This chapter presents the importance of global trade. It begins by illustrating the benefits of international trade, particularly in allowing for specialization, where one country produces some things better than others. It then investigates the intricacies of exchange rates, which represent the amount of one currency that must be paid in order to buy a given amount of another. In addition, the chapter discusses the complications international trade brings such as exchange rate movements being a source of economic volatility; indirect effects in a country\u2013s economy due to a reduction of demand in another country; and the need to fund current account deficits leading to increased amounts being borrowed\/lent between countries.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/hebz\/9780198787051.003.0012","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T21:33:38Z","timestamp":1694727218000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["International Economics"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Simon","family":"Hayley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alec","family":"Chrystal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]},"container-title":["Economics"],"original-title":["International Economics"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.oxfordbusinesstrove.com\/display\/10.1093\/hebz\/9780198787051.001.0001\/isbn-9780198787051-book-part-12","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]],"date-time":"2024-02-05T10:53:18Z","timestamp":1707130398000},"score":9.61073,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.oxfordbusinesstrove.com\/view\/10.1093\/hebz\/9780198787051.001.0001\/isbn-9780198787051-book-part-12"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,22]]},"ISBN":["9780198787051","9780191968778"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/hebz\/9780198787051.003.0012","published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,22]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T03:32:36Z","timestamp":1715743956649},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780198806523","type":"print"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,29]]},"abstract":"
This chapter discusses behavioural economics, which is the study of the various factors that influence economic decision making. It examines the assumptions of the rational consumer and producer. The chapter starts by first defining behavioural economics. It then explains why an understanding of behavioural economics is beneficial to managers and government decision makers. Insights into consumer behaviour provided by behavioural economics are also discussed.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/hebz\/9780198806523.003.0005","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T21:43:29Z","timestamp":1694727809000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Behavioural economics"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Andrew","family":"Gillespie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]},"container-title":["Foundations of Economics"],"original-title":["Behavioural economics"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.oxfordbusinesstrove.com\/display\/10.1093\/hebz\/9780198806523.001.0001\/isbn-9780198806523-book-part-5","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]],"date-time":"2024-02-05T10:53:40Z","timestamp":1707130420000},"score":9.575306,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.oxfordbusinesstrove.com\/view\/10.1093\/hebz\/9780198806523.001.0001\/isbn-9780198806523-book-part-5"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,29]]},"ISBN":["9780198806523"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/hebz\/9780198806523.003.0005","published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,29]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T01:37:28Z","timestamp":1772242648361,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Maastricht University","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996]]},"DOI":"10.26481\/umamet.1996007","type":"component","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]],"date-time":"2020-07-10T11:01:56Z","timestamp":1594378916000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Good economics, bad economics, and European economics"],"prefix":"10.26481","author":[{"given":"Backhaus","family":"J.G.","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"General Economics 0 (Onderwijs)"}]}],"member":"11016","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]],"date-time":"2020-07-10T11:04:22Z","timestamp":1594379062000},"score":9.50034,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl\/en\/publications\/c1cd4aad-3e79-40a6-a809-923cecb6d278"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1996]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26481\/umamet.1996007","relation":{"is-component-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.26481\/umamet-1996","asserted-by":"object"}]},"published":{"date-parts":[[1996]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T03:32:34Z","timestamp":1715743954324},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780198806523","type":"print"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,29]]},"abstract":"
