Any one of several organic analogies, particularly that of the Tree of Knowledge, might usefully serve as the leitmotif of this volume, and to help justify our choice of the plural in its title\u2014\u2018Histories of Archaeology\u2019, as opposed to the singular case prefaced with The or A. \u2018Trees of Knowledge\u2019 and\/or \u2018Development\u2019 were widely used to portray nineteenth- and early twentieth-century knowledge systems, be they in architecture, languages, or race, and Pitt Rivers, for example, was especially fond of them. Trees can also symbolize the growth of disciplines. Archaeology had its roots in antiquarianism, history, philology, ethnology, geology, and natural history generally. From this grew the trunk that eventually branched out into various sub-disciplines (e.g. biblical, Roman, medieval, scientific, and \u2018new\u2019 archaeology). The great meta-narratives of the history of archaeology have followed this approach, with \u2018archaeological thought\u2019 or \u2018archaeological ideas\u2019 having a common inheritance or ancestry in nineteenth- century positivist European science. From this main rootstock, it eventually branched into subdivisions and out into the world at large, fostering offspring archaeologies differentiated by geography, tradition, subfield, or time period (Daniel 1975; Trigger 1989). Our aim in this volume, and that of much of recent archaeological historiography, is to challenge this meta-narrative and to demonstrate that there has been a great deal more variability of thought and practice in the Weld than has been acknowledged. In this context we think that Kroeber\u2019s \u2018Tree of Life\/Culture\u2019 (1948) is a more accurate visualization of the growth of archaeology. Instead of just branching \u2018naturally\u2019, Kroeber\u2019s branches have the capacity to grow back on themselves and coalesce in the way that \u2018thought\u2019, \u2018subjects\u2019, and\/or \u2018institutions\u2019\/\u2018networks\u2019 do. Yet Kroeber\u2019s model still relies on a single main trunk. If applied to the history of archaeology it would not distinguish, for example, that antiquarianism did not conveniently die out with the advent of archaeology as a discipline, and that its history and development has always involved multiple strands\u2014in essence the existence of other possibilities and practices. We intend this volume to stimulate the exploration of these other possible archaeologies, past, present, and future, and to help us acknowledge that the creation of world archaeologies, and the multiplication of interests and objectives among both the producers and consumers of archaeological knowledge, will drive the creation of still further variability. <\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199550074.003.0004","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]],"date-time":"2020-11-10T22:43:08Z","timestamp":1605048188000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Introduction: Writing Histories of Archaeology"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Tim","family":"Murray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]]},"container-title":["Histories of Archaeology"],"original-title":["Introduction: Writing Histories of 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This paper argues in favor of renaming Overseas Chinese archaeology \u201cChinese diaspora archaeology\u201d and adopting an explicitly diasporic theoretical and interpretive framework. It introduces and defines diaspora as a general phenomenon, outlines key features of early Chinese migration beginning in the sixteenth century, and explores debates over characterizing this migration process and overseas Chinese communities as diasporic. Finally, it introduces examples of how archaeologists have incorporated a diasporic framework into their research and offers a vision of what an archaeology of the Chinese diaspora might look like and what benefits in can offer the discipline.<\/p>","DOI":"10.5744\/florida\/9780813066356.003.0002","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]],"date-time":"2020-12-18T17:41:59Z","timestamp":1608313319000},"page":"35-58","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Reframing Overseas Chinese Archaeology as Archaeology of the Chinese Diaspora"],"prefix":"10.5744","author":[{"given":"Douglas E.","family":"Ross","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"3749","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,17]]},"container-title":["Chinese Diaspora Archaeology in North America"],"original-title":["Reframing Overseas Chinese Archaeology as Archaeology of the Chinese Diaspora"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]],"date-time":"2020-12-21T08:20:07Z","timestamp":1608538807000},"score":12.551174,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/florida.universitypressscholarship.com\/view\/10.5744\/florida\/9780813066356.001.0001\/upso-9780813066356-chapter-002"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,8]]},"ISBN":["9780813066356","9780813065403"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5744\/florida\/9780813066356.003.0002","relation":{"is-identical-to":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.2307\/j.ctvx075dg.6","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,8]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T08:16:43Z","timestamp":1742977003926,"version":"3.40.3"},"publisher-location":"Singapore","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Springer Nature Singapore","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9789819711345"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9789819711352"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-97-1135-2_1","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T05:01:38Z","timestamp":1715576498000},"page":"1-52","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Understanding Archaeology"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Shengqian","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]]},"container-title":["Exploring