1973)030<0857:NMOTDA>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clough, S.\u00a0A., Shephard, M.\u00a0W., Mlawer, E.\u00a0J., Delamere, J.\u00a0S., Iacono, M.\u00a0J., Cady-Pereira, K., Boukabara, S., and Brown, P.\u00a0D.: Atmospheric radiative transfer modeling: A summary of the AER codes, Short Communication, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 91, 233\u2013244, 2005.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2004.05.058"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohard, J.-M. and Pinty, J.-P.: A comprehensive two-moment warm microphysical bulk scheme. I: Description and tests, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 126, 1815\u20131842, 2000.","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49712656613"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohard, J.-M., Pinty, J.-P., and Bedos, C.: Extending Twomey's analytical estimate of nucleated cloud droplet concentrations from CCN spectra, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 3348\u20133357, 1998.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1998)055<3348:ETSAEO>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohard, J.-M., Pinty, J.-P., and Suhre, K.: On the parameterization of activation spectra from cloud condensation nuclei microphysical properties, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 105, 11753\u201311766, 2000.","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD901195"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deardorff, J.\u00a0W.: Stratocumulus-capped mixed layers derived from a three-dimensional model, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 18, 495\u2013527, 1980.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00119502"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Geoffroy, O., Brenguier, J.-L., and Sandu, I.: Relationship between drizzle rate, liquid water path and droplet concentration at the scale of a stratocumulus cloud system, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 4641\u20134654, 10.5194\/acp-8-4641-2008, 2008.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-8-4641-2008"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Geoffroy, O., Brenguier, J.-L., and Burnet, F.: Parametric representation of the cloud droplet spectra for LES warm bulk microphysical schemes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4835\u20134848, 10.5194\/acp-10-4835-2010, 2010.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-4835-2010"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grabowski, W.\u00a0W. and Morrison, H.: Toward the mitigation of spurious cloud-edge supersaturation in cloud models, Mon. Weather Rev., 136, 1224\u20131234, 2008.","DOI":"10.1175\/2007MWR2283.1"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., M\u00fcller, M.\u00a0D., and Boybeyi, Z.: A new visibility parameterization for warm-fog applications in numerical weather prediction models, J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 45, 1469\u20131480, 2006.","DOI":"10.1175\/JAM2423.1"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., Tardif, R., Michaelides, S., Cermak, J., Bott, A., Bendix, J., M\u00fcller, M.\u00a0D., Pagowski, M., Hansen, B., Ellrod, G., Jacobs, W., Toth, G., and Cober, S. G.: Fog research: A review of past achievements and future perspectives, in: Fog and Boundary Layer Clouds: Fog Visibility and Forecasting, Springer, 1121\u20131159, 2007.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7643-8419-7_3"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gultepe, I., Hansen, B., Cober, S., Pearson, G., Milbrandt, J., Platnick, S., Taylor, P., Gordon, M., and Oakley, J.: The fog remote sensing and modeling field project, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 90, 341\u2013359, 2009.","DOI":"10.1175\/2008BAMS2354.1"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haeffelin, M., Bergot, T., Elias, T., Tardif, R., Carrer, D., Chazette, P., Colomb, M., Drobinski, P., Dupont, E., Dupont, J.-C., Gomes, L., Musson-Genon, L., Pietras, C., Plana-Fattori, A., Protat, A., Rangognio, J., Raut, J.-C., R\u00e9my, S., Richard, D., Sciare, J., and Zhang, X.: PARISFOG: shedding new light on fog physical processes, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 91, 767\u2013783, 2010.","DOI":"10.1175\/2009BAMS2671.1"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hammer, E., Gysel, M., Roberts, G. C., Elias, T., Hofer, J., Hoyle, C. R., Bukowiecki, N., Dupont, J.-C., Burnet, F., Baltensperger, U., and Weingartner, E.: Size-dependent particle activation properties in fog during the ParisFog 2012\/13 field campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 10517\u201310533, 10.5194\/acp-14-10517-2014, 2014.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-10517-2014"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Heus, T., van Heerwaarden, C. C., Jonker, H. J. J., Pier Siebesma, A., Axelsen, S., van den Dries, K., Geoffroy, O., Moene, A. F., Pino, D., de Roode, S. R., and Vil\u00e0-Guerau de Arellano, J.: Formulation of the Dutch Atmospheric Large-Eddy Simulation (DALES) and overview of its applications, Geosci. Model Dev., 3, 415\u2013444, 10.5194\/gmd-3-415-2010, 2010.","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-3-415-2010"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khairoutdinov, M. and Kogan, Y.: A new cloud physics parameterization in a large-eddy simulation model of marine stratocumulus, Mon. Weather Rev., 128, 229\u2013243, 2000.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(2000)128<0229:ANCPPI>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Khvorostyanov, V.\u00a0I. and Curry, J.\u00a0A.: Aerosol size spectra and CCN activity spectra: Reconciling the lognormal, algebraic, and power laws, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D12202, 10.1029\/2005JD006532, 2006.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD006532"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kokkola, H., Korhonen, H., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Makkonen, R., Asmi, A., J\u00e4rvenoja, S., Anttila, T., Partanen, A.-I., Kulmala, M., J\u00e4rvinen, H., Laaksonen, A., and Kerminen, V.-M.: SALSA \u2013 a Sectional Aerosol module for Large Scale Applications, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2469\u20132483, 10.5194\/acp-8-2469-2008, 2008.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-8-2469-2008"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lac, C., Chaboureau, J.-P., Masson, V., Pinty, J.-P., Tulet, P., Escobar, J., Leriche, M., Barthe, C., Aouizerats, B., Augros, C., Aumond, P., Auguste, F., Bechtold, P., Berthet, S., Bielli, S., Bosseur, F., Caumont, O., Cohard, J.