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Species studied include\n                  <jats:italic>Paranthropus robustus<\/jats:italic>\n                  ,\n                  <jats:italic>Homo naledi<\/jats:italic>\n                  ,\n                  <jats:italic>Australopithecus africanus<\/jats:italic>\n                  ,\n                  <jats:italic>early Homo<\/jats:italic>\n                  and\n                  <jats:italic>A. sediba<\/jats:italic>\n                  . Teeth were viewed macroscopically with Micro-CT scans used to confirm lesions. Position and severity of each lesion were also noted and described. For all South African fossil hominin specimens studied, 16 have carious lesions, six of which are described for the first time in this study. These are from a minimum of six individuals, and include four\n                  <jats:italic>P. robustus,<\/jats:italic>\n                  one\n                  <jats:italic>H. naledi,<\/jats:italic>\n                  and one\n                  <jats:italic>early Homo<\/jats:italic>\n                  individual. No carious lesions were found on deciduous teeth, or any teeth assigned to\n                  <jats:italic>A. africanus<\/jats:italic>\n                  . Most are located interproximal, and only posterior teeth are affected. Caries frequency typically ranges between 1-5% of teeth in non-agricultural human samples, and this pattern seemingly holds true for at least the past two million years in the hominin lineage. Non-agricultural populations significantly above or below this threshold generally have a specialized diet, supporting other dietary evidence that\n                  <jats:italic>A. africanus<\/jats:italic>\n                  likely consumed large amounts of tough, non-cariogenic vegetation. Given the common occurrence of caries in the other hominin species, cariogenic bacteria and foods were evidently common in their collective oral environment. Along with recent research highlighting additional examples of caries in\n                  <jats:italic>H. neanderthalensis<\/jats:italic>\n                  , early\n                  <jats:italic>Homo<\/jats:italic>\n                  and Pleistocene\n                  <jats:italic>H. sapiens<\/jats:italic>\n                  , caries is clearly an ancient disease that was much more common than once maintained throughout the course of human evolution.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/597385","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,3]],"date-time":"2019-04-03T00:54:05Z","timestamp":1554252845000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Dental caries in human evolution: frequency of carious lesions in South African fossil hominins"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Ian","family":"Towle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Joel D.","family":"Irish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"De Groote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Christianne","family":"Fern\u00e9e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2019040411351777000_597385v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1007\/s40496-017-0151-1","article-title":"Evolution of the Oral Microbiome and Dental Caries","volume":"4","year":"2017","journal-title":"Current Oral Health Reports"},{"key":"2019040411351777000_597385v1.2","unstructured":"Armelagos, G. 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Popular online websites such as PBDB and GBDB offer visual explorations of specimens\u2019 localities, but they have limited multi-modal data visualization abilities and face challenges related to visual obscuration and insufficient interaction\/exploration. Here, we present fossil-explorer.com, a continuously developing open-source online tool for assisting paleontologists with interactively exploring fossil collections. The tool is designed to address the issues of visual clutter, limited data types, and insufficient interactions. It is intuitive and endorsed by paleontologists. We have also quantitatively evaluated the tool by measuring the interaction scaling performance. The results show that it provides\n                  <jats:italic>sublinear interaction performance<\/jats:italic>\n                  and thus is able to deal efficiently with millions-level data. The current\n                  <jats:monospace>fossil-explorer.com<\/jats:monospace>\n                  demonstrates the Ordovician to Silurian graptolite fossil multimedia dataset, which is significant in global stratigraphy and shale gas exploration. The extended version also facilitates the use of Deepbone (\n                  <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/deepbone.org\">http:\/\/deepbone.org<\/jats:ext-link>\n                  ), world\u2019s most comprehensive database of vertebrate paleontology database. We developed the code for\n                  <jats:monospace>fossil-explorer.com<\/jats:monospace>\n                  to be open access and will continue to improve it.