For many centuries Poland and Russia formed the heartland of the Jewish world: right up to the Second World War, the area was home to over 40 per cent of the world's Jews. Yet the history of their Jewish communities is not well known. This book recreates this lost world, beginning with Jewish economic, cultural and religious life, including the emergence of hasidism. By the late eighteenth century, other factors had come into play: with the onset of modernization there were government attempts to integrate and transform the Jews, and the stirrings of Enlightenment led to the growth of the Haskalah movement. The book looks at developments in each area in turn: the problems of emancipation, acculturation, and assimilation in Prussian and Austrian Poland; the politics of integration in the Kingdom of Poland; and the failure of forced integration in the tsarist empire. It shows how the deterioration in the position of the Jews between 1881 and 1914 encouraged a range of new movements as well as the emergence of modern Hebrew and Yiddish literature. It also examines Jewish urbanization and the rise of Jewish mass culture. The final part, starting from the First World War and the establishment of the Soviet Union, looks in turn at Poland, Lithuania, and the Soviet Union up to the Second World War. It reviews Polish\u2013Jewish relations during the war and examines the Soviet record in relation to the Holocaust. The final chapters deal with the Jews in the Soviet Union and in Poland since 1945, concluding with an epilogue on the Jews in Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia since the collapse of communism.<\/p>","DOI":"10.3828\/liverpool\/9781906764395.001.0001","type":"edited-book","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]],"date-time":"2021-02-25T13:24:53Z","timestamp":1614259493000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Jews in Poland and Russia: A Short History"],"prefix":"10.3828","author":[{"given":"Antony","family":"Polonsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"2165","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]]},"original-title":["Jews in Poland and Russia: A Short History"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T16:44:21Z","timestamp":1659026661000},"score":18.115767,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/liverpool-scholarship-online\/book\/38321"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,26]]},"ISBN":["9781906764395","9781800340763"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3828\/liverpool\/9781906764395.001.0001","relation":{"is-identical-to":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.2307\/j.ctvhn0d6w","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,26]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T23:52:07Z","timestamp":1742946727743,"version":"3.40.3"},"edition-number":"3","reference-count":179,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press","isbn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"9781108333993"},{"type":"print","value":"9781108424363"},{"type":"print","value":"9781108440127"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,21]],"date-time":"2019-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548028800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,24]]},"DOI":"10.1017\/9781108333993.005","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,27]],"date-time":"2019-03-27T19:59:57Z","timestamp":1553716797000},"page":"3-48","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Piast Poland, ?\u20131385"],"prefix":"10.1017","member":"56","reference":[{"key":"9781108333993#EMT-rl-1_REFe-r-177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198203032.001.0001"},{"volume-title":"Holy madness: Romantics, patriots and revolutionaries 1776\u20131871","year":"1999","author":"Zamoyski","key":"9781108333993#EMT-rl-1_REFe-r-176"},{"volume-title":"Warsaw between the world wars: profile of the capital city in a developing land 1918\u20131939","year":"1983","author":"Wynot","key":"9781108333993#EMT-rl-1_REFe-r-173"},{"volume-title":"The lands of partitioned Poland 1795\u20131918","year":"1974","author":"Wandycz","key":"9781108333993#EMT-rl-1_REFe-r-170"},{"key":"9781108333993#EMT-rl-1_REFe-r-169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674437210"},{"volume-title":"The Kulturkampf in Prussian Poland","year":"1990","author":"Trzeciakowski","key":"9781108333993#EMT-rl-1_REFe-r-167"},{"volume-title":"[Them]: Stalin\u2019s Polish puppets","year":"1987","author":"Tora\u0144ska","key":"9781108333993#EMT-rl-1_REFe-r-166"},{"volume-title":"The Polish peasant in Europe and America","year":"1958","author":"Thomas","key":"9781108333993#EMT-rl-1_REFe-r-165"},{"volume-title":"Spring in October: the story of the Polish revolution 1956","year":"1957","author":"Syrop","key":"9781108333993#EMT-rl-1_REFe-r-161"},{"volume-title":"Deportation and Exile: Poles in the Soviet Union, 1939\u201348","year":"1996","author":"Sword","key":"9781108333993#EMT-rl-1_REFe-r-160"},{"key":"9781108333993#EMT-rl-1_REFe-r-159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-21379-5"},{"volume-title":"The formation of the Polish community in Great Britain, 1939\u20131950","year":"1989","author":"Sword","key":"9781108333993#EMT-rl-1_REFe-r-158"},{"volume-title":"From Stalinism to pluralism: a documentary history of eastern Europe since 1945","year":"1991","author":"Stokes","key":"9781108333993#EMT-rl-1_REFe-r-156"},{"key":"9781108333993#EMT-rl-1_REFe-r-154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203506646","volume-title":"The Poles in Britain 1940\u20132000. 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(1971) Study on the origin of mineralized groundwater in Mesozoik formations of North Poland. Biul. Geol. Wydz. Geol. UW 13, 319\u2013336 (in Polish)."}],"container-title":["History of Hydrogeology"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,10]],"date-time":"2021-04-10T07:47:07Z","timestamp":1618040827000},"score":17.760353,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/books\/9780203071342\/chapters\/10.1201\/b12766-16"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,29]]},"ISBN":["9780429216671"],"references-count":1,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1201\/b12766-16","published":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,29]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T12:20:31Z","timestamp":1715343631903},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Liverpool University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9781906764395","type":"print"},{"value":"9781800340763","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,26]]},"abstract":"
