This chapter deals with the different features of each type of business organization and the advantages and disadvantages of each format. It presents the different methods of finance available to each type of business and the obligations that each different financing method imposes. The chapter also considers the features of ordinary and preference share capital, how cash is raised from issuing shares and the features of bonus issues and rights issues. Finally, it examines how limited companies make dividend distributions and whether they have the capacity to make such distributions.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/hebz\/9780191991660.003.0006","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T09:58:08Z","timestamp":1722851888000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Business organizations and the financing of business"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Scott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"container-title":["Accounting for Business"],"original-title":["Business organizations and the financing of business"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T09:58:09Z","timestamp":1722851889000},"score":9.725884,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.oxfordbusinesstrove.com\/view\/10.1093\/hebz\/9780191991660.001.0001\/isbn-9780191991660-book-part-6"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"ISBN":["9780191991660"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/hebz\/9780191991660.003.0006","published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T00:35:52Z","timestamp":1760747752897,"version":"build-2065373602"},"publisher-location":"1 Oliver\u2019s Yard,\u00a055 City Road\u00a0 London\u00a0 EC1Y 1SP\u00a0 United States","reference-count":0,"publisher":"SAGE Publications Ltd","isbn-type":[{"value":"9781036232863","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.4135\/9781036232863.n1","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T20:18:43Z","timestamp":1760732323000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Business-to-Business Markets and Marketing"],"prefix":"10.4135","member":"179","container-title":["Business-to-Business Marketing"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T20:18:43Z","timestamp":1760732323000},"score":9.704514,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/sk.sagepub.com\/book\/mono\/business-to-business-marketing-6e\/toc\/i117.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"ISBN":["9781036232863"],"references-count":0,"alternative-id":["10.4135\/9781036232863"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4135\/9781036232863.n1","published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T00:36:18Z","timestamp":1760747778936,"version":"build-2065373602"},"publisher-location":"1 Oliver\u2019s Yard,\u00a055 City Road\u00a0 London\u00a0 EC1Y 1SP\u00a0 United States","reference-count":0,"publisher":"SAGE Publications Ltd","isbn-type":[{"value":"9781036232863","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.4135\/9781036232863.n12","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T20:18:43Z","timestamp":1760732323000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Price-Setting in Business-to-Business Markets"],"prefix":"10.4135","member":"179","container-title":["Business-to-Business Marketing"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T20:18:44Z","timestamp":1760732324000},"score":9.656991,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/sk.sagepub.com\/book\/mono\/business-to-business-marketing-6e\/toc\/i1189.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"ISBN":["9781036232863"],"references-count":0,"alternative-id":["10.4135\/9781036232863"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4135\/9781036232863.n12","published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T03:44:00Z","timestamp":1715744640499},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780198807797","type":"print"},{"value":"9780191968839","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,17]]},"abstract":"
This chapter deals with the different features of each type of business organization and the advantages and disadvantages of each format. It presents the different methods each type adopts in order to finance their operations and the requirements that each different financing method imposes. The chapter also considers the features of ordinary and preference share capital and how cash is raised from issuing shares of stock. Moreover, it shows how bonus issues and rights issues work. Finally, it examines how limited companies make dividend distributions and whether they have the capacity to make such distributions.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/hebz\/9780198807797.003.0006","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T17:02:11Z","timestamp":1694797331000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Business organizations and the financing of business"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Scott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]},"container-title":["Accounting for Business"],"original-title":["Business organizations and the financing of business"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.oxfordbusinesstrove.com\/display\/10.1093\/hebz\/9780198807797.001.0001\/isbn-9780198807797-book-part-6","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]],"date-time":"2024-02-05T10:54:18Z","timestamp":1707130458000},"score":9.646522,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.oxfordbusinesstrove.com\/view\/10.1093\/hebz\/9780198807797.001.0001\/isbn-9780198807797-book-part-6"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,17]]},"ISBN":["9780198807797","9780191968839"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/hebz\/9780198807797.003.0006","published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,17]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]],"date-time":"2022-04-21T16:45:56Z","timestamp":1650559556311},"publisher-location":"1 Oliver's Yard,\u00a055 City Road,\u00a0London\u00a0EC1Y 1SP\u00a0United Kingdom\u00a0","reference-count":0,"publisher":"SAGE Publications Ltd","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011]]},"DOI":"10.4135\/9781446276518.n4","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,31]],"date-time":"2013-07-31T14:55:01Z","timestamp":1375282501000},"page":"89-117","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Business-to-Business Marketing Strategy"],"prefix":"10.4135","member":"179","container-title":["Business-to-Business Marketing"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]],"date-time":"2022-04-21T16:01:23Z","timestamp":1650556883000},"score":9.627063,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/sk.sagepub.com\/books\/business-to-business-marketing\/n4.