Scholars traditionally have tended to limit early American history to the thirteen British colonies that rebelled and became the United States. More recent scholarship, however, has expanded the chronological and geospatial parameters of the field. Rather than ignoring places and peoples until the United States expanded west in the nineteenth century, \u201ccontinental\u201d historians now include most of North America (and even Alaska and Hawaii). In so doing they have come to recognize that Native peoples controlled the vast majority of the continent well past the American Revolution. They have offered more nuanced interpretations of the important roles played by French, Spanish, and other European colonizers in this history, both in their own right and as they interacted with British colonies. In so doing they have had to avoid a teleology focusing only on the places that eventually became part of the United States. Recognizing the irrelevance of present-day US borders to the colonial period, continental historians try to draw on and include the histories of northern Mexico, Canada, and the Caribbean where relevant. Most general works on colonial America now incorporate continentalism at least to some extent. Historiography of the American Revolution and the early Republic, by contrast, has been slower to embrace this scholarly turn. Histories of the revolutionary period still generally focus on the thirteen rebellious colonies, and most histories of the early republic still see the continent solely from the perspective of an expansive United States. Even so, recent scholarship suggests that the continent is beginning to play a larger role in these later periods. This article focuses on historians who explicitly embrace continentalism and those works stressing themes such as Indigenous power, which continentalism has brought to the fore.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/obo\/9780199730414-0015","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,27]],"date-time":"2010-05-27T19:37:44Z","timestamp":1274989064000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Continental America"],"prefix":"10.1093","member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,10]]},"container-title":["Atlantic History"],"original-title":["Continental America"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]],"date-time":"2022-08-22T10:54:47Z","timestamp":1661165687000},"score":16.882025,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oxfordbibliographies.com\/view\/document\/obo-9780199730414\/obo-9780199730414-0015.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,10]]},"ISBN":["9780199730414"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/obo\/9780199730414-0015","published":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,10]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]],"date-time":"2022-04-04T22:12:27Z","timestamp":1649110347100},"edition-number":"1","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,28]],"date-time":"2008-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1206662400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":5999,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,10,25]]},"DOI":"10.1017\/chol9780521266529.016","type":"other","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,31]],"date-time":"2013-01-31T12:33:18Z","timestamp":1359635598000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF LATIN AMERICA"],"prefix":"10.1017","member":"56","container-title":["The Cambridge History of Latin America"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/BE5717902BDACB4B85E91C582D0B7ED1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,10]],"date-time":"2019-10-10T13:44:06Z","timestamp":1570715046000},"score":16.400919,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/CBO9781139055246A022\/type\/book_part"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1991,10,25]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/chol9780521266529.016","published":{"date-parts":[[1991,10,25]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,2]],"date-time":"2022-04-02T06:27:52Z","timestamp":1648880872871},"edition-number":"1","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,28]],"date-time":"2009-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1243468800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":241,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,29]]},"DOI":"10.1017\/chol9780521395243.011","type":"other","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,31]],"date-time":"2013-01-31T18:35:40Z","timestamp":1359657340000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF LATIN AMERICA"],"prefix":"10.1017","member":"56","container-title":["The Cambridge History of Latin America"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/95DF879177BFEAD742DE41AE3E55600A","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,10]],"date-time":"2019-10-10T10:50:26Z","timestamp":1570704626000},"score":16.397772,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/CBO9781139054232A016\/type\/book_part"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,29]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/chol9780521395243.011","published":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,29]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T22:35:21Z","timestamp":1715294121972},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780199730414","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"
