At its apex, the early modern French Empire laid claim to nearly a third of North America, ruled over the Caribbean\u2019s most profitable plantations, and controlled a substantial proportion of the transatlantic slave trade. Several hundred thousand French-speaking settlers lived permanently in the colonies, and many more were tied to overseas interests through trade, investment, or family relationships. In the late 18th century, Saint-Domingue produced more wealth than any place on earth, becoming, like Potos\u00ed in the 16th and 17th centuries, a symbol of the grand possibilities of colonialism. Until recently, however, scholarship on France\u2019s first empire has been characterized by neglect and fragmentation. In the United States, many historians of colonial North America viewed the French presence as a mere sideshow; French historians paid relatively little attention to an empire that did not endure; and in Canada, French West Africa, and the French Caribbean, scholars tended to focus on proto-national or regional studies. With the rise of Atlantic history, however, new scholarship has begun to conceive of an integrated sphere of French influence encompassing several distant colonial regions as well as the metropolis. Tension persists, however, between those who envision the French Atlantic as a loose grouping of colonial and indigenous societies and those who see the structures of empire as useful tools for gauging the interplay of French designs and native agency.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/obo\/9780199730414-0041","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,12]],"date-time":"2013-06-12T17:01:56Z","timestamp":1371056516000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["France and Empire"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Christopher","family":"Hodson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,25]]},"container-title":["Atlantic History"],"original-title":["France and Empire"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T19:32:47Z","timestamp":1632425567000},"score":17.465769,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oxfordbibliographies.com\/view\/document\/obo-9780199730414\/obo-9780199730414-0041.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,25]]},"ISBN":["9780199730414"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/obo\/9780199730414-0041","published":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,25]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T22:34:30Z","timestamp":1715294070411},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780199730414","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"
France is the largest, most populous, and richest country in Europe. Beginning in the Middle Ages, the monarchy tried to build a powerful state by multiplying its agents and reducing the autonomy of the provinces. Therefore, historians have usually focused their attention upon this cultural, social, and political homogenization. This long-term approach still dominates the historiography and literature in the field. More recently, however, scholars have also highlighted the forms of resistance to this centripetal force, the resilience of regional identities, and the peculiarities of local compromises. Although France belatedly began to establish colonies in the Atlantic world during the 17th century, they were not regarded as critical for the history of the colonial metropolis until the 18th century. Nevertheless, the French were not strangers to Atlantic trade. People and goods had been circulating there for a long time, reflecting a tendency to geographical mobility and revealing France\u2019s economic dynamism. Thus, though this article favors the 17th and 18th centuries, it focuses on French social structures rather than on political events.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/obo\/9780199730414-0201","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,27]],"date-time":"2017-04-27T09:34:06Z","timestamp":1493285646000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Early Modern France"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Lyon-Caen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,27]]},"container-title":["Atlantic History"],"original-title":["Early Modern France"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T19:24:43Z","timestamp":1632425083000},"score":17.451454,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oxfordbibliographies.com\/view\/document\/obo-9780199730414\/obo-9780199730414-0201.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,27]]},"ISBN":["9780199730414"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/obo\/9780199730414-0201","published":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,27]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T05:33:07Z","timestamp":1732685587066,"version":"3.28.2"},"edition-number":"2","reference-count":0,"publisher":"ABC-CLIO, LLC","isbn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"9798400664779"},{"type":"print","value":"9781440863820"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"DOI":"10.5040\/9798400664779.0007","type":"other","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T16:38:18Z","timestamp":1700584698000},"page":"273-284","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Notable People in the History of France"],"prefix":"10.5040","member":"2984","container-title":["The History of France"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T16:25:17Z","timestamp":1732638317000},"score":17.228865,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.bloomsburycollections.com\/encyclopedia-chapter?docid=b-9798400664779&tocid=b-9798400664779-0001885"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"ISBN":["9798400664779","9781440863820"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5040\/9798400664779.0007","published":{"date-parts":[[2019]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T02:58:46Z","timestamp":1715309926113},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780199791279","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"