This chapter assesses the position of Jews in Poland between the two world wars, which differed considerably in the various partitions. Polish Jews were largely urban. In 1931, over three-quarters lived in towns and less than a quarter in villages and in the country. As one would expect, therefore, Jews were found mainly in urban occupations. In Galicia, however, where the granting of civil rights had enabled Jews to buy land, a class of Jewish land-owners grew up. Jews also formed a significant part of the Polish intelligentsia. Meanwhile, Jewish political life was highly factionalized. There was a multiplicity of Jewish political parties, reflecting deep divisions within the community over religion and class, and attitudes to the Polish state and to the Jewish national movement. Indeed, Jewish political life was characterized by a threefold division between Zionism, Orthodoxy, and socialism, although within each of these ideological camps there was a plethora of subgroups.<\/p>","DOI":"10.3828\/liverpool\/9781906764395.003.0007","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]],"date-time":"2021-02-25T14:00:03Z","timestamp":1614261603000},"page":"211-252","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Jews in Poland between the Two World Wars"],"prefix":"10.3828","author":[{"given":"Antony","family":"Polonsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"2165","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]]},"container-title":["Jews in Poland and Russia: A Short History"],"original-title":["The Jews in Poland between the Two World Wars"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T16:44:25Z","timestamp":1659026665000},"score":17.757812,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/liverpool-scholarship-online\/book\/38321\/chapter\/333298993"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,26]]},"ISBN":["9781906764395","9781800340763"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3828\/liverpool\/9781906764395.003.0007","relation":{"is-identical-to":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.2307\/j.ctvhn0d6w.14","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,26]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T17:33:30Z","timestamp":1743096810058,"version":"3.40.3"},"edition-number":"3","reference-count":179,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press","isbn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"9781108333993"},{"type":"print","value":"9781108424363"},{"type":"print","value":"9781108440127"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,21]],"date-time":"2019-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548028800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,24]]},"DOI":"10.1017\/9781108333993.006","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,27]],"date-time":"2019-03-27T19:59:57Z","timestamp":1553716797000},"page":"49-106","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Jagiellonian Poland, 1386\u20131572"],"prefix":"10.1017","member":"56","reference":[{"key":"9781108333993#EMT-rl-1_REFe-r-177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198203032.001.0001"},{"volume-title":"Holy madness: Romantics, patriots and revolutionaries 1776\u20131871","year":"1999","author":"Zamoyski","key":"9781108333993#EMT-rl-1_REFe-r-176"},{"volume-title":"Warsaw between the world wars: profile of the capital city in a developing land 1918\u20131939","year":"1983","author":"Wynot","key":"9781108333993#EMT-rl-1_REFe-r-173"},{"volume-title":"The lands of partitioned Poland 1795\u20131918","year":"1974","author":"Wandycz","key":"9781108333993#EMT-rl-1_REFe-r-170"},{"key":"9781108333993#EMT-rl-1_REFe-r-169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674437210"},{"volume-title":"The Kulturkampf in Prussian Poland","year":"1990","author":"Trzeciakowski","key":"9781108333993#EMT-rl-1_REFe-r-167"},{"volume-title":"[Them]: Stalin\u2019s Polish puppets","year":"1987","author":"Tora\u0144ska","key":"9781108333993#EMT-rl-1_REFe-r-166"},{"volume-title":"The Polish peasant in Europe and America","year":"1958","author":"Thomas","key":"9781108333993#EMT-rl-1_REFe-r-165"},{"volume-title":"Spring in October: the story of the Polish revolution 1956","year":"1957","author":"Syrop","key":"9781108333993#EMT-rl-1_REFe-r-161"},{"volume-title":"Deportation and Exile: Poles in the Soviet Union, 1939\u201348","year":"1996","author":"Sword","key":"9781108333993#EMT-rl-1_REFe-r-160"},{"key":"9781108333993#EMT-rl-1_REFe-r-159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-21379-5"},{"volume-title":"The formation of the Polish community in Great Britain, 1939\u20131950","year":"1989","author":"Sword","key":"9781108333993#EMT-rl-1_REFe-r-158"},{"volume-title":"From Stalinism to pluralism: a documentary history of eastern Europe since 1945","year":"1991","author":"Stokes","key":"9781108333993#EMT-rl-1_REFe-r-156"},{"key":"9781108333993#EMT-rl-1_REFe-r-154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203506646","volume-title":"The Poles in Britain 1940\u20132000. 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