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The characteristics of key clusters in the region are given, such as industrial, mechanical engineering, IT cluster, nanotechnology cluster and others. The indicators of the number of participants, the volumes of annual turnover of clusters are analyzed, which made it possible to identify the leading and promising areas of cluster development. A conclusion is made about the need for a systematic approach to the support of cluster initiatives as a tool for increasing the competitiveness and sustainability of t he regional economy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.36871\/ek.up.p.r.2025.01.15.020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T19:33:57Z","timestamp":1755804837000},"page":"128-135","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["IDENTIFICATION OF CLUSTERS IN THE ECONOMY OF THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN"],"prefix":"10.36871","volume":"1\/15","author":[{"name":"Kazan Cooperative Institute of the Russian University of Cooperation","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Suleimanov","family":"Abdugaffor Kayumovich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Saibov","family":"Bakhodur Bakhtiyerovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"name":"Kazan Cooperative Institute of the Russian University of Cooperation","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kalmykov","family":"Maxim Aleksandrovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"name":"Kazan Cooperative Institute of the Russian University of Cooperation","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Stukalo","family":"Ilya Sergeevich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"name":"Kazan Cooperative Institute of the Russian University of Cooperation","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alenbach","family":"Kirill Sergeevich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"name":"Kazan Cooperative Institute of the Russian University of Cooperation","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ruslan Latifovich","family":"Kylych","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"name":"Kazan Cooperative Institute of the Russian University of Cooperation","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pavel Olegovich","family":"Kuzin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"name":"Kazan Cooperative Institute of the Russian University of Cooperation","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ramazan Rifovich","family":"Latypov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"name":"Kazan Cooperative Institute of the Russian University of Cooperation","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Insaf Ildarovich","family":"Sabirzyanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"name":"Kazan Cooperative Institute of the Russian University of Cooperation","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dmitry Yurievich","family":"Gavrilov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"name":"Kazan Cooperative Institute of the Russian University of Cooperation","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mikhail Ramisovich","family":"Zinurov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"name":"Kazan Cooperative Institute of the Russian University of Cooperation","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yulia Sergeevna","family":"Valeeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"name":"Kazan Cooperative Institute of the Russian University of Cooperation","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"R. 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V.","family":"Pogarelova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"name":"Kazan Cooperative Institute (branch) of the Central Educational Institution of the Russian Federation \u201cRussian University of Cooperation\u201d, Kazan, Russia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"22926","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"container-title":["EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA"],"original-title":["\u0418\u0414\u0415\u041d\u0422\u0418\u0424\u0418\u041a\u0410\u0426\u0418\u0418 \u041a\u041b\u0410\u0421\u0422\u0415\u0420\u041e\u0412 \u0412 \u042d\u041a\u041e\u041d\u041e\u041c\u0418\u041a\u0415 \u0420\u0415\u0421\u041f\u0423\u0411\u041b\u0418\u041a\u0418 \u0422\u0410\u0422\u0410\u0420\u0421\u0422\u0410\u041d"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T19:34:00Z","timestamp":1755804840000},"score":21.158947,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/s-lib.com\/en\/issues\/eiu_2025_01_v15_a20\/"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"154","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36871\/ek.up.p.r.2025.01.15.020","ISSN":["2227-3891","2308-927X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2227-3891"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2308-927X"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T03:08:39Z","timestamp":1758078519681,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"Sp\u00f3\u0142dzielczy Instytut Naukowy","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In Africa, two organizations have developedsupranational legal frameworksapplyingto cooperative societies. 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(2014) : \u201cRegional integration in Africa Challenges and prospects\u201d WIDER Working Paper 2014\/037.-","DOI":"10.35188\/UNU-WIDER\/2014\/758-5"},{"key":"10.36128\/xr9afq10_ref2","unstructured":"Galletti, V. :\u201cSuccessful engagement of Farmers\u2019 Organizations in the policy arena: EAFF experience with the EAC Co-operative Societies Bill, 2014\u201d, http:\/\/www.sfoap.net\/fileadmin\/user_upload\/sfoap\/KB\/docs\/EAFF_EAC%20Coop%20Bill_Case%20study.pdf"},{"key":"10.36128\/xr9afq10_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hiez, D. & Tadjudje W. (2013) :\u201cThe OHADA Cooperative regulation\u201d, in Dante Cracogna etal. (Editors), International Handbook of cooperative law, Springer, 89-113.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-30129-2_3"},{"key":"10.36128\/xr9afq10_ref4","unstructured":"Hiez, D. & Tadjudje W. 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(editor), Les mutations juridiques dans le syst\u00e8me Ohada, L\u2019Harmattan, 11-19."},{"key":"10.36128\/xr9afq10_ref8","unstructured":"Tadjudje, W. (2015) : \u201cLe droit des coop\u00e9ratives et des mutuelles dans l\u2019espace OHADA\u201d,Larcier."