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Unlike the author of the Encyclopaedia Judaica entry, Rappel wisely refrains from any value judgment."},{"key":"21_CR3","first-page":"417","volume-title":"Gli Ebrei e Venezia secoli XIV-XVIII","author":"B David","year":"1987","unstructured":"See esp. David B. Ruderman\u2019s various studies on this issue: \u201cThe Impact of Science on Jewish Culture and Society in Venice,\u201d in Gli Ebrei e Venezia secoli XIV-XVIII, ed. Gaztano Cozzi (Milan, 1987), 417\u201348, 540\u20132, reprinted in Essential Papers on Jewish Culture in Renaissace and Baroque Italy, ed. David Ruderman (New York and London, 1992), 519\u201353; Kabbalah, Magic, and Science: The Cultural Universe of a Sixteenth-Century Physician (Cambridge, Mass. and London, 1988); \u201cThe Receptivity of Jewish Thought to the New Astronomy of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries: The Case of Abraham b. Hanani\u1ea1h Yagel,\u201d in Jews In Italy, Studies Dedicated to the Memory of U. Cassuto, ed. Haim Beinart (Jerusalem, 1988), English part, 73\u201393; \u201cUnicorns, Great Beasts and the Marvelous Variety of Things in Nature in the Thought of Abraham B. Hanani\u1ea1h Yagel,\u201d in Jewish Thought in the Seventeenth Century, ed. Isadore Twersky and Bernard Septimus (Cambridge, Mass., 1987), 343\u201364; \u201cThe Language of Science as the Language of Faith: An Aspect of Italian Jewish Thought in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,\u201d in Sefer ha-Yovel le-Shlomo Simonson, ed. A. Uffenheimer, et al. (Tel Aviv, 1993), English part, 177\u201389, \u201cPhilosophy, Kabbal\u1ea1h and Science in the Culture of the Italian Ghetto,\u201d Mehqarei Yerushalayim be-Mahashevet Yisra\u2019el, 11 (1993), English part, 1\u201318; and Jewish Thought and Scientific Discovery in Early Modern Europe (New Haven, 1995). See also Andr\u00e9 Neher, Jewish Thought and the Scientific Revolution of the Sixteenth Century, trans. David Maisel (Oxford, 1986); Abraham Melamed, \u201cGilui Ameriqa ba-Sifrut ha-Yehudit ba-Me\u2019ot ha-16 ve-ha-17\u201d (The Discovery of America in Jewish Literature of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries), in Be-Iqvot Qolumbus: America 1492\u20131992, ed. Miriam Eliav-Feldon (Jerusalem, 1996), 443\u201364."},{"key":"21_CR4","unstructured":"Moses of Rieti, Miqdash Me\u2019a\u1e6d, ed. J. Goldenthal (Vienna, 1851). See also Cecil Roth, The Jews in the Renaissance (Philadelphia, 1964), 103\u2013105, and Moses A. Shulvass, The Jews in the World of the Renaissance, trans. Elvin I. Kose (Leiden, 1973), chap. 4."},{"key":"21_CR5","unstructured":"Miqdash Me\u2019a\u1e6d, 30."},{"key":"21_CR6","unstructured":"Harry A. Wolfson, \u201cThe Classification of Sciences in Medieval Jewish Philosophy,\u201d Hebrew Union College Jubilee Volume (1925): 236\u2013315."},{"key":"21_CR7","unstructured":"Miqdash Me \u2018at, 14."},{"key":"21_CR8","unstructured":"Abraham Melamed, Aharonim mul ha-Rishonim: Toldot ha-Pulmus ba-Mahashav\u1ea1h ha-Yehudit bi-Yemei ha-Beinayim u-va-Renesans (Moderns versus Ancients: A History of the Debate in Medieval and Renaissance Jewish Thought) (Ramat-Gan, forthcoming), chap. 6."},{"key":"21_CR9","unstructured":"Mattathias Delacrut, Sel ha-\u2019Olam (Munkatsh, 1897, reprinted in Jerusalem, 1968). See also Jacob Elbaum, \u201cMahadurotav shel Sefer Sel ha-\u2019Olam,\u201d Qiryat Sefer 47 (1972): 162\u20138."},{"key":"21_CR10","unstructured":"Ruderman, \u201cUnicorns.\u201d"},{"key":"21_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1163\/9789004509023","volume-title":"Yoseph Shlomo Delmedigo, His Life Work and Times","author":"I Barzilay","year":"1974","unstructured":"Isaac Barzilay, Yoseph Shlomo Delmedigo, His Life Work and Times (Leiden, 1974), 329\u201330."},{"key":"21_CR12","volume-title":"From Spanish Court to Italian Ghetto","author":"H Yerushalmi","year":"1971","unstructured":"Yosef H. Yerushalmi, From Spanish Court to Italian Ghetto (New York, 1971),"},{"key":"21_CR13","volume-title":"Ma\u2019aseh Tuviyah","author":"T Cohn","year":"1683","unstructured":"Tobias Cohn, Ma\u2019aseh Tuviyah (Venice, 1683, reprinted in Israel, 1978)."},{"key":"21_CR14","unstructured":"See Ruderman, \u201cImpact of Science.\u201d"},{"key":"21_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.9783\/9780812206715","volume-title":"Early Anthropology in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries","author":"MT Hodgen","year":"1964","unstructured":"See M.T. Hodgen, Early Anthropology in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (Philadelphia, 1964), 131\u20132. On the Ritti, 334\u20135."},{"key":"21_CR16","first-page":"209","volume":"8","author":"S Ettinger","year":"1961","unstructured":"Ibid. See also Shmuel Ettinger, \u201cThe Beginning of the Change in the Attitude of European Society Towards the Jews,\u201d Scripta Hierosolymitana 8 (1961): 209 ff., and","journal-title":"Scripta Hierosolymitana"},{"key":"21_CR17","first-page":"287","volume":"34","author":"M Cohen","year":"1972","unstructured":"Mark R. Cohen, \u201cLeone da Modena\u2019s Riti: A Seventeenth-Century Plea for Social Toleration of the Jews,\u201d Jewish Sodal Studies 34 (1972): 287\u2013321.","journal-title":"Jewish Sodal Studies"},{"key":"21_CR18","unstructured":"Hai ha- \u2018Olamim, MS Mantua 801. See Umberto Cassuto, Gli ebrei a Firenze nelVeta del rinascimento (Florence, 1919), 3, 3."},{"key":"21_CR19","unstructured":"See Roth, Jews in the Renaissance, 118\u201321, and Shulvass, The Jews in the World of the Renaissance, in various places (see the index, 366)."},{"key":"21_CR20","unstructured":"See below, notes 50 and 51."},{"key":"21_CR21","unstructured":"Hai ha-\u2019Olamim, fol. 25."},{"key":"21_CR22","first-page":"48","volume-title":"Renaissance Thought","author":"O Kristeller","year":"1961","unstructured":"Paul O. Kristeller, \u201cRenaissance Platonism,\u201d in his Renaissance Thought (New York, 1961), 48\u201369, reprinted in his Renaissance Thought and its Sources ed., Michael Mooney (New York, 1979) 50\u201365. James Hankins, Plato in the Italian Renaissance (Leiden and New York, 1991). On the Influence of Renaissance Platonism on Jewish scholars, see Melamed, \u201cEliyahu del Medigo ve-ha-Masoret ha-Medinit ha-Aplatonit ba-Renesans,\u201d Italia 11 (1995): 57\u201376."},{"key":"21_CR23","unstructured":"Hai ha- \u2018Olamim, fol. 2 5."},{"key":"21_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.2307\/750969","volume":"45","author":"BC Novak","year":"1982","unstructured":"See in detail in B. C. Novak, \u201cGiovanni Pico della Mirandola and Jochanan Alemanno,\u201d Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 45 (1982): 125\u201347. Cf. Tobias Cohn\u2019s organization of his encyclopedia according to five worlds, as mentioned above.","journal-title":"Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes"},{"key":"21_CR25","unstructured":"Hai ha-\u2019Olamim, fols. 284\u2013245."},{"key":"21_CR26","unstructured":"Ibid., fols. 287\u2013294."},{"key":"21_CR27","unstructured":"On volcanic eruptions, ibid., fols. 287\u20138, 292; on cornets, fol. 288; on hot steams, fols. 288\u20139; on the magnetic reaction, fol. 293."},{"key":"21_CR28","unstructured":"Ibid., fols. 294\u20135."},{"key":"21_CR29","unstructured":"Ibid., fol. 295."},{"key":"21_CR30","unstructured":"Ibid., fols. 296\u2013329."},{"key":"21_CR31","unstructured":"Ibid., fols. 296\u2013302."},{"key":"21_CR32","unstructured":"Ibid., fols. 302\u2013329."},{"key":"21_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctt16f998f","volume-title":"The World of a Renaissance Jew: The Life and Thought of Abraham ben Mordecai Farissol","author":"D Ruderman","year":"1981","unstructured":"31 Ibid. fol. 309. On Alemanno\u2019s connections to Lorenzo\u2019s court, see Abraham Melamed, \u201cThe Hebrew Laudatio of Yohanan Alemanno: In Praise of Lorenzo il Magnifico and the Florentine Constitution,\u201d in Jews in Italy, ed. Haim Beinart, English part, 1\u201334. Cf. Alemanno\u2019s statement concerning a reference made by his contemporary, Abraham Farissol, about a giraffe he saw in Florence in 1485, which had been brought to Lorenzo as a gift from the King of Egypt. See Neher, Jewish Thought and the Scientific Revolution, 127\u20138, and David B. Ruderman, The World of a Renaissance Jew: The Life and Thought of Abraham ben Mordecai Farissol (Cincinnati, 1981), 141, and 188\u20139, n. 41. For a reference to the same event in contemporary Italian literature, see Erwin Panofsky, Studies in Iconology (New York, 1972), 47, n. 44."},{"key":"21_CR34","unstructured":"Hai ha-\u2019Olamim, fols. 302\u201329. Cf. Farissol\u2019s attitude in Ruderman, World of a Renaissance Jew, 123."},{"key":"21_CR35","unstructured":"\u201cWhat nature creates for instruction.\u201d This quotation is taken from Panofsky, loc. at. On this phenomenon, see Ruderman, World of a Renaissance Jew, loc. cit."},{"key":"21_CR36","unstructured":"Hai ha-\u2019Olamim, fols. 309, 317, et al. Alemanno often uses the phrase: \u201cand they said in the name of Aristotle.\u201d"},{"key":"21_CR37","unstructured":"Ibid. fols. 295, 304, 327, et al."},{"key":"21_CR38","unstructured":"Ibid. fol. 291."},{"key":"21_CR39","unstructured":"Ibid. fols. 321, 327."},{"key":"21_CR40","unstructured":"Ibid. fol. 327."},{"key":"21_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1086\/358236","volume":"6","author":"GW Gudger","year":"1924","unstructured":"G. W. Gudger, \u201cPliny\u2019s Historia Naturalis, the Most Popular Natural History Ever Published,\u201d Isis 6 (1924): 269\u201381.","journal-title":"Isis"},{"key":"21_CR42","unstructured":"For example, Hai ha-\u2019Olamim, fols. 318\u201319, and 329; cf. Farissol in Ruderman, The World of a Renaissance Jew, chap. 10."},{"key":"21_CR43","unstructured":"Again, cf. Farissol\u2019s attitude in Ruder man, loc. cit."},{"key":"21_CR44","unstructured":"Hai ha- \u2018Olamim, fols. 330\u2013432."},{"key":"21_CR45","first-page":"149","volume-title":"L\u2019opera e il pensiero di Giovanni Pico della Mirandola nella storia del Vumanesimo","author":"G dell\u2019Acqua","year":"1965","unstructured":"On Alemanno\u2019s contacts with Pico and the Florentine Academy, see G. dell\u2019Acqua and L. Munster, \u201cI rapporti di Giovanni Pico della Mirandola con alcuni filosofi ebrei,\u201d L\u2019opera e il pensiero di Giovanni Pico della Mirandola nella storia del Vumanesimo (Firenze, 1965), 149\u201368., and"},{"key":"21_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.2307\/750969","volume":"45","author":"BC Novak","year":"1982","unstructured":"B. C. Novak, \u201cGiovanni Pico della Mirandola and Jochanan Memanno,\u201d Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 45 (1982): 125\u201347. On the contact of Jewish scholars with the Renaissance Platonic tradition, see Melamed, \u201cEliyahu del Medigo,\u201d 57\u201377. On Alemanno\u2019s theory of the dignity of man, see Melamed, \u2018The Hebrew Laudatio\u201d; idem, \u201cMotar ha-Adam ba-Mahashav\u1ea1h ha-Yehudit be-Sefarad ve-Italia be-Yemei ha-Beinayim u-va-Renesans\u201d in Italia S (1982) 39\u201388.","journal-title":"Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes"},{"key":"21_CR47","unstructured":"Hai ha-\u2019Olamim, fols. 332\u201335. See Hodgen, Early Anthropology, chaps. 2, 9, and 10. See also Abraham Melamed, \u201cYohanan Alemanno \u2018al Hitpathut ha-Hevr\u1ea1h ha-Enoshit,\u201d Proceedings of the Eighth World Congress of Jewish Studies (Jerusalem, 1982): 85\u201393."},{"key":"21_CR48","unstructured":"\u1e24ai ha- \u2018Olamim, fols. 336\u2013351."},{"key":"21_CR49","unstructured":"Ibid., fols. 351\u20132. Cf. St. Thomas Aquinas, De regimine principum, I, 2\u20133; Machiavelli, Discourses, I, 10; Isaac Abravanel, Commentary on 1 Samuel, chap. 8. On Alemanno\u2019s political theory, see Melamed, \u201cThe Hebrew Laudatio,\u201d and idem, The Philosopher-King in Medieval and Renaissance Jewish Political Philosophy (forthcoming)."},{"key":"21_CR50","unstructured":"\u1e24ai ha-\u2019Olamim, fols. 353\u201386."},{"key":"21_CR51","unstructured":"Ibid., fols. 387\u2013431."},{"key":"21_CR52","unstructured":"Ibid., fols. 417\u201331."},{"key":"21_CR53","unstructured":"Roth, Jews in the Renaissance, 318."},{"key":"21_CR54","first-page":"68","volume-title":"Between Reason and Faith: Anti Rationalism in Italian Jewish Thought, 1250\u20131650","author":"I Barzilay","year":"1970","unstructured":"Isaac Barzilay, Between Reason and Faith: Anti Rationalism in Italian Jewish Thought, 1250\u20131650 (The Hague, 1970), 68."},{"key":"21_CR55","unstructured":"The encyclopedic structure of Shi\u1e25ei ha-Gibborim has been discussed No\u1ea1h Shapiro, \u201cAvraham Portaleone: ha-Rofe ha-En\u1e63iqlopedis\u1e6d ve-Sefer Shil\u1e6dei ha-Gibborim,\u201d Ha-Rofe ha-ivri33 (1960): 137\u201344."},{"key":"21_CR56","unstructured":"Shil\u1e6dei ha-Gibborim (Mantua, 1612), introduction."},{"key":"21_CR57","unstructured":"Ibid., 2b."},{"key":"21_CR58","first-page":"18","volume-title":"Toledot ha-Yehudim be-Dukasut Mantova","author":"S Simonsohn","year":"1964","unstructured":"Shlomo Simonsohn, Toledot ha-Yehudim be-Dukasut Mantova (Jerusalem, 1964), I, 18\u201333."},{"key":"21_CR59","first-page":"185","volume":"3","author":"M Idel","year":"1981","unstructured":"See the various works of Frances.A. Yates, esp., Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition (Chicago, 1964). See also Moshe Idel, \u201cMagic Temples and Cities in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance,\u201d Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 3 (1981\u20132): 185\u20139, and the references in n. 60, below. Portaleone mentions Hermes Trismegistus once (Shil\u1e6dei ha-Gibborim, 49b): \u201cAnd Hermes the great Indian philosopher wrote that the nature of all existing things in the lower world is based on the situation of the stars.\u201d","journal-title":"Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam"},{"key":"21_CR60","first-page":"107","volume":"63","author":"F Yates","year":"1974","unstructured":"Frances A. Yates, The Art of Memory (Chicago, 1974), 63, 107\u20138, 117, 124, 129\u201359, and 297\u20138; idem, Occult Philosophy in the Elizabethan Age (London, 1979), 30, 32, 97\u20138.","journal-title":"The Art of Memory"},{"key":"21_CR61","unstructured":"See in Medieval Political Philosophy: A Sourcebook, ed. Ralph Lerner and Muhsin Mahdi (New York, 1967), 217\u201319, 257, 268\u20139, 306, 359, 407. See also Melamed, \u201cThe Hebrew Laudatio,\u201d and idem, Philosopher-King in Medieval and Renaissance Jewish Political Philosophy."