This chapter introduces fundamental issues in economics. These issues focus on the ideas of scarcity and choice. At any moment, there are limited resources available in an economy and so choices have to be made about how to use them most efficiently. The chapter considers how these choices might be made, as well as introducing a number of key economic concepts. It examines the fundamental economic problems and the different ways in which these problems may be solved.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/hebz\/9780198806523.003.0002","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T21:36:17Z","timestamp":1694727377000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["What is economics?"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Andrew","family":"Gillespie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]},"container-title":["Foundations of Economics"],"original-title":["What is economics?"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.oxfordbusinesstrove.com\/display\/10.1093\/hebz\/9780198806523.001.0001\/isbn-9780198806523-book-part-2","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]],"date-time":"2024-02-05T10:53:39Z","timestamp":1707130419000},"score":9.499105,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.oxfordbusinesstrove.com\/view\/10.1093\/hebz\/9780198806523.001.0001\/isbn-9780198806523-book-part-2"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,29]]},"ISBN":["9780198806523"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/hebz\/9780198806523.003.0002","published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,29]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,3]],"date-time":"2025-05-03T09:43:21Z","timestamp":1746265401545},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,1]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780190491543.003.0004","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,22]],"date-time":"2016-09-22T08:23:15Z","timestamp":1474532595000},"page":"67-98","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["War Economics"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Gilles","family":"Carbonnier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","container-title":["Humanitarian Economics"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]],"date-time":"2022-08-03T01:10:34Z","timestamp":1659489034000},"score":9.419877,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/book\/12259\/chapter\/161752401"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,1]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780190491543.003.0004","published":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]],"date-time":"2022-08-03T04:36:05Z","timestamp":1659501365061},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,1]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780190491543.003.0005","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,22]],"date-time":"2016-09-22T08:23:15Z","timestamp":1474532595000},"page":"99-126","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Terrorism Economics"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Gilles","family":"Carbonnier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","container-title":["Humanitarian Economics"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]],"date-time":"2022-08-03T01:10:34Z","timestamp":1659489034000},"score":9.410475,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/book\/12259\/chapter\/161753972"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,1]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780190491543.003.0005","published":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]],"date-time":"2022-08-03T04:36:11Z","timestamp":1659501371165},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,1]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780190491543.003.0007","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,22]],"date-time":"2016-09-22T08:23:15Z","timestamp":1474532595000},"page":"149-176","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Survival Economics"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Gilles","family":"Carbonnier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","container-title":["Humanitarian Economics"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]],"date-time":"2022-08-03T01:10:35Z","timestamp":1659489035000},"score":9.405518,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/book\/12259\/chapter\/161755351"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,1]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780190491543.003.0007","published":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T12:17:29Z","timestamp":1771935449235,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780190491543","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,1]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780190491543.003.0006","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,22]],"date-time":"2016-09-22T08:23:15Z","timestamp":1474532595000},"page":"127-148","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Disaster Economics"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Gilles","family":"Carbonnier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","container-title":["Humanitarian Economics"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]],"date-time":"2022-08-03T01:10:34Z","timestamp":1659489034000},"score":9.345041,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/book\/12259\/chapter\/161754727"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,1]]},"ISBN":["9780190491543"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780190491543.003.0006","published":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]],"date-time":"2024-04-29T07:46:48Z","timestamp":1714376808871},"publisher-location":"Abingdon, UK","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Taylor & Francis","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780203279601","type":"electronic"},{"value":"9780203441220","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"DOI":"10.4324\/9780203441220_chapter_2","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,16]],"date-time":"2010-02-16T16:10:22Z","timestamp":1266336622000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["ECONOMICS AND META-ECONOMICS"],"prefix":"10.4324","member":"301","container-title":["VALUING NATURE?"