In the same way that it is possible to understand warfare as organized violence with political ends, it is also useful to think of it as a particular condition of a society: a set of radically transforming experiences of individuals and communities; an unpredictable and chaotic process that defines identities and produces new forms of common life; and the creative space of a particular culture marked by different types of relationships between the members of a community. As can be seen from several historiographical traditions, there is a direct relationship between warfare and the process of state building: the state makes war and war makes the state. The regime established in America from the end of the 15th century to the 19th century can be explained by this relationship between institutional construction and the practice of violence. Like any empire of its time, the Spanish monarchy founded its authority, part of its legitimacy, its fiscal and administrative organization, its bureaucracy, its control systems, and its trade opportunities on the ground of warfare, and with these characteristics informed the slow and problematic processes of conquest, colonization, and subjection of the New World. Approaching Spanish America through both warfare and the military offers two major advantages: on the one hand, learning the history of its institutional, social, political, economic, and cultural development, and on the other, identifying the prolific historiography that has studied it. This bibliographical selection expresses both fields: the history of warfare in Spanish America and its changing historiography. The characteristics, pretensions, contradictions, and flaws of the Spanish institutional framework that for three centuries expanded from the Caribbean and came to dominate immense regions of North, Central, and South America until it entered into crisis and collapsed, leading to the emergence of national states, can be understood from its capacity to mobilize economic and human resources for warfare. Likewise, these very diverse armed forces involved in such processes were historical expressions of the societies that produced them. The studies in this bibliography express the historical complexity of Spanish America from the perspective of organization and experience of warfare. Although the sections are thematic, as far as possible the selection seeks to include in each case the broad spectrum of the three centuries of colonial domination; the sections referring to War Experiences do evolve with a more chronological criterion from conquests to independences and the emergence of national states.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/obo\/9780199730414-0347","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]],"date-time":"2021-05-25T07:38:46Z","timestamp":1621928326000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Warfare in Spanish America"],"prefix":"10.1093","member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,26]]},"container-title":["Atlantic History"],"original-title":["Warfare in Spanish America"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T19:40:52Z","timestamp":1632426052000},"score":16.30303,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oxfordbibliographies.com\/view\/document\/obo-9780199730414\/obo-9780199730414-0347.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,26]]},"ISBN":["9780199730414"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/obo\/9780199730414-0347","published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,26]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T04:31:06Z","timestamp":1715661066698},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"University Press of Florida","isbn-type":[{"value":"9781683402619","type":"print"},{"value":"9781683403449","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]]},"abstract":"
Using the recent COVID-19 crisis and its impact on Latin America as a starting point, this introduction to People lived in the Americas for at least ten thousand years before the arrival of Europeans and Africans beginning in 1492. This history is both important in its own right and relevant to the interactions between the Americas and the Atlantic World that emerged in the 16th century. Because most precolonial Americans did not have written languages and because their oral histories either were destroyed or much changed by the devastation of colonization, most information about the precolonial Americas comes from archaeology, combined with information gleaned from early European documents. Increasingly, historians are integrating the \u201cpre-contact\u201d period (which has also been called \u201cprehistory\u201d) into a longer version of the history of the Americas, cognizant of continuities as well as ruptures in the 15th and 16th centuries. This entry seeks to provide readings in English by historians familiar with archaeology and by archaeologists writing in ways accessible to historians and general readers. Bibliographies within individual works will lead researchers to more works in particular fields, including in languages besides English and by archaeologists and anthropologists writing for specialists.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/obo\/9780199730414-0045","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,27]],"date-time":"2010-05-27T19:37:44Z","timestamp":1274989064000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pre-Contact America"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Kathleen","family":"DuVal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,10]]},"container-title":["Atlantic History"],"original-title":["Pre-Contact America"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T19:34:03Z","timestamp":1632425643000},"score":16.225681,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oxfordbibliographies.com\/view\/document\/obo-9780199730414\/obo-9780199730414-0045.