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Insect pests of economic significance affecting major crops of the countries in Asia and the Pacific region. Technical Document No. 135. Bangkok Thailand: Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific region (RAPA)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_1","unstructured":"EPPO 2014. PQR database. Paris France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. http:\/\/www.eppo.int\/DATABASES\/pqr\/pqr.htm"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaafar N. Volkmar C. 2010. Evaluation of wheat ear insects in large scale field in central Germany - evaluation of wheat ear insects in winter wheat scale field.Agricultural Sciences 1(2) 68-75. http:\/\/www.scirp.org\/Journal\/PaperDownload.aspx?FileName=AS20100200004_70706117.pdf&paperID=2537","DOI":"10.4236\/as.2010.12010"}],"container-title":["CABI Compendium"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T11:50:24Z","timestamp":1734609024000},"score":36.08122,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.cabidigitallibrary.org\/doi\/10.1079\/cabicompendium.15239"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]]},"references-count":3,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1079\/cabicompendium.15239","published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T11:32:12Z","timestamp":1753875132605,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"CABI Publishing","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PlantwisePlus Knowledge Bank"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]]},"DOI":"10.1079\/pwkb.species.15239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T15:41:21Z","timestamp":1669304481000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Contarinia tritici (wheat yellow blossom midge)"],"prefix":"10.1079","volume":"Species Pages","member":"242","container-title":["PlantwisePlus Knowledge Bank"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]],"date-time":"2023-08-16T19:59:55Z","timestamp":1692215995000},"score":29.11938,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.cabidigitallibrary.org\/doi\/10.1079\/pwkb.species.15239"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]]},"references-count":0,"alternative-id":["10.1079\/pwkb.species.15239"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1079\/pwkb.species.15239","ISSN":["2958-4329"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2958-4329"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]]},"article-number":"15239"},{"institution":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Neuch\u00e2tel"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T00:42:35Z","timestamp":1759452155555,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"University of Neuchatel","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"DOI":"10.35662\/unine-thesis-1103","type":"dissertation","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T08:21:13Z","timestamp":1737620473000},"approved":{"date-parts":[[1990]]},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Etude structurelle et dynamique du complexe d'hym\u00e9nopt\u00e8res parasito\u00efdes s'attaquant aux c\u00e9cidomyies des c\u00e9r\u00e9ales Sitodiplosis mosellana(G\u00e9hin) et Contarinia tritici(Kirby) (Dipt. Cedidomyiidae)"],"prefix":"10.35662","author":[{"sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Florent","family":"Affolter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"21054","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T13:12:41Z","timestamp":1759410761000},"score":28.176226,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/libra.unine.ch\/handle\/20.500.14713\/31209"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[null]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35662\/unine-thesis-1103"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T05:13:19Z","timestamp":1698901999453},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"CABI Publishing","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Distribution Maps of Plant Pests"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            A new distribution map is provided for\n            <jats:italic>Contarinia tritici<\/jats:italic>\n            (Kirby) Diptera: Cecidomyiidae (lemon wheat blossom midge, yellow wheat gall midge). Attacks mainly wheat but occasionally recorded from other hosts, including barley, rye and couch-grass. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, Yugoslavia, CIS (formerly USSR), Russian SFSR, Bashkir, Irkutsk region, Smolensk region, Stavropol, Sverdlovsk region, Ukraine, Africa, Tunisia, Asia, China, Hubei, Iran, Israel, Japan, Australasia, New Zealand.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1079\/dmpp\/20046600182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]],"date-time":"2021-08-05T22:29:32Z","timestamp":1628202572000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<i>Contarinia tritici<\/i>\n            . [Distribution map]."],"prefix":"10.1079","author":[{"family":"UK, CAB International","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CAB International\r            Nosworthy Way\r            Wallingford\r            Oxfordshire\r            OX10 8DE\r            UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"242","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,17]]},"container-title":["Distribution Maps of Plant Pests"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T13:33:08Z","timestamp":1698845588000},"score":27.750425,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.cabidigitallibrary.org\/doi\/10.1079\/DMPP\/20046600182"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,17]]},"references-count":0,"alternative-id":["10.1079\/DMPP\/20046600182"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1079\/dmpp\/20046600182","ISSN":["1369-104X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1369-104X","type":"print"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,17]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T05:11:28Z","timestamp":1698901888019},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"CABI Publishing","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Distribution Maps of Plant Pests"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            A new distribution map is provided for\n            <jats:italic>Contarinia tritici<\/jats:italic>\n            (Kby.) (Dipt., Cecidomyiidae) (Lemon Wheat Blossom Midge). Hosts: Wheat, rye and couch-grass. Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE (excl. USSR), Austria, Belgium, Britain, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Rumania, Sweden, Switzerland, Yugoslavia, ASIA, Japan, Persia, USSR, AFRICA, Tunisia.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1079\/dmpp\/20056600182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]],"date-time":"2021-08-06T00:27:30Z","timestamp":1628209650000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<i>Contarinia tritici<\/i>\n            . 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Schadlingskde., Pflanzenschutz, Umweltschutz"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1982,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/bf01907606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,23]],"date-time":"2005-07-23T12:03:21Z","timestamp":1122120201000},"page":"84-89","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Untersuchungen zur Prognose des Auftretens der Weizengallm\u00fccken Contarinia tritici (Kirby) und Sitodiplosis mosellana (G\u00e9hin) (Dipt., Cecidomyidae)","Studies on forecasting the attack by wheat blossom midges, Contarinia tritici (Kirby) and sitodiplosis mosellana (G\u00e9hin) (Dipt., Cecidomyidae)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Th.","family":"Basedow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Gillich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"BF01907606_CR1","first-page":"302","volume":"104","author":"Th. 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Basedow","year":"1971","unstructured":"Basedow, Th., Sch\u00fctte, F., 1971: Untersuchungen zum \u00dcberliegen der Weizengallm\u00fcckenContarinia tritici (Kirby) undSitodiplosis mosellana (G\u00e9hin) in Norddeutschland im Sommer 1970. Nachrichtenbl. Deut. Pflanzenschutzd. (Braunschweig)23, 4\u20138.","journal-title":"Nachrichtenbl. Deut. Pflanzenschutzd. (Braunschweig)"},{"key":"BF01907606_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0418.1973.tb02288.x","volume":"73","author":"Th. Basedow","year":"1973","unstructured":"Basedow, Th., Sch\u00fctte, F., 1973: Neue Untersuchungen \u00fcber Eiablage, wirtschaftliche Schadensschwelle und Bek\u00e4mpfung der Weizengallm\u00fccken (Dipt., Cecidomyidae). Z. angew. Entomol.73, 238\u2013251.","journal-title":"Z. angew. Entomol."},{"key":"BF01907606_CR5","first-page":"33","volume":"109","author":"Th. 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Sch\u00e4dlingskde., Pflanzenschutz, Umweltschutz29, 185\u2013191.","journal-title":"Anz. Sch\u00e4dlingskde., Pflanzenschutz, Umweltschutz"},{"key":"BF01907606_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01993434","volume":"47","author":"G. Weigand","year":"1974","unstructured":"Weigand, G., 1974:Isostasius punctiger Nees \u2014 ein wichtiger Parasit der Weizengallm\u00fccke (Contarinia tritici). Anz. Sch\u00e4dlingskde., Pflanzenschutz, Umweltschutz47, 99\u2013102.","journal-title":"Anz. Sch\u00e4dlingskde., Pflanzenschutz, Umweltschutz"}],"container-title":["Anzeiger f\u00fcr Sch\u00e4dlingskunde Pflanzenschutz Umweltschutz"],"language":"de","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF01907606.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01907606\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF01907606","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,10]],"date-time":"2019-05-10T16:22:23Z","timestamp":1557505343000},"score":25.60395,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/BF01907606"}},"subtitle":["II. Faktoren, die ein Schadauftreten der M\u00fccken verhindern k\u00f6nnen","II. 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Zool."},{"key":"BF01993434_CR6","first-page":"185","volume":"24","author":"W. Speyer","year":"1956","unstructured":"Speyer, W. u.Waede, M., 1956: Feinde und Parasiten der Weizengallm\u00fc cke. Anz. Sch\u00e4dlingskde. Pflanzen-Umweltschutz24, 185\u2013191.","journal-title":"Anz. Sch\u00e4dlingskde. Pflanzen-Umweltschutz"},{"key":"BF01993434_CR7","first-page":"354","volume":"63","author":"H. Spittler","year":"1969","unstructured":"Spittler, H., 1969: Beitr\u00e4ge zur Morphologic, Biologie und \u00d6kologie des Sattelm\u00fcckenparasitenPlatygaster equestris nov. spec. unter besonderer Ber\u00fccksichtigung seines abundanzdynamischen Einflusses aufHaplodiplosis equestris Wagner. Z. ang. Entom.63, 354\u2013381.","journal-title":"Z. ang. Entom."},{"key":"BF01993434_CR8","unstructured":"Stellwaag, F., 1929: Die Schmarotzer-Wespen als Parasiten. Monographien zur angewandten Entomologie,6, Berlin."},{"issue":"3","key":"BF01993434_CR9","first-page":"43","volume":"18","author":"G. Weigand","year":"1966","unstructured":"Weigand, G., 1966: Zur Problematik der Bek\u00e4mpfung der an Gerste vorkommendenAgromyza nigrella Rondani. Gesunde Pflanzen18 (3) 43\u201348.","journal-title":"Gesunde Pflanzen"}],"container-title":["Anzeiger f\u00fcr Sch\u00e4dlingskunde Pflanzen- und Umweltschutz"],"language":"de","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF01993434.