},{"key":"21_CR62","volume-title":"The Architecture of the Italian Renaissance","author":"P Murray","year":"1969","unstructured":"Peter Murray, The Architecture of the Italian Renaissance (London, 1969)."},{"key":"21_CR63","first-page":"2","volume-title":"Essays in the History of Architecture Presented to R. Wittkover","author":"Yates","year":"1967","unstructured":"Yates, The Occult Philosophy, and Rene Taylor, \u201cArchitecture and Magic: Consideration of the Idea of the Escorial,\u201d in Essays in the History of Architecture Presented to R. Wittkover, ed. Douglas Fraser, et al. (London, 1967), 2, esp. 89\u201390."},{"key":"21_CR64","volume-title":"The Song of Solomon Ascents by Yohanan Alemanno: Love and Human Perfection According to a Jewish Colleague of Giovanni Pico della Mirandola","author":"M Lesley","year":"1976","unstructured":"Edited by Arthur M. Lesley in his \u201cThe Song of Solomon Ascents by Yohanan Alemanno: Love and Human Perfection According to a Jewish Colleague of Giovanni Pico della Mirandola\u201d (Ph.D. diss., University of California, Berkeley, 1976)."},{"key":"21_CR65","unstructured":"Shil\u1e6dei ha-Gibborim, introduction."},{"key":"21_CR66","unstructured":"Ibid., chap. 1."},{"key":"21_CR67","unstructured":"Ibid., chaps. 2\u20133, and see n. 59, above."},{"key":"21_CR68","unstructured":"Ibid., chaps. 4\u201312. See the critical edition of the section on music, edited in Daniel Sandler, \u201cPirqei ha-Muziq\u1ea1h be-Shil\u1e6dei ha-Gibborim\u201d (Ph.D. diss., Tel-Aviv University, 1980)."},{"key":"21_CR69","unstructured":"Shil\u1e6dei ha- Gibborim, chap. 40. For a detailed discussion of this chapter, see Abraham Melamed, \u201cHa-Mahashav\u1ea1h ha-Medinit shel Hogim Yehudiyim ba- Renesans ha-Italqi\u201d (Ph.D. diss., Tel-Aviv University, 1976), chap. 3."},{"key":"21_CR70","unstructured":"Shil\u1e6dei ha-Gibborim, chaps. 4143. See also Melamed, \u201cMahashav\u1ea1h Medinit.\u201d"},{"key":"21_CR71","unstructured":"Shil\u1e6dei ha-Gibborim, chaps. 48\u201349."},{"key":"21_CR72","unstructured":"Ibid, chaps. 50\u20133."},{"key":"21_CR73","unstructured":"Ibid, 56. Cf. the observations of Alemanno and Farissol, n. 31 above."},{"key":"21_CR74","unstructured":"Ibid., chap. 76."},{"key":"21_CR75","unstructured":"Cf. also Tobias Cohn, Ma\u2019aseh Tuviyah, chaps. 14\u201317. On this subject, see Melamed, \u201cGilui Ameriqa\u201d (above, n. 2), and below, n. 80."},{"key":"21_CR76","unstructured":"Shil\u1e6dei ha-Gibborim, chap. 78."},{"key":"21_CR77","unstructured":"Ibid., chap. 90."},{"key":"21_CR78","volume-title":"The Classical Foundations of Modern Historiography","author":"A Momigliano","year":"1990","unstructured":"Arnaldo Momigliano, The Classical Foundations of Modern Historiography (Berkeley, 1990), chap. 3, 54\u201379."},{"key":"21_CR79","unstructured":"Shil\u1e6dei ha-Gibborim, 46."},{"key":"21_CR80","unstructured":"Ibid., 45, 47, 50, 53\u201357, 81\u20132, et al."},{"key":"21_CR81","unstructured":"Ibid. t 45b, 47b, St. Thomas Aquinas is also quoted, 55b."},{"key":"21_CR82","unstructured":"For example, in his treatment of the art of war Portaleone writes that he \u201ccopied the whole chapter from their knowledgeable men, who wrote much about it in Italian; and whoever is interested in this wisdom can read it in printed form whenever and wherever he pleases\u201d (Shiltd ha-Gibborim, chap. 43, 42a)."},{"key":"21_CR83","unstructured":"See, e.g., ibid, 50, 56, 83, 88. For Varthema, see, e.g., Shil\u1e6dei ha-Gibborim, 56a; for Monardes, see 83a; for other contemporary authors, see 50a, 88b, et al. On Varthema, see further, Travellers in Disguise: Narratives of Eastern Travel by Poggio Bracciolini and Ludovico de Varthema, ed. Lincoln Davis Hammond, trans. John Winter Jones (Cambridge, Mass., 1963). On Monardes, see further, Fredi Chiapelli, ed., First Images of America, Vol. 2 (Berkeley, 1976), 819, 825, 834, 841, 862\u20133, and 879. Portaleone\u2019s usage of contemporary authors in the natural sciences merits full investigation."},{"key":"21_CR84","unstructured":"Ibid. chap. 4, 3b. On the influence of Renaissance Platonism on Jewish scholars in general, see Melamed, \u201cEliyahu del Medigo.\u201d"},{"key":"21_CR85","unstructured":"See n. 64, above."},{"key":"21_CR86","unstructured":"See n. 65, above"},{"key":"21_CR87","unstructured":"Shil\u1e6dei ha-Gibborim, 36a-37a. See also n. 67 above."},{"key":"21_CR88","first-page":"53","volume":"32","author":"There are many scattered references to this tradition. See, e.g., Yerushalmi","year":"1978","unstructured":"There are many scattered references to this tradition. See, e.g., Yerushalmi, Spanish Court to Italian Ghetto, chap. 6, and Norman Roth, \u201cThe \u2018Theft of Philosophy\u2019 by the Greeks from the Jews,\u201d Classical Folia 32 (1978): 53\u201367. The subject merits a comprehensive history.","journal-title":"Classical Folia"},{"key":"21_CR89","unstructured":"Shil\u1e6dei ha-Gibborim, 4a."},{"key":"21_CR90","unstructured":"Ibid., 42b."},{"key":"21_CR91","unstructured":"See, e.g., ibid. 6b, 34a, 61b."},{"key":"21_CR92","unstructured":"Ibid., 49a."},{"key":"21_CR93","unstructured":"Ibid., 45a."},{"key":"21_CR94","unstructured":"Ibid., 42b."},{"key":"21_CR95","volume-title":"Encyclopaedias: Their History throughout the Ages","author":"R Collison","year":"1966","unstructured":"92 Robert Collison, Encyclopaedias: Their History throughout the Ages (New York and London, 1966), 1. Cf. also his other definition of an encyclopedia (loc. cit.): A book which \u201cis frequently consulted, but is hardly a bedside companion.\u201d"},{"key":"21_CR96","unstructured":"See Encyclopaedia Judaica, s.v. \u201cencyclopedias\u201d; and Rappel, Sheva\u2019 ha-\u1e24okhmot, 100\u20135."}],"container-title":["The Medieval Hebrew Encyclopedias of Science and Philosophy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-94-015-9389-2_21","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,26]],"date-time":"2022-02-26T03:51:42Z","timestamp":1645847502000},"score":19.68014,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-94-015-9389-2_21"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000]]},"ISBN":["9789048154289","9789401593892"],"references-count":96,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-015-9389-2_21","published":{"date-parts":[[2000]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]],"date-time":"2024-09-10T00:19:22Z","timestamp":1725927562410},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/gmo\/9781561592630.article.51332","type":"reference-book","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,13]],"date-time":"2017-12-13T11:02:50Z","timestamp":1513162970000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dictionaries and encyclopedias of music"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"James B.","family":"Coover","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"John C.","family":"Franklin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","container-title":["Oxford Music Online"],"original-title":["Dictionaries and encyclopedias of music"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,24]],"date-time":"2018-10-24T03:16:17Z","timestamp":1540350977000},"score":19.633244,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.oxfordmusiconline.com\/grovemusic\/view\/10.1093\/gmo\/9781561592630.001.0001\/omo-9781561592630-e-0000051332"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gmo\/9781561592630.article.51332","published":{"date-parts":[[2001]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,18]],"date-time":"2024-05-18T07:43:03Z","timestamp":1716018183919},"edition-number":"1","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780197669402","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<p>\n                  <italic>The Oxford Encyclopedias of the Bible<\/italic> series is a major reference work,\n              consisting of comprehensive essays by scholars from many countries and with a wide\n              variety of perspectives on Biblical Studies. The Digital Collection represents an\n              online expansion of the project, featuring articles previously published on <italic>Oxford\n                Biblical Studies Online<\/italic>, now exclusive on Oxford Reference. With bibliographic\n              references and suggestions for further reading, each entry provides a thorough\n              overview of the topic and serves as an entrance point to further research for both\n              seasoned scholars and beginning students.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/acref\/9780197669402.001.0001","type":"edited-book","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]],"date-time":"2022-05-18T07:30:38Z","timestamp":1652859038000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Oxford Encyclopedias of the Bible: Digital Collection"],"prefix":"10.1093","member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"original-title":["Oxford Encyclopedias of the Bible: Digital Collection"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,5]],"date-time":"2022-07-05T15:54:10Z","timestamp":1657036450000},"score":19.543274,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.oxfordreference.com\/view\/10.1093\/acref\/9780197669402.001.0001\/acref-9780197669402"}},"editor":[{"given":"Prof Michael","family":"Coogan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"ISBN":["9780197669402"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/acref\/9780197669402.001.0001","published":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T08:43:25Z","timestamp":1768553005145,"version":"3.49.0"},"publisher-location":"Dordrecht","reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Netherlands","isbn-type":[{"value":"9789048154289","type":"print"},{"value":"9789401593892","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-9389-2_13","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,25]],"date-time":"2013-06-25T10:30:04Z","timestamp":1372156204000},"page":"277-299","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Logic of the Hebrew Encyclopedias"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Charles H.","family":"Manekin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"13_CR1","first-page":"192","volume-title":"La filosofia antica nel Medioevo ebraico","author":"M Zonta","year":"1996","unstructured":"See Mauro Zonta, La filosofia antica nel Medioevo ebraico (Brescia, 1996), 192."},{"key":"13_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.2307\/1455108","volume":"83","author":"S Harvey","year":"1992","unstructured":"Steven Harvey, \u201cDid Maimonides\u2019 Letter to Samuel Ibn Tibbon Determine Which Philosophers Would be Studied by Later Jewish Thinkers?\u201d Jervish Quarterly Review 83 (1992): 51\u201370, esp. 55\u20136. Cf. Charles H. Manekin, The Logic of Gersonides (Dordrecht, 1992), 3.","journal-title":"Jervish Quarterly Review"},{"key":"13_CR3","unstructured":"Herbert A. Davidson questions the attribution of the Treatise on the Art of Logic to Maimonides in an article that will appear in the Isadore Twersky memorial volume."},{"key":"13_CR4","unstructured":"See Zonta, La filosofia antica, 250\u20133. Of the Naj\u00e2h, only the sections on physics and metaphysics are extant in Hebrew."},{"key":"13_CR5","unstructured":"This work is extant in one manuscript, Oxford, Bodleian MS Reggio 43 (Neub. 2047) (Institute for the Microfilming of Hebrew Manuscripts [IMHM] 19332), fols. 74v\u2013103r. See Moritz Steinschneider, Die hebraeischen \u00dcbersetzungen des Mittelalters und die Juden als Dolmetscher (Berlin, 1893), 497\u20138. Little is known about Judah ben Moses ibn \u1e24ayyim, and there is no conclusive evidence for fixing the time period in which his work was written."},{"key":"13_CR6","unstructured":"Fol. 74v."},{"key":"13_CR7","unstructured":"This translation is extant in three manuscripts: Oxford, Bodleian MS Reggio 48 (Neub. 1393) (IMHM 22417), fols 1\u201354; Moscow, Russian State Library, MS G\u00fcnzberg 141 (IMHM 6821), fols. 91\u2013131; and Moscow, Russian State Library, MS G\u00fcnzberg 383 (IMHM 47710), fols. l-59r."},{"key":"13_CR8","first-page":"49","volume":"17","author":"Bodleian MS Oxford","year":"1165","unstructured":"Oxford, Bodleian MS Opp. 578 (Ol. 1165) (Neub.1333) (IMHM 22147). The work is simply called, Sefer ha-Higgayon, \u201cThe Book of Logic\u201d or \u201cDialectic.\u201d It is noteworthy that the author confuses the fourth figure of the syllogism, in which the minor term is the predicate of the minor premise and the major term the subject of the major premise, with the so-called \u201cfalse\u201d fourth figure, which is just the first figure with the order of the premises transposed. This is common in Renaissance logic manuals; for another Hebrew example, see Charles Manekin, \u201cSome Aspects of the Syllogism in Medieval Hebrew Logic,\u201d History and Philosophy of Logic 17 (1996): 49\u201371, esp. 67\u20138.","journal-title":"History and Philosophy of Logic"},{"key":"13_CR9","unstructured":"For these works see Zonta, La filosofia antica, 178\u201392, and Manekin, The Logic of Gersonides, esp. 3\u20137. Inventories of manuscripts appear in the relevant sections of Shalom Rosenberg, \u201cLogic and Ontology in Jewish Philosophy in the Fourteenth Century\u201d (Ph.D. diss. [Hebrew], The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1975)."},{"key":"13_CR10","first-page":"39","volume":"2","author":"C Sirat","year":"1977","unstructured":"For this work, see Colette Sirat, \u201cJuda b. Salomon ha-Cohen, philosophe, astronome et peut-\u00eatre kabbaliste de la premi\u00e8re moiti\u00e9 du XIIIe si\u00e8cle,\u201d Italia 2 (1977): 39\u201361, and the articles by Resianne Fontaine, Tony L\u00e9vy, and Y.Tzvi Langermann in this volume. Fontaine is at present editing sections of the Mid-rash ha-\u1e24okmah; I hope to edit the section on logic. For the purposes of this article I used primarily Oxford, Bodleian MS Mich. 551 (Ol. 414) (Neub. 1321) (IMHM 22135), which I checked against Oxford, Bodleian, MS Uri 369 (Neub. 1322) (IMHM 22136), and Oxford, Bodleian MS Hunt. 57 (Neub. 1323) (IMHM 22137). References below to the Midrash ha-\u1e24okhmah (MH) are to Mich. MS 551. My thanks to Dr. Fontaine for providing me with a photocopy of this manuscript.","journal-title":"Italia"},{"key":"13_CR11","unstructured":"MH, fol 46v."},{"key":"13_CR12","unstructured":"MH, fols. 8v-9r."