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,30]],"date-time":"2017-10-30T18:59:02Z","timestamp":1509389942000},"score":9.307624,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/books\/9780203441220"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[null]]},"ISBN":["9780203279601","9780203441220"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9780203441220_chapter_2"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T22:09:52Z","timestamp":1767046192169},"publisher-location":"London","reference-count":27,"publisher":"Palgrave Macmillan UK","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9781349233441"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9781349233427"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-23342-7_11","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,5]],"date-time":"2015-12-05T05:45:09Z","timestamp":1449294309000},"page":"173-196","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["From Colonial Economics to Development Economics"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Gerald M.","family":"Meier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"11_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S1573-4471(89)02010-3","volume-title":"Handbook of Development Economics","author":"C Bliss","year":"1989","unstructured":"Bliss, Christopher (1989) \u201cTrade and Development\u201d in Hollis Chenery and T. N. Srinivasan (eds.), Handbook of Development Economics (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1989) vol. 2, p. 11\u201388."},{"key":"11_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.2307\/2228618","volume":"72","author":"HB Chenery","year":"1962","unstructured":"Chenery, H. B. and M. Bruno (1962) \u201cDevelopment Alternatives in an Open Economy\u201d, Economic Journal, vol. 72, pp. 79\u2013103.","journal-title":"Economic Journal"},{"volume-title":"Handbook of Development Economics","year":"1989","key":"11_CR3","unstructured":"Chenery, Hollis and Srinivasan, T. N. (eds.) (1988\u201389) Handbook of Development Economics (Amsterdam: North-Holland) vols. 1 and 2."},{"key":"11_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.2307\/2227895","volume":"65","author":"JM Fleming","year":"1955","unstructured":"Fleming, J. M. (1955) \u201cExternal Economies and the Doctrine of Balanced Growth\u201d, Economic Journal, vol. 65, pp. 241\u201356.","journal-title":"Economic Journal"},{"key":"11_CR5","volume-title":"International Trade and Economic Development","author":"G Haberler","year":"1959","unstructured":"Haberler, Gottfried. (1959) International Trade and Economic Development (Cairo: National Bank of Egypt)."},{"key":"11_CR6","volume-title":"Essays in World Economics","author":"JR Hicks","year":"1959","unstructured":"Hicks, J. R. (1959) Essays in World Economics (Oxford: Clarendon Press)."},{"key":"11_CR7","volume-title":"The Strategy of Economic Development","author":"AO Hirschman","year":"1958","unstructured":"Hirschman, A. O. (1958) The Strategy of Economic Development (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press)."},{"key":"11_CR8","volume-title":"Economic Backwardness and Economic Growth","author":"H Leibenstein","year":"1957","unstructured":"Leibenstein, Harvey (1957) Economic Backwardness and Economic Growth (New York: Wiley)."},{"issue":"2","key":"11_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9957.1954.tb00021.x","volume":"22","author":"WA Lewis","year":"1954","unstructured":"Lewis, W. Arthur (1954) \u201cEconomic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour\u201d, Manchester School, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 137\u201391.","journal-title":"Manchester School"},{"key":"11_CR10","volume-title":"The Theory of Economic Growth","author":"WA Lewis","year":"1955","unstructured":"Lewis, W. Arthur (1955) The Theory of Economic Growth (London: George Allen & Unwin, Ltd.)."},{"key":"11_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1177\/002795016000900103","volume":"9","author":"IMD Little","year":"1960","unstructured":"Little, Ian M. D. (1960) \u201cThe Strategy of Indian Development\u201d, National Institute Economic Review (May), vol. 9, pp. 20\u201329.","journal-title":"National Institute Economic Review"},{"key":"11_CR12","volume-title":"Theories of Welfare Economics","author":"H Myint","year":"1948","unstructured":"Myint, Hla (1948) Theories of Welfare Economics (London: Longman)"},{"issue":"1","key":"11_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1142\/S0116110585000021","volume":"3","author":"H Myint","year":"1985","unstructured":"Myint, Hla (1985) \u201cOrganizational Dualism and Economic Development\u201d, Asian Development Review, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 24\u201343.","journal-title":"Asian Development Review"},{"key":"11_CR14","volume-title":"Development and Underdevelopment","author":"G Myrdal","year":"1956","unstructured":"Myrdal, Gunnar (1956) Development and Underdevelopment (Cairo: National Bank of Egypt)."},{"issue":"5","key":"11_CR15","first-page":"894","volume":"46","author":"RR Nelson","year":"1956","unstructured":"Nelson, Richard R. (1956) \u201cA Theory of the Low-Level Equilibrium Trap in Underdeveloped Countries\u201d, American Economic Review, vol. 46, no. 5 (December), pp. 894\u2013908.","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"11_CR16","volume-title":"Problems of Capital Formation in Underdeveloped Countries","author":"R Nurske","year":"1953","unstructured":"Nurske, Ragnar (1953) Problems of Capital Formation in Underdeveloped Countries (Oxford: Blackwell)."},{"key":"11_CR17","volume-title":"Lectures on Economic Development","author":"R Nurske","year":"1958","unstructured":"Nurske, Ragnar (1958) \u201cThe Conflict between \u2018Balanced Growth\u2019 and International Specialization\u201d, Lectures on Economic Development (Faculty of Economics and Faculty of Political Sciences (Ankara University), Istanbul)."},{"key":"11_CR18","volume-title":"The Economic Development of Latin America and its Principal Problems","author":"R Prebisch","year":"1950","unstructured":"Prebisch, R. (1950) The Economic Development of Latin America and its Principal Problems (New York: United Nations)."},{"key":"11_CR19","first-page":"202","volume-title":"Economic Journal","author":"P Rosenstein-Rodan","year":"1943","unstructured":"Rosenstein-Rodan, Paul (1943) \u201cProblems of Industrialization in Eastern and South-Eastern Europe\u201d, Economic Journal (June\u2013Sept.), pp. 202\u201311."},{"key":"11_CR20","volume-title":"The Objectives of United States Economic Assistance Programs","author":"P Rosenstein-Rodan","year":"1957","unstructured":"Rosenstein-Rodan, Paul (1957) The Objectives of United States Economic Assistance Programs (Cambridge, MA: MIT Center for International Studies)."