},{"key":"10.36128\/xr9afq10_ref9","unstructured":"Tadjudje W. (2017): L\u2019insuffisancedu cadre juridique g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du registre des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s coop\u00e9ratives en droit OHADA des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s coop\u00e9ratives, in Hiez David and Kenmogne Simo Alain, Droit des coop\u00e9ratives OHADA, Presses Universitaires d\u2019Aix-Marseille, 181-191."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Cooperative Law"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ijcl.eu\/index.php\/ijcl\/article\/download\/55\/45","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ijcl.eu\/index.php\/ijcl\/article\/download\/55\/45","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T07:50:14Z","timestamp":1758009014000},"score":20.643353,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ijcl.eu\/index.php\/ijcl\/article\/view\/55"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]]},"references-count":9,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36128\/xr9afq10","relation":{"has-manifestation":[{"id-type":"other","id":"1-8-55-g45","asserted-by":"subject"}],"is-part-of":[{"id-type":"other","id":"1-8","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["2799-2306"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2799-2306","type":"print"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]]},"article-number":"1"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]],"date-time":"2022-04-05T18:41:52Z","timestamp":1649184112838},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Peter Lang","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"DOI":"10.3726\/978-3-0353-0401-5\/9","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,11]],"date-time":"2016-07-11T16:04:45Z","timestamp":1468253085000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["CHAPTER THREE Consociationalism: A Quasi-Cooperative Model of Democracy"],"prefix":"10.3726","member":"2030","container-title":["Cooperative Collegial Democracy for Africa and Multi-ethnic Societies"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]],"date-time":"2016-09-01T02:14:28Z","timestamp":1472696068000},"score":20.441357,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.peterlang.com\/view\/9783035304015\/9783035304015.00009.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[null]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3726\/978-3-0353-0401-5\/9"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,12]],"date-time":"2024-05-12T14:33:09Z","timestamp":1715524389420},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Cornell University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9781501755903","type":"print"},{"value":"9781501755927","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]]},"abstract":"<p>This chapter describes Talcott Parsons's theory of social systems, which argues that all social progress comes from networks of cooperation. Parsons referred to these networks of cooperation as systems, which have to perform four critical functions. This set of four key functions include adaptation, goal attainment, integration, and latent pattern maintenance. Parsons believed that systems evolve through a process of \u201chomeostasis,\u201d which is often accomplished by developing distinctive institutions that specialize in solving the problem under consideration. He argued that human history consists of constant progress owing to this ever-continuing process of differentiation; societies become more complex and specialized. However, homeostatic adjustment does not mean that problems are always solved. Sometimes, large networks of cooperation would stop functioning.<\/p>","DOI":"10.7591\/cornell\/9781501755903.003.0012","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T11:45:30Z","timestamp":1632397530000},"page":"38-41","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Networks of Cooperation"],"prefix":"10.7591","author":[{"given":"Samuel","family":"Cohn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"4434","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]},"container-title":["All Societies Die"],"original-title":["Networks of 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Societies"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]],"date-time":"2016-09-01T06:14:27Z","timestamp":1472710467000},"score":20.283794,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.peterlang.com\/view\/9783035304015\/9783035304015.00006.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[null]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3726\/978-3-0353-0401-5\/6"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]],"date-time":"2022-04-04T17:42:12Z","timestamp":1649094132471},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Peter Lang","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"DOI":"10.3726\/978-3-0353-0401-5\/20","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,11]],"date-time":"2016-07-11T20:04:45Z","timestamp":1468267485000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Index"],"prefix":"10.3726","member":"2030","container-title":["Cooperative Collegial Democracy for Africa and Multi-ethnic 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Societies"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]],"date-time":"2016-09-01T06:14:25Z","timestamp":1472710465000},"score":20.242598,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.peterlang.com\/view\/9783035304015\/9783035304015.00001.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[null]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3726\/978-3-0353-0401-5\/1"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,7]],"date-time":"2024-09-07T17:03:55Z","timestamp":1725728635655},"publisher-location":"Dordrecht","reference-count":3,"publisher":"Springer Netherlands","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9789048154111"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9789401595940"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-9594-0_7","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,1]],"date-time":"2013-06-01T15:20:50Z","timestamp":1370100050000},"page":"195-211","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cooperation and Cooperative Game Theory"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Raimo","family":"Tuomela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"7_CR1","unstructured":"Moulin (1995, p. 112) gives an example of the equivalence in question from the so-called marriage market. This is an exchange economy in which a) each man and each woman is assumed to own a personalized indivisible good (himself or herself), b) each man (respectively woman) wants and can consume at most one of the goods initially held by women (respectively by men) and derives no utility from the goods held by men (respectively women). There is no medium such as money. Here the core and the competitive equilibrium match. Here the only core is given by the set ((m1,w4), (m2,w3), (m3,w2), (m4,w1)). This core matching can be interpreted as a competitive equilibrium by choosing the prices as follows: p(m3) = p(w2) < p(m4) = p(w1) < p(m2) = p(w3) < p(m1) = p(w4)."