This article covers a period in Italy, c.\u00a01250 to c.\u00a01400, often characterized as the beginnings of the Renaissance in Italy. While many scholars in the past\u2014from Giorgio Vasari in the 16th century to 19th- and 20th-century founders of the discipline\u2014sought the \u201cprimi lumi,\u201d or first lights, of the Renaissance in the 13th- and 14th-century art of Italy, more recent scholarship in the field is concerned with the contexts in which art in this period was commissioned, created, and received. Some of the larger contextual concerns that have driven scholarship since the late 20th century are the proliferation of the mendicant orders and their roles as patrons; the burgeoning mercantile economy that fueled artistic and architectural commissions; the political power of the communes and the ways that art and architecture reflected and created civic identity; the reception of works of art by a variety of audiences; and the importance of materials and techniques in the creative lives of artists. Additionally, due in large part to Vasari\u2019s love of Florence and Florentine art, a great deal of scholarship in the field attends to Florentine art and to central Italian art more generally. This article reflects that bias and contains scholarship mainly on central Italian art. The title of this entry implies that it is concerned only with Italian art that is related in some way\u2014visually, socially, theologically\u2014to the art of northern Europe, where what art historians call the Gothic style originated in the 12th century. While some of the scholarship in this article centers on artistic exchange between northern Europe and Italy or examines Italian art that is Gothic in style, it is not limited to these issues. This article is intended to serve advanced undergraduates, beginning graduate students, and scholars seeking to do research in a new field, and it includes almost all books, many of them published within the past twenty years, with the intent that the bibliographies of the books will lead students and researchers to the older sources and periodical literature relevant to their scholarly interests.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/obo\/9780199920105-0144","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,26]],"date-time":"2020-02-26T11:58:07Z","timestamp":1582718287000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gothic Art in Italy"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Nancy","family":"Thompson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,26]]},"container-title":["Art History"],"original-title":["Gothic Art in Italy"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T19:34:39Z","timestamp":1632425679000},"score":18.403133,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oxfordbibliographies.com\/view\/document\/obo-9780199920105\/obo-9780199920105-0144.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,26]]},"ISBN":["9780199920105"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/obo\/9780199920105-0144","published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,26]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,8]],"date-time":"2024-09-08T05:57:12Z","timestamp":1725775032014},"edition-number":"0","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Routledge","isbn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"9780203134795"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,1,4]]},"DOI":"10.4324\/9780203134795-3","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]],"date-time":"2020-12-22T02:55:15Z","timestamp":1608605715000},"page":"21-35","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Disunited Italy"],"prefix":"10.4324","member":"301","container-title":["Early Modern Italy"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,11]],"date-time":"2021-04-11T02:08:36Z","timestamp":1618106916000},"score":17.55691,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/books\/9781134611287\/chapters\/10.4324\/9780203134795-3"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,1,4]]},"ISBN":["9780203134795"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9780203134795-3","published":{"date-parts":[[2002,1,4]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T05:35:24Z","timestamp":1742967324825,"version":"3.40.3"},"edition-number":"2","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9780521760393"},{"type":"print","value":"9780521747431"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9781139019330"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,5]],"date-time":"2014-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1401926400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":182,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,5]]},"DOI":"10.1017\/cbo9781139019330.008","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,9]],"date-time":"2014-06-09T05:11:03Z","timestamp":1402290663000},"page":"118-143","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Italy united"],"prefix":"10.1017","member":"56","container-title":["A Concise History of Italy"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/82350458BE64AAA1FA58F3315708897A","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T19:44:02Z","timestamp":1665603842000},"score":17.420092,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/CBO9781139019330A015\/type\/book_part"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,5]]},"ISBN":["9780521760393","9780521747431","9781139019330"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/cbo9781139019330.008","published":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,5]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]],"date-time":"2024-09-10T23:18:56Z","timestamp":1726010336637},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"9780190277727"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"
The Bangladeshi population in Italy boomed in 1990, spreading from Rome and forming local enclaves shaped by migration chains; it is the second-largest Bangladeshi group in Europe and sees a preponderance of Sunni Muslims, a large majority of working-age men, and poor access of women to employment. Although both Italian institutions and migrant associations promoted a monolithic image of the \u201cBangladeshi community\u201d as a category of political visibility, Italian Bangladeshis present considerable variety in terms of geographic origin and ideological affiliations and important differences in terms of social origins between endangered middle classes and urban middle classes with steady economic situations. Interaction with the Italian institutions results in further differentiation between \u201clegal\u201d and undocumented migrants, which overlaps, in part, with that between those in northern Italy, where Bangladeshi workers are generally entitled to full rights, and those in Rome and the south, where the informal economy is widespread. The large presence of undocumented working-age men fuels marginality and exploitation, both by natives and co-nationals. Patronage relations between co-nationals are crucial in providing access to emigration, housing, and employment and add to the dynamics of self-organization, especially in the case of secular associations. A peculiar characteristic of Italian Bangladeshis is the tendency to form mononational organizations (both secular and Islamic) that proliferate by virtue of scissions, along with transnationalism and entrepreneurship.<\/p>\n
In contrast, the new generation tends to move beyond communal introversion and transnationalism, but this is limited to only those with promising careers. Even among young people, extensive areas of marginality exist; this results in the persistence of attitudes typical of the migrant generation and reproduces among those who grew up in Italy the distinction, characteristic of the situation of the migrants, between those who have been successfully incorporated into Italian society and those suffering social exclusion.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190277727.013.785","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,27]],"date-time":"2024-01-27T04:25:33Z","timestamp":1706329533000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bangladeshis in Italy"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Priori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]]},"container-title":["Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History"],"original-title":["Bangladeshis in Italy"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,27]],"date-time":"2024-01-27T04:25:37Z","timestamp":1706329537000},"score":17.306232,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oxfordre.com\/asianhistory\/view\/10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190277727.001.0001\/acrefore-9780190277727-e-785"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]]},"ISBN":["9780190277727"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190277727.013.785","published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]],"date-time":"2024-09-09T09:55:02Z","timestamp":1725875702063},"publisher-location":"London","reference-count":51,"publisher":"Macmillan Education UK","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9781403986160"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9781137013668"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,1]],"date-time":"2009-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1230768000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-137-01366-8_7","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,21]],"date-time":"2016-12-21T06:24:30Z","timestamp":1482301470000},"page":"204-237","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Liberal Italy"],"prefix":"10.5040","author":[{"given":"Claudia","family":"Baldoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"2984","reference":[{"key":"7_CR1","volume-title":"Marianne into Battle: Republican imagery and symbolism in France, 1789\u20131880","author":"M Agulhon","year":"1981","unstructured":"Agulhon, Maurice, Marianne into Battle: Republican imagery and symbolism in France, 1789\u20131880 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981)."},{"key":"7_CR2","volume-title":"Breve storia dell\u2019Italia meridionale dall\u2019Ottocento a oggi","author":"P Bevilacqua","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bevilacqua, Piero, Breve storia dell\u2019Italia meridionale dall\u2019Ottocento a oggi (Rome: Donzelli, 1993)."},{"volume-title":"Storia dell\u2019emigrazione italiana","year":"2001","key":"7_CR3","unstructured":"Bevilacqua, Piero, De Clementi, Andreina and Franzina, Emilio (eds), Storia dell\u2019emigrazione italiana, 2 vols (Rome: Donzelli, 2001)."},{"key":"7_CR4","volume-title":"Patrizi in un mondo plebeo. 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