},{"key":"13_CR13","first-page":"224","volume":"3","author":"DM Dunlop","year":"1956","unstructured":"See D.M. Dunlop, \u201cAl-F\u00e2r\u00e2b\u00ee\u2019s Introductory Ris\u00e2la on Logic,\u201d The Islamic Quarterly 3 (1956\u20137): 224\u201335, esp. 227\u20138 (Arabic text) and 232\u20133 (English). This work was translated several times into Hebrew; see Steinschneider, Die hebraeischen \u00dcbersetzungen, 43\u20134.","journal-title":"The Islamic Quarterly"},{"key":"13_CR14","unstructured":"Dunlop, \u201cAl-F\u00e2r\u00e2b\u00ee\u2019s Introductory Risala\u201d 227 (Arabic text), 232 (English)."},{"key":"13_CR15","unstructured":"This Hebrew translation of Alfarabi\u2019s introductory letter on logic is found in New York, JTS MS Mic. 2314 (=Steinschneider, 22; Acc. 29220) (IMHM 28567), fols. 6r\u20139r."},{"key":"13_CR16","unstructured":"Sirat, \u201cJuda b. Salomon ha-Cohen,\u201d 246, and Zonta, La filosofia antica, 202\u20133."},{"key":"13_CR17","unstructured":"MH, fol. 9r."},{"key":"13_CR18","unstructured":"MH, fol. 10r."},{"key":"13_CR19","unstructured":"MH, fol. 12v-13r."},{"key":"13_CR20","unstructured":"Needless to say, one cannot rule out the possibility that Judah was familiar with other Arabic sources besides those mentioned here, and that his \u201csynthesis\u201d was thus even more complex."},{"key":"13_CR21","unstructured":"For a recent attempt to make sense of Aristotle\u2019s modal logic, see Richard Patterson, Aristotle\u2019s Modal Logic: Essence and Entailment in the Organon (Cambridge, 1995)."},{"key":"13_CR22","unstructured":"See Talkh\u00ee\u1e63 kit\u00e2b al-qiy\u00e2s, ed. Mahmoud Kassem, Charles E. Butterworth, and Ahmad Haridi (Cairo, 1983). Cf. Jacob Anatoli\u2019s Hebrew translation in New York, JTS MS Mie. 2486 (IMHM 28739)."},{"key":"13_CR23","unstructured":"See Steinschneider, Die hebraeischen \u00dcbersetzungen, 96\u2013108, and Rosenberg, \u201cLogic and Ontology,\u201d 1:59\u201362."},{"key":"13_CR24","unstructured":"See the Hebrew translation of Jacob ben Makhir, Qol Mekkhet Higgayon (Riva di Trento, 1559), 16a-19b."},{"key":"13_CR25","unstructured":"Ibid., 17a. Averroes is much more supportive of Aristotle\u2019s rule in the Middle Commentary, and polemicizes against Aristotle\u2019s critics in the Logical Questions."},{"key":"13_CR26","unstructured":"Kit\u00e2b al-madkhal il\u00e2 al-qiy\u00e2s, in R. El-Ajam, Al-Mantiq \u2018inda al-F\u00e2r\u00e2b\u00ee, 3 vols. (Beirut, 1985\u20136), 2:11\u201364. This work was translated into Hebrew twice, both times anonymously. I have used the translation found in Paris, Biblioth\u00e8que Nationale, MS Heb 898, fols. 69\u201391."},{"key":"13_CR27","unstructured":"MH, fol. 25v. Can we infer from this that Judah was familiar with the text of Aristotle in Arabic translation?"},{"key":"13_CR28","unstructured":"Maq\u00e2\u1e63id al-fal\u00e2sifah, ed. S. Duny\u00e2 (Cairo, 1961); Spanish trans. Manuel Alonso, Maq\u00e2\u1e63id al-Fal\u00e2sifa o intenciones de los fil\u00f3s\u00f3ficos (Barcelona, 1963)."},{"key":"13_CR29","unstructured":"For this work, see the Arabic text (based on the Beirut, 1927 edition of Maurice Bouyges, but with modifications) and facing English translation in Al-Ghaz\u00e2l\u00ee, The Incoherence of the Philosophers, trans. Michael E. Marmura (Provo, Utah, 1997)."},{"key":"13_CR30","first-page":"100","volume-title":"Essays on Islamic Philosophy and Science","author":"ME Marmura","year":"1957","unstructured":"Maq\u00e2\u1e63id, ed. Dunya, 32, 35\u20137; for the Tah\u00e2fut, see Incoherence of the Philosophers, 9\u201310. See also, Michael E. Marmura, \u201cGhazali\u2019s Attitude to the Secular Sciences and Logic,\u201d in Essays on Islamic Philosophy and Science, ed. George F. Hourani (Albany, 1957), 100\u201311. Cf. Steven Harvey, \u201cAverroes\u2019 Use of Examples in his Middle Commentary on the Prior Analytics and Some Remarks on His Role as Commentator,\u201d Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 7 (1997): 91\u2013113, esp. 103\u20134."},{"key":"13_CR31","unstructured":"Of these translations, only the section on logic of the anonymous translation has been edited. See Gershon B. Chertoff, \u201cThe Logical Part of Al-Ghaz\u00e2l\u00ee\u2019s Maq\u00e2\u1e63id al-Fal\u00e2sifa in an Anonymous Hebrew Translation with the Hebrew commentary of Moses of Narbonne...\u201d (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1952). References to this Hebrew translation, and Moses Narboni\u2019s commentary thereupon, will be to this edition."},{"key":"13_CR32","unstructured":"Albalag refers to Alghazali\u2019s work as De\u2019ot ha-Filosofim."},{"key":"13_CR33","unstructured":"See above, n. 2."},{"key":"13_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1017\/S0269889700002726","volume":"10\/3","author":"CH Manekin","year":"1997","unstructured":"For this work, see Ernest Renan, Les \u00e9crivains juifs fran\u00e7ais du XIVe si\u00e8cle (Paris, 1893; reprint Westmead, England, 1969), 718. Renan inaccurately describes the entire poem as based on the Kavvanot. The section on logic is based on Averroes\u2019 middle commentaries on the first four books of the Organon. See Charles H. Manekin, \u201cWhen the Jews Learned Logic from the Pope: Three Medieval Hebrew Translations of the Tractatus of Peter of Spain,\u201d Science in Context 10\/3 (1997): 395\u2013430.","journal-title":"Science in Context"},{"key":"13_CR35","first-page":"605","volume":"1","author":"A Marx","year":"1924","unstructured":"See Alexander Marx, \u201cGlimpses of the Life of an Italian Rabbi of the Sixteenth Century,\u201d Hebrew Union College Annual 1 (1924): 605\u201326, esp. 617.","journal-title":"Hebrew Union College Annual"},{"key":"13_CR36","first-page":"105","volume-title":"Jewish Thought in the Seventeenth Century","author":"J Hacker","year":"1987","unstructured":"Cited in Joseph Hacker, \u201cThe Intellectual Activity of the Jews of the Ottoman Empire during the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries,\u201d in Jewish Thought in the Seventeenth Century, eds. Isadore Twersky and Bernard Septimus (Cambridge, Mass., 1987), 105, n. 20. I was led to this note by the comprehensive article by Hava Tirosh-Samuelson, \u201cJewish Philosophy on the Eve of Modernity,\u201d in History of Jewish Philosophy, ed. Daniel H. Frank and Oliver Leaman (London and New York, 1997), 499\u2013576. For Italy, see Shifra Baruchson, Books and Readers: The Reading Interests of Italian Jews at the Close of the Renaissance (Hebrew) (Ramat-Gan, 1993), 149, where the Kavvanot is the only philosophical encyclopedia listed among the philosophical and theological books found in the libraries of northern Italian Jews of that period."},{"key":"13_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1017\/S0362152900017700","volume":"21","author":"CH Lohr","year":"1965","unstructured":"In the case of the Maq\u00e2\u1e63id, there is another reason why Alghazali\u2019s true views were ignored, at least in the Latin West. Most manuscripts of the Latin translation omitted the introduction and other material in which Alghazali\u2019s critical attitude was expressed; hence most of the scholastic philosophers were unaware that the author disagreed with its philosophical contents. See Charles H. Lohr, \u201cLogica Algazelis: Introduction and Critical Text,\u201d Traditio 21 (1965): 223\u201390, esp. 223\u201332. Cf. Duncan B. MacDonald, \u201cThe Meanings of the Philosophers by al-Gh\u00e2zz\u00e2l\u00ee,\u201d Isis 25 (1936): 9\u201315; 27 (1937): 9\u201310. Roger Bacon and Raymund Martini were apparently familiar with the introduction. As we shall see below, the Hebrew translators and commentators interpreted the introduction to suit their own purposes.","journal-title":"Traditio"},{"key":"13_CR38","unstructured":"See Isaac Albalag, Sefer Tiqqun ha-De\u2019ot, ed. Georges Vajda (Jerusalem 1973), introduction, 4."},{"key":"13_CR39","unstructured":"Albalag therefore intended Tiqqun ha-De\u2019ot to encompass both his Maq\u00e2sid translation and his critical notes, a point already implied by Steinschneider, Die hebraeischen \u00dcbersetzungen, 299 (who calls the work Tiqqun ha-Filosofim). Vajda, curiously, took it to refer solely to the notes, which he published separately; cf. Georges Vajda, Isaac Albalag: av\u00e9rroiste juif, traducteur et annotateur d\u2019Al-Gh\u00e2z\u00e2li (Paris, 1960), 7."},{"key":"13_CR40","volume-title":"Die Handschriften-Verzeichnisse der Koeniglichen Bibliothek zu Berlin","author":"M Steinschneider","year":"1878","unstructured":"See Moritz Steinschneider, Die Handschriften-Verzeichnisse der Koeniglichen Bibliothek zu Berlin (Berlin, 1878), Vol. 1, 130\u20132, where Steinschneider cites most of the introduction, based on Berlin MS Or. Fol. 1056 [Stein.111] and two other manuscripts."},{"key":"13_CR41","unstructured":"While it is true that there are no extant Hebrew translations of all of Avicenna\u2019s Naj\u00e2h and Shif\u00e2\u2019, there are partial translations of these works (see above, n. 4), as well as testimonies to knowledge of the works of Avicenna, especially in Spain and Provence. The influence of Avicennism through the translation of works such as the Maq\u00e2\u1e63id needs to be explored further."},{"key":"13_CR42","unstructured":"See Chertoff, \u201cLogical Part of Al-Ghaz\u00e2l\u00ee\u2019s Maq\u00e2\u1e63id,\u201d 1 (Hebrew text), 2 (English). Steinschneider, Die hebraeischen \u00dcbersetzungen, 338\u20139, identifies this reference with a work called Kavvanot ha-Kavvanot, found in Paris, Biblioth\u00e8que Nationale MS H\u00e9b. 959, which is called elsewhere Ma\u2019amar bi-Teshuvot She\u2019elot."},{"key":"13_CR43","unstructured":"In Chertoff, \u201cLogical Part of Al-Ghaz\u00e2l\u00ee\u2019s Maq\u00e2\u1e63id\u201d 1\u20132."},{"key":"13_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The claim that the Maq\u00e2\u1e63id is essentially a translation of the D\u00e2nesh-n\u00e2me-Alai has recently been asserted by Jules Janssens, \u201cLe D\u00e2nesh-N\u00e2me d\u2019Ibn S\u00een\u00e2: un texte a revoir?\u201d Bulletin de philosophie m\u00e9dievale 28 (1986): 163\u201377. Judging from the section on logic, it seems more likely that there was at least one other text involved; in any event, there is no convincing evidence that one is a direct translation of the other, although many formulations are identical.","DOI":"10.1484\/J.BPM.3.349"},{"key":"13_CR45","unstructured":"Chertoff, \u201cLogical Part of Al-Ghaz\u00e2l\u00ee\u2019s Maq\u00e2\u1e63id\u201d 8\u201314."},{"key":"13_CR46","volume-title":"L\u2019Organon d\u2019Aristote dans le monde arabe","author":"I Madkour","year":"1969","unstructured":"See Ibrahim Madkour, L\u2019Organon d\u2019Aristote dans le monde arabe, second ed. (Paris, 1969), 79\u201383."},{"key":"13_CR47","unstructured":"Chertoff, \u201cLogical Part of Al-Ghaz\u00e2l\u00ee\u2019s Maq\u00e2\u1e63id\u201d 26\u201340."},{"key":"13_CR48","unstructured":"Ibid, 40\u201354."},{"key":"13_CR49","first-page":"38","volume-title":"Avicenna s Treatise on Logic: Part One of Danesh-Name Alai","author":"F Zabeeh","year":"1971","unstructured":"\u201cMediniyyim\u201d and \u201cmedabberim\u201d according to the anonymous translation. The Karaite scholar Abraham ben Jacob Bali (c. 1510), in his commentary on the Kavvanot, explains mediniyyim as a sect of Islamic thinkers hailing from the city of Medinah! Why they would be more susceptible to using analogy he does not explain. See St. Petersburg, Russian National Library, MS Evr. I 695, fol. 96v. In the D\u00e2nesh-n\u00e2me, use of the analogical syllogism is attributed to \u201cSophists.\u201d See Farhang Zabeeh, Avicenna s Treatise on Logic: Part One of Danesh-Name Alai (The Hague, 1971), 38\u20139."},{"key":"13_CR50","unstructured":"Chertoff, \u201cLogical Part of Al-Ghaz\u00e2l\u00ee\u2019s Maq\u00e2\u1e63id,\u201d 78. In this comment Narboni remarks that Alghazali phrases a particular syllogism with the major premise first, \u201cand this is the custom of the Romans (=Christians) in their disputations\u201d (u-minhag ha-Romiyim be-vikku\u1e25eihem kakhah). For other cases of Jewish familiarity with the scholastic formulation of the syllogism, see below, some of which is based on C. H. Manekin, \u201cSome Aspects of the Assertoric Syllogism,\u201d History and Philosophy of Logic 17 (1996): 49\u201371, esp. 65."},{"key":"13_CR51","unstructured":"Chertoff, \u201cLogical Part of Al-Ghaz\u00e2l\u00ee\u2019s Maq\u00e2\u1e63id\u201d 81\u2013100."},{"key":"13_CR52","unstructured":"See Steinschneider, Die hebraeischen \u00dcbersetzungen, 47. An edition of the Arabic text and Turkish translation was published by M. [K\u00fcyel-] T\u00fcrker in \u201cF\u00e2r\u00e2b\u00ee\u2019nin Ser\u00e2 it ul-yak\u00eeni\u2019\u201d Arastirma 1 (1963): 151\u2013228."},{"key":"13_CR53","unstructured":"Chertoff, \u201cLogical Part of Al-Ghaz\u00e2l\u00ee\u2019s Maq\u00e2\u1e63id\u201d 100\u201310."},{"key":"13_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zvi Ankori conjectures that the Kavvanot was regularly studied by Karaite students in Turkey in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. He notes that the work is mentioned by the great Karaite codifier Elijah Bashyazi several times and was recommended in his shortened study-program. Abraham Bali lived only a generation after Bashyazi. See Zvi Ankori, Karaites in Byzantium (New York, 1959), 236\u20137, esp. n. 68 (Bali and Bashyazi were probably familiar with the anonymous translation and not the translation of Judah Nathan, pace Ankori).","DOI":"10.7312\/anko91724"},{"key":"13_CR55","first-page":"165","volume-title":"The House of Nasi: The Duke of Naxos","author":"C Roth","year":"1948","unstructured":"See C. Roth, The House of Nasi: The Duke of Naxos (Philadelphia, 1948), 165 ff. The manuscript of Migdal \u2018Oz that I examined was Madrid, Real Academy de La Historia MS Hebr. 6 (IMHM 31653), which is described in Francisco Cantera, \u201cNueva serie de manuscritos hebreos de Madrid,\u201d Sefarad 19 (1969): 3\u20139."},{"key":"13_CR56","unstructured":"For more details, see Manekin, \u201cWhen the Jews Learned Logic,\u201d420\u20132."},{"key":"13_CR57","unstructured":"This gloss has been translated in its entirety as an appendix in Manekin, \u201cAspects of the Assertoric Syllogism,\u201d 68\u201371; cf. 57\u201358."},{"key":"13_CR58","unstructured":"See Peter of Spain, Tractatus, ed. Lambertus M. de Rijk (Assen, 1972), 52."},{"key":"13_CR59","unstructured":"\u1e24esheq Shelomo, Berlin, Staatsbibliothek MS Or. 832, fols. 235\u20136. Alemanno recommended the study of the Kavvanot with the commentaries of Narboni and Albalag \u201cfor those who have set their hearts on the investigation of religion.