The French Army of the World War I (aka, the Great War) carried the weight of the Allied war effort on its shoulders, providing the second-largest proportion of fighting troops, holding a majority of the Western Front, and providing multiple smaller allied nations with the materiel needed to fight in multiple theaters of war. Like many other forces entering the conflict, the French had to rapidly adapt to modern warfare. Adjusting from dated uniforms and tactics was a painful experience, which the French soldier, known as the poilu, excelled at. After the initial shock of combat during the Battle of the Frontiers, the army was able to rally a defense along the Marne River and counterattack alongside their British allies. With the onset of the war in the trenches, the campaign of 1915 saw repeated assaults in Artois and Champagne in what would become the bloodiest year of the war for France. In addition to efforts on the Western Front, the French deployed forces to assist the British in the Dardanelles and the Serbians in the Balkans. The year 1916 would center around the brutal attritional combat at Verdun and the Somme, while 1917 saw the disastrous Neville Offensive on the Chemin des Dames and occurrences that have been referred to as a \u201ccollective disobedience\u201d among the French forces, followed by a period of rebuilding and limited assaults. The last year of the war witnessed France assisting the British in repulsing the German Spring Offensive before dealing with concentrated offensives toward their own lines. While training and equipping the newly arrived American Expeditionary Forces, the French Army began a series of assaults in July that began the defeat of the Germans in the west. The historiography of the French military effort has changed rapidly as more sources become available. Debate continues over battles, tactics, personalities, and social themes, which have tended to focus on the social experience of the poilu and his war. Recent historians have begun a process of reevaluating the French war effort to show just how powerful and leading a force the French Army truly was. Additionally, growing studies in German and English language historiography are emerging to open France\u2019s history to a multitude of new audiences.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/obo\/9780199791279-0243","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]],"date-time":"2023-10-25T12:48:07Z","timestamp":1698238087000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["France in World War I"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"James","family":"Taub","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]]},"container-title":["Military History"],"original-title":["France in World War I"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]],"date-time":"2023-10-25T12:48:07Z","timestamp":1698238087000},"score":16.936424,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oxfordbibliographies.com\/display\/document\/obo-9780199791279\/obo-9780199791279-0243.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]]},"ISBN":["9780199791279"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/obo\/9780199791279-0243","published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]],"date-time":"2022-04-05T07:12:25Z","timestamp":1649142745992},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["French History"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/fh\/crt076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,13]],"date-time":"2013-09-13T05:36:03Z","timestamp":1379050563000},"page":"130-131","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Black France\/France Noire: The History and Politics of Blackness"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"P. J.","family":"Bloom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,12]]},"container-title":["French History"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/fh\/article-pdf\/28\/1\/130\/1481981\/crt076.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,23]],"date-time":"2017-08-23T04:08:43Z","timestamp":1503461323000},"score":16.491596,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/fh\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1093\/fh\/crt076"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,12]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/fh\/crt076","ISSN":["0269-1191","1477-4542"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-1191","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-4542","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,12]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T02:57:39Z","timestamp":1715309859740},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780199791279","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"
Historians have always been fascinated by the life of Charlemagne and, in particular, deeply concerned to explain the enormous expansion of his dominions. In 768 he became joint ruler of the Frankish lands, but the death of his brother Carloman in 771 left him as sole ruler of the whole realm of his father Pepin III (b.\u00a0741\u2013d.\u00a0768). By 774 he had made inroads into Saxony, conquered the old kingdom of the Lombards, and dominated the Italian Peninsula. Campaigns in Spain later led to the establishment of a frontier zone against the Islamic power there, while a long and bitter conflict enabled him to annex the lands of the hostile Saxons and to enforce their conversion to Christianity. He even launched campaigns deep into Central Europe, destroying the Avar power in what we now call Hungary though without being able to conquer the area. However, the sources for his reign, and most especially for its military aspects, are very limited and often difficult to use (see Source Studies). These difficulties are enormously increased by the general tenor of writing on Charlemagne and certain specific controversies that bear upon his reign. Almost all studies of Charlemagne are admiring: the only real exception is that of The Carolingian Empire: The Age of Charlemagne (Fichtenau 1957, cited under the Reign of Charlemagne). Indeed, the legend of Charlemagne, born from such admiration, enormously complicates our perception, and it remains powerful to this day. In addition, a whole new way of looking at the transition from the ancient to the medieval world has been inspired by The World of Late Antiquity: From Marcus Aurelius to Muhammad (Brown 1971, cited under the Context of Charlemagne\u2019s Reign), which posited a gradual and perhaps essentially peaceful transition from Roman to medieval. This matters for military history because an optimistic view of the survival of Roman institutions affects what one may think of the ability of Charlemagne to raise and sustain armies, and it also suggests a continuity of discipline of the standing armies of Rome. In short, how the history of early medieval Europe is understood profoundly influences the understanding of Charlemagne\u2019s inheritance from the past and, most particularly, his military institutions and resources.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/obo\/9780199791279-0087","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,16]],"date-time":"2014-07-16T12:28:19Z","timestamp":1405513699000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Charlemagne"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"John","family":"France","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,30]]},"container-title":["Military History"],"original-title":["Charlemagne"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T14:33:58Z","timestamp":1704810838000},"score":16.419485,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oxfordbibliographies.com\/display\/document\/obo-9780199791279\/obo-9780199791279-0087.