The field of African history has traditionally had a strong rural orientation, due in part to the demographics of the continent itself. In the 1960s, when most sub-Saharan African countries gained their independence, only about 15 percent of Africans lived in urban areas. The concentration of academic research in agrarian societies means that Africanist historians have long paid attention to the climate, soils, crops, and animals that shaped how people lived. Human-environment relations have therefore been central to African historical writing, even when the authors did not think of themselves as writing environmental history. This intellectual origin story also means that African environmental history has evolved differently from its North American and European counterparts. The latter emerged partly out of the environmental movement and emphasized the negative impact humans have had on the natural world. African environmental history challenged this human-wilderness binary from the start. Early work focused instead on how inequality and colonialism shaped environmental change and access to ecological resources. The dominance of social history in Africanist historiography from the 1980s meant that environmental historians highlighted the relationship between race, class, gender, and the environment from the field\u2019s earliest days. Here, as elsewhere, however, environmental history has had a strong tendency toward declensionist narratives. Scholars identified the dire ecological and social consequences of colonial \u201cmisreadings\u201d of the landscape and Western rejection of African environmental knowledge. Not surprisingly, there was an early focus on wildlife conservation and disease\u2014two things that dominate Western (mis)perceptions of Africa. Later historians painted more nuanced pictures of environmental change but continued to write against Western misperceptions. More recently, African environmental history has also moved closer to the history of science and science and technology studies, engaging with those fields to critically examine the production of \u201cexpertise\u201d and the extraction of resources\u2014both crucial to the way the rest of the world relates to Africa today. Finally, Africanist historians have pioneered ways of finding and using sources beyond the archive. Oral history has been a standard source in the field for decades, and it has allowed scholars to tell stories of environmental change that challenge those found in the archive, as well as to broaden our view to include the perspectives of women and marginalized groups. Archaeology and historical linguistics, too, have been used very effectively to tell stories of human-environment relations prior to the availability of archival records.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/obo\/9780197768709-0043","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T04:07:55Z","timestamp":1750306075000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Environmental History of Sub-Saharan Africa"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Meredith","family":"McKittrick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]]},"container-title":["Environmental History"],"original-title":["Environmental History of Sub-Saharan Africa"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T04:07:55Z","timestamp":1750306075000},"score":17.453777,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oxfordbibliographies.com\/display\/document\/obo-9780197768709\/obo-9780197768709-0043.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]]},"ISBN":["9780197768709"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/obo\/9780197768709-0043","published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T00:07:34Z","timestamp":1722989254165},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Cherkas Global University Press","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Africa: History and 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Culture"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T20:03:24Z","timestamp":1722974604000},"score":17.260044,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oaji.net\/journal-archive-stats.html?number=3894&year=&issue=9827"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,5]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13187\/ahc.2016.2","ISSN":["2500-3771"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2500-3771"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,5]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]],"date-time":"2024-04-24T17:21:31Z","timestamp":1713979291522},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Cherkas Global University Press","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Africa: History and Culture"],"DOI":"10.13187\/ahc.2018.1.3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,12]],"date-time":"2019-02-12T11:47:34Z","timestamp":1549972054000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Telling Our Story as Africa: Editor\u2019s Note"],"prefix":"10.13187","volume":"3","member":"5282","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,5]]},"container-title":["Africa: History and 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Press","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,7]],"date-time":"2011-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1317945600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":309,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,2]]},"DOI":"10.1017\/cbo9780511783234.001","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,8]],"date-time":"2011-10-08T04:06:57Z","timestamp":1318046817000},"page":"vii-viii","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["HISTORY OF SOUTH AFRICA"],"prefix":"10.1017","member":"56","container-title":["History of South Africa since September 1795"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/FEC746E811C11D91A64E2B3636D2726E","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,11]],"date-time":"2022-06-11T19:11:22Z","timestamp":1654974682000},"score":17.097527,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/CBO9780511783234A004\/type\/book_part"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,2]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/cbo9780511783234.001","published":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,2]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T22:32:59Z","timestamp":1715293979658},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780199730414","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"