-M., Colin, J., Couvreux, F., Cuxart, J., Delautier, G., Dauhut, T., Ducrocq, V., Filippi, J.-B., Gazen, D., Geoffroy, O., Gheusi, F., Honnert, R., Lafore, J.-P., Lebeaupin Brossier, C., Libois, Q., Lunet, T., Mari, C., Maric, T., Mascart, P., Mog\u00e9, M., Molini\u00e9, G., Nuissier, O., Pantillon, F., Peyrill\u00e9, P., Pergaud, J., Perraud, E., Pianezze, J., Redelsperger, J.-L., Ricard, D., Richard, E., Riette, S., Rodier, Q., Schoetter, R., Seyfried, L., Stein, J., Suhre, K., Taufour, M., Thouron, O., Turner, S., Verrelle, A., Vi\u00e9, B., Visentin, F., Vionnet, V., and Wautelet, P.: Overview of the Meso-NH model version 5.4 and its applications, Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 1929\u20131969, 10.5194\/gmd-11-1929-2018, 2018.","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-11-1929-2018"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lebo, Z. J., Morrison, H., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Are simulated aerosol-induced effects on deep convective clouds strongly dependent on saturation adjustment?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 9941\u20139964, 10.5194\/acp-12-9941-2012, 2012.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-9941-2012"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maalick, Z., K\u00fchn, T., Korhonen, H., Kokkola, H., Laaksonen, A., and Romakkaniemi, S.: Effect of aerosol concentration and absorbing aerosol on the radiation fog life cycle, Atmos. Environ., 133, 26\u201333, 2016.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2016.03.018"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maronga, B. and Bosveld, F.: Key parameters for the life cycle of nocturnal radiation fog: a comprehensive large-eddy simulation study, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 143, 2463\u20132480, 2017.","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3100"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maronga, B., Gryschka, M., Heinze, R., Hoffmann, F., Kanani-S\u00fchring, F., Keck, M., Ketelsen, K., Letzel, M. O., S\u00fchring, M., and Raasch, S.: The Parallelized Large-Eddy Simulation Model (PALM) version 4.0 for atmospheric and oceanic flows: model formulation, recent developments, and future perspectives, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 2515\u20132551, 10.5194\/gmd-8-2515-2015, 2015.","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-8-2515-2015"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mazoyer, M., Lac, C., Thouron, O., Bergot, T., Masson, V., and Musson-Genon, L.: Large eddy simulation of radiation fog: impact of dynamics on the fog life cycle, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 13017\u201313035, 10.5194\/acp-17-13017-2017, 2017.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-13017-2017"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mazoyer, M., Burnet, F., Denjean, C., Roberts, G. C., Haeffelin, M., Dupont, J.-C., and Elias, T.: Experimental study of the aerosol impact on fog microphysics, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 4323\u20134344, 10.5194\/acp-19-4323-2019, 2019.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-19-4323-2019"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mensah, A. A., Holzinger, R., Otjes, R., Trimborn, A., Mentel, Th. F., ten Brink, H., Henzing, B., and Kiendler-Scharr, A.: Aerosol chemical composition at Cabauw, The Netherlands as observed in two intensive periods in May 2008 and March 2009, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 4723\u20134742, 10.5194\/acp-12-4723-2012, 2012.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-4723-2012"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morrison, H. and Grabowski, W.\u00a0W.: Comparison of bulk and bin warm-rain microphysics models using a kinematic framework, J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 2839\u20132861, 2007.","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS3980"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morrison, H. and Grabowski, W.\u00a0W.: Modeling supersaturation and subgrid-scale mixing with two-moment bulk warm microphysics, J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 792\u2013812, 2008.","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JAS2374.1"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakanishi, M.: Large-eddy simulation of radiation fog, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 94, 461\u2013493, 2000.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1002490423389"},{"key":"ref40","unstructured":"PALM: revision 2675, available at: http:\/\/palm-model.org\/trac\/browser\/palm?rev=2675, last access: 28 May 2019a.","type":"web-resource"},{"key":"ref41","unstructured":"PALM: revision 3622, available at: http:\/\/palm-model.org\/trac\/browser\/palm?rev=3622, last access: 28 May 2019b.","type":"web-resource"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"PALM group: Dataset: Model Code, extended Code and Job Setup for publication, available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25835\/0067929, last access: 28 May 2019c.","DOI":"10.25835\/0067929"},{"key":"ref43","unstructured":"Pruppacher, H.\u00a0R. and Klett, J.\u00a0D.: Microphysics of clouds and precipitation, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 2nd revised edition, 1997."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seifert, A. and Beheng, K.\u00a0D.: A double-moment parameterization for simulating autoconversion, accretion and selfcollection, Atmos. Res., 59, 265\u2013281, 2001.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-8095(01)00126-0"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seifert, A., Khain, A., Pokrovsky, A., and Beheng, K.\u00a0D.: A comparison of spectral bin and two-moment bulk mixed-phase cloud microphysics, Atmos. Res., 80, 46\u201366, 2006.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2005.06.009"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shima, S., Kusano, K., Kawano, A., Sugiyama, T., and Kawahara, S.: The super-droplet method for the numerical simulation of clouds and precipitation: A particle-based and probabilistic microphysics model coupled with a non-hydrostatic model, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 135, 1307\u20131320, 2009.","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.441"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stolaki, S., Haeffelin, M., Lac, C., Dupont, J.