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Psychol."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","first-page":"1098","article-title":"Aesthetic experience as an essential factor to trigger positive environmental consciousness","volume":"10","author":"Wang P.C.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","first-page":"10446","article-title":"Impact of contour on aesthetic judgments and approach\u2010avoidance decisions in architecture","volume":"110","author":"Vartanian O.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","first-page":"493","article-title":"Making a bicycle city: infrastructure and cycling in Copenhagen since 1880","volume":"46","author":"Emanuel M.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Urban Hist."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"Visit Copenhagen, Maintained by the Danish Tourist Office","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","first-page":"110","article-title":"Urban planning practices for bikeable cities\u2013the case of Copenhagen","volume":"6","author":"Nielsen T.A.S.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Urban Res. Pract."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","first-page":"171","volume-title":"Under construction: Logics of urbanism in the Gulf region","author":"Dumortier B.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","unstructured":"City of Amsterdam Open Source at the City of Amsterdam 2023 https:\/\/amsterdam.github.io\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","unstructured":"Tascioglu M. The Gestalt of Book Design The IAFOR International Conference on Arts and Humanities Dubai 2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18844\/prosoc.v3i3.1555"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","unstructured":"Khamis M.H. Azni Z.M. Abd Aziz S.H. Aminordin A. The Integration of Gestalt Theory to The Graphic Design 2023. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6007\/IJARBSS\/v13-i6\/15449."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"The whole warps the sum of its parts: Gestalt\u2010defined\u2010group mean size biases memory for individual objects","volume":"28","author":"Corbett J.E.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","first-page":"271","volume-title":"People and Buildings","author":"De Jonge D.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52326\/jes.utm.2023.30(1).03"}],"container-title":["Digital Cities"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/9781394233823.ch36","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T10:12:38Z","timestamp":1759140758000},"score":27.14656,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/9781394233823.ch36"}},"subtitle":["Illuminating the Role of Aesthetics in Digital City Planning"],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"ISBN":["9781394233793","9781394233823"],"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/9781394233823.ch36","10.1002\/9781394233823"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781394233823.ch36","archive":["Portico"],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,7]],"date-time":"2024-09-07T19:55:10Z","timestamp":1725738910682},"publisher-location":"Boston, MA","reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer US","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9781468410914"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9781468410891"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1981]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-1089-1_14","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,2]],"date-time":"2013-07-02T07:20:32Z","timestamp":1372749632000},"page":"256-271","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Profession of City Planning"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Lloyd","family":"Rodwin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"#cr-split#-14_CR1.1","unstructured":"N. Glazer, \"The Schools of the Minor Professions,\" Minerva 10 (1974), 348. There is substantial literature on the subject. See, for example, A. Etzione, ed., The Semi-Professions and Their Organizations (New York: The Free Press, 1969), especially W. Goode, \"The Theoretical Limits of Professionalization,\" Chapter 6"},{"key":"#cr-split#-14_CR1.2","unstructured":"L. D. Mann, \"Planning Behavior and Professional Policy Making\" in \"Planning Theory in the 1980's,\" ed. R. W. Burchell and G. Sternlieb (New Brunswick, N.J.: Center for Urban Policy Research, 1978), pp. 113-150. Cf. also Footnote 12 below."},{"key":"14_CR2","unstructured":"Glazer, \u201cSchools of the Minor Professions,\u201d p. 348."},{"key":"14_CR3","unstructured":"Schools of city planning have greatly expanded in the past two decades. For the period from 1958 to 1979 (for which we have some not-altogether-satisfactory data for the United States), full-time students enrolled for the professional degree (Master of City Planning) increased from 329 to 2,300; Ph.D. enrollment increased from 4 to 286; and, although data are not yet available, the number of faculty probably increased during this period by some roughly equivalent amount. Undergraduate programs in urban studies also mushroomed. It is not clear, however, whether these trends will change for the number of applicants, enrollments in the schools, and even undergraduate programs are down somewhat from the crest reached in 1973. Meanwhile, current pressures on universities for retrenchment and uncertainty about the future have intensified the perennial debate about what city planning is all about."},{"key":"14_CR4","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"14_CR5","unstructured":"Ibid., p. 351."},{"key":"14_CR6","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"14_CR7","unstructured":"Ibid., p. 354."