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,30]]},"ISBN":["9780199791279"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/obo\/9780199791279-0087","published":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,30]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T22:01:32Z","timestamp":1772229692179,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Duke University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780822395348","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]},"DOI":"10.1515\/9780822395348-007","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,6]],"date-time":"2020-10-06T03:32:33Z","timestamp":1601955153000},"page":"88-95","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Letter to France"],"prefix":"10.1515","member":"374","container-title":["Black France \/ France Noire"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/view\/book\/9780822395348\/10.1515\/9780822395348-007.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/9780822395348-007\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]],"date-time":"2021-04-20T03:33:57Z","timestamp":1618889637000},"score":16.416824,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/9780822395348-007\/html"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]},"ISBN":["9780822395348"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/9780822395348-007","relation":{"is-identical-to":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1215\/9780822395348-005","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.2307\/j.ctv11smg9z.9","asserted-by":"object"}]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]],"date-time":"2024-09-10T21:48:23Z","timestamp":1726004903162},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"9780199329175"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"
U.S.-French relations are long-standing, complex, and primarily cooperative in nature. Various crises have punctuated long periods of stability in the alliance, but after each conflict the Franco-American friendship emerged stronger than ever. Official U.S.-French relations began during the early stages of the American Revolution, when Louis XVI\u2019s regime came to America\u2019s aid by providing money, arms, and military advisers. French assistance, best symbolized by the Marquis de Lafayette, was essential in the revolution\u2019s success. The subsequent French Revolution and Napoleon Bonaparte\u2019s rise to power also benefitted the United States when Napoleon\u2019s woes in Europe and the Caribbean forced him to sell the entire Louisiana territory to the United States, in 1803. Franco-American economic and cultural contacts increased throughout the 19th century, as trade between the two countries prospered and as Americans flocked to France to study art, architecture, music, and medicine. The French gift of the Statue of Liberty in the late 19th century solidified Franco-American bonds, which became even more secure during World War I. Indeed, during the war, the United States provided France with trade, loans, military assistance, and millions of soldiers, viewing such aid as repayment for French help during the American Revolution. World War II once again saw the United States fighting in France to liberate the country from Nazi control. The Cold War complicated the Franco-American relationship in new ways as American power waxed and French power waned. Washington and Paris clashed over military conflict in Vietnam, the Suez Crisis, and European security (the North Atlantic Treaty Organization or NATO, in particular) during the 1950s and 1960s. Ultimately, after French President Charles de Gaulle\u2019s retirement, the Franco-American alliance stabilized by the mid-1970s and has flourished ever since, despite brief moments of crisis, such as the 2003 Second Gulf War in Iraq.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/acrefore\/9780199329175.013.372","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,28]],"date-time":"2016-09-28T15:17:49Z","timestamp":1475075869000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["France-US Relations"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Kathryn C.","family":"Statler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,29]]},"container-title":["Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History"],"original-title":["France-US Relations"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]],"date-time":"2022-08-31T18:51:07Z","timestamp":1661971867000},"score":16.27895,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oxfordre.com\/americanhistory\/view\/10.1093\/acrefore\/9780199329175.001.0001\/acrefore-9780199329175-e-372"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,29]]},"ISBN":["9780199329175"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/acrefore\/9780199329175.013.372","published":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,29]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]],"date-time":"2024-09-09T05:09:27Z","timestamp":1725858567095},"edition-number":"4","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Routledge","isbn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"9781315508214"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,23]]},"DOI":"10.4324\/9781315508214-25","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,15]],"date-time":"2018-12-15T12:10:57Z","timestamp":1544875857000},"page":"221-230","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["France Between the Wars"],"prefix":"10.4324","member":"301","container-title":["A History of Modern France"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]],"date-time":"2021-04-06T19:06:56Z","timestamp":1617736016000},"score":16.2419,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/books\/9781315508207\/chapters\/10.4324\/9781315508214-25"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,23]]},"ISBN":["9781315508214"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781315508214-25","published":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,23]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,3]],"date-time":"2022-04-03T16:07:01Z","timestamp":1649002021094},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Nebraska","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]},"DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv253f8g0.16","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T20:19:20Z","timestamp":1643746760000},"page":"207-216","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Conclusion:"],"prefix":"10.2307","author":[{"given":"SYLVAIN","family":"PATTIEU","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"EMMANUELLE","family":"SIBEUD","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"TYLER","family":"STOVALL","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1121","container-title":["The Black Populations of France"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T20:19:44Z","timestamp":1643746784000},"score":16.157766,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/10.2307\/j.ctv253f8g0.16"}},"subtitle":["Toward a History of Black France, and a Black History of France"],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/j.ctv253f8g0.16","published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]],"date-time":"2024-09-10T21:46:03Z","timestamp":1726004763086},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"9780190277734"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"
