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Asia\u2019s population numbered perhaps 1\u20132 million. But the emergence of agriculture saw population growth, and it appears likely that by 1 CE the continent\u2019s population exceeded 100 million. For China and Japan, there are data which shed light on their population histories during pre-modern times. Moreover, both countries experienced rapid demographic transitions in the 20th century\u2014substantially limiting the associated extent of population growth. For the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, there are almost no population data prior to the late 18th century, although what happened subsequently is better recorded. Both these diverse regions experienced fairly protracted modern demographic transitions and substantial population growth. West Asia\u2019s population is thought to have been of similar size in 1900 as in 1 CE. During the 20th century, however, most countries in West Asia experienced late birth-rate declines and very substantial population growth. Throughout history, the level of urbanization in Asia has generally been extremely low. Nevertheless, the continent contained most of the world\u2019s most populous cities, though that situation changed temporarily in the 19th and 20th centuries. That said, after 1950 mortality decline fueled urban growth. As a result, by 2020 Asia once again contained most of the world\u2019s largest cities, and about half of the continent\u2019s people lived in urban areas. The population history of Asia has generally involved very slow population growth. The main explanation has been that death rates were high, marriage was early and universal, fertility was uncontrolled, and so birth rates were high too. However, research has increasingly suggested that in some areas the levels of fertility and mortality which prevailed in pre-modern times are better described as \u201cmoderate\u201d rather than \u201chigh.\u201d Moreover, as in Europe, there were regulatory mechanisms which helped to maintain a degree of balance between human numbers and the resource base.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190277727.013.344","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,30]],"date-time":"2019-09-30T23:36:23Z","timestamp":1569886583000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Population History of Asia"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Tim","family":"Dyson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,30]]},"container-title":["Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History"],"original-title":["The Population History of Asia"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]],"date-time":"2022-08-31T14:40:07Z","timestamp":1661956807000},"score":16.766388,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oxfordre.com\/asianhistory\/view\/10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190277727.001.0001\/acrefore-9780190277727-e-344"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,30]]},"ISBN":["9780190277727"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190277727.013.344","published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,30]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T09:56:50Z","timestamp":1714730210896},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780199920105","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"<p>A century and half on, the study of photography in South Asia remains in its infancy. Photography reached India in 1840, just a few months after its announcement in Europe, and by the 1850s, there were thriving photographic societies in Calcutta and Bombay. The 19th century generated a host of significant practitioners, Indian and British, who generated significant primary documentation. Most of this would remain undisturbed until the mid-1970s, when a slew of text-lite and picture-heavy anthologies started to appear. The colonial specificity of these images and practitioners has, for the most part, been the source of neutrality or even nostalgia rather than critical engagement, and the ongoing project of basic documentation has often been difficult to reconcile with theoretical ambition. The bulk of early documentation has been notable for its focus on the contents of official archives and for its Orientalism and \u201cornamentalism\u201d (i.e., its fascination with the baubles of empire). Colonial landscape photography and broadly ethnographic images, together with portraits of Indian kings have, until recently, tended to crowd out other dimensions of photographic practice such as vernacular studio practice (of the kind which has come to dominate the critical response to West African photography, for instance). Photography in South Asia has largely been approached with a view to understanding what is \u201cIndian\u201d about it, and this has entailed a marginalization of historical complexity and process in order to make the cultural category of India more visible. One consequence of this is that the majority of writing on photography in India follows a one-way trajectory from the general case of photography to its specific (belated) iteration in India. A reverse movement then becomes difficult, and very little work on photography in India has contributed to broader discussions about photography as a world system. Given the intensity and scale of early photography in India, this is surprising. The earliest publications have been closely tied to their image sources and archives in which they are held. Initially, archives such as the India Office Collection played a strategically central role, supplemented by certain private collections. The entry of the largest private collection, Alkazi Collection of Photography in Delhi, into academic publishing has transformed the nature of critical engagement with early photography. The post-1970s literature was largely focused on documentary images from the previous century. Although a new literature (largely gallery commissioned catalogue texts) that engages art-practice photography is emerging, work by Indian documentary photographers in independent India has been very neglected, with several major global figures almost invisible in current literature. India\u2019s sub-continental identity has recently become the site of productive debate. Partitioned into the Republic of India, West Pakistan, and East Pakistan (subsequently Bangladesh), British India has had a complex afterlife, both culturally and conceptually. While for some Indian art-photographers the colonial archive has been important as a citational reservoir, for others (such as documentary photographers associated with DRIK in Dhaka) \u201cIndia\u201d as a historical category has little resonance when compared to the global circuits and aesthetics within which they develop their practices.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/obo\/9780199920105-0037","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,20]],"date-time":"2014-02-20T16:36:34Z","timestamp":1392914194000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Photography in South Asia"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Christopher","family":"Pinney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,30]]},"container-title":["Art History"],"original-title":["Photography in South Asia"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T19:33:54Z","timestamp":1632425634000},"score":16.763199,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oxfordbibliographies.com\/view\/document\/obo-9780199920105\/obo-9780199920105-0037.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,30]]},"ISBN":["9780199920105"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/obo\/9780199920105-0037","published":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,30]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T08:25:25Z","timestamp":1648801525332},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Japan Society for Southeast Asian Studies","issue":"22","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Southeast Asia: History and Culture"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,6,1]]},"DOI":"10.5512\/sea.1993.122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,29]],"date-time":"2011-06-29T06:10:55Z","timestamp":1309327855000},"page":"122-151","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In Search of an Autonomous History of Southeast Asia"],"prefix":"10.5512","volume":"1993","author":[{"given":"TOSHIKATSU","family":"ITO","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"3469","reference":[{"key":"1","unstructured":"\u963f\u90e8\u8b39\u4e5f 1988\u300e\u81ea\u5206\u306e\u306a\u304b\u306b\u6b74\u53f2\u3092\u3088\u3080\u300f\u7b51\u6469\u66f8\u623f"},{"key":"2","unstructured":"\u30b3\u30fc\u30a8\u30f3, P. 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