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,10]]},"ISBN":["9780199730414"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/obo\/9780199730414-0045","published":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,10]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T22:30:23Z","timestamp":1715293823061},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780199730414","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":" England was a latecomer in the colonization of the Americas. It drew heavily on the example of Spain for its early colonization efforts in North America and the West Indies. It also drew on its experience in subduing the inhabitants of the Celtic peripheries of Wales, Ireland, and Scotland in shaping relations with Native Americans. The advent of Atlantic history has been decisive in considering 17th-century colonization in comparative context. More effort is deployed now than previously to see English settlement as an encounter with peoples of an Old World rather than as a discovery of a New World by Englishmen and Englishwomen. English America refers to those areas settled by the English on the eastern seaboard of mainland North America (extending from Newfoundland in the north to the Carolinas in the south) and in the West Indies (including islands in the Lesser Antilles, such as Barbados and the Leeward Islands, and Jamaica in the Greater Antilles).<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/obo\/9780199730414-0013","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,27]],"date-time":"2010-05-27T19:37:44Z","timestamp":1274989064000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Colonization of English America"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Trevor","family":"Burnard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,10]]},"container-title":["Atlantic History"],"original-title":["Colonization of English America"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T19:30:56Z","timestamp":1632425456000},"score":16.01901,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oxfordbibliographies.com\/view\/document\/obo-9780199730414\/obo-9780199730414-0013.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,10]]},"ISBN":["9780199730414"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/obo\/9780199730414-0013","published":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,10]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T16:32:40Z","timestamp":1754152360097,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"9780199730414"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":" Following Vitus Bering\u2019s second exploratory voyage, which sighted land on the North American continent in 1741, the Russians began to venture from Asia across the North Pacific Ocean to the Aleutian Islands, and later the Alaskan mainland. \u201cRussian America\u201d eventually came to include territory in Alaska and, briefly, in California and the Hawaiian Islands. The Russian colonies in America, as Russian America was officially called, were overseen between 1799 and 1867 by the Russian-American Company (RAC), a chartered Saint Petersburg-based joint-stock fur trade company that descended from a merger of several Siberian-based merchant-run enterprises but was also modeled loosely on contemporary West European colonial companies. Under the oversight of the RAC, Russian employees and Alaska Native hunters (mostly the Unangan Aleut and the Alutiiq of Kodiak Island) controlled the marine fur trade of the North Pacific, in the process changing its ecology. After the Russians, in the early nineteenth century, advanced from their previous colonial center on Kodiak Island to the Alaska Panhandle area inhabited by the Tlingit, Novo-Arkhangel\u2019sk (present-day Sitka, Alaska) became Russian America\u2019s administrative capital. It was also arguably the Russian Empire\u2019s best-functioning port in the Pacific. As such, Sitka became an important port of call for numerous Russian and foreign voyages. Beginning in 1804, Russian America became a destination for Russian circumnavigation voyages originating in the Baltic: these voyages inevitably made stops in ports around the world, including the Atlantic. In December 1866, Russia\u2019s government decided to sell Russian America to the United States, concluding the sale in March 1867. Diplomatic relations between the United States and the Russian Empire were, on the whole, cordial from the formation of the United States up through the transfer of Alaska, mainly because of a common strategic adversary\u2014the British Empire. Then again, on the Northwest Coast of North America, from the 1830s on, the RAC often cooperated rather than competed with the British Hudson\u2019s Bay Company (HBC), even \u201cloaning\u201d the HBC Russian territory in the Alaska Panhandle in exchange for provisioning Sitka from British Columbia. This localized cooperation was designed to be at the expense of the two companies\u2019 smaller American competitors and the Native American hunters and trappers. A secret treaty protected RAC and HBC territories in North America from the hostilities of warfare during the Crimean War (1853\u20131856). But the awareness of the vulnerability of Russian America to naval attack, brought into focus by that war, helped convince Russian officials to terminate their experiment in overseas colonialism.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/obo\/9780199730414-0309","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,29]],"date-time":"2018-11-29T02:25:48Z","timestamp":1543458348000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Russia and North America"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Ilya","family":"Vinkovetsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,29]]},"container-title":["Atlantic History"],"original-title":["Russia and North America"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T04:04:30Z","timestamp":1753157070000},"score":15.963827,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oxfordbibliographies.com\/display\/document\/obo-9780199730414\/obo-9780199730414-0309.