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.06.12.495851","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]],"date-time":"2022-06-16T22:30:11Z","timestamp":1655418611000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<i>Fossil-explorer.com<\/i>\n                  : An efficient interactive approach to exploring fossil data"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Junqi","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Honghe","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zhaohui","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5171-7648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhibin","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"issue":"2021","key":"2022061807400423000_2022.06.12.495851v1.1","first-page":"R1225","article-title":"Biodiversity across space and time in the fossil record","volume":"19","year":"2021","journal-title":"Current Biology 31"},{"issue":"2000","key":"2022061807400423000_2022.06.12.495851v1.2","first-page":"739","article-title":"Mapping biodiversity","volume":"8","year":"2000","journal-title":"International Journal of Geographical Information Science 14"},{"issue":"2011","key":"2022061807400423000_2022.06.12.495851v1.3","first-page":"2374","article-title":"Birdvis: Visualizing and understanding bird populations","volume":"12","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 17"},{"key":"2022061807400423000_2022.06.12.495851v1.4","first-page":"IN51A1","article-title":"Pursuing Big Science Questions With New Data Approaches: What And How Do Mineral, Fossil And Protein Evolution Over Billions Of Years Of Earth\u2019s History, Tell Us About The Co-evolution Of The Geosphere And Bioshpere?","volume":"2018","year":"2018","journal-title":"In AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts"},{"key":"2022061807400423000_2022.06.12.495851v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felix M Gradstein , James G Ogg , Mark D Schmitz , and Gabi M Ogg . 2020. Geologic time scale 2020. Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1127\/nos\/2020\/0634"},{"issue":"2014","key":"2022061807400423000_2022.06.12.495851v1.6","first-page":"132","article-title":"Vesper: Visualising species archives","volume":"24","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecological informatics"},{"issue":"2020","key":"2022061807400423000_2022.06.12.495851v1.7","first-page":"636","article-title":"Impacts of speciation and extinction measured by an evolutionary decay clock","volume":"7839","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature 588"},{"issue":"2004","key":"2022061807400423000_2022.06.12.495851v1.8","first-page":"589","article-title":"Extinction: past and present","volume":"6975","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature 427"},{"key":"2022061807400423000_2022.06.12.495851v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bongshin Lee , Cynthia Sims Parr , Dana Campbell , and Benjamin B Bederson . 2004. How users interact with biodiversity information using TaxonTree. 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Automated extraction of spatiotemporal geosci-entific data from the literature using GeoDeepDive. Past Global Change Magazine 26, 2 (2018).","DOI":"10.22498\/pages.26.2.70"},{"key":"2022061807400423000_2022.06.12.495851v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michael L McKinney . 1997. How do rare species avoid extinction? A paleontological view. The biology of rarity (1997), 110\u2013129.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-5874-9_7"},{"issue":"2019","key":"2022061807400423000_2022.06.12.495851v1.15","first-page":"61","article-title":"VPPDB: Hosting the Data for Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology","volume":"S3","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Geologica Sinica-English Edition 93"},{"key":"2022061807400423000_2022.06.12.495851v1.16","unstructured":"Cynthia S Parr , Bongshin Lee , Dana Campbell , and Benjamin B Bederson . 2003. TaxonTree: Visualizing Biodiversity Information. Technical Report. MARYLAND UNIV COLLEGE PARK INST FOR ADVANCED COMPUTER STUDIES."},{"issue":"2016","key":"2022061807400423000_2022.06.12.495851v1.17","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Paleobiology Database application programming interface","volume":"1","year":"2016","journal-title":"Paleobiology 42"},{"key":"2022061807400423000_2022.06.12.495851v1.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chengshan Wang , Robert M Hazen , Qiuming Cheng , Michael H Stephenson , Chenghu Zhou , Peter Fox , Shu-zhong Shen , Roland Oberh\u00e4nsli , Zengqian Hou , Xiaogang Ma , Zhiqiang Feng , Junxuan Fan , Chao Ma , Xiumian Hu , Bin Luo , Juanle Wang , and Craig M Schiffries . 2021. The Deep-Time Digital Earth program: data-driven discovery in geosciences. National Science Review 8, 9 (02 2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nsr\/nwab027 arXiv:https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nsr\/article-pdf\/8\/9\/nwab027\/40346461\/nwab027.pdf nwab027.","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwab027"},{"issue":"2020","key":"2022061807400423000_2022.06.12.495851v1.19","first-page":"3443","article-title":"A status report on a sectionbased stratigraphic and palaeontological database\u2013the Geobiodiversity Database","volume":"4","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earth System Science Data 12"},{"key":"2022061807400423000_2022.06.12.495851v1.20","unstructured":"Hong-He Xu , Zhi-Bin Niu , Yan-Sen Chen , Xuan Ma , Xiao-Jing Tong , Yi-Tong Sun , Xiao-Yan Dong , Dan-Ni Fan , Shuang-Shuang Song , Yan-Yan Zhu , et al. 2021. Ordovician to Silurian graptolite specimen images for global correlation and shale gas exploration. Earth System Science Data Discussions (2021), 1\u201316."