-C., Elias, T., and Masson, V.: Influence of aerosols on the life cycle of a radiation fog event. A numerical and observational study, Atmos. Res., 151, 146\u2013161, 2015.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2014.04.013"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thouron, O., Brenguier, J.-L., and Burnet, F.: Supersaturation calculation in large eddy simulation models for prediction of the droplet number concentration, Geosci. Model Dev., 5, 761\u2013772, 10.5194\/gmd-5-761-2012, 2012.","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-5-761-2012"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Twomey, S.: The nuclei of natural cloud formation part II: The supersaturation in natural clouds and the variation of cloud droplet concentration, Pure Appl. Geophys., 43, 243\u2013249, 1959.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01993560"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wicker, L.\u00a0J. and Skamarock, W.\u00a0C.: Time-splitting methods for elastic models using forward time schemes, Mon. Weather Rev., 130, 2088\u20132097, 2002.","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(2002)130<2088:TSMFEM>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williamson, J.: Low-storage runge-kutta schemes, J. Comput. Phys., 35, 48\u201356, 1980.","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9991(80)90033-9"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Musson-Genon, L., Dupont, E., Milliez, M., and Carissimo, B.: On the influence of a simple microphysics parametrization on radiation fog modelling: A case study during parisfog, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 151, 293\u2013315, 2014.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-013-9894-y"}],"container-title":["Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/acp.copernicus.org\/articles\/19\/7165\/2019\/acp-19-7165-2019.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T17:13:06Z","timestamp":1789405986000},"score":19.706085,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/acp.copernicus.org\/articles\/19\/7165\/2019\/"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,29]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-19-7165-2019","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-1139","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-1139","asserted-by":"object"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-1139-RC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-1139-RC2","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-1139-AC2","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-1139-AC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-1139-AC1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-1139-AC2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-1139-RC2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-2018-1139-RC1","asserted-by":"object"}],"is-part-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.25835\/0067929","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["1680-7324"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1680-7324","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,29]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T22:55:34Z","timestamp":1789253734484,"version":"build-2803163510"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"group-title":"Aerosols\/Atmospheric Modelling and Data Analysis\/Troposphere\/Physics (physical properties and processes)","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007601","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["821205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["821205"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007601","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"H2020 European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["865799"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["865799"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018693","name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101137680"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101137680"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018693","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004063","name":"Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015.0162"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015.0162"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004063","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004063","name":"Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021.0169"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.0169"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004063","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004063","name":"Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021.0298"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.0298"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004063","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004063","name":"Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022.0104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.0104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004063","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020\u201304158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\u201304158"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022-06725"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-06725"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract. Employing high-resolution Large Eddy Simulation (LES) coupled with interactive aerosol and cloud microphysics schemes, this study investigates the influence of aerosol and droplet microphysics on the life cycle and properties of wintertime radiation fog in the Po Valley, Italy. For the simulated case, the results show that the main drivers of radiation fog onset and dissipation are nocturnal longwave cooling and surface warming, respectively. Increasing aerosol loading increases droplet number concentration, liquid water content, and fog optical thickness, which reduces droplet sedimentation rates and prolongs fog duration by up to 54 minutes. Overall, the microphysical influence of aerosols and droplets weakens under heavily polluted conditions. We also show that non-activated hydrated aerosols have a limited influence on total liquid water content and fog-layer mixing. However, they critically affect visibility and fog duration prediction, underscoring the importance of explicitly incorporating hydrated particles in fog forecasting and accurately representing aerosol composition. Additional sensitivity experiments reveal that the prescribed droplet spectral shape parameters significantly influence fog characteristics. Parameter settings that represent a broad droplet size spectrum overestimate the number of large droplets compared to observations, which increases mean droplet sedimentation rates and decreases mean liquid water content by up to 104 % and 78 %, respectively, compared to the settings that best represent the observed spectrum.