},{"key":"#cr-split#-7_CR2.1","unstructured":"Zlotkin and Rosenschein (1994) present a theory of cooperation for rational robots. They analyze cooperation game-theoretically in terms of deals (corresponding to the agreements of game theory) or, equivalently, joint plans, arriving at a characterization concerning the circumstances under which a deal can be taken to be a rational cooperative deal. A deal for Zlotkin and Rosenschein consists of sets of tasks (\"part-actions\"), one for each participant. In a deal each participant commits himself to carrying out his tasks (his part of the joint action). A key notion for them is that of a negotiation set (NS). NS is defined to be the set of all deals that are both individually rational and Pareto optimal. A deal d is defined to be individually rational if, for all i, the utility of d, viz., Utility(i,d), is nonnegative, and it is Pareto optimal if and only if there does not exist another deal which is better for at least one of the agents and not worse for the other. Utility(i,d) is defined to be the minimal cost of achieving the goal G"},{"key":"#cr-split#-7_CR2.2","unstructured":"(i) alone (without the other agent doing \"anything\") minus the individual's (expected) cost of carrying out his part of the deal d. The deal-making approach distinguishes between cooperative situations and compromise situations (Zlotkin and Rosenschein, 1994, p. 105). A cooperative situation is one in which there is a deal in the negotiation set which is preferred by both agents over acting alone. Indeed, in a cooperative situation cooperation is (physically and\/or socially) necessary for utility maximization. In contrast, a compromise situation is one where there are individually rational deals for both agents. But both agents would prefer to act alone. The problem here is that acting alone is not (physically and\/or socially) possible. Each agent must cope with the presence of the other agent in that situation. All of the deals in NS are better than leaving the world at its initial state. A conflict situation is one in which the negotiation set is empty. (However, I will not here discuss the technical details, such as the \"worth of a goal\" account of utilities.) In view of what has been said the following thesis is true if Zlotkin's and Rosenschein's notions of cooperation and compromise are used: (COOP) A deal for performing a joint action of type X is cooperative or is a compromise if and only if NS is nonempty (viz., the deal satisfies the conditions of individual rationality (rewardingness) and Pareto optimality). My approach gives a somewhat different analysis. First, we note that in the deal-making approach cooperativity is attributed to deals and not to joint actions, as in my approach, although it is easy to go back and forth between these two terminologies. My notion of a plan (or extensionally equivalently, an agreement) corresponds to the notion of deal in the first-mentioned approach. Secondly, my notion of cooperation in the broad sense of (CAT) of Chapter 3 covers both cooperative situations and compromise situations. Thus within my approach it is true that if NS is nonempty then we are dealing with cooperative joint action in the sense of (CAT). My notion of cooperative joint action is concerned with cooperative situations and compromise situations in the sense of the deal-making theory. (It also concerns norm-governed situations, but I will here ignore them.) Then, leaving out the requirement of the Pareto-optimality of deals, cooperative situations and compromise situations (in the sense of the deal making theory) exhaust cooperative situations in the sense of (CAT). What is left outside the cooperation and compromise in the deal-making approach? Cases in which NS is empty are such, and they are called cases of conflict in the deal making theory. However, if some persons do not find it rational to make a deal in a situation, that does not have to mean conflict the ordinary sense of 'conflict'. Furthermore, cases of compromise in the sense of the deal making theory also involve genuine conflict (means-conflict). In the deal-making theory cooperation occurs only when cooperation is necessary in the situation in question. However, agents can surely cooperate even when cooperation is not necessary for their prudentially reaching their goals. Furthermore, the deal-making approach does not at all take into account the central notion of preference correlation. It can also be noted against the deal-making theory that it forgets not only the underlying preferences but also the underlying motivation (willingness, cooperative attitude) and concentrates on what kind of commitment is prudentially feasible. 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Over time, it has emerged as a universal form of organization, present across nations, with the primary aim of providing financial assistance and low-cost credit. The central objective of cooperative societies is to uplift the rural poor and the economically marginalized, thereby improving the standard of living of the working class.\n\nWhile many early cooperatives witnessed initial success, several eventually declined due to unorganized and chaotic methods of operation. Nevertheless, the principles of cooperation have continued to inspire reforms and innovations, reaffirming their importance in addressing socio-economic challenges.\n\nThis book has been prepared with careful attention to meet the academic requirements of B.Com students from various universities in India who have chosen Cooperation as an optional subject. It covers diverse aspects related to cooperation and cooperative societies, providing both conceptual clarity and practical understanding.\n\nIt is my sincere hope that this book will serve as a valuable resource for students, teachers, and all those interested in gaining insight into the cooperative movement. 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