In the second half of the 19th century, French imperial expansion in the south of the Sahara led to the control of numerous African territories. The colonial rule France imposed on a diverse range of cultural groups and political entities brought with it the development of equally diverse inquiry and research methodologies. A new form of scholarship, Research was thus conducted in many directions, contributing to the emergence of the so-called In the first instance, Yet, these imperial and colonial concerns similarly coincided with the rise of what was then known as After the Second World War, interest in colonial history started to wane, both from an intellectual and a scientific point of view. In its place, the history of sub-Saharan Africa gained popularity and took root in French academic institutions. Chairs of African history were created at the Sorbonne in 1961 and 1964, held by Raymond Mauny and Hubert Deschamps, respectively, and in 1961 at the \u00c9cole Pratique des Hautes \u00c9tudes, fulfilled by Henri Brunschwig. African historians, who were typically trained in France, began to challenge the existing European scholarship. As a result, some of the methods and sources that had been born in the colonial era, were adopted for use by a new generation of historians, whose careers blossomed after the independences.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190277734.013.313","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,24]],"date-time":"2018-10-24T07:24:19Z","timestamp":1540365859000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Writing African History in France during the Colonial Era"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Sophie","family":"Dulucq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,24]]},"container-title":["Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History"],"original-title":["Writing African History in France during the Colonial Era"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]],"date-time":"2022-08-31T19:02:13Z","timestamp":1661972533000},"score":16.143112,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/africanhistory.oxfordre.com\/view\/10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190277734.001.0001\/acrefore-9780190277734-e-313"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,24]]},"ISBN":["9780190277734"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190277734.013.313","published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,24]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]],"date-time":"2022-04-05T00:57:12Z","timestamp":1649120232628},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Duke University Press","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]},"DOI":"10.1515\/9780822395348-fm","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,6]],"date-time":"2020-10-06T07:32:33Z","timestamp":1601969553000},"page":"i-vi","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Frontmatter"],"prefix":"10.1515","member":"374","container-title":["Black France \/ France Noire"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/view\/book\/9780822395348\/10.1515\/9780822395348-fm.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/9780822395348-fm\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]],"date-time":"2021-04-20T07:34:15Z","timestamp":1618904055000},"score":16.086561,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/9780822395348-fm\/html"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/9780822395348-fm","published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]],"date-time":"2024-09-09T05:09:30Z","timestamp":1725858570883},"edition-number":"4","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Routledge","isbn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"9781315508214"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,23]]},"DOI":"10.4324\/9781315508214-36","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,15]],"date-time":"2018-12-15T07:10:57Z","timestamp":1544857857000},"page":"333-342","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["France Enters the New Millennium"],"prefix":"10.4324","member":"301","container-title":["A History of Modern France"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]],"date-time":"2021-04-06T15:07:06Z","timestamp":1617721626000},"score":16.078995,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/books\/9781315508207\/chapters\/10.4324\/9781315508214-36"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,23]]},"ISBN":["9781315508214"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781315508214-36","published":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,23]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,3]],"date-time":"2024-03-03T19:00:22Z","timestamp":1709492422818},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Duke University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780822395348","type":"electronic"},{"value":"9780822352471","type":"print"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,26]]},"DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv11smg9z.9","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T00:49:09Z","timestamp":1620866949000},"page":"88-95","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Letter to France"],"prefix":"10.2307","author":[{"given":"ALAIN","family":"MABANCKOU","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1121","container-title":["Black France \/ France Noire"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T00:49:31Z","timestamp":1620866971000},"score":16.07216,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/10.2307\/j.ctv11smg9z.9"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,26]]},"ISBN":["9780822395348","9780822352471"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/j.ctv11smg9z.9","relation":{"is-identical-to":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1515\/9780822395348-007","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1215\/9780822395348-005","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,26]]}},{"institution":[{"name":"Koninklijke Brill NV","acronym":["BRILL"]}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T22:45:36Z","timestamp":1741301136226,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"DOI":"10.1163\/2213-2996_flg_com_076301","type":"dataset","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,20]],"date-time":"2015-07-20T06:24:20Z","timestamp":1437373460000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["France - Legal History"],"prefix":"10.1163","member":"374","container-title":["Foreign Law Guide"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,11]],"date-time":"2019-03-11T07:21:50Z","timestamp":1552288910000},"score":16.061474,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/referenceworks.brillonline.com\/entries\/foreign-law-guide\/*-COM_076301"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[null]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/2213-2996_flg_com_076301"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T22:01:55Z","timestamp":1772229715750,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Duke University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780822395348","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]},"DOI":"10.1515\/9780822395348-009","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,6]],"date-time":"2020-10-06T03:32:33Z","timestamp":1601955153000},"page":"103-109","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Invention of Blacks in France"],"prefix":"10.1515","member":"374","container-title":["Black France \/ France Noire"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/view\/book\/9780822395348\/10.1515\/9780822395348-009.