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/egusphere-2025-6435","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T11:06:41Z","timestamp":1768820801000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Importance of Aerosol and Droplet Microphysics for the Properties and Life Cycle of Radiation Fog in the Po Valley"],"prefix":"10.5194","author":[{"given":"Hao","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9697-3058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Almuth","family":"Neuberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7141-9060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rahul","family":"Ranjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1850-2760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fredrik","family":"Mattsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7837-967X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liine","family":"Heikkinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0588-9411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karam","family":"Mansour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6486-3786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Decesari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3291-9295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Mohr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro Bar\u00f3","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nazario","family":"Mastroianni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7000-6879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Zieger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilona","family":"Riipinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5940-2114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annica M. L.","family":"Ekman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3145","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T04:37:43Z","timestamp":1783658263000},"score":19.680752,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/egusphere.copernicus.org\/preprints\/2026\/egusphere-2025-6435\/"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/egusphere-2025-6435","relation":{"has-comment":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2025-6435-AC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2025-6435-AC2","asserted-by":"subject"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2025-6435-RC1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2025-6435-RC2","asserted-by":"subject"}],"is-supplemented-by":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/egusphere-2025-6435-supplement","asserted-by":"subject"}],"is-preprint-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-26-9721-2026","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-26-9721-2026","asserted-by":"object"}]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T15:23:01Z","timestamp":1759332181807},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"American Meteorological Society","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1986,7]]},"DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1986)067<0825:facfso>2.0.co;2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,11]],"date-time":"2002-10-11T17:54:39Z","timestamp":1034358879000},"page":"825-832","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Fog-82: A Cooperative Field Study of Radiation Fog"],"prefix":"10.1175","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Michael B.","family":"Meyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G. Garland","family":"Lala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James E.","family":"Jiusto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"12","container-title":["Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.ametsoc.org\/doi\/pdf\/abs\/10.1175\/1520-0477%281986%29067%3C0825%3AFACFSO%3E2.0.CO%3B2","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]],"date-time":"2020-12-18T19:40:58Z","timestamp":1608320458000},"score":19.430702,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.ametsoc.org\/doi\/10.1175\/1520-0477(1986)067<0825:FACFSO>2.0.CO;2"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1986,7]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1986,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1175\/1520-0477(1986)067<0825:FACFSO>2.0.CO;2"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/1520-0477(1986)067<0825:facfso>2.0.co;2","ISSN":["0003-0007","1520-0477"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-0007","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-0477","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[1986,7]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T23:13:14Z","timestamp":1790205194251,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,29]],"date-time":"2006-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1167350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1338,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Weather"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,5]]},"DOI":"10.1256\/wea.49.02","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,6]],"date-time":"2005-12-06T21:47:12Z","timestamp":1133905632000},"page":"196-197","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The science of weather: Radiation fog and steam fog"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Malcolm","family":"Walker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,29]]},"container-title":["Weather"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1256%2Fwea.49.02","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1256\/wea.49.02","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]],"date-time":"2023-11-17T17:06:13Z","timestamp":1700240773000},"score":19.413017,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1256\/wea.49.02"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,5]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1256\/wea.49.02"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1256\/wea.49.02","archive":["Portico"],"ISSN":["0043-1656","1477-8696"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0043-1656","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-8696","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,5]]}}],"items-per-page":45,"query":{"start-index":0,"search-terms":null}}}