Archaeology"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-981-97-1135-2_1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]],"date-time":"2024-06-18T08:02:32Z","timestamp":1718697752000},"score":12.530244,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-981-97-1135-2_1"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"ISBN":["9789819711345","9789819711352"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-97-1135-2_1","published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 May 2024","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}}]},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T17:13:58Z","timestamp":1773422038801,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Publishing House Helvetica (Publications)","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"DOI":"10.32782\/cusu-hist","type":"journal","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T02:09:03Z","timestamp":1715220543000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["History & Archaeology"],"prefix":"10.32782","member":"17914","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T16:28:52Z","timestamp":1773419332000},"score":12.516004,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.cusu.in.ua\/index.php\/history\/"}},"short-title":["History & Archaeology"],"issued":{"date-parts":[[null]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32782\/cusu-hist"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T14:34:17Z","timestamp":1723127657116},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780195090246","type":"print"},{"value":"9780197560631","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,1,29]]},"abstract":"
Geomorphology is the study of the evolution of landforms. Analysis of surficial deposits provides much of the evidence for changes in landforms over time. These deposits may be residual materials, formed in place by weathering of underlying formations, or may have been formed elsewhere and then transported by wind, water, or humans to their present site of deposition. They include both sediments and soils, which are commonly confused in the field although each originates by different processes and each yields different kinds of information. Both geomorphology and surficial deposits are the principal subjects of several other publications and will not be covered in great detail here. This book aims to cover in more detail fields that are universally acknowledged to be important for archaeology but are generally ignored in the \"geoarchaeology\" literature. Those seeking more information on geomorphology and surficial deposits should refer to other publications. The kind and amount of surficial materials change with the changing land surface and climatic conditions and so offer the best evidence regarding the evolution of the landscape. An understanding of these changes on a site will allow a re-creation of the paleoenvironment at the time of occupation and a modeling of the prehistoric land-use patterns. Archaeological exploration in an area is facilitated by first pinpointing desirable habitation sites of the time and then targeting these sites for geophysical prospecting. After a site has been discovered, geophysical and geomorphic-sedimentologic information can help develop excavation strategies. Such information commonly allows a better idea of the distribution and nature of buried artifacts and may explain anomalous surficial redistribution of artifacts, for example, by downslope wash or sediment burial. The first study in a new area proposed for any detailed archaeological work should be geomorphic-surficial geology. It can be carried out in three distinct phases:1. Geomorphic mapping affords meaningful descriptions of the landforms, drainage patterns, surficial deposits, tectonic features, and any active geomorphological processes. 2. The erosional processes that carved the landforms\u2014including soil formation, sediment removal or deposition, and tectonic uplift\u2014are documented. <\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195090246.003.0005","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]],"date-time":"2020-11-10T21:03:28Z","timestamp":1605042208000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Geomorphology in Archaeology"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Norman","family":"Herz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ervan G.","family":"Garrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]]},"container-title":["Geological Methods for Archaeology"],"original-title":["Geomorphology in Archaeology"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]],"date-time":"2022-08-02T21:05:08Z","timestamp":1659474308000},"score":12.514045,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/book\/40686\/chapter\/348382799"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,1,29]]},"ISBN":["9780195090246","9780197560631"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oso\/9780195090246.003.0005","published":{"date-parts":[[1998,1,29]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T15:25:52Z","timestamp":1770477952537,"version":"3.49.0"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY","reference-count":128,"publisher":"Springer New York","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780387713021","type":"print"},{"value":"9780387713038","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,1]],"date-time":"2008-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1199145600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-71303-8_2","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,3]],"date-time":"2007-12-03T05:06:57Z","timestamp":1196658417000},"page":"21-42","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Environmental Archaeology and Historical Archaeology"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Kathleen A.","family":"Deagan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.2307\/282140","volume":"60","author":"D.G. 