{"status":"ok","message-type":"work-list","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"facets":{},"total-results":2502039,"items":[{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]],"date-time":"2025-11-30T22:35:03Z","timestamp":1764542103161},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Universitatsbibliothek der Ruhr-Universitat Bochum","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,29]],"date-time":"2020-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595980800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ER"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The essential feature in the religious history of Pre-Islamic Iran is its dualistic worldview.\u00a0 It marks all stages of Zoroastrianism and also Manichaeism, in which dualism can be regarded as the most important Zoroastrian piece of inheritance. The following essay concentrates on two aspects of this \u2018inheritance\u2019 that have been\u00a0 overlooked until today: 1) The Manichaean dualism is consistently built on elements and tendencies that already existed, albeit covertly, in the Younger Avesta; and 2) The Manichaean dualism has thereby confronted Zoroastrian theologians with the task of giving an alternative and consistent formulation of dualism. Thus, the continuous attention both D\u0113nkard III and the \u0160kand Gum\u0101n\u012bg \u012b Wiz\u0101r, two of the most philosophically inclined works in Pahlavi, give the concept of dualism seeks to articulate a relation between the notion of evil and the idea of the \u201cfinite,\u201d and also to formulate the notion of \"principle,\" seen as a demarcation from the Manichaean solution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.46586\/er.11.2020.8573","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]],"date-time":"2020-11-05T07:06:16Z","timestamp":1604559976000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["From Manichaeism to Zoroastrianism: On the History of the Teaching of the \u2018Two Principles\u2019"],"prefix":"10.46586","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"G\u00f6tz","family":"K\u00f6nig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"25480","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,29]]},"container-title":["Entangled 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The goal of this article is to chart the rise and evolution of Islamic pacifism throughout various Muslim contexts since the middle of the 20th century. I will also discuss some of the main ethical principles of Islamic pacifism as they relate to modern Muslim ethics and politics, particularly the peaceful settlement of disputes and the recent work on covenants in Islam and peacebuilding. Additionally, I will address some of the dilemmas that Islamic pacifists confront in relation to absolute pacifism, the efficacy of nonviolence, conflict and just peace. This article makes the case that pacifism could be a viable alternative to Islamist politics in the current Middle East conflicts. 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Non-Violence en Islam, le Djihad du C\u0153ur, Les Editions Koune."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1536-7150.1996.tb02706.x","article-title":"Conflict Resolution Approaches: Western and Middle Eastern Lessons and Possibilities","volume":"55","year":"1996","journal-title":"The American Journal of Economics and Sociology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abu-Nimer, Mohammed (1999). Dialogue, Conflict Resolution, and Change: Arab-Jewish Encounters in Israel, State University of New York Press.","DOI":"10.1353\/book10961"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1177\/0022343301038006003","article-title":"Conflict Resolution, Culture, and Religion: Toward a Training Model of Interreligious Peacebuilding","volume":"38","year":"2001a","journal-title":"Journal of Peace Research"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abu-Nimer, Mohammed (2001b). 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