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,29]]},"ISBN":["9780199730414"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/obo\/9780199730414-0309","published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,29]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T22:31:22Z","timestamp":1715293882155},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780199730414","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":" Slavery was the most important institution in colonial British America. Every area of colonial British America before the American Revolution allowed slavery, and in southern and island plantations it was essential to all areas of life. Although all areas of colonial British America allowed African chattel slavery from the mid-17th century onward and although slavery among Native Americans was well established before European arrival and continued and expanded after Europeans arrived, slavery was a dominant institution in only a few colonies. In these colonies\u2013\u2013ranging from Maryland in the north to Demerara in South America\u2013\u2013slavery was not only the principal source of wealth, but also it shaped every aspect of slavery. Britain relied on slavery and slave-produced products for whatever wealth it got from British America and was heavily involved in slavery as the leading trafficker of slaves across the Atlantic from the mid-17th century until the abolition of the slave trade in 1807. British ships carried millions of slaves to the Americas, where they changed the demographic makeup of European-controlled settlements markedly. Slavery was also a highly significant social institution. It led to the growth of a planter class\u2013\u2013the most important and long-lasting elite in British American and American history. It also was important in developing pernicious ideas of race that were used by planters to justify their dominion over enslaved people. And, most importantly, it brought Africans to America. They brought with them their African culture, which was transformed by exposure to other cultural practices and became a distinctive part of the British American experience. Finally, slavery was an institution that relied at bottom on coercion and violence. The application of such coercion met with considerable resistance from those to whom violence was done.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/obo\/9780199730414-0127","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,19]],"date-time":"2013-03-19T18:03:25Z","timestamp":1363716205000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Slavery in British America"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Trevor","family":"Burnard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,20]]},"container-title":["Atlantic History"],"original-title":["Slavery in British America"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T19:33:54Z","timestamp":1632425634000},"score":15.946724,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oxfordbibliographies.com\/view\/document\/obo-9780199730414\/obo-9780199730414-0127.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,20]]},"ISBN":["9780199730414"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/obo\/9780199730414-0127","published":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,20]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,5]],"date-time":"2026-04-05T09:06:23Z","timestamp":1775379983191,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780199329175","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":" The United States is a nation built on credit, both public and private. This article focuses on private credit: that is, credit extended to businesses and consumers by private entities such as banks, other businesses, and retail stores. Until the 20th century, the federal government remained mostly uninvolved in the private credit markets. Then, after World War I and especially during the Great Depression, the government deliberately expanded the credit available for certain targeted groups, such as farmers and home buyers. After World War II the government helped to expand lending even further, this time to small businesses and students. Mostly the government accomplished its goal not through lending directly but by insuring the loans made by private entities, thereby encouraging them to make more loans. In the case of home mortgages and student loans, the government took the lead in creating a national market for securitized debt\u2014debt that is turned into securities, such as bonds, and offered to investors\u2014through the establishment of government-sponsored enterprises, nicknamed Fannie Mae (1938), Ginnie Mae (1968), Freddie Mac (1970), and Sallie Mae (1972). Innovations such as these by businesses and government made credit increasingly available to ordinary people, whose attitudes toward borrowing changed accordingly.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/acrefore\/9780199329175.013.625","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,23]],"date-time":"2019-05-23T08:29:01Z","timestamp":1558600141000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The History of Credit in America"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Rowena","family":"Olegario","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,23]]},"container-title":["Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History"],"original-title":["The History of Credit in America"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]],"date-time":"2022-08-31T18:56:12Z","timestamp":1661972172000},"score":15.866395,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/oxfordre.com\/americanhistory\/view\/10.1093\/acrefore\/9780199329175.001.0001\/acrefore-9780199329175-e-625"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,23]]},"ISBN":["9780199329175"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/acrefore\/9780199329175.013.625","published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,23]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T01:28:37Z","timestamp":1772242117140,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Princeton University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780691150734","type":"print"},{"value":"9781400841899","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,4]]},"abstract":" This book offers fresh narratives about U.S. political history by focusing on policy, political institutions, and electoral politics. It argues that the field of American political history, once marginalized, has been remade in vibrant fashion and now provides rich and original approaches and interpretations about America's political past. The book is divided into four thematic sections. Part I deals with the historiography of political history, and especially the intellectual underpinnings of the field and the multiple analytic foundations upon which it is built. Part II examines the challenges imposed by fiscal constraint in American politics, showing how policymakers were able to use innovative fiscal strategies such as Social Security and Medicare to build programs within such constraints. Part III considers the impact of the political process as it occurred in Congress, whereas Part IV explores how policy and politics intersected in the case of national security.