},{"key":"14_CR8","unstructured":"N. Glazer, \u201cConflicts in Schools for the Minor Professions,\u201d Harvard Graduate School of Education Association Bulletin 18 (1974), 24. (This article is an abbreviated version of the article that appeared later in Minerva, cited in Footnote 2.)"},{"key":"14_CR9","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"14_CR10","unstructured":"Ibid, pp. 21, 24."},{"key":"14_CR11","unstructured":"Ibid., p. 21"},{"key":"14_CR12","unstructured":"Glazer\u2019s basic arguments are influenced by some of the standard references dealing with the professions: for example, A. M. Carr-Sanders and P. A. Wilson, The Professions (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1933); E. C. Hughes, \u201cProfessions,\u201d Daedalus 92 (1963); T. Parsons, \u201cProfessions,\u201d International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (New York: Macmillan, 1968); W. E. Moore and G. W. Rosenblum, The Professions: Roles and Rules (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1970); E. H. Schein, Professional Education (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1972); Also influential are C. Jencks and D. Riesman\u2019s study, The Academic Revolution (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1969), particularly Chapter 5 dealing with the professional schools; and possibly L. Veysey, The Emergence of the American University (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965). However, Veysey (pp. 267\u2013268) as well as Jencks and Riesman (pp. xiv-xvi) warn the reader that because of the scope of their studies, they were often led by the the limited resources and the absence of adequate records to reason backward from the evidence of how the academic system functioned toward the causes for its appearance\u2014\u201ca practice full of pitfalls,\u201d reflecting, on occasion, \u201ccommitments, prejudices and blindspots.\u201d"},{"key":"14_CR13","unstructured":"How to do it\u201c courses in city planning focus on teaching ways of handling implementation problems, for example, site planning and layout, zoning and subdivision regulations, neighborhood-rehabilitation problems, housing or transportation policies and programs, area-development strategies, cost benefit studies, as well as various modeling, statistical, survey, and other graphic, analytical, and design techniques."},{"key":"14_CR14","unstructured":"Glazer, \u201cSchools of the Minor Professions,\u201d p. 351."},{"key":"14_CR15","unstructured":"For more detail see L. Rodwin, \u201cThe Promise and Failure of Urban Research,\u201d in Planning 1967 (Chicago: American Society of Planning Officials, 1967), pp. 153\u2013170."},{"key":"14_CR16","unstructured":"No doubt as larger and more influential schools such as MIT, the University of Pennsylvania, and the University of California at Berkeley added to their staff and brought in specialists in land economics, urban sociology and law, research methodologies, and so on, the competitive positions and prestige of other schools depended on whether they could muster equivalent resources to provide effective training. The question was not whether the social scientists were superior in status to the professional practitioner, but how the additional resources enhanced range, versatility, general capabilities, and therefore prestige and recruitment possibilities for faculty and students."},{"key":"14_CR17","unstructured":"For a few examples of these critiques, see H. J. Gans, The Urban Villagers (New York: The Free Press of Glencoe, 1962); L. Rodwin, The British New Towns Policy (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1956); M. Meyerson and E. C. Banfield, Politics,Planning and the Public Interest (New York: The Free Press of Glencoe, 1955); A. Altschuler, The City Planning Process (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1965)."},{"key":"14_CR18","unstructured":"Indeed, the paradigm was dominant for almost a half-century if one traces it back to the period before the professional schools were established. For example, E. M. Bassett\u2019s book The Master Plan (New York: Russell Sage Foundation) summed up the standard ideas on this subject in 1938; and the idea of the master plan was already in vogue in the 1920s. See also M. Scott, American City Planning since 1890 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969)."},{"key":"14_CR19","unstructured":"A. N. Whitehead, Introduction to Mathematics (London: Williams & Norgate, 1906), p. 223."},{"key":"14_CR20","unstructured":"Erik H. Erikson, Identity: Youth and Crisis (New York, W. W. Norton, 1968), pp. 84\u201385."},{"key":"14_CR21","unstructured":"Ibid., p. 87."},{"key":"14_CR22","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"14_CR23","unstructured":"For a few examples of these views, see R. S. Bolan, \u201cMapping the Planning Theory Terrain,\u201d in Planning in America: Learning from Turbulence, ed. D. R. Godschalk (Washington, D.C.: The American Institute of Planners, 1974); P. Davidoff, \u201cAdvocacy and Pluralism in Planning,\u201d Journal of the American Institute of Planners 31 (1965), 331\u2013338; A. Altschuler, \u201cDecision Making and the Trend Toward Pluralistic Planning,\u201d in Urban Planning in Transition, ed. E. Erber (New York: Grossman, 1970); L. Susskind, \u201cThe Future of Planning Education,\u201d in Godschalk, Planning in America; J. Habermas, Legitimation Crisis (Boston: Beacon Press, 1973); F. F. Piven, \u201cPlanning and Class Interests,\u201d Journal of the American Institute of Planners 41 (1975), 308\u2013310; N. E. Long, \u201cAnother View of Responsible Planning,\u201d Journal of the American Institute of Planners 41 (1975), 311\u2013316; M. M. Webber, \u201cThe Prospects for Policies Planning,\u201d in The Urban Condition, ed. L. J. Duhl (Basic Books, 1963); Burchell and Sternlieb, Planning Theory"},{"key":"14_CR24","unstructured":"The Role of University Based Urban Centers (Cambridge: Joint Center for Urban Studies of MIT and Harvard University, 1971), pp. 6, 108109."