\u201d It is followed in the curriculum by Alghazali\u2019s Incoherence of the Philosophers and Averroes\u2019 Incoherence of the Incoherence. See Moshe Idel, \u201cThe Study Program of R. Yohanan Alemanno\u201d (Hebrew), Tarbi\u1e93 48 (1979): 303\u201331."},{"key":"13_CR60","first-page":"37","volume-title":"Sephardi Speculation: A Study in Methods of Talmudic Interpretation","author":"D Boyarin","year":"1989","unstructured":"For the employment of Aristotelian logic by talmudists, see Daniel Boyarin, Sephardi Speculation: A Study in Methods of Talmudic Interpretation (Hebrew) (Jerusalem, 1989), 37\u201342; by Spanish preachers, see Marc Saperstein, Jewish Preaching, 1200\u20131800 (New Haven, 1989), 82\u20133; and by kabbalists, see Manekin, \u201cWhen the Jews Learned Logic,\u201d 420."},{"key":"13_CR61","unstructured":"For some practical uses of the study of logic, see Manekin, \u201cWhen the Jews Learned Logic,\u201d 421, 426\u20137."}],"container-title":["The Medieval Hebrew Encyclopedias of Science and Philosophy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-94-015-9389-2_13","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,16]],"date-time":"2019-07-16T03:58:53Z","timestamp":1563249533000},"score":19.218992,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-94-015-9389-2_13"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000]]},"ISBN":["9789048154289","9789401593892"],"references-count":61,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-015-9389-2_13","published":{"date-parts":[[2000]]}},{"institution":[{"name":"Koninklijke Brill NV","acronym":["BRILL"]}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T23:16:59Z","timestamp":1741303019303,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"DOI":"10.1163\/1877-0339_bec_sim_00055","type":"dataset","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,11]],"date-time":"2014-08-11T12:26:07Z","timestamp":1407759967000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Encyclopedias"],"prefix":"10.1163","member":"374","container-title":["Brill\u2019s Encyclopedia of China"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]],"date-time":"2024-03-25T13:23:51Z","timestamp":1711373031000},"score":19.186024,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/referenceworks.brill.com\/doi\/10.1163\/1877-0339_bec_SIM_00055"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[null]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/1877-0339_bec_sim_00055"},{"institution":[{"name":"Koninklijke Brill NV","acronym":["BRILL"]}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T12:17:18Z","timestamp":1765887438440,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"DOI":"10.1163\/2772-4026_ejbo_com_058280","type":"dataset","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T08:46:37Z","timestamp":1762245997000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Encyclopedias"],"prefix":"10.1163","member":"374","container-title":["Encyclopedia of Jewish Book Cultures Online"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T12:12:49Z","timestamp":1765887169000},"score":18.990688,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/referenceworks.brill.com\/display\/entries\/EJBO\/COM-058280.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[null]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/2772-4026_ejbo_com_058280"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,7]],"date-time":"2024-09-07T19:22:40Z","timestamp":1725736960887},"publisher-location":"Dordrecht","reference-count":105,"publisher":"Springer Netherlands","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9789048154289"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9789401593892"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-9389-2_15","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,25]],"date-time":"2013-06-25T10:30:04Z","timestamp":1372156204000},"page":"313-334","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Question of Celestial Matter in the Hebrew Encyclopedias"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Ruth","family":"Glasner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"15_CR1","unstructured":"Aristotle, Physics I, 6 189a35, and On Generation and Corruption II,1 329a30\u201333. See also his Metaphysics XII,2 1069b3\u20138, VII,3 1029a20\u201326."},{"key":"15_CR2","unstructured":"Aristotle, On the Heavens I,9 278a8\u201320; II,3 286a20; III, 8 306bl9\u201320; IV,4 312a12\u201314."},{"key":"15_CR3","unstructured":"Aristotle, Metaphysics IX,8 1050bl6\u201320."},{"key":"15_CR4","unstructured":"Aristotle, On the Heavens I,3, particularly 270al8\u201322."},{"key":"#cr-split#-15_CR5.1","unstructured":"For Aristotle's Greek commentators, see Richard Sorabji, Matter, Space and Motion (London, 1988), 42, n.69"},{"key":"#cr-split#-15_CR5.2","unstructured":"for the Latin commentators, see Edward Grant, Planets, Stars and Orbs (Cambridge, 1994), 245-9."},{"key":"15_CR6","unstructured":"Aristotle, On Generation and Corruption II,9 335b29\u201331."},{"key":"15_CR7","unstructured":"Aristotle, On the Heavens I,9 278a11\u201313."},{"key":"15_CR8","unstructured":"The first was listed as a question on the Metaphysics, the second on On the Heavens, but the phrasing is somewhat different. See below, n. 15."},{"key":"15_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.2307\/2184582","volume":"93","author":"S Cohen","year":"1984","unstructured":"Some modern commentators have challenged the view that sublunar matter is one. See, e.g., Sheldon Cohen, \u201cAristotle\u2019s Doctrine of the Material Substrate,\u201d The Philosophical Review 93 (1984): 171\u201394. Aristotle\u2019s medieval commentators, however, took it for granted.","journal-title":"The Philosophical Review"},{"key":"15_CR10","unstructured":"Aristotle, Metaphysics VIII,4 1044b7\u20138. Trans. W.D. Ross in The Complete Works of Aristotle, ed. Jonathan Barnes (Princeton, 1984), 1649."},{"key":"15_CR11","unstructured":"Aristotle, Metaphysics XII,2 1069b24\u201326 (Ross trans., 1689)."},{"key":"15_CR12","unstructured":"Aristotle, Metaphysics IX,8 1050b20\u201327 (Ross trans., 1659)."},{"key":"15_CR13","unstructured":"As already mentioned, the term \u2018matter\u2019 is rarely mentioned in On the Heavens."},{"key":"15_CR14","unstructured":"Aristotle, On the Heavens II,7 289a13\u201319. Trans. W.K.C. Guthrie (Cambridge, Mass., 1939), 179."},{"key":"15_CR15","unstructured":"For example, Averroes states in his Epitome of On the Heavens that the \u201csubstance\u201d of the stars is of the \u201cnature\u201d of the fifth body, and in his Middle Commentary on On the Heavens that the \u201cnature\u201d of the stars is the same as that of the spheres. See Epitome of On the Heavens, Hebrew trans. Moses ibn Tibbon, Paris Biblioth\u00e8que Nationale MS h\u00e9b. 918\/3 (IMHM 31960), fol. 62vb, lines 7\u201315; Middle Commentary on On the Heavens, Heb. trans. Solomon ibn Ayyub, Berlin MS Heb. 212\/2 (IMHM 1769), fol. 48r, 11. 1\u20132. John Buridan asks whether spheres and stars belong to the same species. See Iohannis Buridani Quaestiones super libris quattuor De caelo et mundo, ed. E.A. Moody (Cambridge, Mass., 1942), book 2, quaestio 14."},{"key":"15_CR16","unstructured":"In the introduction to the Meteorology, Aristotle is willing to give up absolute homogeneity, and admits that the celestial body \u201cvaries in purity and freedom from admixture, and is not uniform in quality, especially when it borders on the air and the terrestrial region.\u201d See I,1 340b9-ll; trans. H.D.P. Lee (Cambridge, Mass., 1952), 19."},{"key":"15_CR17","unstructured":"De substantia orbis (hereafter, DSO) is a collection of six treatises, all of which are preserved in an anonymous Arabic-Hebrew translation, and five of which are preserved in an Arabic-Latin translation. There is also a Latin-Hebrew translation with a commentary by Judah Romano. The anonymous Arabic-Hebrew translation was edited and translated by Arthur Hyman in his Averroes\u2019 De substantia orbis (Cambridge, Mass., 1986). Romano\u2019s translation was edited and its Latin sources located by Caterina Rigo in \u201cIl De substantia orbis di Averro\u00e8: Edizione della versione latino-ebraica con commento di Yehudah b. Mosheh Romano\u201d (Ph.D. diss., Torino, 1992). The Latin text used by Romano is printed in Rigo\u2019s edition. For the list of editions and manuscripts consulted by Rigo, see 309. Unless otherwise specified, subsequent references are to Hyman\u2019s edition. The Hebrew text is referred to by chapter and line numbers; the English trans, by page number. References to Rigo\u2019s edition are to page and line numbers."},{"key":"15_CR18","unstructured":"Quoted from the Middle Commentary on the Physics by Harry A. Wolfson in his Crescas\u2019 Critique of Aristotle (Cambridge, Mass., 1929), 594, n. 24. Wolfson\u2019s reference is mistaken, and I have not been able to locate the passage."},{"key":"15_CR19","unstructured":"DSO, chap. 2, 11. 47\u20139 (English, 82). See also chap. 6, 11. 14\u20135."},{"key":"15_CR20","unstructured":"DSO, chap. 2, 11. 49\u201351."},{"key":"15_CR21","unstructured":"DSO, chap. 3, 11. 100\u20132 (English, 110\u20131). See also chap. 3 (second version), 1. 106."},{"key":"15_CR22","unstructured":"DSO, chap. 5, 11. 11\u20133 (English, 121). I have slightly changed Hyman\u2019s trans. Cf. Rigo, 305, 11. 1489\u201391."},{"key":"15_CR23","unstructured":"Aristotle, On the Heavens I, 9 278a11\u201313."},{"key":"15_CR24","unstructured":"Aristotle, Metaphysics XII,2 1069b3."},{"key":"15_CR25","unstructured":"See Grant, Planet, Stars and Orbs, 425."},{"key":"15_CR26","unstructured":"Several times Averroes remarks that celestial qualities are not qualities in the sense that sublunar qualities are, but are predicated equivocally or according to priority and posteriority. DSO, chap. 2, 11. 132\u20132, 134\u20135, 168\u20139, and 186\u20137."},{"key":"15_CR27","unstructured":"28a See above, note 19."},{"key":"15_CR28","unstructured":"28b See above, note 26."},{"key":"15_CR29","unstructured":"DSO, chap. 2, 11. 127\u20138 (English, 91)."},{"key":"15_CR30","unstructured":"DSO, chap. 2, 11. 129\u201349."},{"key":"15_CR31","unstructured":"See DSO, chap. 2, 11. 158\u201363 (English, 95): \u201cIt is not far-fetched to maintain that the term \u201ccalefaction\u201d is predicated equivocally of these two bodies [fire and the celestial body]... there are two kinds of calefaction: that which is a passive quality changing the substance of the subject in which it inheres, and that which is not a passive quality.\u201d"},{"key":"15_CR32","unstructured":"DSO, chap. 2, 11. 136\u20139 (English, 92\u20133). The view that the luminosity of the stars is due to their being the dense parts of the spheres may go back to Th\u00e2bit ibn Qurrah. Th\u00e2bit is quoted by Albertus Magnus. See Pierre-Michel Lerner, Le monde des sph\u00e8res (Paris, 1996), 157 (French trans.), 329 (Latin)."},{"key":"15_CR33","unstructured":"DSO, chap. 2, 11. 139\u201340 (English, 93)."},{"key":"15_CR34","unstructured":"See his Mishneh Torah, Hilkhot Yesodei ha-Torah iii.10; Ma\u2019amar ha-Yi\u1e25ud (Berlin, 1847), 10; and The Guide of the Perplexed, trans. Shlomo Pines (Chicago, 1963), I,71, 185; II,26, 331\u20132; and III,9, 436."},{"key":"15_CR35","unstructured":"Guide II,26, 331\u20132."},{"key":"15_CR36","unstructured":"Guide II,19, 305."},{"key":"15_CR37","unstructured":"Gnude II,19, 305\u20136."},{"key":"15_CR38","unstructured":"Aristotle, On the Heavens II,8 289b31 and 290a29."},{"key":"15_CR39","unstructured":"Guide II,19, 309."},{"key":"15_CR40","unstructured":"Guide II,19, 309."},{"key":"15_CR41","unstructured":"Judah ben Solomon, Midrash ha-\u1e24okhmah, Oxford, Bodleian MS 1322 (Poc. 343) (IMHM 22136), fol. 38v. I thank Dr. Resianne Fontaine for letting me use a preliminary version of her critical edition of the text. Cf. Averroes, Middle Commentary on On the Heavens (above, n. 15), fol. 48r, 11. 1\u20132."},{"key":"15_CR42","unstructured":"Gershom ben Solomon, Sha\u2019ar ha-Shamayim (hereafter, SS) (Warsaw, 1875), 3a, line 5."},{"key":"15_CR43","unstructured":"SS, 40c, 11. 32\u20133."},{"key":"15_CR44","unstructured":"SS, 3a, 1. 26."},{"key":"15_CR45","unstructured":"55, 3a, 1. 29."},{"key":"15_CR46","unstructured":"SS, 40c, 11. 24\u201336."},{"key":"15_CR47","unstructured":"Both quotations are, however, second hand. First, Gershom explains the view of the philosophers (SS, 41b, 11. 33\u20137). He claims to be quoting Alfarabi, but he is actually quoting a passage from Samuel ibn Tibbon\u2019s Hebrew translation of Guide II,19, 309, in which Maimonides ascribes this view to Alfarabi. Then he explains the view of Aristotle (SS, 41b, 1. 37\u201341c, 1. 5). He claims to be quoting Aristotle\u2019s On Sense and Sensibilia, but is actually quoting a passage from the Hebrew version of Pseudo-Avicenna De celo et mundo, which the author ascribes to Aristotle\u2019s On Sense and Sensibilia. The text reads: \u201cAnd Aristotle said in On Sense and Sensibilia that the heaven is clear and bright and luminous. And even though it is all clear and bright, part or parts of it are clearer and brighter than the other parts.\u201d See the Hebrew trans., Cambridge MS Add. 1197\/1 (IMHM 17062), fol. 11v. The passage does not appear in Aristotle\u2019s On Sense and Sensibilia."},{"key":"15_CR48","unstructured":"There are several quotations from this text in Falaquera\u2019s Moreh ha-Moreh (hereafter, MM) (Pressburg, 1837). See, e.g., 91, 11. 16\u20137, on Guide 11,10, where Falaquera quotes DSO, chap. 2, 11. 144\u20136. It seems likely that Falaquera had access to the Arabic text of DSO, now no longer extant."},{"key":"15_CR49","unstructured":"Falaquera, De\u2019ot ha-Filosofim VII, 1, chap. 10, Parma MS 164 (IMHM 13897), fol. 220v, 11. 12\u201318, and Leiden MS Warn. 20\/3 (IMHM 17368), fol. 324ra; and MM, 71, 1. 15\u201372, 1. 3, on Guide II, introduction, premise 22."},{"key":"15_CR50","unstructured":"De\u2019ot, Parma MS, fol. 256v, 11. 11\u201316. This chapter is missing in the Leiden MS."},{"key":"15_CR51","unstructured":"MM, 102\u20134, on Guide II,19. In De\u2019ot (Parma MS, fol. 227v, 11. 7\u20138), Falaquera briefly quotes Averroes\u2019 view that the matter of the stars is a fifth element, rather than fire. See similarly, Judah ben Solomon, Midrash ha-\u1e24okhmah (above, n. 41), fol. 38v."},{"key":"15_CR52","unstructured":"Aristotle, On the Heavens II,8."},{"key":"15_CR53","unstructured":"Epitome of On the Heavens (above, n. 15), fol. 63ra, 11. 16 ff.; and Middle Commentary on On the Heavens (above, n. 15), fol. 48v, 11. 12 ff. On Maimo-nides, see above, note 39."