<\/p>","DOI":"10.23943\/princeton\/9780691150734.003.0001","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,17]],"date-time":"2017-11-17T09:57:22Z","timestamp":1510912642000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Governing America: An Introduction"],"prefix":"10.23943","author":[{"given":"Julian E.","family":"Zelizer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"10341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,19]]},"container-title":["Governing America"],"original-title":["Governing America: An Introduction"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T10:03:57Z","timestamp":1659002637000},"score":15.80933,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/princeton-scholarship-online\/book\/19869\/chapter\/178751387"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,4]]},"ISBN":["9780691150734","9781400841899"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23943\/princeton\/9780691150734.003.0001","relation":{"is-identical-to":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.2307\/j.ctt7swfn.4","asserted-by":"object"}]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,4]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T22:53:30Z","timestamp":1715295210318},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780199791231","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":" The history of childhood and youth is a relatively new field in American history that has grown exponentially in size and sophistication over the past twenty years. Befitting a burgeoning field, historians are currently engaged in all areas of scholarship\u2014compiling anthologies, creating reference works, and crafting both monographs and comprehensive synthetic overviews. Located within the larger interdisciplinary arena of childhood studies, as well as alongside complementary subfields of American social history, the history of youth attracts a range of scholars with training in a diversity of disciplines, including (but certainly not limited to) the history of education and the family, folklore, American studies, and children\u2019s literature. Both the emerging nature of the field and the genre-challenging creative scholarship of its creators have guaranteed that key historiographical questions and assumptions about periodization are very much open to debate. Scholars grapple with how concerns familiar to social historians\u2014race, ethnicity, religion, social class, gender, and sexuality\u2014differently affect the lives of young people, even as they consider issues particular to youth, such as the coherence of an age cohort, the effects of generational influence, and the impact of accepted norms of child rearing and scientific \u201ctruths\u201d on the realities of children\u2019s lives. As historians write the experiences of youth into the narratives of American history, they have also identified some important methodological challenges. How to uncover children\u2019s voices, while remaining critical of the presumed authenticity of such sources? What are the benefits and limitations of memoirs in reconstructing the experience of youth? How to balance the realities of a category of historical inquiry defined by certain biological and development distinctions with an understanding of the historical construction of childhood? How to locate the historical child within complex and evolving ideologies of childhood?<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/obo\/9780199791231-0052","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,12]],"date-time":"2013-06-12T17:03:08Z","timestamp":1371056588000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["History of Childhood in America"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Susan","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,23]]},"container-title":["Childhood Studies"],"original-title":["History of Childhood in America"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T19:29:28Z","timestamp":1632425368000},"score":15.70661,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oxfordbibliographies.com\/view\/document\/obo-9780199791231\/obo-9780199791231-0052.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,23]]},"ISBN":["9780199791231"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/obo\/9780199791231-0052","published":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,23]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T19:00:00Z","timestamp":1769022000736,"version":"3.49.0"},"edition-number":"1","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Yale University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780300247527","type":"print"},{"value":"9780300268447","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]]},"abstract":" This book follows the transformation of sporting cultures in South America leading up to Uruguay's hosting of the first FIFA Men's World Cup in 1930. The book shows how South American soccer culture, envied worldwide, sprang out of societies that were already playing and watching games well before British sportsmen arrived to teach \u201cthe beautiful game.