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From World Heritage Sites to World Systems, global perspectives have come to play a dominant role in archaeology. The proliferation of variously \u2018world\u2019 entitled journals and the publication of the many volumes that are the proceedings of the 1986 World Archaeological Congress (One World Archaeology) attest to the prominence of the idea of a world archaeology\/prehistory. There is a tendency to place the birth of this highly influential concept some time in the 1960s, the decade of emotive satellite imagery of the planet and McLuhan\u2019s \u2018global village\u2019. Capturing the public spirit, \u2018world\u2019 projects featured in United Nations\/UNESCO and environmental initiatives of the 1980s. Interrelating the global and local, the very big and small, by transcending or bringing pressure to bear upon the \u2018middle\u2019\u2014the nation\u2014\u2018One World\u2019 is a compelling and apt contemporary ideology. It has come to supersede \u2018united nations\u2019, whatever the basis of their unity, inasmuch as it suggests the possibility of a world without borders. This chapter explores the roots of this recent archaeological internationalism, postulating that its origins, at least in part, lie in late\/ post-Second World War reactions to nationalist archaeologies of the 1930s. Marking a watershed for the discipline, this reorientation was largely determined by the question of the role of the state and encouraged by the promise of objective archaeological science. The \u2018state\u2019 issue, much to the fore in the 1930s and 1940s, is still of relevance. It reflects, for example, upon recent declarations of politically motivated archaeologies and the awareness of practice in relation to local\/indigenous, national, and international concerns. \u2018The world\u2019 and its many pasts is a (too) vast arena. This study is concerned only with the formulation of an international perspective in British archaeology. Narrowing the focus even further, it specifically considers the \u2018announcement\u2019 of this concept within a conference held in London in the late war years by Grahame Clark and his subsequent fostering of a global archaeological programme in the decades preceding the publication of World Prehistory in 1961. Finally, comparison is made between Clark\u2019s \u2018project\u2019 and the avowedly political agenda of latter-day (One) World Archaeology. <\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199550074.003.0014","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,11]],"date-time":"2020-11-11T01:37:36Z","timestamp":1605058656000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Archaeology against the State: Roots of Internationalism (1995)"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Christopher","family":"Evans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]]},"container-title":["Histories of Archaeology"],"original-title":["Archaeology against the State: Roots of Internationalism (1995)"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]],"date-time":"2022-08-02T20:52:07Z","timestamp":1659473527000},"score":12.460428,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/book\/40268\/chapter\/346724565"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,4]]},"ISBN":["9780199550074","9780191917783"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oso\/9780199550074.003.0014","published":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,4]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,11]],"date-time":"2024-05-11T16:54:23Z","timestamp":1715446463552},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"University Press of Florida","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780813066110","type":"print"},{"value":"9780813058597","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,12]]},"abstract":"
This final chapter revisits the volume\u2019s goals to draw conclusions about apotropaic material culture classification and its archaeological presence, the relationship between gendered fear and apotropaic use, risk management contexts, and boundary construction implications based upon the data abstracted, analyzed, and interpreted through the book. At this point a revised criterion model for recognition of magic and ritual in the historical archaeological record is offered for future researchers as a complementary model to the ritual identification model that is currently available and most referenced by archaeologists attempting to recognize and understand indications of belief in magical power in the archaeological record. Lastly, recommendations are proposed for continuing historical and archaeological investigation of magic including sacred measurement, plants, and symbols as elements revealing gendered behaviors to protect and control their lives.<\/p>","DOI":"10.5744\/florida\/9780813066110.003.0009","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T07:31:04Z","timestamp":1611300664000},"page":"173-200","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Archaeology and Magic"],"prefix":"10.5744","author":[{"given":"C. Riley","family":"Aug\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"3749","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]]},"container-title":["The Archaeology of Magic"],"original-title":["Archaeology and Magic"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T07:31:05Z","timestamp":1611300665000},"score":12.460024,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/florida.universitypressscholarship.com\/view\/10.5744\/florida\/9780813066110.001.0001\/upso-9780813066110-chapter-009"}},"subtitle":["Conclusions"],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,12]]},"ISBN":["9780813066110","9780813058597"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5744\/florida\/9780813066110.003.0009","published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,12]]}}],"items-per-page":20,"query":{"start-index":0,"search-terms":"Archaeology"}}}