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011]]},"references-count":0,"alternative-id":["10.4135\/9781446276518"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4135\/9781446276518.n4","published":{"date-parts":[[2011]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T23:57:56Z","timestamp":1725494276973},"publisher-location":"Wiesbaden","reference-count":12,"publisher":"Gabler","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9783834903464"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-8349-9287-1_1","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,12]],"date-time":"2007-11-12T05:02:08Z","timestamp":1194843728000},"page":"3-13","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Business-to-Business-Marketing"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Thomas","family":"Werani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"1_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Backhaus, K. 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This chapter looks into the process of deciding on business strategies. It defines business strategy as a set of guiding principles that, when communicated and adopted in the organization, generates a desired pattern of decision-making. Essentially, a business strategy determines where a business is headed and how it is getting there. Moreover, strategic management is the process of developing, implementing, and reviewing a strategy that involves managing major decisions in a business such as new product development, expanding overseas or acquisitions. The chapter also considers the notion of scenario planning, which tries to build possible pictures of how the world and the industry might look in the future.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/hebz\/9780198849537.003.0008","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T09:59:37Z","timestamp":1722851977000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Business strategy"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Andrew","family":"Gillespie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"container-title":["Foundations of Business"],"original-title":["Business strategy"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T09:59:37Z","timestamp":1722851977000},"score":9.526286,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.oxfordbusinesstrove.com\/view\/10.1093\/hebz\/9780198849537.001.0001\/isbn-9780198849537-chapter-8"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]]},"ISBN":["9780198849537","9780198934110"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/hebz\/9780198849537.003.0008","published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T00:36:26Z","timestamp":1760747786904,"version":"build-2065373602"},"publisher-location":"1 Oliver\u2019s Yard,\u00a055 City Road\u00a0 London\u00a0 EC1Y 1SP\u00a0 United States","reference-count":0,"publisher":"SAGE Publications Ltd","isbn-type":[{"value":"9781036232863","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.4135\/9781036232863.n6","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T20:18:43Z","timestamp":1760732323000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Business Market Segmentation"],"prefix":"10.4135","member":"179","container-title":["Business-to-Business Marketing"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T20:18:43Z","timestamp":1760732323000},"score":9.524457,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/sk.sagepub.com\/book\/mono\/business-to-business-marketing-6e\/toc\/i559.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"ISBN":["9781036232863"],"references-count":0,"alternative-id":["10.4135\/9781036232863"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4135\/9781036232863.n6","published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,8]],"date-time":"2024-09-08T17:56:33Z","timestamp":1725818193203},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"SAGE Publishing","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"DOI":"10.1177\/2374556814568090","type":"book-section","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,23]],"date-time":"2015-03-23T14:50:07Z","timestamp":1427122207000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["business-to-business-social-media-marketing"],"prefix":"10.1177","member":"179","container-title":["SAGE Business Researcher"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,23]],"date-time":"2015-03-23T14:50:10Z","timestamp":1427122210000},"score":9.500166,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/businessresearcher.sagepub.com\/sbr-1645-94775-2641169\/20150302\/business-to-business-social-media-marketing"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[null]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2374556814568090"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]],"date-time":"2022-04-21T16:45:47Z","timestamp":1650559547003},"publisher-location":"1 Oliver's Yard,\u00a055 City Road,\u00a0London\u00a0EC1Y 1SP\u00a0United Kingdom\u00a0","reference-count":0,"publisher":"SAGE Publications Ltd","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011]]},"DOI":"10.4135\/9781446276518.n12","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,31]],"date-time":"2013-07-31T14:55:01Z","timestamp":1375282501000},"page":"321-351","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Price-Setting in Business-to-Business Markets"],"prefix":"10.4135","member":"179","container-title":["Business-to-Business Marketing"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]],"date-time":"2022-04-21T16:01:30Z","timestamp":1650556890000},"score":9.486909,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/sk.sagepub.com\/books\/business-to-business-marketing\/n12.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011]]},"references-count":0,"alternative-id":["10.4135\/9781446276518"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4135\/9781446276518.n12","published":{"date-parts":[[2011]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T14:30:34Z","timestamp":1762093834650,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"9780190224851"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"