},{"issue":"2017","key":"2022061807400423000_2022.06.12.495851v1.21","first-page":"559","article-title":"Implementing WebGL and HTML5 in macromolecular visualization and modern computer-aided drug design","volume":"6","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends in biotechnology 35"}],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1101\/2022.06.12.495851","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T03:13:33Z","timestamp":1768446813000},"score":23.617485,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/biorxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1101\/2022.06.12.495851"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]]},"references-count":21,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2022.06.12.495851","published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T16:42:22Z","timestamp":1725468142446},"publisher-location":"Dordrecht","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0879331852"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-31078-9_61","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,4]],"date-time":"2006-02-04T19:01:47Z","timestamp":1139079707000},"page":"316-327","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fossil record"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Raymond C.","family":"Gutschick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","container-title":["Encyclopedia of Earth Science","Paleontology"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,5]],"date-time":"2019-11-05T05:31:00Z","timestamp":1572931860000},"score":23.574814,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/3-540-31078-9_61"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[null]]},"ISBN":["0879331852"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/3-540-31078-9_61"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T19:37:53Z","timestamp":1766086673478,"version":"3.40.3"},"publisher-location":"Berlin, Heidelberg","reference-count":144,"publisher":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9783642162701"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9783642162718"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,1]],"date-time":"2011-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1293840000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,1]],"date-time":"2011-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1293840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-16271-8_7","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,3]],"date-time":"2011-03-03T11:36:43Z","timestamp":1299152203000},"page":"111-145","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Development and Applications of Computed Tomography in the Study of Human Fossil Crania"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Eva Mar\u00eda","family":"Poza-Rey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Juan Luis","family":"Arsuaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"7_CR1_7","unstructured":"Aiello, L. & Dean, C. 1990. 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Palaeobiological inferences based on long bone epiphyseal and diaphyseal structure - the forelimb of xenarthrans (Mammalia). bioRxiv, 318121, ver. 5 peer-reviewed and recommended by PCI Paleo. doi: [10.1101\/318121](https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1101\/318121)","DOI":"10.1101\/318121"}],"container-title":["Peer Community in Paleontology"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/paleo.peercommunityin.org\/articles\/rec?id=3","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/paleo.peercommunityin.org\/articles\/rec?id=3","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T09:27:18Z","timestamp":1738661238000},"score":23.280025,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/paleo.peercommunityin.org\/articles\/rec?id=3"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,22]]},"references-count":1,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24072\/pci.paleo.100001","relation":{"is-review-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/318121","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["2268-5278"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2268-5278"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,22]]},"article-number":"100001"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]],"date-time":"2022-03-31T11:02:15Z","timestamp":1648724535131},"reference-count":4,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,3,18]]},"DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.1993.10011494","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,26]],"date-time":"2010-08-26T10:07:34Z","timestamp":1282817254000},"page":"148-149","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["J. 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Studies of evolution from the mid-nineteenth through most of the twentieth century relied on the comparison of forms in living and fossil organisms and were limited to the complex multicellular organisms that developed over the past 550 million years. In other words, much was known about the evolution of animals and land plants that left distinctive hard fossils, and very little was known about the unicellular algae and microorganisms that occupied the seas for most of the earth\u2019s history. Woese\u2019s Tree of Life, derived from nucleic acid sequences in ribosomal RNA, has revealed ancestral relationships that form and function don\u2019t even hint at, allowing biologists to look beyond the rise of multicellular life and link it with less differentiated, more primal forms\u2014which was precisely Woese\u2019s intention. But evolution is a history, not just a family tree of relationships. If the information stored in the genes of extant organisms is to provide true insight into that history, it needs to be anchored in time, linked to extinct organisms and to past environments. Ultimately, we must look to the record in the rocks and sediments, just as paleontologists and biologists have been doing for the past two centuries. In Darwin\u2019s time, that record comprised rocks from the past 550 million years, a span of time that geologists now call the Phanerozoic eon, based on Greek words meaning visible or evident life. The eon began with the rocks of the Cambrian period, in which nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century paleontologists discovered a fabulous assortment of fossils\u2014traces of trilobites, anemones, shrimp, and other multicellular animals that were completely missing from any of the earlier strata. Thousands of new animals and plants, including representatives of almost all contemporary groups, as well as hundreds of now-extinct ones, appeared so suddenly between 542 and 530 million years ago that paleontologists refer to the phenomenon as the Cambrian \u201cexplosion.