},{"key":"11_CR21","first-page":"207","volume-title":"Pioneers in Development","author":"P Rosenstein-Rodan","year":"1984","unstructured":"Rosenstein-Rodan, Paul (1984) \u201cNatura Facit Saltum \u2014 Analysis of the Disequilibrium and Growth Process\u201d, in Gerald M. Meier and Dudley Seers (eds.), Pioneers in Development (New York: Oxford University Press), pp. 207\u201321."},{"key":"11_CR22","volume-title":"The Process of Economic Growth","author":"WW Rostow","year":"1952","unstructured":"Rostow, W. W. (1952) The Process of Economic Growth (New York: Norton, 1952; Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1953)."},{"key":"11_CR23","volume-title":"The Stages of Economic Growth","author":"WW Rostow","year":"1960","unstructured":"Rostow, W. W. (1960) The Stages of Economic Growth (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press)."},{"key":"11_CR24","volume-title":"Economic Journal","author":"WW Rostow","year":"1956","unstructured":"Rostow, W. W. (1956) \u201cThe Take-off into Self-Sustained Growth\u201d, Economic Journal vol. 66 (March)."},{"issue":"2","key":"11_CR25","first-page":"377","volume":"40","author":"HW Singer","year":"1950","unstructured":"Singer, H. W. (1950) \u201cThe Distribution of Gains Between Investing and Borrowing Countries\u201d, American Economic Review, 40, no. 2, pp. 377\u201382.","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"11_CR26","volume-title":"International Trade and Economic Development","author":"J Viner","year":"1953","unstructured":"Viner, Jacob (1953) International Trade and Economic Development (Oxford: Clarendon Press)."},{"key":"11_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.2307\/2224097","volume":"38","author":"AA Young","year":"1928","unstructured":"Young, Allyn A. (1928) \u201cIncreasing Returns and Economic Progress\u201d, Economic Journal, vol. 38 (December), pp. 527\u201342.","journal-title":"Economic Journal"}],"container-title":["From Classical Economics to Development Economics"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-1-349-23342-7_11","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]],"date-time":"2023-08-16T02:11:52Z","timestamp":1692151912000},"score":9.306752,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-1-349-23342-7_11"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1994]]},"ISBN":["9781349233441","9781349233427"],"references-count":27,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-349-23342-7_11","published":{"date-parts":[[1994]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]],"date-time":"2022-04-04T09:53:37Z","timestamp":1649066017355},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1991,7,1]],"date-time":"1991-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":678326400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ecological Economics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/0921-8009(91)90021-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,25]],"date-time":"2002-07-25T23:33:37Z","timestamp":1027640017000},"page":"172-175","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ecological economics: Economics, environment and society"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Paul","family":"Christensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","container-title":["Ecological Economics"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:0921800991900216?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:0921800991900216?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,13]],"date-time":"2019-04-13T07:20:24Z","timestamp":1555140024000},"score":9.30431,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/0921800991900216"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1991,7]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,7]]}},"alternative-id":["0921800991900216"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0921-8009(91)90021-6","ISSN":["0921-8009"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0921-8009","type":"print"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[1991,7]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T09:11:37Z","timestamp":1715591497765},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780197556887","type":"print"},{"value":"9780197556924","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]]},"abstract":"
The Introduction presents the basic idea of economic forces and relations, and explains that such forces are historically contingent, not natural or inevitable.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780197556887.003.0001","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]],"date-time":"2022-01-19T13:18:29Z","timestamp":1642598309000},"page":"1-14","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Introduction: What Is Economics?"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Samuel A.","family":"Chambers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]]},"container-title":["Capitalist Economics"],"original-title":["Introduction: What Is Economics?"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]],"date-time":"2022-08-02T20:47:12Z","timestamp":1659473232000},"score":9.3008375,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/book\/38953\/chapter\/338161974"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]]},"ISBN":["9780197556887","9780197556924"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oso\/9780197556887.003.0001","published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T09:21:52Z","timestamp":1762507312426,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,1]],"date-time":"2018-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1527811200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,1]],"date-time":"2018-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1527811200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecological Economics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2017.10.024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,19]],"date-time":"2018-02-19T13:39:35Z","timestamp":1519047575000},"page":"15-21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Mainstream