},{"key":"14_CR25","unstructured":"For example, foundation staffs, university administrations, and young professionals in the field."},{"key":"14_CR26","first-page":"171","volume":"37","author":"For a review of some of the issues, see W","year":"1971","unstructured":"For a review of some of the issues, see W. Alonso, \u201cBeyond the Interdisciplinary Approach to Planning,\u201d Journal of the American Institute of Planners 37 (1971), 171\u2013172.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Institute of Planners"},{"key":"14_CR27","unstructured":"Kuhn used the term \u201cparadigm\u201d in several ways in his book and this provoked controversy. He tried to clarify the definition in the second edition of his publication. The two meanings he now ascribes to the term \u201cparadigm\u201d are \u201cthe entire constellation of beliefs, values and techniques and so on shared by the members of a given community; on the other hand it denotes one sort of element in that constellation, the concrete puzzle solutions which, employed as models or examples, can replace explicit rules as a basis for the solution of the remaining puzzles of normal science.\u201d T. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970), p. 175. Holton uses the notion of \u201cthemata\u201d or \u201ctheme\u201d to refer to the \u201cdimension of fundamental presuppositions, notions, terms, methodological judgments and decisions... which are themselves neither directly evolved from nor resolvable into objective observation on the one hand, or logical, mathematical, and other formal analytical ratiocination on the other hand.\u201d G. Holton, Thematic Origins of Scientific Thought: Kepler to Einstein (Cambridge: Harvard University Press 1974), pp. 28, 57; cf. also I. Lakatos and A. Musgrave, eds., Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970); in particular M. Masterman, \u201cThe Nature of a Paradigm,\u201d pp. 59\u201390. I am using \u201cparadigm\u201d in the revised sense suggested by Kuhn and as a synonym for Holton\u2019s \u201cthematic position,\u201d that is, \u201ca guiding the me in the pursuit of scientific work,\u201d Holton, Thematic Origins, p. 28."},{"key":"14_CR28","unstructured":"T. Kuhn, Structure of Scientific Revolutions, pp. 82\u201383."},{"key":"14_CR29","unstructured":"G. Holton, Thematic Origins, p. 60. This is not to suggest that a great many other factors do not contribute to the resistance to new ideas. See, for example, Chapter 11 in Holton."},{"key":"14_CR30","unstructured":"T. Kuhn, Structure of Scientific Revolutions, pp. 83\u201387. Kuhn has provided three telling instances from the field of physics. Thus, commenting on the state of astronomical studies, Copernicus once observed: \u201cIt is as though an artist were to gather the hands, feet, head and other members for his images from diverse models, each part excellently drawn, but not related to a single body, and since they in no way match each other, the result would be a monster rather than man.\u201d And Wolfgang Pauli, in the months before Heisenberg\u2019s paper on matrix mechanics pointed the way to a new quantum theory, wrote to a friend: \u201cAt the moment physics is again terribly confused. In any case, it is too difficult for me and I wish I had been a movie comedian or something of the sort and had never heard of physics.\u201d Einstein even wrote: \u201cIt was as if the ground has been pulled out from under one, with no firm foundation to be seen anywhere, upon which one could have built.\u201d"},{"key":"14_CR31","unstructured":"One way of distinguishing Glazer\u2019s views from those presented here is that he is suggesting that the problems in the minor professions, including city planning, are currently unsolvable, whereas the position of this paper is that the profession is attacking all of its problems afresh in a different framework."},{"key":"14_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1080\/01944367708977761","volume":"43","author":"I. D. Galloway","year":"1977","unstructured":"I. D. Galloway and R. G. Mayhni, \u2018Planning Theory in Retrospect: The Process of Paradigm Change,\u2019 Journal of the American Institute of Planners 43 (1977) 62\u201371.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Institute of Planners"},{"key":"14_CR33","unstructured":"These courses dealt with ways of: (a) making an inventory of the physical characteristics of the city as well as the characteristics of the population and households and major activities in the city (industrial, commercial, civic, residential, recreational, etc.); (b) projecting the likely changes and trends; (c) analyzing theories and problems involved in the location of these activities and in preparing area, neighborhood, urban, and regional land-use plans to accommodate these activities, taking account of alternative goals and policies for such development; and (d) learning how to use subdivision, zoning, and other relevant land-use-control techniques and policies to achieve these ends. For a leading text in the field, see F. S. Chapin, Jr., Urban Land Use Planning, 3rd ed. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1979)."},{"key":"14_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. M. Haar, \u201cThe Master Plan: An Impermanent Constitution,\u201d Law and Contemporary Problems 20 (1953), pp 353\u2013418.","DOI":"10.2307\/1190476"},{"key":"#cr-split#-14_CR35.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"For three of the more trenchant expressions of these views, see A. Altschuler, \"The Goals of Comprehensive Planning,\" Journal of the American Institute of Planners 31 (1965), 186-195","DOI":"10.1080\/01944366508978165"},{"key":"#cr-split#-14_CR35.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. E. Lindblom, \"The Science of Muddling Through,\" Public Administration Review 19 (1959), 79-88","DOI":"10.2307\/973677"},{"key":"#cr-split#-14_CR35.3","unstructured":"E. C. Banfield and J. Q. Wilson, City Politics (Cambridge: Harvard University Press and MIT Press, 1963), Chapter 14."