From the beginning of the organized abolition campaigns in the Atlantic world in the 1780s, antislavery campaigners were interested in Africa as both an idea and a place for action. Different groups looked to Africa with ideas for how to suppress the supply of slaves from Africa, to use Africa to establish colonies that would demonstrate the efficiency of free labor over enslaved labor, and to develop new African exports for the Atlantic economy. Africa served a dual purpose in European and American abolitionist thinking, as both an object of anti\u2013slave trade and later antislavery interventions, and as a rhetorical trope for developing new ideas about nonslave labor and utopian social formation. Much of this rhetoric drew on long-standing ideas about Africa\u2019s potential as a place for the production of primary commodities, but abolition\u2019s rhetoric also changed the way that people around the Atlantic were thinking about Africa and Africans by linking the evangelicalism and \u201ccivilizational\u201d discourse of antislavery rhetoric to, on the one hand, the imagined image of Africa as a \u201csavage\u201d wilderness, and, on the other, the imagined place of Africans as objectified victims of the slave trade. These competing ideas shaped the political and economic role of Africa within the Atlantic world over the course of the 19th century. The impact of abolitionism on African political, social, and economic life over the course of the 19th century varied widely as a result of these multiple objectives. African societies responded to or anticipated abolitionism in different ways depending on their earlier involvement in, or resistance to, the slave trade. Internal commercial and political changes in Futa Toro, in Futa Jallon, in the Oyo Kingdom, in the Akan states, in the Kingdom of Kongo, and elsewhere in the early 19th century affected African regions\u2019 differential participation in the Atlantic slave trade and in abolitionism. As a result of these varying experiences of abolitionist interventions in Africa, historians have debated the extent of connections between abolitionism and economic crises in Africa, abolitionism and political disruption, and abolitionism and colonial rule. Because European abolitionism coincided with these political changes, and brought about a fundamental change in the economic organization of the Atlantic system, there is no clear cause-and-effect chain linking abolitionism to imperialism, or economic change to abolitionism. Nonetheless, abolition played an important\u2014if multidimensional and contested\u2014role in shaping the relationship between African producers, consumer, politicians, and religious figures and the Atlantic world in the 19th century.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/obo\/9780199730414-0068","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,1]],"date-time":"2016-04-01T15:41:58Z","timestamp":1459525318000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Abolitionism and Africa"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Bronwen","family":"Everill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,25]]},"container-title":["Atlantic History"],"original-title":["Abolitionism and Africa"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T19:22:05Z","timestamp":1632424925000},"score":17.091633,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oxfordbibliographies.com\/view\/document\/obo-9780199730414\/obo-9780199730414-0068.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,25]]},"ISBN":["9780199730414"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/obo\/9780199730414-0068","published":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,25]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]],"date-time":"2022-06-10T22:40:51Z","timestamp":1654900851557},"edition-number":"1","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,7]],"date-time":"2011-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1317945600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":309,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,2]]},"DOI":"10.1017\/cbo9780511783210.001","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,8]],"date-time":"2011-10-08T04:06:43Z","timestamp":1318046803000},"page":"iii-iv","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["HISTORY OF SOUTH AFRICA"],"prefix":"10.1017","member":"56","container-title":["History of South Africa since September 1795"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/229D3C727E5170B339AFB0DA942EDD54","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]],"date-time":"2022-06-10T22:15:38Z","timestamp":1654899338000},"score":17.054739,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/CBO9780511783210A004\/type\/book_part"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,2]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/cbo9780511783210.001","published":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,2]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T17:47:06Z","timestamp":1774374426475,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"UNESCO","isbn-type":[{"value":"9789231008092","type":"print"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":" This article is centered on the connections between Africa and Brazil during the era of the slave trade. Luso-Brazilian vessels transported as many as five million enslaved African men and women, which corresponds roughly to 40 percent of all captives shipped to the Americas. In Brazil, enslaved and freed Africans recreated ethnic, political, and cultural communities, but political and religious events in Africa continued to play an important role in shaping patterns of slave resistance. Throughout this period, a multiracial crew formed by traders of different ethnicities and legal status (enslaved, freed, and free) circulated across the Atlantic. Politically speaking, African and Luso-Brazilian authorities on both sides of the Atlantic engaged in diplomatic exchanges in order to guarantee the operation of the slave trade beginning in the middle of the eighteenth century. These diplomatic actions intensified in the first decades of the nineteenth century in the context of British measures to abolish the transatlantic slave trade. The bilateral approach expressed in some works listed in this bibliography challenges the Triangular model, very influential in English-speaking historiography, placing the connections between Brazil and Africa in the South Atlantic at the center. The article covers mostly the eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries, although a few (very important) works stress the formation of these links as early as the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The discovery of mining regions intensified the trade in enslaved Africans to Brazil in the eighteenth century as well as the commercial activities on the African coast, particularly in places such as the Bight