economics toolkit within the ecological economics framework"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"148","author":[{"given":"Ihar","family":"Dzeraviaha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2017.10.024_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8330.2011.00880.x","article-title":"Ecological modernization and governance of carbon: a critical analysis","volume":"43","author":"Bailey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antipode"},{"year":"1997","series-title":"An Introduction to Ecological Economics","author":"Costanza","key":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2017.10.024_bb0010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2017.10.024_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/387253a0","article-title":"The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital","volume":"387","author":"Costanza","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2017.10.024_bb0020","series-title":"Greenwich Papers In Political Economy","article-title":"A stock-flow-fund ecological macroeconomic model","author":"Dafermos","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2017.10.024_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1126\/science.289.5478.395","article-title":"The value of nature and the nature of value","volume":"289","author":"Daily","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2017.10.024_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0905-100","article-title":"Economics in a full world","volume":"293","author":"Daly","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sci. Am."},{"year":"2007","series-title":"Ecological Economics and Sustainable Development, Selected Essays of Herman Daly","author":"Daly","key":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2017.10.024_bb0035"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2017.10.024_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1177\/0309132512437076","article-title":"Ecosystem services: tensions, impurities, and points of engagement within neoliberalism","volume":"36","author":"Dempsey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Hum. Geogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2017.10.024_bb0045","series-title":"European Federation for Transport and Environment","article-title":"Fuelling oil demand: what happened to fuel taxation in Europe?","author":"Dings","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2017.10.024_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2008.03.011","article-title":"Designing payments for environmental services in theory and practice \u2013 an overview of the issues","volume":"65","author":"Engel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2017.10.024_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2008.01090.x","article-title":"The role of prices in conserving critical natural capital","volume":"22","author":"Farley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2017.10.024_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2010.06.010","article-title":"Payments for ecosystem services: from local to global","volume":"69","author":"Farley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2017.10.024_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2009.11.007","article-title":"The history of ecosystem services in economic theory and practice: from early notions to markets and payment schemes","volume":"69","author":"G\u00f3mez-Baggethun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"year":"2013","series-title":"Green Keynesianism: Beyond Standard Growth Paradigms","author":"Harris","key":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2017.10.024_bb0070"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2017.10.024_bb0075","first-page":"1","article-title":"A proposal for the greening of textbook macro: \u2018IS\u2013LM\u2013EE","volume":"32","author":"Heyes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2017.10.024_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2012.08.017","article-title":"The economics of degrowth","volume":"84","author":"Kallis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2017.10.024_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7660.2012.01753.x","article-title":"TEEB begins now\u2019: a virtual moment in the production of natural capital","volume":"43","author":"MacDonald","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev. Chang."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2017.10.024_bb0090","article-title":"A Third way out: the dilemma of Eastern Europe","volume":"3","author":"Mangalagiu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Solutions"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2017.10.024_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7660.2011.01745.x","article-title":"The contradictory logic of global ecosystem services markets","volume":"43","author":"McAfee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev. Chang."},{"year":"2005","series-title":"Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Current State and Trends","author":"Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA)","key":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2017.10.024_bb0100"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2017.10.024_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-9290.2011.00337.x","article-title":"An ecological economic critique of the use of market information in life cycle assessment research","volume":"15","author":"Pelletier","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ind. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2017.10.024_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2015.12.003","article-title":"Ecological macroeconomics: introduction and review","volume":"121","author":"Rezai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2017.10.024_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2012.10.008","article-title":"Ecological macroeconomics: an application to climate change","volume":"85","author":"Rezai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2017.10.024_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1536-7150.2011.00777.x","article-title":"Social ecological economics: understanding the past to see the future","volume":"70","author":"Spash","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Econ. Sociol."