\u201d These vibrant and distinct sporting traditions, including cycling, boxing, cockfighting, bullfighting, cricket, baseball, and horse racing, were marked by South American societies' indigenous and colonial pasts and by their leaders' desire to participate in what they saw as a global movement toward human progress. The book debunks legends, highlights the stories of forgotten sportswomen and Indigenous sports, and unpacks the social and cultural connections within South America and with the rest of the world.<\/p>","DOI":"10.12987\/yale\/9780300247527.001.0001","type":"edited-book","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T14:08:27Z","timestamp":1684505307000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Sports in South America"],"prefix":"10.12987","author":[{"given":"Matthew","family":"Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"5164","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]]},"original-title":["Sports in South America"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T14:08:28Z","timestamp":1684505308000},"score":15.695669,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/yale-scholarship-online\/book\/46044"}},"subtitle":["A History"],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]]},"ISBN":["9780300247527","9780300268447"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12987\/yale\/9780300247527.001.0001","relation":{"is-identical-to":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.2307\/j.ctv36xw849","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.12987\/9780300268447","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T05:33:15Z","timestamp":1732685595873,"version":"3.28.2"},"edition-number":"1","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc","isbn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"9798400664571"},{"type":"print","value":"9780313322938"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005]]},"DOI":"10.5040\/9798400664571.0005","type":"other","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]],"date-time":"2024-02-22T11:09:17Z","timestamp":1708600157000},"page":"145-152","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Notable People in the History of Central America"],"prefix":"10.5040","member":"2984","container-title":["The History of Central America"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T16:22:51Z","timestamp":1732638171000},"score":15.658161,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.bloomsburycollections.com\/encyclopedia-chapter?docid=b-9798400664571&tocid=b-9798400664571-0000223"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005]]},"ISBN":["9798400664571","9780313322938"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5040\/9798400664571.0005","published":{"date-parts":[[2005]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,12]],"date-time":"2024-05-12T18:02:36Z","timestamp":1715536956775},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780190906580","type":"print"},{"value":"9780190906610","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]]},"abstract":" The national conversation about immigration shifted as the Great Depression gave way to World War II. This is apparent in two works that concern the \u201corigin story\u201d of America: the musical This chapter provides an overview of how sports became important in South America. It clarifies that the popularity of soccer is fed on pre-existing sporting cultures across the continent that have long been forgotten or ignored. Additionally, individuals and institutions used sports, like rowing, and racing, to improve and incorporate immigrant communities into society. The chapter also explains that the book aims to explore the roles of sports in the continent's unique republican histories within global networks by the legacies of colonialism. It explains how diverse pre-existing sporting cultures were transformed by political visions, migration, institutions, and technology.<\/p>","DOI":"10.12987\/yale\/9780300247527.003.0001","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T14:09:26Z","timestamp":1684505366000},"page":"1-18","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Sports in South American History"],"prefix":"10.12987","author":[{"given":"Matthew","family":"Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"5164","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]]},"container-title":["Sports in South America"],"original-title":["Sports in South American History"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T14:09:27Z","timestamp":1684505367000},"score":15.484688,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/yale-scholarship-online\/book\/46044\/chapter\/404505652"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]]},"ISBN":["9780300247527","9780300268447"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12987\/yale\/9780300247527.003.0001","published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T04:47:35Z","timestamp":1767674855330,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"9781884446054"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"DOI":"10.1093\/oao\/9781884446054.013.2000000018","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,22]],"date-time":"2018-06-22T11:27:10Z","timestamp":1529666830000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["History painting in Latin America"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Paul","family":"Niell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,26]]},"container-title":["Oxford Art Online"],"original-title":["History painting in Latin America"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T04:43:11Z","timestamp":1767674591000},"score":15.459946,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.oxfordartonline.com\/groveart\/documentID\/oao-9781884446054-e-2000000018"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,26]]},"ISBN":["9781884446054"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oao\/9781884446054.013.2000000018","published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,26]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T01:28:37Z","timestamp":1772242117153,"version":"3.50.1"},"edition-number":"1","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Princeton