of Benin and Angola. In this period the active participation of African freedmen can be observed in the business of slaving, and their role increased in the nineteenth century with the high demand for African labor due to the expansion of sugar and coffee plantations. But numerous freedmen and freedwomen returned to Africa to escape political and religious persecution, especially after the 1835 Muslim uprising in Bahia. Many others established Atlantic communities in West Africa. Brazilian historiography is well represented in the list due to the growth of the Brazilian production regarding Brazil-Africa links since 2000. The Bahian-based research group Escravid\u00e3o e Inven\u00e7\u00e3o da Liberdade has been one of the most prominent in examining the connections between Brazil and West Africa in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/obo\/9780199730414-0384","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]],"date-time":"2023-05-23T12:36:59Z","timestamp":1684845419000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Brazil and Africa"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Carlos","family":"da Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]]},"container-title":["Atlantic History"],"original-title":["Brazil and Africa"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]],"date-time":"2023-05-23T12:37:00Z","timestamp":1684845420000},"score":16.93804,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oxfordbibliographies.com\/display\/document\/obo-9780199730414\/obo-9780199730414-0384.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]]},"ISBN":["9780199730414"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/obo\/9780199730414-0384","published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T22:31:13Z","timestamp":1715293873192},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780199730414","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":" Slavery is viewed as an ancient and universal institution and thus it can be found in a diversity of forms throughout Africa. During the period of the Atlantic world, slavery served multiple roles within Africa and provided a foundation for the transatlantic slave trade in that Europeans found slaves for sale within Africa. In many parts of Africa, land was held in common and therefore people\u2019s ability to work the land, and their position within their society, related to the number of people whom they controlled. This patron-client system meant that patrons were always looking for more clients, both free and unfree, as a way to increase their power. The nature of this agricultural and political system made slavery and pawnship (debt peonage) a common system in Africa, yet it was a system that is hard to generalize about and one that possessed great differences from the African slavery that developed in the Americas. While the role of African slavery in the Americas has been more thoroughly studied, and is better known, than slavery in Africa, the rise of the transatlantic slave trade, and then its gradual abolition in the 19th century, had important consequences for slavery within Africa.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/obo\/9780199730414-0134","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,14]],"date-time":"2012-02-14T18:20:30Z","timestamp":1329243630000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Slavery in Africa"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Ty M.","family":"Reese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,29]]},"container-title":["Atlantic History"],"original-title":["Slavery in Africa"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T19:20:52Z","timestamp":1632424852000},"score":16.929089,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oxfordbibliographies.com\/view\/document\/obo-9780199730414\/obo-9780199730414-0134.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,29]]},"ISBN":["9780199730414"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/obo\/9780199730414-0134","published":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,29]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]],"date-time":"2024-09-10T21:47:25Z","timestamp":1726004845707},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"9780190277734"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":" This paper concerns the long-term evolution of labor in East Africa up to the twenty-first century. While it considers the classic themes of labor history, trade unions, strikes and politics, it is concerned with the broader question of how people relate to their environment, how their work is organized and what the economic consequences are. Taking 1500 as a bottom line, it proceeds to look at changes before and with the coming of imperialism and colonialism and the contradictions of colonial labor policy. It also considers how labor conditions have altered since independence. Mau Mau in Kenya and the institution of villagization in Tanzania, which both shed a light on labor conditions, receive particular attention. Since the majority of the population even in the twenty-first century are rural dwellers, there is much concern with agricultural and pastoral activities. If the greatest concentration is on Tanzania and Kenya, East Africa is defined broadly in part for purposes of comparison.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190277734.013.642","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,31]],"date-time":"2020-03-31T07:56:34Z","timestamp":1585641394000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Labor History of East Africa"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Bill","family":"Freund","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,31]]},"container-title":["Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History"],"original-title":["Labor History of East Africa"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]],"date-time":"2022-08-31T18:39:16Z","timestamp":1661971156000},"score":16.76394,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oxfordre.com\/africanhistory\/view\/10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190277734.001.0001\/acrefore-9780190277734-e-642"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,31]]},"ISBN":["9780190277734"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190277734.013.642","published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,31]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]],"date-time":"2024-09-10T21:52:10Z","timestamp":1726005130571},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"9780190277734"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":" Southern Africa\u2019s veterinary history underwent different epochs ranging from pre-colonial to colonial