Historical research on the multinational enterprise has long been important in international business studies. When the discipline of international business first developed in the late 1950s, historical evidence was frequently used to build generalizations and propose theories. However, over time, that tradition eroded, as the discipline moved toward using more quantitative and econometric reasoning. International business and business history share important commonalities, such as the topics they address. These include: multinational patterns of international trade and foreign investment; the boundaries and competitiveness of the multinational enterprise; changes in organizational strategy and structure of multinational enterprises and the connections between the two; coordination and management of the activities of the multinational enterprise; impact of multinationals on knowledge and capital flows in host countries; and investment, resilience, and survival in high-risk environments. Nonetheless, the approaches followed can be quite distinct. While both disciplines consider the firm and other institutional forms as the unit of analysis, the way context and the environment are integrated in the analysis, the methodologies followed, the types of comparative analysis carried out, the temporal dimensions adopted, and the way in which theory is used are quite distinct. There are possible ways forward for international business history to be more integrated and provide new dimensions in international business studies. These include using history as a generator of theory to understand phenomena such as the origins of competitiveness and as a way to uncover phenomena that can be fully understood only after the situation has occurred, such as the impact of entrepreneurship on economic development; as a way to check false claims that certain phenomena is new; and to inform discussions on complex phenomena and grand challenges such as globalization and deglobalization, investment in high risk environments, and climate change.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190224851.013.394","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T19:33:22Z","timestamp":1697571202000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Business History in International Business"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Teresa","family":"da Silva Lopes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]]},"container-title":["Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Business and Management"],"original-title":["Business History in International Business"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T19:33:22Z","timestamp":1697571202000},"score":9.48593,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oxfordre.com\/business\/view\/10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190224851.001.0001\/acrefore-9780190224851-e-394"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]]},"ISBN":["9780190224851"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190224851.013.394","published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T03:32:59Z","timestamp":1715743979109},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780198786030","type":"print"},{"value":"9780191968754","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,13]]},"abstract":"
This chapter explores the intricacies of global business. It begins by giving an overview of the global economy and how to enter overseas markets. It also demonstrates how globalization can benefit a business as well as present challenges. Then the chapter moves on to the concept of protectionism and asks why a country's government might implement it. The chapter closes with a discussion on Brexit.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/hebz\/9780198786030.003.0013","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T21:34:17Z","timestamp":1694727257000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Global business"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Andrew","family":"Gillespie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]},"container-title":["Economics for Business"],"original-title":["Global business"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.oxfordbusinesstrove.com\/display\/10.1093\/hebz\/9780198786030.001.0001\/isbn-9780198786030-book-part-13","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]],"date-time":"2024-02-05T10:53:13Z","timestamp":1707130393000},"score":9.475705,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.oxfordbusinesstrove.com\/view\/10.1093\/hebz\/9780198786030.001.0001\/isbn-9780198786030-book-part-13"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,13]]},"ISBN":["9780198786030","9780191968754"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/hebz\/9780198786030.003.0013","published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,13]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,8]],"date-time":"2024-09-08T06:43:59Z","timestamp":1725777839270},"edition-number":"0","reference-count":1,"publisher":"Routledge","isbn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"9780203067581"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,12]]},"DOI":"10.4324\/9780203067581-23","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]],"date-time":"2020-12-21T16:54:19Z","timestamp":1608569659000},"page":"319-344","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Business to business marketing communications"],"prefix":"10.4324","member":"301","reference":[{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"Aronson, E. 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This chapter analyses research into \u2018non-consumer\u2019 sectors. This kind of research comes under various titles such as \u2018business-to-business\u2019, \u2018industrial\u2019, \u2018trade\u2019, and \u2018retail\u2019. The chapter reviews industry structures, different classes of product, and the elements of \u2018organisational buying behaviour\u2019. It illustrates the importance of satisfaction, quality, image, and employee satisfaction studies. It brings to light the differences of this research with that used in the fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) sector. Lastly, it describes the measurement techniques used in this type of research.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/hebz\/9780199655090.003.0015","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T21:36:31Z","timestamp":1694727391000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Business-to-business research"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Nigel","family":"Bradley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]},"container-title":["Marketing Research"],"original-title":["Business-to-business research"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.oxfordbusinesstrove.com\/display\/10.1093\/hebz\/9780199655090.001.0001\/isbn-9780199655090-book-part-15","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]],"date-time":"2024-02-05T10:59:58Z","timestamp":1707130798000},"score":9.436865,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.oxfordbusinesstrove.com\/view\/10.1093\/hebz\/9780199655090.001.0001\/isbn-9780199655090-book-part-15"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,7]]},"ISBN":["9780199655090","9780191975097"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/hebz\/9780199655090.003.0015","published":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,7]]}}],"items-per-page":20,"query":{"start-index":0,"search-terms":"Business"}}}