University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780691150734","type":"print"},{"value":"9781400841899","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,4]]},"abstract":" In recent years, the study of American political history has experienced a remarkable renaissance. After decades during which the subject fell out of fashion and disappeared from public view, it has returned to prominence as the study of American history has shifted its focus back to politics broadly defined. This book assesses its revival and demonstrates how this work not only illuminates the past but also helps us better understand American politics today. It considers the history of public policy and American conservatism as well as the politics of Medicare, campaign finance, troop withdrawal, and national security, among others. It also explores the interrelationships between democracy, taxation, and state-building, along with scandals in American politics.<\/p>","DOI":"10.23943\/princeton\/9780691150734.001.0001","type":"monograph","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,17]],"date-time":"2017-11-17T09:29:52Z","timestamp":1510910992000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Governing America"],"prefix":"10.23943","author":[{"given":"Julian E.","family":"Zelizer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"10341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,19]]},"original-title":["Governing America"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T10:03:56Z","timestamp":1659002636000},"score":15.33621,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/princeton-scholarship-online\/book\/19869"}},"subtitle":["The Revival of Political History"],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,4]]},"ISBN":["9780691150734","9781400841899"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23943\/princeton\/9780691150734.001.0001","relation":{"is-identical-to":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.2307\/j.ctt7swfn","asserted-by":"object"}]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,4]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T20:54:15Z","timestamp":1763758455142,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"University of Wisconsin Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780299289034","type":"electronic"},{"value":"9780299289041","type":"print"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,15]]},"DOI":"10.2307\/jj.36075905.7","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T20:49:23Z","timestamp":1763758163000},"page":"53-99","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mythologizing History on Du Pont\u2019s Cavalcade of America"],"prefix":"10.2307","member":"1121","container-title":["Channeling the Past"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T20:49:25Z","timestamp":1763758165000},"score":15.335756,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/10.2307\/jj.36075905.7"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,15]]},"ISBN":["9780299289034","9780299289041"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/jj.36075905.7","published":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,15]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T01:28:37Z","timestamp":1772242117556,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Princeton University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780691150734","type":"print"},{"value":"9781400841899","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,4]]},"abstract":" This chapter explores the relationship between politics and scandal throughout American history. Scandals had been part of American politics since the revolution, but they had never so pervasive as in the last three decades of the twentieth century. They had become integral to partisan strategy, political reform, and the public perception of government. The chapter first considers the role of scandal in national politics in the early postwar era, 1945\u20131964, before discussing the efforts of public interest groups in collaboration with liberal Democrats to put corruption on the national agenda. It then examines the politics of reform between 1972 and 1978, along with the change in political style that gradually encouraged the latent tendency of democratic politics to veer into scandal during the period 1978\u20131992. It also looks at television coverage of scandals and the impeachment of Bill Clinton and concludes with some reflections on the future of scandal politics.<\/p>","DOI":"10.23943\/princeton\/9780691150734.003.0013","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,17]],"date-time":"2017-11-17T09:57:22Z","timestamp":1510912642000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Without Restraint: Scandal and Politics in America"],"prefix":"10.23943","author":[{"given":"Julian E.","family":"Zelizer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"10341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,19]]},"container-title":["Governing America"],"original-title":["Without Restraint: Scandal and Politics in America"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T10:04:01Z","timestamp":1659002641000},"score":15.279783,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/princeton-scholarship-online\/book\/19869\/chapter\/178756868"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,4]]},"ISBN":["9780691150734","9781400841899"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23943\/princeton\/9780691150734.003.0013","relation":{"is-identical-to":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.2307\/j.ctt7swfn.16","asserted-by":"object"}]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,4]]}}],"items-per-page":20,"query":{"start-index":0,"search-terms":"History+America"}}}