\u201d <\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195176193.003.0015","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,11]],"date-time":"2020-11-11T00:55:38Z","timestamp":1605056138000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molecular Paleontology and Biochemical Evolution"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Susan M.","family":"Gaines","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Geoffrey","family":"Eglinton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Rullk\u00f6tter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]]},"container-title":["Echoes of Life"],"original-title":["Molecular Paleontology and Biochemical Evolution"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]],"date-time":"2022-08-02T21:44:40Z","timestamp":1659476680000},"score":23.257732,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/book\/41710\/chapter\/353967482"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,6]]},"ISBN":["9780195176193","9780197562253"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oso\/9780195176193.003.0015","published":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,6]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T06:57:28Z","timestamp":1774076248250,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Geological Society of America","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780813724355","type":"print"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008]]},"DOI":"10.1130\/2008.2435(01)","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,13]],"date-time":"2019-09-13T21:49:17Z","timestamp":1568411357000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["History of paleontology at the Florissant fossil beds, Colorado"],"prefix":"10.1130","author":[{"given":"Steven W.","family":"Veatch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Herbert W.","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"257","container-title":["Paleontology of the Upper Eocene Florissant Formation, Colorado"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,13]],"date-time":"2019-09-13T21:49:18Z","timestamp":1568411358000},"score":23.242126,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.geoscienceworld.org\/books\/book\/587\/chapter\/3804039"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008]]},"ISBN":["9780813724355"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1130\/2008.2435(01)","published":{"date-parts":[[2008]]}},{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T20:54:26Z","timestamp":1770324866160,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"group-title":"Paleontology","reference-count":17,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Species that have persisted over millions of years have done so because they have been able to track peaks in an adaptive landscape well enough to survive and reproduce. Such optima are defined by the mean phenotypic values that maximize mean fitness, and they are predominantly functions of the environment, for example the sea temperature. The mean phenotypic values over time will thus predominantly be determined by the environment over time, and the trait history may be found in the fossil record. Here I use fossil data from four cases found in the literature, and show that adaptive peak tracking models give better results than alternative weighted least squares and directional random walk models. The model performances are compared by use of weighted mean squared errors and Akaike information criterion results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2025.12.07.692820","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T16:20:16Z","timestamp":1765383616000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Examples of adaptive peak tracking as found in the fossil record"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2393-2997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rolf","family":"Ergon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South-Eastern Norway"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026020500561718000_2025.12.07.692820v4.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aml.2017.05.005"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026020500561718000_2025.12.07.692820v4.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1017\/S0094837300011581","article-title":"Patterns of temporal change in single morphological characters of a Miocene stickleback fish","volume":"11","year":"1985","journal-title":"Paleobiology"},{"key":"2026020500561718000_2025.12.07.692820v4.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.71705"},{"key":"2026020500561718000_2025.12.07.692820v4.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2023PA004788"},{"key":"2026020500561718000_2025.12.07.692820v4.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herff, C. , and Krusienski, D.J. (2018). Extracting Features from Time Series, Chapter 7 in Fundamentals of Clinical Data Science [Internet]. Kubben P , Dumontier M , Dekker A , editors. 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