},{"key":"14_CR36","unstructured":"MIT\u2019s lack of success in sustaining the Urban Systems Laboratory (established mainly to involve engineering, management, and other departments in urban problems) pointed up the same lesson\u2014that urban and regional questions had only a minor bearing on the central concerns of these other programs."},{"key":"14_CR37","unstructured":"The Ford Foundation, somewhat disappointed by the results of its efforts and skeptical as to future possibilities, withdrew from the field\u2014perhaps a little prematurely. See W. Pendleton, Urban Studies and the University: The Ford Foundation Experience (New York: The Ford Foundation, 1974)."},{"key":"14_CR38","unstructured":"L. Rodwin, \u201cInnovations for Urban Studies,\u201d Planning 38 (1972), 182\u2013186."},{"key":"14_CR39","unstructured":"Whitehead, Introduction to Mathematics, p. 223."},{"key":"14_CR40","unstructured":"Alonso, \u201cBeyond the Interdisciplinary Approach,\u201d pp. 171\u2013172."}],"container-title":["Cities and City Planning"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-1-4684-1089-1_14","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,15]],"date-time":"2019-05-15T09:16:12Z","timestamp":1557911772000},"score":26.506645,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-1-4684-1089-1_14"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1981]]},"ISBN":["9781468410914","9781468410891"],"references-count":43,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4684-1089-1_14","published":{"date-parts":[[1981]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T10:18:28Z","timestamp":1774520308541,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"London","edition-number":"1","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Routledge","isbn-type":[{"value":"9781003335993","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]},"DOI":"10.4324\/9781003335993-9","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T14:20:03Z","timestamp":1749478803000},"page":"150-169","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cities and the Sixth Sense"],"prefix":"10.4324","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2455-0504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julian","family":"Brigstocke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"301","container-title":["Aesthetics and the City"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T14:20:05Z","timestamp":1749478805000},"score":26.505726,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/books\/9781003335993\/chapters\/10.4324\/9781003335993-9"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]},"ISBN":["9781003335993"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781003335993-9","published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,7]],"date-time":"2024-09-07T19:55:11Z","timestamp":1725738911603},"publisher-location":"Boston, MA","reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer US","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9781468410914"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9781468410891"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1981]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-1089-1_9","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,2]],"date-time":"2013-07-02T07:20:32Z","timestamp":1372749632000},"page":"139-159","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Realism and Utopianism in City Planning"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Lloyd","family":"Rodwin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"9_CR1","first-page":"1977","volume-title":"And A. O. Hirschman, The Passions and the Interests: Political Arguments for Capitalism before Its Triumph","author":"Friedman","year":"1962","unstructured":"I have been unable to identify a first-rate conservative critique of regional planning as such, but there are a great many general critiques of planning, with justifications for reliance on the market economy. For a few of these views, see M. Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962 ) and A. O. Hirschman, The Passions and the Interests: Political Arguments for Capitalism before Its Triumph ( Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977 )."},{"key":"9_CR2","first-page":"1976","volume-title":"Holland, Capital versus the Regions","author":"St\u00f6hr","year":"1972","unstructured":"For one of the most comprehensive reviews of the experience and literature, see W. St\u00f6hr and F. T\u00f6dtling, \u201cAn Evaluation of Regional Policies: Experiences in Market and Mixed Economies\u201d in Human Settlement Systems: International Perspectives on Structure and Public Policy, ed. Niles Hansen (Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger, 1978), See also L. Coraggio, \u201cPolarization, Development and Integration\u201d in Regional Development Planning: International Perspectives, ed. A. Kuklinski (Leiden, The Netherlands: Sijthoff, 1975); J. Friedmann and C. Weaver, Territory and Function: The Evolution of Regional Planning (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979); D. Barkin, \u201cA Case Study of the Beneficiaries of Regional Development,\u201d International Social De-velopment Review 4 (1972), 84\u201394; S. Holland, Capital versus the Regions ( London: Macmillan, 1976 )."