},{"key":"15_CR54","unstructured":"MM, 103, 11. 32\u201334, on Guide II,19. The opposite view that the motion of the stars is accidental is stated by Judah ben Solomon: \u201cThe motion of the stars is not essential... but they move accidentally as a nail in a ship\u201d (Midrash ha-\u1e24okhmah, fol. 38v)."},{"key":"15_CR55","unstructured":"The first quotation is from Guide II, introduction, 236: \u201cSome are motions of a part, this being a species of accidental motion.\u201d The second and third were located by Yair Shiffman, \u201cRabbi Shem-Tov ben Joseph Falaquera\u2019s More ha-Mor\u00e9: A Philosophical and Philological Analysis\u201d (Hebrew) (Ph.D. diss., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1991), on Guide 11,19. The second is from Guide I,72, 184\u20135: \u201cEvery star in these heavens is a part of the heavens in which it is fixed in its place and has no motion proper to it.\u201d The third is from Guide II,19, 310: \u201cAgain the body of the whole sphere is one simple body in which there are no differences.\u201d"},{"key":"15_CR56","unstructured":"Falaquera does not mention these doubts in De\u2019ot VII, 3, chap. 3, Parma MS, fols. 229r, 1. 14\u2013230r, 1. 7, which corresponds to On the Heavens II,8. He does mention them in MM, 104, 11. 4\u20136, on Guide II,19."},{"key":"15_CR57","unstructured":"MM, 104, 11. 13\u201329, on Guide II,19."},{"key":"15_CR58","unstructured":"MM, 103, 11. 15\u201317, on Guide II,19."},{"key":"15_CR59","first-page":"274","volume-title":"Studies in Gersonides, A Fourteenth-Century Jewish Philosopher-Scientist","author":"Y Tzvi Langermann","year":"1992","unstructured":"This sentence may also have the meaning that \u201ceach star has its own particular influence,\u201d as segulah in medicine is the specific property that determines the effects of a drug. See Y. Tzvi Langermann, \u201cGersonides on the Magnet and the Heat of the Sun,\u201d in Studies in Gersonides, A Fourteenth-Century Jewish Philosopher-Scientist, ed. Gad Freudenthal (Leiden, 1992), 274."},{"key":"15_CR60","unstructured":"MM, 44, 11. 27\u201329, on Guide I,72."},{"key":"15_CR61","unstructured":"Averroes comments that this thesis accords with astrology (DSO, chap. 2, 11. 166\u20139), but this is not a major issue for him."},{"key":"15_CR62","unstructured":"On the extent of Falaquera\u2019s \u201castrologization\u201d of Aristotelian science, see Gad Freudenthal, \u201cProvidence, Astrology, and Celestial Influences on the Sublunar World in Shem-Tov ibn Falaquera\u2019s De\u2019ot ha-Filosofim,\u201d in the present volume."},{"key":"15_CR63","unstructured":"Moses ben Judah Nogah, Ahavah ba-Ta\u2019anugim (hereafter, AT). The references are to Oxford MS Bodl. 1292 (IMHM 22106). I have also consulted Oxford MS Bodl. 1291 (IMHM 22105) and St. Petersburg, Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy MS C 9 (IMHM 69241)."},{"key":"15_CR64","unstructured":"AT, fols. 227v, 1. l7\u2013228r, 1. 1, 228v, 1. 1, 230r, 11. 8\u20139."},{"key":"15_CR65","unstructured":"AT, fols. 227v-228r (Oxford MS 1291, fol. 73v; St. Petersburg MS C 9, fol. 108v). See also, fol. 230r."},{"key":"15_CR66","unstructured":"Aristotle, Metaphysics VII,3 1029a26\u201330."},{"key":"#cr-split#-15_CR67.1","unstructured":"Aristotle, Metaphysics VIII, 1 1042a33. Concerning this difficulty, see David Bostock, Aristotle's Metaphysics, Books Z and H (Oxford, 1993), 250-2"},{"key":"#cr-split#-15_CR67.2","unstructured":"Mary L. Gill, Aristotle on Substance (Princeton, 1989), 87 ff."},{"key":"#cr-split#-15_CR67.3","unstructured":"and Jonathan Lear, Aristotle, The Desire to Understand (Cambridge, 1988), 277."},{"key":"15_CR68","unstructured":"AT, fol. 12r, 11. 6\u20137. The quotation is from Averroes, DSO, chap. 1, 11. 55\u20136 (English, 52). I changed Hyman\u2019s translation slightly to make it more literal."},{"key":"15_CR69","unstructured":"The feminine form of the verb confirms that the allusion is to the form."},{"key":"15_CR70","unstructured":"AT, fol. 12r, 11. 8\u201310."},{"key":"15_CR71","unstructured":"AT, fol. 12r, 11. 13\u201316."},{"key":"15_CR72","unstructured":"AT, fols, 11v, 1. 15\u201312r, 1. 2."},{"key":"15_CR73","unstructured":"AT, fol. 229r, 11. 2\u20134."},{"key":"15_CR74","unstructured":"AT, fol. 96r, 11. 3\u20135."},{"key":"15_CR75","unstructured":"AT, fol. 228r, 11. 11\u201312."},{"key":"15_CR76","unstructured":"AT, fol. 228r, 11. 20\u201321."},{"key":"15_CR77","unstructured":"AT, fol. 240r, 11. 18\u201320."},{"key":"15_CR78","unstructured":"AT, fols. 228r, 11. 9\u201310; 230r, 11. 16\u201318; and 233v, 11. 10\u201311, 20."},{"key":"15_CR79","unstructured":"It is not clear whether Moses\u2019 theory can be classified as a \u201cone matter theory.\u201d Such theories, according to which celestial and sublunar matter are essentially one and the same matter, were developed by Aegidius Romanus in the second half of the thirteenth century, and by William of Ockham in the first half of the fourteenth century (see Grant, Planets, Stars and Orbs, 254\u20139). These scholars\u2019 approaches to the subject were different, and it does not seem that Moses was acquainted with or influenced by their theories. Judah Romano, in his Hebrew version of DSO, translates long passages from Aegidius Romanus, St. Thomas Aquinas, and Albertus Magnus, which include interesting and stimulating discussions. Moses, however, used the anonymous translation and was, most probably, not acquainted with Romano\u2019s translation."},{"key":"15_CR80","volume-title":"Yashan be-Qanqan Hadash","author":"D Schwartz","year":"1996","unstructured":"On Neoplatonic thought in fourteenth-century Spain, see Dov Schwartz, Yashan be-Qanqan Hadash (Jerusalem, 1996)."},{"key":"15_CR81","unstructured":"AT, fol. 230v, 1. 12."},{"key":"15_CR82","unstructured":"AT, fols. 231r, 11. 18\u201319, and 239v, 11. 19\u201321."},{"key":"15_CR83","unstructured":"AT, fol. 230r, 11. 17\u201318."},{"key":"15_CR84","unstructured":"AT, fol. 230r, 11. 18\u201319, following Averroes, DSO, chap. 1, 11. 154\u20135."},{"key":"15_CR85","unstructured":"See Wolfson, Crescas\u2019 Critique, 585 ff.; and Arthur Hyman, \u201cAristotle\u2019s \u2018First Matter\u2019 and Avicenna\u2019s and Averroes\u2019 \u2018Corporeal Form\u2019,\u201d in Harry A. Wolf son Jubilee Volume (Jerusalem, 1965), 385\u2013406."},{"key":"15_CR86","unstructured":"DSO, chap. 1, 11. 152\u20133 (English, 68). The sentence has the same meaning in the Latin text and in Romano\u2019s translation. See Rigo, 331, 11. 582\u20135 (Latin), 270, 11. 493\u20135 (Hebrew)."},{"key":"15_CR87","unstructured":"AT, fol. 229v, 11. 17\u201319."},{"key":"15_CR88","unstructured":"90a See above, note 69."},{"key":"15_CR89","unstructured":"AT, fol. 228v, 11. 7\u20139."},{"key":"15_CR90","unstructured":"DSO, chap. 2, 11. 129\u2013131."},{"key":"15_CR91","unstructured":"AT, fol. 230r, 1. 19\u2013230v, 1. 1."},{"key":"15_CR92","unstructured":"AT, fol. 230v, 11. 1\u201311; see also fol. 39r, 1. 17\u201339v, 1. 1."},{"key":"15_CR93","unstructured":"AT, fol. 39r, 11. 10\u201317."},{"key":"15_CR94","unstructured":"AT, fols. 231v, 1. 15\u2013232r, 1. 3."},{"key":"15_CR95","unstructured":"AT, fol. 39r, 1. l7\u201339v, 1. 1; see also fol. 234r, 11. 11\u201313."},{"key":"15_CR96","unstructured":"AT, fol. 239r, 11. 10\u201311."},{"key":"15_CR97","unstructured":"AT, fol. 238v, 11. 10\u201311. Moses adopts Maimonides\u2019 four-globes scheme (see Guide II,10), and adds two starless spheres, thus listing six globes altogether (fols. 37v, 11. 8\u201315; 45v, 11. 2 ff.; 79r, 1. 17)."},{"key":"15_CR98","unstructured":"Ezek. 1:26."},{"key":"15_CR99","unstructured":"Ezek. 1:22. See AT, fols. 238v, 1. 20\u2013239r, 1. 3 and 13\u201320."},{"key":"15_CR100","unstructured":"AT, fols. 238v, 1. 21\u2013239r, 1. 1."},{"key":"15_CR101","unstructured":"Ibn Ezra did not comment on Ezekiel, and in his Commentary on Genesis, 1:7, he interprets firmament as air. Moses\u2019 reference is, most likely, to Ibn Ezra\u2019s Commentary on Exodus, 24:10: \u201cunder the whiteness of the sapphire\u2014This is the firmament which is like the snow stretched forth over the heads of the living creatures seen by Ezekiel.\u201d"},{"key":"15_CR102","unstructured":"St. Thomas Aquinas suggests a different description of the three outermost spheres: \u201cThe first completely luminous is called empyrean heaven, the second completely transparent is called crystalline heaven, the third partly transparent partly luminous is called sidereal heaven.\u201d See Grant, Planets, Stars and Orbs, 99."}],"container-title":["The Medieval Hebrew Encyclopedias of Science and 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Netherlands","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9789048154289"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9789401593892"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-9389-2_3","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,25]],"date-time":"2013-06-25T14:30:04Z","timestamp":1372170604000},"page":"46-74","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Organization of Vincent of Beauvais\u2019 Speculum Maius and of Some Other Latin Encyclopedias"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Eva","family":"Albrecht","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"3_CR1","volume-title":"An Encyclopaedist of the Dark Ages: Isidore of Seville","author":"E Br\u00e9haut","year":"1912","unstructured":"For literature on Isidore of Seville, see Ernest Br\u00e9haut, An Encyclopaedist of the Dark Ages: Isidore of Seville (New York, 1912);"},{"key":"3_CR2","first-page":"19","volume-title":"L\u2019Encyclop\u00e9disme: Actes du Colloque de Caen, 12\u201316 janvier 1987","author":"C Merino","year":"1991","unstructured":"Carmen Codo\u00f1er Merino, \u201cDe l\u2019Antiquit\u00e9 au Moyen Age: Isidore de Seville,\u201d in L\u2019Encyclop\u00e9disme: Actes du Colloque de Caen, 12\u201316 janvier 1987, ed. Annie Beck (Paris, 1991), 19\u201335."},{"key":"3_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-476-05553-8_38","volume-title":"Literatur und Laienbildung im Sp\u00e4tmittelalter und in der Reformationszeit: Symposion Wolfenb\u00fcttel, 1981","author":"C Meier","year":"1984","unstructured":"For some interesting points of view on this topic, see Michel de Bo\u00fcard, \u201cR\u00e9flexions sur l\u2019encyclop\u00e9disme m\u00e9di\u00e9val,\u201d in Beck, L\u2019Encyclop\u00e9disme, 281\u201391; Christel Meier, \u201cGrundz\u00fcge der mittelalterlichen Enzyklop\u00e4distik: Zu Inhalten, Formen und Funktionen einer problematischen Gattung,\u201d in Literatur und Laienbildung im Sp\u00e4tmittelalter und in der Reformationszeit: Symposion Wolfenb\u00fcttel, 1981, ed. L. Grenzmann and K. Stackmann (Stuttgart, 1984), 467\u2013500;"},{"key":"3_CR4","first-page":"157","volume-title":"Pragmatische Schriftlichkeit im Mittelalter: Erscheinungs-formen und Entwicklungsstufen (Akten des Internationalen Kolloquiums, 17\u201319 Mai 1989)","author":"C Meier","year":"1992","unstructured":"Christel Meier, \u201cVom Homo Coelestis zum Homo Faber: Die Reorganisation der mittelalterlichen Enzyklop\u00e4die f\u00fcr neue Gebrauchsfunktionen bei Vinzenz von Bauvais und Brunetto Latini,\u201d in Pragmatische Schriftlichkeit im Mittelalter: Erscheinungs-formen und Entwicklungsstufen (Akten des Internationalen Kolloquiums, 17\u201319 Mai 1989), ed. H. Keller, K. Grubm\u00fcller, and N. Staubach (Munich, 1992), 157\u201375; and Johannes B. Voorbij, \u201cPurpose and Audience: Perspectives on the Thirteenth-Century Encyclopedias of Alexander Neckam, Bartholomaeus Anglicus, Thomas of Cantimpr\u00e9 and Vincent of Beauvais,\u201d in the present volume, 31\u201345."},{"key":"3_CR5","first-page":"47","volume-title":"Pre-Modern Encyclopaedic Texts: Proceedings of the Second COMERS Congress, Groningen, 1\u20134 July 1996","author":"B Rib\u00e9mont","year":"1997","unstructured":"See B. Rib\u00e9mont, \u201cOn the Definition of an Encyclopedic Genre in the Middle Ages,\u201d in Pre-Modern Encyclopaedic Texts: Proceedings of the Second COMERS Congress, Groningen, 1\u20134 July 1996, ed. Peter Binkley (Leiden, 1997), 47\u201361. Rib\u00e9mont develops an encyclopedic model according to which encyclopedias should provide knowledge, organized into units, and considering the elements of creation. As their arrangement implies a more or less philosophical view of the division of knowledge, an encyclopedia mostly offers a reflection on the organization of the universe, often together with considerations on the division of the liberal arts. They all are compilations, and thus only state knowledge, and they all use Isidore\u2019s Etymologiae as a prototype. Rib\u00e9mont considers works, satisfying the conditions of his model, as the \u201ccentral core\u201d of medieval encyclopedias."},{"key":"3_CR6","unstructured":"On the Speculum maius of Vincent of Beauvais, see Lector et Compilator: Vincent de Beauvais, fr\u00e8re pr\u00eacheur: un intellectuel et son milieu au XIII e si\u00e8cle, ed. Serge Lusignan, Monique Paulmier-Foucart, and Marie-Christine Duchenne (Paris, 1997); Monique Paulmier-Foucart, \u201cOrdre encyclop\u00e9dique et organisation de la mati\u00e8re dans le Speculum maius de Vincent de Beauvais,\u201d in Beck, L\u2019Encyclop\u00e9disme, 147\u201362; Vincent de Beauvais: intentions et r\u00e9ceptions d\u2019une oeuvre encyclop\u00e9dique au moyen-\u00e2ge, ed. Serge Lusignan, Monique Paulmier-Foucart and Alain Nadeau (Saint-Laurent [Montreal], 1990); Johannes B. Voorbij, \u201cHet Speculum histor\u00edale van Vincent van Beauvais: Een studie van zijn ontstaansgeschiedenis\u201d (Ph.D. diss., Groningen, 1991)."},{"key":"3_CR7","first-page":"490","volume":"34","author":"A-D Brincken","year":"1978","unstructured":"Vincentius Bellovacensis. Libellus apologeticus, ed. Anna-Dorothee von den Brincken, in Anna-Dorothee von den Brincken, \u201cGeschichtsbetrachtung bei Vincenz von Beauvais: Die \u2018Apologia Actoris\u2019 zum Speculum maius,\u201d Deutsches Archiv f\u00fcr Erforschung des Mittelalters 34 (1978): 490: Quapropter ipsum opus Universum in quattuor partes principales, tamquam in quattuor volumina perfecta et a se invicem separata distinxi, quarum una continet totam historiam naturalem, alia vero totam seriem doctrinalem, tertia vero totam eruditionem moralem, quarta totam historiam temporalem. Prima siquidem prosequitur naturam et proprietatem omnium rerum, secunda vero materiam et ordinem omnium artium, tertia vero proprietates et actus omnium virtutum ac vitiorum, et quarta seriem omnium temporum.","journal-title":"Deutsches Archiv f\u00fcr Erforschung des Mittelalters"},{"key":"3_CR8","unstructured":"Cf. appendix A for a list of the contents of the books of the Speculum naturale and the Speculum doctrinale (based on: Vincentius Bellovacensis, Speculum Quadruplex sive Speculum maius, ed. Balthazar Bellerus [Douai, 1624]), reprint Graz, 1964\u20135)."