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/9780822395348-009\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]],"date-time":"2021-04-20T03:33:58Z","timestamp":1618889638000},"score":16.021252,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/9780822395348-009\/html"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]},"ISBN":["9780822395348"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/9780822395348-009","relation":{"is-identical-to":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1215\/9780822395348-007","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.2307\/j.ctv11smg9z.11","asserted-by":"object"}]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]],"date-time":"2022-04-05T19:44:21Z","timestamp":1649187861793},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Duke University Press","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]},"DOI":"10.1515\/9780822395348-toc","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,6]],"date-time":"2020-10-06T07:32:33Z","timestamp":1601969553000},"page":"vii-viii","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Contents"],"prefix":"10.1515","member":"374","container-title":["Black France \/ France Noire"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/view\/book\/9780822395348\/10.1515\/9780822395348-toc.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/9780822395348-toc\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]],"date-time":"2021-04-20T07:34:17Z","timestamp":1618904057000},"score":16.019089,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/9780822395348-toc\/html"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/9780822395348-toc","published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T03:33:30Z","timestamp":1773718410637,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"BRILL","isbn-type":[{"value":"9789004426467","type":"print"},{"value":"9789004426474","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,16]],"date-time":"2021-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610755200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,16]]},"DOI":"10.1163\/9789004426474_009","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]],"date-time":"2021-01-25T21:01:58Z","timestamp":1611608518000},"page":"234-275","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genealogical History and Local History"],"prefix":"10.1163","author":[{"given":"Hilary J.","family":"Bernstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"374","container-title":["Historical Communities"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/brill.com\/view\/book\/9789004426474\/BP000008.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/brill.com\/downloadpdf\/title\/57172","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T02:34:29Z","timestamp":1773714869000},"score":16.013948,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/brill.com\/view\/book\/9789004426474\/BP000008.xml"}},"subtitle":["Andr\u00e9 Duchesne and the History of France"],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,16]]},"ISBN":["9789004426467","9789004426474"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/9789004426474_009","published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,16]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T04:54:19Z","timestamp":1772168059222,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Duke University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780822352471","type":"print"},{"value":"9780822395348","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"DOI":"10.1215\/9780822395348-005","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,20]],"date-time":"2013-11-20T01:44:53Z","timestamp":1384911893000},"page":"88-95","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Letter to France"],"prefix":"10.1215","author":[{"given":"Alain","family":"Mabanckou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"73","container-title":["Black France \/ France Noire"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,29]],"date-time":"2020-08-29T12:43:45Z","timestamp":1598705025000},"score":15.997768,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/read.dukeupress.edu\/books\/book\/1644\/chapter\/178230\/Letter-to-France"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"ISBN":["9780822352471","9780822395348"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1215\/9780822395348-005","relation":{"is-identical-to":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.2307\/j.ctv11smg9z.9","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1515\/9780822395348-007","asserted-by":"object"}]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2012]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,11]],"date-time":"2023-03-11T05:43:50Z","timestamp":1678513430551},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Nordic Academic Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9789187121616","type":"electronic"},{"value":"9789189116146","type":"print"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,1,1]]},"DOI":"10.2307\/jj.919500.7","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]],"date-time":"2023-03-10T20:25:08Z","timestamp":1678479908000},"page":"185-226","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["\u201cLa France sera la France\u201d State, Nation, Region and Europe in French History"],"prefix":"10.2307","author":[{"given":"Rune","family":"Johansson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1121","container-title":["Europe"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]],"date-time":"2023-03-10T20:25:24Z","timestamp":1678479924000},"score":15.957211,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/10.2307\/jj.919500.7"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,1,1]]},"ISBN":["9789187121616","9789189116146"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/jj.919500.7","published":{"date-parts":[[2001,1,1]]}}],"items-per-page":20,"query":{"start-index":0,"search-terms":"History+of+France"}}}