},{"key":"9_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Weeks, \u201cThe Informal Sector and Marginal Groups,\u201d Bulletin of the Institute of Development Studies 5 (1973), 2\u20133; J. Weeks, \u201cPolicies for Expanding Employment in the Informal Sector of Developing Countries,\u201d International Labor Review 3 (1974), 1\u201314; R. Jolly et al.,eds., Third World Employment (London: Penguin Books, 1973).","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1759-5436.1973.mp52-3001.x"},{"key":"9_CR4","first-page":"1976","volume-title":"S. Amin, Unequal Development","author":"Frank","year":"1975","unstructured":"There is a growing literature on this subject. For a few examples, see A.G. Frank, Latin America: Underdevelopment or Revolution (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1970); O. Sunkel, \u201cBig Business and \u2018Dependencia\u2019: A Latin American View,\u201d Foreign Affairs 50 (1972), 517531; D. Slater, Underdevelopment or Revolution (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1975 ); S. Amin, Unequal Development ( New York: Monthly Review Press, 1976 )."},{"key":"9_CR5","volume-title":"The Urbanization Process in the Third World","author":"TG Mcgee","year":"1971","unstructured":"T. G. McGee, The Urbanization Process in the Third World ( London: G. Bell, 1971 )."},{"key":"9_CR6","volume-title":"Planning for an Urban World: The Design of Resource Conserving Cities","author":"Meier","year":"1974","unstructured":"For the most recent systematic and comprehensive articulation of these views, see R. L. Meier, Planning for an Urban World: The Design of Resource Conserving Cities ( Cambridge: MIT Press, 1974 )."},{"key":"9_CR7","first-page":"243","volume-title":"Tax Incentives and Capital Spending","author":"G Fromm","year":"1971","unstructured":"G. Fromm, Tax Incentives and Capital Spending ( Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1971 ), p. 243."},{"key":"9_CR8","unstructured":"WorldDevelopmentReport(Washington, D.C.: International Bank, 1978)."},{"key":"9_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1086\/450136","volume":"13","author":"JG Williamson","year":"1965","unstructured":"J. G. Williamson, \u201cRegional Inequality and the Process of National Development,\u201d Economic Development and Cultural Change 13 (1965), 44.","journal-title":"Economic Development and Cultural Change"},{"key":"9_CR10","first-page":"1","volume":"45","author":"S Kuznets","year":"1955","unstructured":"S. Kuznets, \u201cEconomic Growth and Income Inequality,\u201d American Economic Review 45 (1955), 1\u201328.","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"9_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.2307\/1926661","volume":"44","author":"H Oshima","year":"1962","unstructured":"H. Oshima, \u201cThe International Comparison of Size Distribution of Family Incomes with Specific Reference to Asia,\u201d Review of Economics and Statistics 44 (1962), 439\u2013445.","journal-title":"Review of Economics and Statistics"},{"key":"9_CR12","volume-title":"Development Planning and Spatial Structure","author":"AG Gilbert","year":"1976","unstructured":"A. G. Gilbert and O. E. Goodman, \u201cRegional Income Disparities and Economic Development: A Critique,\u201d in Development Planning and Spatial Structure, ed. A. G. Gilbert ( New York: Wiley, 1976 )."},{"key":"9_CR13","volume-title":"The Strategy of Economic Development","author":"AO Hirschman","year":"1958","unstructured":"A. O. Hirschman, The Strategy of Economic Development ( New Haven: Yale University Press, 1958 )."},{"key":"9_CR14","volume-title":"Economic Theory and Underdeveloped Regions","author":"G Myrdal","year":"1957","unstructured":"G. Myrdal, Economic Theory and Underdeveloped Regions ( London: Gerald Duckworth, 1957 )."},{"key":"9_CR15","unstructured":"See Footnote 4, above."},{"key":"9_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01942291","volume":"32","author":"Gilbert","year":"1974","unstructured":"Gilbert and Goodman, \u201cIncome Disparities,\u201d pp. 114\u2013119. See also T. Reiner, \u201cWelfare Differences within a Nation,\u201d Papers of the Regional Science Association 32 (1974), 65\u201382; J. B. Parr, \u201cA Comment on Reiner\u2019s Paper,\u201d Papers of the Regional Science Association 32 (1974), 83\u201391.","journal-title":"J. B. Parr, \u201cA Comment on Reiners Paper,\u201d Papers of the Regional Science Association"},{"key":"9_CR17","unstructured":"Their income data suffer from the same limitations noted above in Williamson\u2019s study. In addition, the data are drawn mainly from Latin American countries and therefore do not necessarily represent the situation in other Third World countries."},{"key":"9_CR18","unstructured":"I. Adelman and C. T. Morris, Economic Growth and Equity in Developing Countries (Palo Alto, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1973). \u201c9St\u00f6hr and T\u00f6dtling, \u201cRegional Policies.\u201d"},{"key":"9_CR19","unstructured":"\u00d6Ibid., p. 109."},{"key":"9_CR20","unstructured":"Ibid., p. 110."},{"key":"9_CR21","unstructured":"H. Chenery et al, Redistribution with Growth (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1974). Ahluwalia, who handled the data analysis, observes, \u201cIn common with Kuznets our excuse for building an elaborate structure on such a shaky foundation is the view that speculation is an effective way of presenting a broad view of the field and as long as it is recognized as a collection of hunches calling for further investigation rather than a set of fully tested conclusions, little harm and much good may result\u201d (p. xiii)."},{"key":"9_CR22","unstructured":"Ibid., p. xiii."},{"key":"9_CR23","unstructured":"Ibid., p. ix."},{"key":"9_CR24","unstructured":"Ibid., pp. 253\u2013290."},{"key":"9_CR25","unstructured":"Hirschman, The Passions and the Interests."},{"key":"9_CR26","first-page":"1935","volume-title":"National Resources Board, Regional Factors in National Planning","author":"Odum","year":"1936","unstructured":"For examples of this older approach, see H. W. Odum, Southern Regions of the United States (Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, 1936 ); National Resources Board, Regional Factors in National Planning ( Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1935 )."