},{"key":"3_CR9","unstructured":"Vincentius Bellovacensis. Libellus apologeticus, chap. 17, 491\u20132: Igitur prime partis fundamentum est Historia Sacra ab ipso principio creationis rerum usque ad requiem Sabbati, cui etiam diffusius interseruntur ea, que pertinent ad naturam celi et mundi, et postmodum adicitur de ratione universi et hiis, que pertinent ad ruinam et sequelam peccati. Fundamentum secunde partis est hominis lapsi reparado quantum ad intellectum, et fundamentum tertie partis eiusdem reparado quantum ad affectum. Fundamentum quarte partis est primo quidem Sacra Scriptura a generatione primi hominis usque ad imperium Neronis, inde vero cronica Eusebii, Ieronimi, Prosperi, Sigiberti, ac ceterorum cronographorum, per successiones imperatorum usque ad diem istum."},{"key":"3_CR10","volume-title":"De rerum proprietatibus","author":"B Anglicus","year":"1964","unstructured":"Bartholomaeus Anglicus, De rerum proprietatibus (Frankfurt, 1601, reprint, Frankfurt am. Main, 1964). See the outline of the contents of this book in appendix B."},{"key":"3_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas Cantimpratensis. Liber de natura rerum. ed. H. Boese (New York, 1973). See the outline (=list of books) of the De natura rerum in appendix B.","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110839036"},{"key":"3_CR12","volume-title":"Die Enzyklop\u00e4die des Arnoldus Saxo","author":"A Saxo","year":"1907","unstructured":"Arnoldus Saxo. De floribus naturalium rerum. ed. E. Stange, Die Enzyklop\u00e4die des Arnoldus Saxo (Erfurt, 1907). See the outline of the contents of this book in appendix B."},{"key":"3_CR13","unstructured":"For example, Vincent adds quotations from Arnoldus Saxo\u2019s De floribus naturalium rerum to the treatise on stones in his second version of the Speculum naturale. He also quotes amply from Thomas of Cantimpr\u00e9, but omits the moralizations of the latter. On Thomas\u2019s moralizations, see Voorbij, \u201cPurpose and Audience,\u201d 38 and 40."},{"key":"3_CR14","unstructured":"Christel Meier refers to the Italian Abbot Gregory of Monte Sacro, who in his On the Deification of Man (c. 1230), a large compendium of ecclesiastical didactic poems, used this same sort of arrangement too. See Christel Meier, \u201cOrganisation of Knowledge and Encyclopaedic ordo: Functions and Purposes of a Universal Literary Genre,\u201d in Binkley, Pre-Modern Encylopaedic Texts, 108."},{"key":"3_CR15","first-page":"91","volume":"1","author":"M Paulmier-Foucart","year":"1978","unstructured":"The best article on the two versions of the Speculum naturale is Monique Paulmier-Foucart, \u201cEtude sur l\u2019\u00e9tat des connaissances au milieu du XIIIe si\u00e8cle: Nouvelles recherches sur la gen\u00e8se de Speculum maius de Vincent de Beauvais,\u201d Spicae 1 (1978): 91\u2013122. In my doctoral study I delve deeply into the differences between these two versions, both as regards contents and structure. My aim is not only to elucidate the role of Vincent of Beauvais as a compiler and author of the tripartite Speculum maius, but also to show the influence of the different added sources.","journal-title":"Spicae"},{"key":"3_CR16","first-page":"16","volume-title":"Miscellanea Martin Wittek. Album de codicologie et de pal\u00e9ographie offert \u00e0 Martin Wittek","author":"I Backus","year":"1993","unstructured":"This theological aspect cannot be discussed in depth here. For a discussion of the theological differences between the two versions of the treatise on angels, see Irene Backus, \u201cSome Remarks on the Theology of Vincent of Beauvais\u2019 Speculum naturale. Two Versions of the Treatise on Angels (ca. 1240\u20131256\/59),\u201d in Miscellanea Martin Wittek. Album de codicologie et de pal\u00e9ographie offert \u00e0 Martin Wittek, ed. A. Raman and Eug\u00e8ne Manning (Louvain, 1993), 16\u201326. Further research will have to reveal why Vincent incorporated material from additional sources."},{"key":"3_CR17","unstructured":"Biblia Sacra iuxta Vulgatam Versionem, ed. Robertus Weber and Bonifatius Fisher (Stuttgart, 1983), Gen. 1:20: \u201cDixit etiam Deus producant aquae reptile animae viventis et volatile super terram sub firmamento caeli\u201d (And God said, Let the waters swarm with swarms of living souls, and let the fowl fly above the earth in the expanse of the heavens)."},{"key":"3_CR18","first-page":"37","volume-title":"Etymologies, livre XII: Des animaux","author":"I S\u00e9ville","year":"1986","unstructured":"See Isidore de S\u00e9ville, Etymologies, livre XII: Des animaux, ed. Jacques Andr\u00e9 (Paris, 1986), 37 (12,6: on fish; 12,7: on birds),"},{"key":"3_CR19","first-page":"1618","volume-title":"Patrologiae cursus completus, Series Latina, 111","author":"H Maurus","year":"1852","unstructured":"and Hrabanus Maurus, De universo, ed. J.-P. Migne, in Patrologiae cursus completus, Series Latina, 111 (Paris, 1852), 1618 (8,5: on fish; 8,6: on birds)."},{"key":"3_CR20","unstructured":"Libellus apologeticus, 497."},{"key":"3_CR21","unstructured":"Speculum doctrinale, indices, aro (the indices appended to the different specula have no page numbers; references are to the letters employed as pressmarks at the bottom of each page on the recto side): \u201cDeinde vero propter scientiam linguae, quae prior omnium comparanda est, agi.\u201d"},{"key":"3_CR22","unstructured":"Natural philosophy is treated in the fifteenth book of the Speculum doctrinale. Here Vincent gives a sort of epitome of the contents of the Speculum naturale. But, whereas the Speculum naturale treats physics in a more natural historical way, the Speculum doctrinale emphasizes the philosophical meanings of the subjects. The relation between this book and the Speculum naturale will be examined in my doctoral study."},{"key":"3_CR23","unstructured":"S. Lusignan, Pr\u00e9face au \u201cSpeculum maius\u201d de Vincent de Beauvais: r\u00e9fraction et diffraction (Montreal, 1979), 95\u2013104."},{"key":"3_CR24","volume-title":"Didascalicon, De studio legendi: A Critical Text","author":"Saint-Victor","year":"1939","unstructured":"See Hugo of Saint-Victor, Didascalicon, De studio legendi: A Critical Text, ed. C. H. Buttimer (Washington, D.C., 1939). Hugh divides philosophy into theoretical philosophy (theology, mathematics, and physics or natural philosophy), practical philosophy (ethics, economics, and politics), mechanical philosophy (forgery, weapons, commerce, agriculture, hunt, medicine, and theater), and logical philosophy (grammar, dialectics, and rhetoric)."},{"key":"3_CR25","unstructured":"Speculum doctrinale, indices, bro: \u201cLiber duodecim agit de practica medicinae, quae, et ipsa inter mechanicas reputatur eo, quod operatione manuum exercetur.\u201d"},{"key":"3_CR26","unstructured":"Ibid., b3ro: \u201cQuintusdecimus liber agit de physica, idest de naturali philo-sophia, cuius species quedam, siue pars est ipsa medicinae theorica.\u201d"},{"key":"3_CR27","unstructured":"Libellus apologeticus, 494\u20135."},{"key":"3_CR28","unstructured":"Since Vincent never obtained a master\u2019s degree at the University of Paris, there has been much speculation about his possible profession. Judging by the many allusions to medical treatments in the Speculum maius, it is tempting to presume that he was a physician, although one who never qualified."},{"key":"3_CR29","unstructured":"See Voorbij, \u201cHet Speculum histor\u00edale\u201d 115\u201325. Voorbij gives an overview of passages that break from the normal chronological arrangement. Two good examples are (1) the lives of Dominicus and Franciscus, the founders respectively of the Dominicans and the Franciscans; and (2) the genealogies of the counts of Champagne and of the French kings. The results of Voorbij\u2019s investigations suggest that here too additional sources caused a reorganization of material."},{"key":"3_CR30","unstructured":"The headers added in the Douai edition of the Speculum maius (1624) differ from those appearing in the manuscripts."},{"key":"3_CR31","first-page":"266","volume-title":"Scotichronicon by Walter Bower in Latin and English, Vol. 9","author":"J Voorbij","year":"1998","unstructured":"Voorbij points out that the alphabetical index annexed to the fourth version of the Speculum histor\u00edale (St. Jacques version) is much more detailed than the one in the last version (Douai version). See Johannes B. Voorbij, \u201cBower\u2019s Use of Vincent,\u201d in Scotichronicon by Walter Bower in Latin and English, Vol. 9, ed. D.E.R. Watt (Aberdeen, 1998), 266\u20137."},{"key":"3_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110242232.315","volume":"25","author":"H Meyer","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bartholomaeus also added alphabetical indices, and several manuscripts of Thomas of Cantimpr\u00e9\u2019s Liber de natura rerum contain them as well. See Heinz Meyer, \u201cOrdo rerum und Registerhilfen in mittelalterlichen Enzyklop\u00e4diehandschriften,\u201d Fr\u00fchmittelalterliche Studien 25 (1991): 324\u201331.","journal-title":"Fr\u00fchmittelalterliche Studien"},{"key":"3_CR33","first-page":"191","volume-title":"Authentic Witnesses: Approaches to Medieval Texts and Manuscripts","author":"M Rouse","year":"1991","unstructured":"See Mary A. Rouse and Richard H. Rouse, Authentic Witnesses: Approaches to Medieval Texts and Manuscripts (Notre Dame, 1991), 191\u2013255,"},{"key":"3_CR34","first-page":"204","volume-title":"Dictionary of the Middle Ages, 1","author":"R Rouse","year":"1982","unstructured":"and Richard H. Rouse and Mary A. Rouse, \u201cHistory of Alphabetization,\u201d in Dictionary of the Middle Ages, 1 (1982): 204\u20137. See further, Heinz Meyer, \u201cOrdo rerumund Registerhilfen,\u201d 315\u201339."},{"key":"3_CR35","volume-title":"Bartholomaeus Anglicus and his Encyclopedia","author":"M Seymour","year":"1992","unstructured":"This excursus deals with the Greek and Arabic (both Islamic and Jewish) sources of Vincent of Beauvais\u2019 Speculum naturale and Speculum doctrinale, Arnoldus Saxo\u2019s De floribus naturalium rerum, and Bartholomaeus Anglicus\u2019 De proprietalibus rerum. Thomas of Cantimpr\u00e9\u2019s De natura rerum is not considered here because much work still needs to be done on uncovering his sources. The survey of Vincent\u2019s sources here may be considered as preliminary. A more definitive survey will be presented in my doctoral dissertation, which analyzes the compilation techniques of Vincent of Beauvais. Unless mentioned otherwise, I rely on the second version of the Speculum naturale (above, n. 6). I have so far, in this connection, not detected any great differences between this edition and the manuscripts (see Voorbij, \u201cHet Speculum histor\u00edale\u201d [above, n. 4], 345\u20136). I am most grateful to Isabelle Draelants, who sent me at very short notice the proofs of her article \u201cIntroduction \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tude d\u2019Arnoldus Saxo et aux sources du Defloribus naturalium rerum\u201d (to be published in Actes du colloque de M\u00fcnster zu Der Wandel des Enzyklop\u00e4die im Mittelalter, ed. Christine Meier-Staubach). Without Draelants\u2019 contribution on the sources of Arnoldus Saxo, it would not have been feasible to include his encyclopedia in this excursus. For the sources of Bartholomaeus Anglicus, see Michael C. Seymour (and colleagues), Bartholomaeus Anglicus and his Encyclopedia (Aldershot, 1992). Seymour presents a survey of Bartholomaeus\u2019 sources, based on the edition of the English translation of his work by John of Trevisa. Comparison of source references did not show big differences between this edition and the Latin original. As the critical edition of the Latin text of the De proprietatibus rerum is still in preparation, I decided to use the work of Seymour."},{"key":"3_CR36","first-page":"103","volume":"2","author":"C Burnett","year":"1994","unstructured":"For the purposes of this excursus, only a brief outline of the translation movement need be presented. For more detailed information, see Charles Burnett, \u201cMichael Scot and the Transmission of Scientific Culture from Toledo to Bologna via the Court of Frederik II Hohenstaufen,\u201d Micrologus. Natura, scienze e societ\u00e0 medievali 2 (1994): 103\u20134;","journal-title":"Micrologus. Natura, scienze e societ\u00e0 medievali"},{"key":"3_CR37","first-page":"203","volume-title":"Traductions et traducteurs de l\u2019antiquit\u00e9 tardive au XIVe si\u00e8cle","author":"H Daiber","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hans Daiber, \u201cLateinische \u00fcbersetzungen arabischer Texte zur Philosophie und ihre Bedeutung f\u00fcr die Scholastik des Mittelalters,\u201d in Traductions et traducteurs de l\u2019antiquit\u00e9 tardive au XIV e si\u00e8cle, ed. M.-Th. d\u2019Alverny (Louvain-la-Neuve, 1990), 203\u201350 (for a good basic bibliography of medieval Latin translations of Arabic texts);"},{"key":"3_CR38","first-page":"87","volume-title":"La m\u00e9decine arabe et loccident m\u00e9di\u00e9val","author":"D Jacquart","year":"1990","unstructured":"Danielle Jacquart and Francoise Micheau, La m\u00e9decine arabe et loccident m\u00e9di\u00e9val (Paris, 1990), 87\u2013165;"},{"key":"3_CR39","first-page":"139","volume-title":"Die Philosophie im lateinischen Mittelalter. Ein Handbuch mit einem bio-bibliografischen Repertorium","author":"P Schulthess","year":"1996","unstructured":"and Peter Schulthess and Ruedi Imbach, Die Philosophie im lateinischen Mittelalter. Ein Handbuch mit einem bio-bibliografischen Repertorium (Z\u00fcrich and D\u00fcsseldorf, 1996), 139\u201340."},{"key":"3_CR40","unstructured":"I do not consider here the period from the fifth to the tenth century, during which only a small number of scientific texts were translated into Latin."