},{"year":"2010","series-title":"The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity: The Ecological and Economic Foundations","author":"The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB)","key":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2017.10.024_bb0125"},{"year":"2005","series-title":"Institutions and the Environment","author":"Vatn","key":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2017.10.024_bb0130"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2017.10.024_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2006.03.022","article-title":"Managing without growth","volume":"61","author":"Victor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."}],"container-title":["Ecological Economics"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0921800917314726?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0921800917314726?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T01:30:18Z","timestamp":1760319018000},"score":9.27273,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0921800917314726"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"references-count":27,"alternative-id":["S0921800917314726"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2017.10.024","ISSN":["0921-8009"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0921-8009"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Mainstream economics toolkit within the ecological economics framework","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Ecological Economics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2017.10.024","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,2]],"date-time":"2022-04-02T06:32:47Z","timestamp":1648881167494},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Peter Lang","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"DOI":"10.3726\/978-3-0353-0534-0\/6","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,11]],"date-time":"2016-07-11T18:58:43Z","timestamp":1468263523000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["PART I Economics"],"prefix":"10.3726","member":"2030","container-title":["Responsible Economics"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]],"date-time":"2016-09-01T03:05:21Z","timestamp":1472699121000},"score":9.272282,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.peterlang.com\/view\/9783035305340\/9783035305340.00006.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[null]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3726\/978-3-0353-0534-0\/6"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T14:27:54Z","timestamp":1754144874423,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"9780190625979"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"
Spatial economics is concerned with the determinants and effects of the location of economic activity in space. It analyzes how geographical location shapes the economic activities performed by agents, their interactions with one another, their welfare, and the effects of public policy interventions. Two main lines of research can be distinguished: one is concerned with systems of cities or regions, and the other is concerned with internal city structure. Within each of these lines of research, the traditional theoretical literature in spatial economics considered stylized settings, such as two symmetric regions or a one-dimensional line. A major breakthrough in early 21st-century research is the development of quantitative spatial models. These models are sufficiently rich to capture observed features of the data, such as many asymmetric locations and a rich geography of the transport network. Yet they remain sufficiently tractable as to permit an analytical characterization of their theoretical properties, such as the existence and uniqueness of the equilibrium. With only a small number of parameters to be estimated, these models lend themselves to transparent identification. Since they rationalize the observed distribution of economic activity in the data, they can be used to undertake counterfactuals for the impact of empirically realistic public-policy interventions on this observed distribution. Among the insights that have emerged from these quantitative spatial models are the role of goods and commuting market access in determining location choices; the conditions under which the location of economic activity is characterized by multiple equilibria; the circumstances under which temporary shocks can have permanent effects (hysteresis or path dependence); the heterogeneous and persistent impact of local shocks; the magnitude and spatial decay of agglomeration economics; and the role of both agglomeration forces and endogenous changes in land use in shaping the impact of transport infrastructure improvements.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190625979.013.1012","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T07:49:55Z","timestamp":1752565795000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spatial Economics"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Stephen","family":"Redding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"container-title":["Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Economics and Finance"],"original-title":["Spatial Economics"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T03:52:22Z","timestamp":1752637942000},"score":9.270737,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oxfordre.com\/economics\/view\/10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190625979.001.0001\/acrefore-9780190625979-e-1012"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"ISBN":["9780190625979"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190625979.013.1012","published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,5]],"date-time":"2024-05-05T09:36:03Z","timestamp":1714901763534},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Palgrave