}],"container-title":["Cities and City Planning"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-1-4684-1089-1_9","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T16:12:53Z","timestamp":1715616773000},"score":26.232185,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-1-4684-1089-1_9"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1981]]},"ISBN":["9781468410914","9781468410891"],"references-count":26,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4684-1089-1_9","published":{"date-parts":[[1981]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]],"date-time":"2023-01-28T08:17:12Z","timestamp":1674893832161},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The British Journal of Aesthetics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,2,1]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/bjaesthetics\/39.2.163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,11]],"date-time":"2004-11-11T00:29:07Z","timestamp":1100132947000},"page":"163-178","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["KANT ON BEAUTIFYING THE HUMAN BODY"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"R.","family":"Wicks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","container-title":["The British Journal of Aesthetics"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bjaesthetics\/article-pdf\/39\/2\/163\/9732460\/163.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,22]],"date-time":"2017-08-22T16:42:05Z","timestamp":1503420125000},"score":26.200462,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bjaesthetics\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1093\/bjaesthetics\/39.2.163"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,2,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bjaesthetics\/39.2.163","ISSN":["0007-0904","1468-2842"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-0904","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2842","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,2,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,12]],"date-time":"2024-05-12T04:29:17Z","timestamp":1715488157066},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780190944346","type":"print"},{"value":"9780190944377","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]]},"abstract":"<p>\u201cImagining future cities\u201d contrasts the idea of the human city with the robot city, an idea that is never far away from the cities of the future we see in science fiction films. As some of these future visions demonstrate, the ideal city contains elements of both the human and robot city and is powered by big data and technological developments, as well as human connections and recognizable hubs like the bar, bazaar, and branch library. As well as function and commerce, city planners of the future will need to remember the roles of community and interaction in keeping cities alive.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/actrade\/9780190944346.003.0009","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]],"date-time":"2020-10-22T05:18:43Z","timestamp":1603343923000},"page":"115-124","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Epilogue Imagining future cities"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Carl","family":"Abbott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]]},"container-title":["City Planning: A Very Short Introduction"],"original-title":["Epilogue Imagining future cities"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]],"date-time":"2022-08-02T17:32:36Z","timestamp":1659461556000},"score":26.170471,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/book\/28379\/chapter\/228465571"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]]},"ISBN":["9780190944346","9780190944377"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/actrade\/9780190944346.003.0009","published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T04:52:45Z","timestamp":1772167965458,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Duke University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780822347095","type":"print"},{"value":"9780822392774","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010]]},"DOI":"10.1215\/9780822392774-003","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,20]],"date-time":"2013-11-20T00:55:25Z","timestamp":1384908925000},"page":"85-128","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Theorizing the Postsocialist City"],"prefix":"10.1215","member":"73","container-title":["Cities Surround The Countryside"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,30]],"date-time":"2020-08-30T12:12:19Z","timestamp":1598789539000},"score":26.035374,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/read.dukeupress.edu\/books\/book\/1445\/chapter\/169619\/Theorizing-the-Postsocialist-CityThe-Cultural"}},"subtitle":["The Cultural Politics of Urban Aesthetics"],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010]]},"ISBN":["9780822347095","9780822392774"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1215\/9780822392774-003","relation":{"is-identical-to":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1515\/9780822392774-005","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.2307\/j.ctv11smvxk.6","asserted-by":"object"}]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2010]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,3]],"date-time":"2024-03-03T19:02:01Z","timestamp":1709492521472},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Duke University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780822392774","type":"electronic"},{"value":"9780822347095","type":"print"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,12]]},"DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv11smvxk.6","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T00:43:39Z","timestamp":1620866619000},"page":"85-128","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Theorizing the Postsocialist City"],"prefix":"10.2307","member":"1121","container-title":["Cities Surround The