and post-colonial stages. Changes within the Southern African livestock economies were informed by changing animal-human relations over time that characterized such phases as pastoralism; the rise of more sedentary livelihoods; the rise of colonial economies that depended on livestock for transport, draught power, and the creation of beef industries; and finally, the sustenance of such colonial structures in post-colonial settings punctuated by economic collapse and political volatility. Despite a potpourri of post-colonial administrative systems and a variety of colonial experiences ranging from settler colonies and peasant-agricultural colonies to concession company colonies, the trajectory of veterinary history in post-colonial Southern Africa is generally uniform. Veterinary sources are scarce for the pre-colonial period, and when they become relatively abundant in the colonial and post-colonial periods, there is a general bias toward biomedical approaches rather than African livestock regimes. In historiography, the trajectory has generally followed that of African history, from colonial history to Africanist historiography and, finally, revisionist and environmental discourses. Each of these analytical approaches has its own intrinsic weaknesses, yet in their various ways they have contributed to and enriched conversations around veterinary issues in Southern Africa.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190277734.013.1132","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]],"date-time":"2024-02-26T10:00:34Z","timestamp":1708941634000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Veterinary History in Southern Africa"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Wesley","family":"Mwatwara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]]},"container-title":["Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History"],"original-title":["Veterinary History in Southern Africa"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]],"date-time":"2024-02-26T10:00:34Z","timestamp":1708941634000},"score":16.723713,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oxfordre.com\/africanhistory\/view\/10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190277734.001.0001\/acrefore-9780190277734-e-1132"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]]},"ISBN":["9780190277734"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190277734.013.1132","published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T04:40:10Z","timestamp":1750308010702,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780197768709","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":" Environmental history provides a framework for comprehending the relationship between humans and the natural world over time. It explores the mutual impact of humans and the natural environment. Human-caused environmental change, environmental ideas, management and conservation of the environment, and human\u2013nonhuman animal relations are among the main themes of environmental history. Environmental history is a rapidly developing subfield within Ottoman, Middle Eastern, and North African studies. North Africa refers to a geographical region north of the Saharan Desert, along the southern Mediterranean Sea coast. The countries in this region include Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, and Mauritania. The Middle East, on the other hand, is more complex to define. Technically, it encompasses five countries: Iraq, Jordan, Israel\/Palestine, Syria, and Lebanon. Nevertheless, its borders shift according to geopolitical, geographical, cultural, and linguistic interests, assumptions, and approaches. Some include Egypt and Libya in the Middle East, while others consider the Arabian peninsula part of it. The umbrella term MENA, adopted in this entry, refers to the area that encompasses, next to the North African core Middle Eastern countries mentioned, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Yemen, the Gulf states, Turkey, and Iran. Most parts of the Middle East, with the notable exception of Iran, fell under Ottoman rule between the sixteenth and early twentieth centuries. This article attempts to provide an overview of the scholarly literature on the environmental history of the MENA region. The vast geography of the region; its diverse topographical, ecological, and climatic characteristics; and the different historical trajectories of each subregion and country make a geographical and chronological break-up difficult. Therefore, instead of a strict chronological or geographical division, it is organized under themes and subjects that environmental historians commonly address.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/obo\/9780197768709-0002","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T04:07:24Z","timestamp":1750306044000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Environmental History of the Middle East and North Africa"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Onur","family":"\u0130nal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]]},"container-title":["Environmental History"],"original-title":["Environmental History of the Middle East and North Africa"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T04:07:25Z","timestamp":1750306045000},"score":16.716698,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oxfordbibliographies.com\/display\/document\/obo-9780197768709\/obo-9780197768709-0002.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]]},"ISBN":["9780197768709"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/obo\/9780197768709-0002","published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T10:29:15Z","timestamp":1762079355549},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["History in Africa"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008]]},"DOI":"10.1353\/hia.0.0004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,9]],"date-time":"2012-07-09T20:59:31Z","timestamp":1341867571000},"page":"493-493","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Contributors\u2019 e-mail addresses"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"35","member":"56","container-title":["History in Africa"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,12]],"date-time":"2013-08-12T15:49:03Z","timestamp":1376322543000},"score":16.647177,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/content\/crossref\/journals\/history_in_africa\/v035\/35.contributors.html"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/hia.0.0004","ISSN":["1558-2744"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1558-2744","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008]]}}],"items-per-page":20,"query":{"start-index":0,"search-terms":"History+of+Africa"}}}