},{"key":"3_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.2143\/RTPM.64.1.525877","volume":"64","author":"G Vuillemin-Diem","year":"1997","unstructured":"See Gudrun Vuillemin-Diem and Marwan Rashed, \u201cBurgundio de Pise et ses manuscrits grecs d\u2019Aristote: Laur. 87.7. et Laur. 81.18,\u201d Recherches de Th\u00e9ologie et Philosophie medievales 64 (1997): 136\u201398, and the references in 139, nn. 8\u20139.","journal-title":"Recherches de Th\u00e9ologie et Philosophie medievales"},{"key":"3_CR42","unstructured":"Cf. above, n. 31. Some further preliminary remarks must be made here. First, in the survey that follows theological and ethical passages are not treated. For the most part, these passages are rather traditional and follow Latin sources, rather than contain quotations from the newly translated scientific texts. Second, one must bear in mind that Vincent of Beauvais used the De floribus naturalium rerum of Arnoldus Saxo for his description of the stones and the animals (see Draelants, \u201cIntroduction\u201d). It is quite possible that Vincent here copied Arnoldus\u2019 quotations without mentioning him. Third, the numbers of citations presented here, are based on complete source references (author and title); assignments like \u201cidem, de eodem\u201d and \u201cidem, ubi supra\u201d are not included because these are sometimes unreliable (see also Seymour, Bartholomaeus Anglicus, 17\u20138). Fourth, I use the names of authors and titles as known today (pseudonyms and wrong attributions dating from the Middle Ages are usually avoided)."},{"key":"3_CR43","first-page":"21","volume-title":"The Medieval Latin Versions of the Aristotelian Scientific Corpus, with Special Reference to the Biological Works","author":"SD Wingate","year":"1931","unstructured":"A number of these translated works circulated in more than one translation. This is particularly true for Aristotle\u2019s writings (see S. D. Wingate, The Medieval Latin Versions of the Aristotelian Scientific Corpus, with Special Reference to the Biological Works, [London, 1931] 21). For the present purposes, I do not go into a full consideration of the different translations used by the three encyclopedists considered here (cf. Draelants, \u201cIntroduction,\u201d and Seymour, Bartholomaeus Anglicus, 17\u20138)."},{"key":"3_CR44","unstructured":"These are: Liber praedicamentorum (Categoriae), Liber perihermeneias, Liber analytica priora, Liber topicorum, Liber elenchis, Liber physicorum, Liber de generatione et corruptione, Liber metheororum, Liber de animalibus, Liber de anima, Liber de sensu et sensato, Liber de memoria et reminiscentia, Liber de somno et vigilia, Liber de morte et vita, Liber metaphysicorum, and Liber ethicorum. In the Speculum histor\u00edale Vincent enumerates all these works in book 3, chap. 84: \u201cOn Aristotle\u2019s books\u201d (Douai, 113\u20134)."},{"key":"3_CR45","unstructured":"Vincent is the only one to quote from the Organon, with the exception of Bartholomaeus\u2019 use of the Topics."},{"key":"3_CR46","unstructured":"The list contains: Liber topicorum, Liber physicorum, Liber de generatione et corruptione, Liber metheororum, Liber de animalibus, Liber de anima, Liber de sensu et sensato, Liber de somniis, and Liber metaphysicorum. Seymour mentions the De somniis of Aristotle twice as a source of Bartholomaeus. He is the only one of the three encyclopedists to use this Aristotelian work (Seymour, Bartholomaeus Anglicus, 234 [1276] and 236 [1289])."},{"key":"3_CR47","unstructured":"Arnoldus uses: Liber physicorum, Liber de generatione et corruptione, Liber metheororum, Liber de animalibus, Liber de anima, Liber de somno et vigilia, Liber de morte et vita, Liber metaphysicorum, and Liber ethicorum (Draelants, \u201cIntroduction\u201d)."},{"key":"3_CR48","unstructured":"For celestial bodies, see Speculum naturale, books 4, 8\u20139; for animals, see ibid., books 16\u201322; for natural philosophy, mathematics, and metaphysics, see Speculum doctrinale, books 15\u20136. There is a possibility that the large number of quotations from On Animals simply follows Arnoldus Saxo, who quotes this book ninety nine times (Draelants, \u201cIntroduction\u201d)."},{"key":"3_CR49","unstructured":"For legislation, see Speculum doctrinale, books 7\u201310; for alchemy, ibid., book 11, chaps. 105\u201333; and for medicine, books 12\u20134."},{"key":"3_CR50","unstructured":"Draelants, \u201cIntroduction.\u201d"},{"key":"3_CR51","unstructured":"This is difficult to determine with certainty, because Seymour\u2019s index of source material is not directly linked to the edition."},{"key":"3_CR52","first-page":"215","volume-title":"Vincent de Beauvais. Intentions et r\u00e9ceptions d\u2019une oeuvre encyclop\u00e9dique au Moyen Age","author":"J Hamesse","year":"1990","unstructured":"We have seen that Vincent does not quote from Aristotle in the sections of the Speculum doctrinale on legislation, alchemy, and medicine (see above, n. 42). Jacqueline Hamesse has concluded that Vincent hardly turns to Aristotle at all in the sections of this speculum on logic and ethics, and that these sections seem to be based on traditional sources (e.g., Bible, Church Fathers, and Latin writings from previous centuries). See Jacqueline Hamesse, \u201cLe dossier Aristote dans l\u2019oeuvre de Vincent de Beauvais. \u00c0 propos de l\u2019\u00e9thique,\u201d in Vincent de Beauvais. Intentions et r\u00e9ceptions d\u2019une oeuvre encyclop\u00e9dique au Moyen Age, ed. S. Lusignan, M. Paulmier-Foucart, and A. Nadeu (Saint-Laurent and Paris, 1990) 215\u20136."},{"key":"3_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.2307\/751503","volume":"58","author":"S Williams","year":"1995","unstructured":"On the Aristotelian spuria, see Steven J. Williams, \u201cDefining the Corpus Aristotelicum. Scholastic Awareness of Aristotelian Spuria in the High Middle Ages,\u201d Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 58 (1995), 29\u201351.","journal-title":"Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes"},{"volume-title":"Pseudo-Aristoteles Latinus. A Guide to Latin Works Falsely Attributed to Aristotle before 1500","year":"1985","key":"3_CR54","unstructured":"For a survey of these writings, see Charles B. Schmitt and Dilwyn Knox, eds., Pseudo-Aristoteles Latinus. A Guide to Latin Works Falsely Attributed to Aristotle before 1500 (London, 1985)."},{"key":"3_CR55","unstructured":"See above, n. 36. The Liber sex principiorum is not quoted in any of the encyclopedias."},{"key":"3_CR56","unstructured":"Draelants, \u201cIntroduction.\u201d"},{"key":"3_CR57","unstructured":"See Schmitt and Knox, Pseudo-Aristoteles Latinus, 54\u20135. See Speculum doctrinale, book 13, chaps. 51, 63, 72, and 73. Vincent attributes the Regimen sanitatum to Constantine the African. It was, however, translated once by John of Spain and once by Philip of Tripoli, whose translation was much more popular."},{"key":"3_CR58","unstructured":"Draelants, \u201cIntroduction.\u201d"},{"key":"3_CR59","unstructured":"ibid. This work is also quoted by Bartholomaeus."},{"key":"3_CR60","unstructured":"For references to the Liber de causis by Vincent, see Williams, \u201cScholastic Awareness,\u201d 39; for references by Arnoldus, see Draelants, \u201cIntroduction.\u201d Some of the references in the Speculum naturale mentioned by Williams are indirect (see Douai, col. 177, 178, 180). The Liber de causisis quoted once in the Speculum doctrinale as well (see book 16, chap. 63: On the cause)."},{"key":"3_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1163\/157338297X00087","volume":"2","author":"O Guttman","year":"1997","unstructured":"See O. Guttman, \u201cOn the Fringes of the Corpus Aristotelicum: the Eseudo-Avicenna Liber celi et mundi,\u201d Early Sdence and Mediane 2 (1997) 109\u201328. Guttman refers to book 26 of the Douai edition, but the work is already used in the first version of the Speculum naturale, books 4\u20135 and 8 (See Brussels, Koninklijke Bibliotheek, MS 18465). On the problem of the authorship of the Liber de celo et mundo,","journal-title":"Early Sdence and Mediane"},{"key":"3_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1017\/S0957423900002137","volume":"6","author":"R Glasner","year":"1996","unstructured":"see Ruth Glasner, \u201cThe Hebrew Version of De celo et mundo Attributed to Ibn S\u00een\u00e2,\u201d Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 6 (1996): 89\u2013112. The question of the use of spuria by Vincent will be further elaborated in my doctoral dissertation.","journal-title":"Arabic Sciences and Philosophy"},{"key":"3_CR63","unstructured":"See Schmitt and Knox, Pseudo-Aristoteles Latinus, 20."},{"key":"3_CR64","first-page":"196","volume-title":"Lector et Compilator. Vincent de Beauvais, fr\u00e8re pr\u00eacheur, un intellectuel et son milieu au XIIIe si\u00e8cle","author":"C Burnett","year":"1997","unstructured":"Charles Burnett states that these quotations derive from The Guide of the Perplexed, assuming that all of them were borrowed from a collection of dicta of Maimonides concerning cosmology. This is doubtful because one of the references to Maimonides concerns botany. See Charles Burnett, \u201cVincent of Beauvais, Michael Scot and the \u2018New Aristotle,\u2019\u201d in Lector et Compilator. Vincent de Beauvais, fr\u00e8re pr\u00eacheur, un intellectuel et son milieu au XIIIe si\u00e8cle, ed. S. Lusignan, M. Paulmier-Foucart, and M.-Chr. Duchenne (Nancy and Montr\u00e9al, 1997), 196."},{"key":"3_CR65","unstructured":"In the following section, Arabic and Greek sources are considered thematically. In general, works that occur several times are not re-mentioned. The emphasis is on Vincent of Beauvais (VB) because he uses a greater number of sources than Arnoldus Saxo (AS) and Bartholomaeus Anglicus (BA). The latter two are mentioned primarily when referring to works cited only by them. The name of an encyclopedist in brackets indicates the use by this author of the same source for the same theme."},{"key":"3_CR66","unstructured":"Vincent ascribes the Pantegni to Constantine the African, and also cites this work as \u201cHaly, Regalis disposition\u201d This last title is the one given by Etienne of Pisa, the second translator of the work. Vincent seems to consider them as two separate writings (and not two different translations!) and uses them at the same time throughout the complete Speculum naturale and Speculum doctrinale. Strangely, in the description of the animals, he cites Haly ninety-eight times and the Pantegni ony three times; while in the account of plants and trees, he cites the Pantegni twenty-eight times and Haly only three times. Twice Vincent borrows from the De practica, a separate part of the same work, and ascribes it once to Constantine and once to Haly. Vincent\u2019s likely failure to recognize that the two works translate the same book may be a result of Constantine\u2019s loose translation."},{"key":"3_CR67","unstructured":"See Speculum naturale, books 5\u20138. Cf. Bartholomaeus, De proprietatibus rerum, books 4, 8 (1\u20138), 10\u20131, 13\u20136, and 19. For Arnoldus, this theme must be considered together with that of the heavens, because of the subdivisions of his work: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5,3."},{"key":"3_CR68","unstructured":"Bartholomaeus is also the only one of the three encyclopedists to use: De iudiciis astrorum of Al bo haze n (Abu al-Hasan ibn Ab\u00ee al-Rij\u00e2l), Metajysica of Alghazali, De quinque essentiis of Alkindi, De animalibus of Avicenna, Commentarius in Aphorismus of Galen, De urinis of the Greek Theophilus Protospatharios. He also quotes here from the Commentarius in Metafysica of Averroes, which must certainly be one of the earliest Latin quotations from the work."},{"key":"3_CR69","first-page":"115","volume":"1","author":"M Paulmier-Foucart","year":"1978","unstructured":"Monique Paulmier-Foucart, \u201c\u00c9tude sur l\u2019\u00e9tat des connaissances au milieu du XIIIe si\u00e8cle: nouvelles recherches sur la gen\u00e8se du Speculum maius de Vincent de B\u00e7auvais,\u201d Spicae. Cahiers de l\u2019Atelier Vincent de Beauvais 1 (1978): 115, mentions the last writing but not its author. Vincent, however, attributes both these two works to the authors named.","journal-title":"Spicae. Cahiers de l\u2019Atelier Vincent de Beauvais"},{"key":"3_CR70","unstructured":"See Speculum naturale, books 10\u20135. See also Bartholomaeus, De proprietatibus rerum, book 17."},{"key":"3_CR71","unstructured":"See Speculum naturale, books 4, 8\u20139. See also Bartholomaeus, De proprietatibus rerum, books 8 (9\u201332), 9, and 19 (116\u2013130)."},{"key":"3_CR72","unstructured":"Arnoldus, for example, quotes for the themes of elements, natural phenomenona, metals, stones, heavens and celestial bodies from: Commentarius de anima of Alghazali, Liber de elementis and Liber metategni of Galen, and the pseudo-Galen De spermate."},{"key":"3_CR73","unstructured":"See Vincent, Speculum naturale, books 16\u201321; Bartholomaeus, De proprietatibus rerum, books 12, 18, and 19 (53\u2013115); and Arnoldus, De floribus naturalium rerum, 2. Draelants mentions that the same quotations from De venenis of Alchyldis can be found in the work of Vincent and Arnoldus, the latter citing it more times than Vincent does (Draelants, \u201cIntroduction\u201d). Seymour calls the Liber romano-rum a possible pseudo-Pythagorean work, lost today. (Seymour, Bartholomaeus Anglicus, 211 [1111])."},{"key":"3_CR74","unstructured":"From Galen\u2019s Liber de accidente et morbo, De complexione, De iudicamentis membro-rum, De malitia complexionis, De terciaca. Apart from these works, Arnoldus is the only one to use here Alghazali\u2019s Commentarius de anima and Alrazi\u2019s De complexione."},{"key":"3_CR75","volume-title":"L\u2019Occident et le Proche-Orient au temps des croisades: traductions et contacts scientifiques entre 1000 et 1300","author":"I Draelants","year":"1999","unstructured":"On the identity of Iorach, see now Isabelle Draelants, \u201cLe dossier des livres sur les animaux et les plantes de Iorach: tradition occidentale et orientale,\u201d in L\u2019Occident et le Proche-Orient au temps des croisades: traductions et contacts scientifiques entre 1000 et 1300, ed. Isabelle Draelants and Baudouin Van Den Abeele (Louvain-la-Neuve, 1999). Draelants shows that Iorach (Jorath) is the same person as Iuba (ca. 50 B.c.E.-ca. 25 c.e.), extracts of whose work can be found in Pliny\u2019s Historia naturalis."},{"key":"3_CR76","unstructured":"See Speculum naturale, books 23\u201328. See also Bartholomaeus, De proprietatibus rerum, books 3 and 5\u20137. Bartholomaeus here is the only one to use De compositione medicamentorum secundum loca and the Liber tegni of Galen, and of the De affectionibus and De locis in hornine of Hippocrates."},{"key":"3_CR77","unstructured":"Bartholomaeus quotes from Averroes\u2019 commentary on the Metaphysics in his discussion of the elements (see above, n. 59). As we have already seen, Vincent also ascribes another work, De vaporibus, to Averroes (see above, n. 60)."