Countryside"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T00:43:52Z","timestamp":1620866632000},"score":26.032677,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/10.2307\/j.ctv11smvxk.6"}},"subtitle":["The Cultural Politics of Urban Aesthetics"],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,12]]},"ISBN":["9780822392774","9780822347095"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/j.ctv11smvxk.6","relation":{"is-identical-to":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1215\/9780822392774-003","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1515\/9780822392774-005","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,12]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T22:01:39Z","timestamp":1772229699635,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Duke University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780822392774","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]},"DOI":"10.1515\/9780822392774-005","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,9]],"date-time":"2020-10-09T13:32:48Z","timestamp":1602250368000},"page":"85-128","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["2. Theorizing the Postsocialist City The Cultural Politics of Urban Aesthetics"],"prefix":"10.1515","member":"374","container-title":["Cities Surround The Countryside"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/view\/book\/9780822392774\/10.1515\/9780822392774-005.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/9780822392774-005\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]],"date-time":"2021-04-20T03:46:29Z","timestamp":1618890389000},"score":26.014326,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/9780822392774-005\/html"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]},"ISBN":["9780822392774"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/9780822392774-005","relation":{"is-identical-to":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1215\/9780822392774-003","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.2307\/j.ctv11smvxk.6","asserted-by":"object"}]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T05:14:01Z","timestamp":1772169241440,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Policy Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9781447330936","type":"print"},{"value":"9781447317685","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,19]]},"abstract":"<p>The main concepts and understanding of cities and their meaning and definition are explored. The growth and origins of cities are discussed, and this is supported by statistics and data covering the size and type of city in the UK and internationally. Firstly this chapter explores how cities may be formally defined (spatially and temporally, for example), and what cities represent in terms of their inherent characteristics; is a city a \u2018process\u2019 or set of \u2018processes\u2019 for example, or an \u2018object\u2019, or a \u2018system\u2019? The challenges and opportunities for a range of cities now, and in the future, are compared with those from the past. This chapter covers the forces for changes that have driven and are driving city visioning activities and urban foresight as part of this wider agenda. The overall nature and characteristics of these challenges is then explored, and the extent to which they interlink and cross-cut the city and city-region scale and beyond. This will also require new ways of thinking and planning for the future, and what is termed \u2018city visioning\u2019 will be an important part of this process. Finally, the chapter examines how urban policy and practice has responded and needs to evolve to meet these different challenges.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1332\/policypress\/9781447330936.003.0002","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]],"date-time":"2022-01-20T13:51:59Z","timestamp":1642686719000},"page":"17-40","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cities and integrated urban challenges"],"prefix":"10.1332","author":[{"given":"Timothy J.","family":"Dixon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Tewdwr-Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"165","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]]},"container-title":["Urban Futures"],"original-title":["Cities and integrated urban challenges"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]],"date-time":"2022-07-12T12:04:35Z","timestamp":1657627475000},"score":25.631653,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/policypress.universitypressscholarship.com\/view\/10.1332\/policypress\/9781447330936.001.0001\/upso-9781447330936-chapter-002"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,19]]},"ISBN":["9781447330936","9781447317685"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1332\/policypress\/9781447330936.003.0002","relation":{"is-identical-to":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.56687\/9781447336297-006","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.51952\/9781447336297.ch002","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.46692\/9781447336297.004","asserted-by":"object"}]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,19]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,7]],"date-time":"2024-05-07T20:30:26Z","timestamp":1715113826869},"publisher-location":"New York : Routledge, 2017.","edition-number":"0","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Routledge","isbn-type":[{"value":"9781315583051","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,14]]},"DOI":"10.4324\/9781315583051-20","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]],"date-time":"2020-07-10T08:46:44Z","timestamp":1594370804000},"page":"234-281","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Wright\u2019s community planning"],"prefix":"10.4324","member":"301","container-title":["Frank Lloyd Wright : The Early Years : Progressivism : Aesthetics : Cities"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]],"date-time":"2020-07-10T08:46:51Z","timestamp":1594370811000},"score":25.63111,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/books\/9781317133186\/chapters\/10.4324\/9781315583051-20"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,14]]},"ISBN":["9781315583051"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781315583051-20","published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,14]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,12]],"date-time":"2024-05-12T04:29:20Z","timestamp":1715488160629},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780190944346","type":"print"},{"value":"9780190944377","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]]},"abstract":"<p>How can cities protect themselves from social and political conflict, and environmental stressors from climate change? \u201cUnnatural disasters and resilient cities\u201d looks at how these threats have affected wealthy and less wealthy cities around the world, showing how communities differ in vulnerability to death, damage, and disruption from these events. Planners working in areas marked by sectarian violence need to be aware of local history and sensitivities. After disasters, ambitious plans for remaking cities are rarely implemented. Attempts to remake a city after a disaster, and even protect it from one, are more effective when executed at a local level.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/actrade\/9780190944346.003.0008","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]],"date-time":"2020-10-22T05:20:41Z","timestamp":1603344041000},"page":"99-114","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["7. Unnatural disasters and resilient cities"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Carl","family":"Abbott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]]},"container-title":["City Planning: A Very Short Introduction"],"original-title":["7. 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Venturi, Learning from Las Vegas: Forgotten Symbolism of Architectural Form (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1977)."},{"key":"2_CR2","unstructured":"O. W. Holmes, Collected Legal Papers (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1920) pp. 267\u2013268."},{"key":"2_CR3","unstructured":"We have yet to see this occur in the cases of Budapest, Prague, Peking, Shanghai, Havana, or even the great Russian cities; but in the case of the latter, it has been argued that the burgeoning of cities in Siberia and other regions in the Soviet Union illustrates the release of energy that occurs in underdeveloped regions when growth is motivated by the desire for internal transformation."}],"container-title":["Cities and City Planning"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-1-4684-1089-1_2","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,15]],"date-time":"2019-05-15T04:59:35Z","timestamp":1557896375000},"score":25.329782,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-1-4684-1089-1_2"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1981]]},"ISBN":["9781468410914","9781468410891"],"references-count":3,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4684-1089-1_2","published":{"date-parts":[[1981]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,7]],"date-time":"2024-09-07T19:55:13Z","timestamp":1725738913345},"publisher-location":"Boston, MA","reference-count":2,"publisher":"Springer US","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9781468410914"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9781468410891"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1981]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-1089-1_3","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,2]],"date-time":"2013-07-02T03:20:32Z","timestamp":1372735232000},"page":"19-29","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Educative City"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Southworth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"3_CR1","unstructured":"S. Can and K. Lynch, \u201cWhere Learning Happens,\u201d Daedalus 97 (1968): 1277\u20131291."},{"key":"3_CR2","unstructured":"The Park Service has also monitored an innovative urban ranger service for the parks of New York City. Initiated in 1979, it was financed by a small sum of $50,000 raised by private corporations. Under the program, 20 rangers were assigned to one park in each borough. They worked in pairs and patrolled on foot, reporting to a supervisor over a two-way radio. The 10 supervisors worked on an annual basis, but the rangers were hired for the season only. As preparation, the rangers were given training in first aid and self-defense. They learn the history of each park and undergo about 30 hours in \u201cmediation of conflict.\u201d (New York Times, 19 August 1979.)"}],"container-title":["Cities and City Planning"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-1-4684-1089-1_3","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,15]],"date-time":"2019-05-15T04:52:07Z","timestamp":1557895927000},"score":25.329483,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-1-4684-1089-1_3"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1981]]},"ISBN":["9781468410914","9781468410891"],"references-count":2,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4684-1089-1_3","published":{"date-parts":[[1981]]}},{"institution":[{"name":"Koninklijke Brill NV","acronym":["BRILL"]}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T00:13:45Z","timestamp":1758672825179,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"DOI":"10.1163\/2330-4804_eiro_com_12237","type":"dataset","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]],"date-time":"2020-11-09T07:04:15Z","timestamp":1604905455000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["CITIES iii. 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