Macmillan","isbn-type":[{"value":"9781137444189","type":"print"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"DOI":"10.1057\/9781137444189.0023","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,17]],"date-time":"2014-10-17T09:48:48Z","timestamp":1413539328000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Environmental Economics"],"prefix":"10.1057","member":"297","container-title":["Fusion Economics"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,9]],"date-time":"2015-03-09T15:53:25Z","timestamp":1425916405000},"score":9.269078,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.palgraveconnect.com\/doifinder\/10.1057\/9781137444189.0023"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[null]]},"ISBN":["9781137444189"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/9781137444189.0023"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,4]],"date-time":"2024-05-04T04:23:22Z","timestamp":1714796602233},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780198787051","type":"print"},{"value":"9780191968778","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,22]]},"abstract":"
This chapter considers psychological effects that may lead to systematically bad decision-making. The chapter looks at circumstances where the government may wish to intervene to influence individuals to make better decisions. It also examines labour and financial markets, where information and incentive problems are particularly severe. Lastly, it introduces behavioural economics, which uses insights from psychology to explore the ways in which consumer behaviour is often less rational.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/hebz\/9780198787051.003.0006","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T21:36:50Z","timestamp":1694727410000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Labour Markets, Finance, and Behavioural Economics"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Simon","family":"Hayley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alec","family":"Chrystal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]},"container-title":["Economics"],"original-title":["Labour Markets, Finance, and Behavioural Economics"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.oxfordbusinesstrove.com\/display\/10.1093\/hebz\/9780198787051.001.0001\/isbn-9780198787051-book-part-6","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]],"date-time":"2024-02-05T10:53:16Z","timestamp":1707130396000},"score":9.259885,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.oxfordbusinesstrove.com\/view\/10.1093\/hebz\/9780198787051.001.0001\/isbn-9780198787051-book-part-6"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,22]]},"ISBN":["9780198787051","9780191968778"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/hebz\/9780198787051.003.0006","published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,22]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,5]],"date-time":"2024-05-05T09:35:56Z","timestamp":1714901756569},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Palgrave Macmillan","isbn-type":[{"value":"9781137444189","type":"print"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"DOI":"10.1057\/9781137444189.0005","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,17]],"date-time":"2014-10-17T09:48:48Z","timestamp":1413539328000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fusion Economics"],"prefix":"10.1057","member":"297","container-title":["Fusion Economics"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,9]],"date-time":"2015-03-09T15:53:06Z","timestamp":1425916386000},"score":9.257111,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.palgraveconnect.com\/doifinder\/10.1057\/9781137444189.0005"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[null]]},"ISBN":["9781137444189"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/9781137444189.0005"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,4]],"date-time":"2024-05-04T11:31:35Z","timestamp":1714822295458},"edition-number":"0","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Routledge","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780203018552","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,21]]},"DOI":"10.4324\/9780203018552-11","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]],"date-time":"2021-04-06T12:53:54Z","timestamp":1617713634000},"page":"57-72","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The economics of Swedish economics in the 1980s"],"prefix":"10.4324","member":"301","container-title":["Economics in Sweden"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]],"date-time":"2021-04-06T13:40:27Z","timestamp":1617716427000},"score":9.256161,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/books\/9781134907878\/chapters\/10.4324\/9780203018552-11"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,21]]},"ISBN":["9780203018552"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9780203018552-11","published":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,21]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,5]],"date-time":"2024-05-05T09:36:00Z","timestamp":1714901760740},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Palgrave Macmillan","isbn-type":[{"value":"9781137444189","type":"print"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"DOI":"10.1057\/9781137444189.0007","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,17]],"date-time":"2014-10-17T09:48:48Z","timestamp":1413539328000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Voodoo Economics"],"prefix":"10.1057","member":"297","container-title":["Fusion Economics"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,9]],"date-time":"2015-03-09T15:53:08Z","timestamp":1425916388000},"score":9.245266,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.palgraveconnect.com\/doifinder\/10.1057\/9781137444189.0007"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[null]]},"ISBN":["9781137444189"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/9781137444189.0007"}],"items-per-page":20,"query":{"start-index":0,"search-terms":"Economics"}}}