},{"key":"3_CR78","unstructured":"Burnett, \u201cVincent of Beauvais,\u201d 189."},{"key":"3_CR79","unstructured":"Seymour indicates that the date of this translation is generally accepted to be 1285, but that the question should be reconsidered. Scholars used to think that the work was translated in 1255 (Seymour, Bartholomaeus Anglicus, 182, n. 30)."},{"key":"3_CR80","unstructured":"See Speculum naturale, book 23, chaps. 62\u201374 (Douai, ed.). The citation from Averroes\u2019 commentary on the Metaphysics is found in chap. 67. For the first version, see Speculum naturale, book 13, chaps. 34\u20136 (see Brussels, Koninklijke Bibliotheek,MS9152)."},{"key":"3_CR81","unstructured":"He cites the Isagoge, In regimine acutorum, and De differentiis pulsuum."}],"container-title":["The Medieval Hebrew Encyclopedias of Science and Philosophy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-94-015-9389-2_3","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,29]],"date-time":"2020-07-29T02:47:42Z","timestamp":1595990862000},"score":18.445755,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-94-015-9389-2_3"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000]]},"ISBN":["9789048154289","9789401593892"],"references-count":81,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-015-9389-2_3","published":{"date-parts":[[2000]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,12]],"date-time":"2024-10-12T06:10:02Z","timestamp":1728713402686},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Consortium Erudit","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["M\u00e9moires du livre"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.7202\/1094128ar","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T16:26:33Z","timestamp":1673627193000},"page":"1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Encyclopedias and Nationalism in Denmark"],"prefix":"10.7202","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Simonsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"4194","reference":[{"key":"10.7202\/1094128ar_ref1","unstructured":"Archives of the Royal House, Ordenskapitlet, Copenhagen, Levnedsbeskrivelser: Blangstrup, September\u00a01902."},{"key":"10.7202\/1094128ar_ref2","unstructured":"Danmarkshistorien.dk:"},{"key":"10.7202\/1094128ar_ref3","unstructured":"Den skandinaviske encyklopaedi:"},{"key":"10.7202\/1094128ar_ref4","unstructured":"Infomedia.dk:"},{"key":"10.7202\/1094128ar_ref5","unstructured":"Lex.dk:"},{"key":"10.7202\/1094128ar_ref6","unstructured":"Politiken\u2019s Digital Archives:"},{"key":"10.7202\/1094128ar_ref7","unstructured":"The Royal Danish Library\u2019s Media Collections, Copenhagen (Mediestream.dk):"},{"key":"10.7202\/1094128ar_ref8","unstructured":"Abbattista, Guido. \u201cLa \u2018Folie de la raison par alphabet\u2019: Le origini settecentesche dell\u2019 Encyclopedia Britannica (1768\u20111801).\u201d In L\u2019enciclopedismo in Italia nel xviii secolo, edited by Guido Abbattista, 397\u2013434. Naples: Bibliopolis, 1996."},{"key":"10.7202\/1094128ar_ref9","unstructured":"Adriansen, Inge. \u201cMor Danmark,\u201d Folk og kultur. \u00c5rbog for Dansk Etnologi og Folkemindevidenskab, 16, no.\u00a01 (1987): 105\u201363."},{"key":"10.7202\/1094128ar_ref10","unstructured":"Adriansen, Inge. Nationale symboler i Det Danske Rige 1830\u20132000. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanums Forlag, 2006."},{"key":"10.7202\/1094128ar_ref11","unstructured":"Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. New York: Verso, 2006."},{"key":"10.7202\/1094128ar_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baycroft, Timothy, and Mark\u00a0Hewitson, eds. What is a Nation: Europe 1789\u20131944. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199295753.001.0001"},{"key":"10.7202\/1094128ar_ref13","unstructured":"Christensson, Jacob. Lyckoriket: studier i svensk upplysning. 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The history of encyclopedias is no exception. With the ongoing digitization and increasing accessibility of historically important reference works, this trend is in fact still being reinforced. In this chapter, however, Linn Holmberg argues that by shifting our attention from successful publications to projects that somehow \u201cfailed,\u201d we can deepen our understanding of modern encyclopedic practice\u2014its development, challenges, motivations, and geographical expansion. Here, the concepts of<jats:italic>stranded<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>strandedness<\/jats:italic>can function as simple yet powerful analytical tools to compare cases where intellectual ambitions and practical outcomes have parted ways, and to explore the complex relationships between the finished and the unfinished, the printed and the non-printed, the complete and the uncomplete, the updated and the outdated, as well as the successfully and unsuccessfully disseminated. After all, all human undertakings run the risk of being stranded\u2014of not reaching a desired destination, or of not being fulfilled as planned. Studying stranded encyclopedias means taking seriously the many obstacles facing those who pursue complete knowledge, and uncovering what it takes for large-scale enterprises to be realized and made public in various historical contexts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-64300-3_1","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]],"date-time":"2021-02-19T11:12:22Z","timestamp":1613733142000},"page":"3-34","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Why Explore Stranded Encyclopedias?"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Linn","family":"Holmberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"1_CR1","unstructured":"Cambridge English Dictionary Online, May 25, 2020, https:\/\/dictionary.cambridge.org."},{"key":"1_CR2","unstructured":"\u201cENCCRE, ou l\u2019Edition Num\u00e9rique Collaborative et CRitique de l\u2019Encyclop\u00e9die,\u201d May 25, 2020, http:\/\/enccre.academie-sciences.fr\/encyclopedie\/."},{"key":"1_CR3","unstructured":"Oxford English Dictionary Online, May 25, 2020, https:\/\/www.oed.com."},{"key":"1_CR4","unstructured":"\u201cThe ARTFL Project,\u201d May 25, 2020, https:\/\/artfl-project.uchicago.edu."},{"key":"1_CR5","unstructured":"\u201cThe Encyclopedia of Diderot & D\u2019Alembert: Collaborative Translation Project,\u201d May 25, 2020, https:\/\/quod.lib.umich.edu\/d\/did\/."},{"key":"1_CR6","unstructured":"Alletz, Pons-Augustin. 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See further, idem, \u201cUn\u2019ignota versione ebraica delle Quaestiones in De anima di Jean de Jandun e il suo traduttore,\u201d Annali di Ca\u2019 Foscari 32 (1993): 19\u201320."},{"key":"19_CR5","unstructured":"See idem, La filosofia antica, 86."},{"key":"19_CR6","unstructured":"See ibid., 87."},{"key":"19_CR7","volume-title":"La tradizione ebraica del Commento medio di Averro\u00e8 alla Metafisica di Aristotele","author":"M Zonta","year":"1995","unstructured":"Mauro Zonta, \u201cLa tradizione ebraica del Commento medio di Averro\u00e8 alla Metafisica di Aristotele,\u201d (2 vols.; Ph.D. diss., University of Turin, 1995), 69*-71*."},{"key":"19_CR8","unstructured":"Ibid., 47*-48*."},{"key":"19_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1163\/157006798X00070","volume":"4","author":"For this information, I am obliged to Ruth Glasner","year":"1998","unstructured":"For this information, I am obliged to Ruth Glasner. See now her \u201cGersonides\u2019 Lost Commentary on the Metaphysics,\u201d Medieval Encounters 4 (1998): 130\u2013157.","journal-title":"Medieval Encounters"},{"key":"19_CR10","first-page":"133","volume":"32","author":"Steinschneider","year":"1883","unstructured":"Steinschneider, Die hebraeischen \u00dcbersetzungen, 168\u201371, and idem, \u201cAbraham Bibago\u2019s Schriften,\u201d Monatsschrift f\u00fcr Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judentums 32 (1883): 133\u20134.","journal-title":"Monatsschrift f\u00fcr Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judentums"},{"key":"19_CR11","unstructured":"See Zonta, La filosofia antica, 242\u20133."},{"key":"19_CR12","first-page":"79","volume-title":"Moreh ha-Moreh le-Rav Shem-Tov ben Yosef ibn Falaquera: Nittu\u1ea1h Filosofi u-Filologi \u2018im Nispah, ha-Kolel Mahadur\u1ea1h Biqoratit","author":"Y Shiffman","year":"1991","unstructured":"See Yair Shiffman, \u201cMoreh ha-Moreh le-Rav Shem-Tov ben Yosef ibn Falaquera: Nittu\u1ea1h Filosofi u-Filologi \u2018im Nispah, ha-Kolel Mahadur\u1ea1h Biqoratit\u201d (2 vols.; Ph.D. diss., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1991), Vol. 2, 79\u201380."},{"key":"19_CR13","unstructured":"See Zonta, \u201cLa tradizione ebraica del Commento medio,\u201d 62*-64*."},{"key":"19_CR14","unstructured":"See Steinschneider, Die hebraeischen \u00dcbersetzungen, 299\u2013325. See also Charles H. Manekin, \u201cThe Logic of the Hebrew Encyclopedias,\u201d in the present volume, 288\u20139."},{"key":"19_CR15","unstructured":"Midrash ha-\u1e24okhmah, Rome, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, MS Vat. Ebr. 338, fol. 3r, 11. 14 ff. References below to Midrash ha-\u1e24okhmah are all to this Vatican MS."},{"key":"19_CR16","unstructured":"Ibid., fol. 3v, 11. 5\u20138."},{"key":"19_CR17","unstructured":"For quotations from Averroes\u2019 Middle Commentary on the Metaphysics in treatise 13, see Zonta, \u201cLa tradizione ebraica del Commento medio,\u201d 46*; for quotations in treatise 11, cf. Midrash ha-\u1e24okhmah, fol. 125r, 1. 17-fol. 129r, 1. 4, and Averroes, Middle Commentary on the Metaphysics, Cambridge, University Library, MS Add. 173, fol. 261v, 1. 17-fol. 265r, 1. 27 (as edited in Zonta, \u201cLa tradizione ebraica del Commento medio\u201d); Midrash ha-\u1e24okhmah, fol. 129r, 1. 5-fol. 130r, 1. 2, and Middle Commentary on the Metaphysics, fol. 265v, 1. 10-fol. 267r, 1. 22; Midrash ha-\u1e24okhmah, fol. 130r, 11. 4\u20139, and Middle Commentary on the Metaphysics, fol. 267v, 11. 16\u201321."},{"key":"19_CR18","unstructured":"Midrash ha-\u1e24okhmah, fol. 138v, 11. 17 ff."},{"key":"19_CR19","unstructured":"See Resianne Fontaine, \u201cJud\u1ea1h ben Solomon ha-Cohen\u2019s Midrash ha-\u1e24okhmah: Its Sources and Use of Sources,\u201d in the present volume, 205."},{"key":"19_CR20","first-page":"227","volume-title":"Alfarabi\u2019s Book of Letters (Kit\u00e2b al-hur\u00fbf)","author":"M Mahdi","year":"1969","unstructured":"See Muhsin Mahdi, Alfarabi\u2019s Book of Letters (Kit\u00e2b al-hur\u00fbf) (Beirut 1969), 227\u201334."},{"key":"19_CR21","first-page":"79","volume":"8","author":"B Chiesa","year":"1986","unstructured":"See Bruno Chiesa, \u201cNote su al-F\u00e2r\u00e2b\u00ee, Averro\u00e8 e Ibn B\u00e2gga (Avempace) in traduzione ebraica,\u201d \u1e24enoch 8 (1986): 79\u201386. Chiesa identifies two quotations as directly taken from Aristotle\u2019s Metaphysics, but they are actually from Averroes\u2019 Middle Commentary, cf. De\u2019ot ha-Filosofim, Parma, Biblioteca Palatina, MS Parmense 3156, fol. 280v, 11. 15\u201317, and Averroes, Middle Commentary, fol. 270r, 11. 27 ff.; and MS Parmense 3156, fol. 287v, 1. 2\u2013288r, 1. 9, and Middle Commentary, fol. 269v, 1. 3\u2013270r, 1. 27. Moreover, the quotation in MS Parmense 3156, fol. 282v, 11. 7\u201321\u2014not identified by Chiesa\u2014corresponds to Averroes, Middle Commentary, fol. 141v, 11. 12\u201319.","journal-title":"\u1e24enoch"},{"key":"19_CR22","first-page":"21","volume":"49","author":"This fact was first pointed out by Bruno Chiesa","year":"1989","unstructured":"This fact was first pointed out by Bruno Chiesa. See his \u201cNote su al-F\u00e2r\u00e2b\u00ee,\u201d esp. 81\u201383; see also idem, \u201cShem Tob ibn Falaquera traduttore di al-F\u00e2r\u00e2b\u00ee e di Averro\u00e8s,\u201d Sefarad 49 (1989): 21\u201335, esp., 23 n. 8.","journal-title":"Sefarad"},{"key":"19_CR23","first-page":"107","volume-title":"Studia Orientalia memoriae D.H. Baneth dedicata","author":"L Kraemer","year":"1979","unstructured":"Joel L. Kraemer, \u201cAlfarabi\u2019s Opinions of the Virtuous City and Maimonides\u2019 Foundations of the Law,\u201d in Studia Orientalia memoriae D.H. Baneth dedicata (Jerusalem, 1979), 107\u201353."},{"key":"19_CR24","unstructured":"See James T. Robinson, \u201cGershom ben Solomon\u2019s Sha\u2019ar ha-Shamayirm It\u2019s Sources and Use of Sources,\u201d in the present volume, 264\u20135."},{"key":"19_CR25","unstructured":"See Zonta, La filosofia antica, 214\u20135."}],"container-title":["The Medieval Hebrew Encyclopedias of Science and Philosophy"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-94-015-9389-2_19","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,5]],"date-time":"2018-10-05T22:10:45Z","timestamp":1538777445000},"score":18.346727,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-94-015-9389-2_19"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000]]},"ISBN":["9789048154289","9789401593892"],"references-count":25,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-015-9389-2_19","published":{"date-parts":[[2000]]}},{"institution":[{"name":"Koninklijke Brill NV","acronym":["BRILL"]}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T23:24:45Z","timestamp":1741303485888,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"DOI":"10.1163\/1877-5888_rpp_com_12949","type":"dataset","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,30]],"date-time":"2014-10-30T00:47:53Z","timestamp":1414630073000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dictionaries\/Encyclopedias, Theological"],"prefix":"10.1163","member":"374","container-title":["Religion Past and Present"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]],"date-time":"2024-03-26T03:33:19Z","timestamp":1711423999000},"score":18.327766,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/referenceworks.brill.com\/doi\/10.1163\/1877-5888_rpp_COM_12949"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[null]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/1877-5888_rpp_com_12949"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T04:11:07Z","timestamp":1730434267086,"version":"3.28.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780197574041","type":"print"},{"value":"9780197574072","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,7]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/oseo\/instance.00306176","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T10:25:34Z","timestamp":1730370334000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["6. 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