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01993434\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF01993434","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,14]],"date-time":"2019-05-14T10:58:48Z","timestamp":1557831528000},"score":24.652534,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/BF01993434"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1974,7]]},"references-count":9,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1974,7]]}},"alternative-id":["BF01993434"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf01993434","ISSN":["0003-6307","1612-4766"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-6307","type":"print"},{"value":"1612-4766","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[1974,7]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T16:08:29Z","timestamp":1788970109807,"version":"build-2803163510"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"group-title":"SSRN","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.uspto.gov\/ip-policy\/copyright-policy\/copyright-basics"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<jats:p>The orange wheat blossom midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana, and the yellow wheat blossom midge, Contarinia tritici, are major pests of wheat crops. In this context, it is essential to assess the susceptibility of wheat varieties to these pests and to identify tolerance or resistance mechanisms. This is commonly done by counting larvae collected from infested wheat heads, but manual counting is labor-intensive and prone to errors. This study presents a deep learning\u2013based method for the automatic detection and counting of Sitodiplosis mosellana and Contarinia tritici larvae in RGB images acquired with smartphones. A dataset of 254 images containing 48,920 annotated larvae was generated under diverse acquisition conditions. Several YOLO-based object detection architectures were evaluated to identify the most effective configuration. The best-performing model (YOLOv26m, input size 1280 \u00d7 1280) achieved high detection performance on the test set, with an F1-score of 0.972 and an mAP50 of 0.982. Counting performance was satisfying, with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 3.000 larvae per image and a relative counting error (CE) of 1.828%. The model successfully distinguished between the two visually similar species, although slightly better performance was observed for S. mosellana (CE of 2.579% against 3.306% for C.tritici), likely due to class imbalance in the training data. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of recent YOLO architectures for detecting small, numerous, and clustered objects in complex environments. The trained model, code, and labeled dataset are made publicly available to facilitate reproducibility and support the development of automated counting methods for other insect species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.7438097","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T15:20:53Z","timestamp":1788967253000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Automatic detection and counting of Contarinia tritici and Sitodiplosis mosellana larvae using smartphone images and deep learning"],"prefix":"10.2139","author":[{"given":"Antoine","family":"Deryck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7477-8961","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Toon","family":"Goedem\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Mairesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justine","family":"Gruntowy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6492-1560","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Philippe","family":"Vermeulen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Jacquemin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0404-9840","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Henriet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4953-8402","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Juan Antonio","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez Pierna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5526-3877","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Viviane","family":"Planchon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Dandrifosse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T15:20:53Z","timestamp":1788967253000},"score":23.366858,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=7438097"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.7438097","published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T05:27:51Z","timestamp":1734586071221,"version":"3.30.2"},"description":"This datasheet on Contarinia panici covers Identity, Distribution.","reference-count":0,"publisher":"CABI Publishing","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,22]]},"DOI":"10.1079\/cabicompendium.113432","type":"dataset","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T12:11:47Z","timestamp":1668687107000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Contarinia panici"],"prefix":"10.1079","author":[{"name":"CABI","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"242","container-title":["CABI Compendium"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T16:40:53Z","timestamp":1734540053000},"score":23.332663,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.cabidigitallibrary.org\/doi\/10.1079\/cabicompendium.113432"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,22]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1079\/cabicompendium.113432","published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,22]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T23:04:46Z","timestamp":1762297486387},"reference-count":2,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,10]],"date-time":"2009-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1247184000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":29745,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bull. Entomol. Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1928,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>It is highly regrettable that in the past whenever Cecidomyid or midge larvae have been found in ears of wheat the presumption has been that the species concerned was the wheat midge, and it was therefore recorded as <jats:italic>Contarinia tritici<\/jats:italic> (Kirby).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007485300020009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,13]],"date-time":"2009-07-13T06:50:11Z","timestamp":1247467811000},"page":"285-288","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Wheat Blossom Midges (Cecidomyidae, Diptera). Differences between <i>Contarinia tritici<\/i> (Kirby) and <i>Sitodiplosis mosellana<\/i> (G\u00e9hin)"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"H. 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